ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Jan 2023

Dr. Ashraful Islam

Professor, Dept of ME, BUET

Dr. Aman Uddin

Assistant Professor, Dept of ME, BUET

3 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 1

 ME 265
Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer

1. Sources of Energy Modes of Heat Transfer
2. Principles of Classical Conduction, Convection,
Thermodynamics Radiation
3. Mechanical Machines Analysis of Heat Exchanger
and Systems

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 ME 265: Course Objectives

 To provide a through understanding of energy resources and analysis

local, regional and global energy scenario.
 To know about fundamentals of thermodynamics and to apply
thermodynamic principles to analyze and evaluate performance of
the most of the mechanical devices in brief.
 To know about physics of mechanical devices and systems like steam
generators, IC Engines, Steam turbines, Gas turbines, Refrigeration &
AC Systems.
 To provide a moderate understanding of modes of heat transfer and
to illustrate real-world engineering problems to develop an intuitive
understanding of heat transfer.
 To apply heat transfer principles in the design of heat exchangers.

3 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 3

 ME 265
Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

3 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 4

 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamics
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition [1]
Thermodynamics:
• Stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power)
• Early definition: Study to convert heat into power
• It is the science of energy; energy is viewed as the ability to cause changes.
• View points:
Macroscopic—considers gross behaviour of matter in a system
Microscopic—considers behaviour of individual particles
• Types:
Classical Thermodynamics – based on macroscopic view point:
this is our contention
Statistical Thermodynamics – based on microscopic view point
• Application areas: Home appliances – electric/gas ranges, refrigerator,
pressure cooker, water heater, etc; Power Systems—automobiles, rockets,
jet engines, power plants, etc; Electronic cooling—computers, TV, etc.

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-1

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 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamics
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition [1]
System:
• Quantity of matter or region of space chosen for study
• All outside the system is the surrounding
• Two types: Closed and Open systems

Boundary (Real or imaginary)

Surrounding

System

Surrounding
Fig. 2.1 Defining System and Surrounding

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-1

3 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 6

 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Example of Closed System:

Motor, Battery
Mass transfer: No
Control
mass
Energy transfer: Yes

Fig. 2.2 Closed System

 A closed system sometimes called ‘system’ only
 A closed system with no energy transfer is called isolated system Fig. 2.3 Hydraulic press [2]

Mass transfer: Yes Examples of Open Systems (Control Volume)

Pump
Control
Compressor
Volume
Turbine
Energy transfer: Yes
Boiler
Evaporator
Fig. 2.4 Open System Condenser and so forth

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2. Internet: www.schoolphysics.co.uk
 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Properties of a Systems:
Any characteristic of a system is called property. m
Example: V
mass, m Pressure, P E
P
volume, V Temperature, T T
Energy, E Density, ρ ρ

Intensive Property: Independent of mass — P, T, ρ

m/2 m/2
Extensive Property: Dependent on size / extent — m, V, E
V/2 V/2
E/2 E/2
P P
Specific Property: Extensive properties per unit mass
T T
Specific volume, v = V/m ρ ρ
Specific energy, e = E/m

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 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

State and Process:

Pressure, P
State: -Any point of a system of constant properties 2
State 1: P1, V1
State 2: P2, V2

-Two properties are enough to define a state 1

Volume, V
Fig. 2.6 Illustration of state and process

Process: -Any change of a system from one state to another.

-To describe a process, one needs
initial state
path
final state

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 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Pressure, P
State and Process:
2

1 3

Volume, V
Types of Process: Fig. 2.7 Types of process

Isobaric process – Pressure remains constant (P=c) while

other properties change: 1-3
Isochoric process —Volume remains constant (T=c) while
other properties change: 1-2
Isothermal Process —Temperature remains constant (T=c) while
other properties change: 2-3 (Pv=RT)

Other processes: adiabatic, isentropic, isenthalpic—will introduced later

3 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 10

 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Equilibrium:
 A state of balance—there is no unbalance potential (P, T)
within a system
 A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when all the
relevant types of equilibrium conditions are satisfied.
• Thermal equilibrium: No change in temperature at any point
• Mechanical equilibrium: No change in pressure at any point
• Phase equilibrium: No change in mass of each phase
• Chemical equilibrium: No reaction

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 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

A
A
in
C thermal equilibrium
with

B B

 It was formalized more than half a century after the first and
second laws of thermodynamics.

 Definition of the zeroth law enables the use of a thermometer

as a measurement device.

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 Lecture Closure

 Introduced basic concepts and definition of

Thermodynamics:
 Thermodynamics and System
 Properties of system
 State and process
 Equilibrium
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics

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