ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Aman Uddin, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
Modes of Heat Transfer

Source: https://chromoscience.com/radiation-definition/
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 Introduction to Radiation

Radiation cooling of a hot solid

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 Introduction to Radiation

Apparent heat of a fire

Sun rays reaching earth

 Emission of internal energy of any object at a temperature T > 0 K

 Theoretical foundation [1]: James Clerk Maxwell, 1864
 Energy emitted by matter as a result of changes in electrical configuration of atoms or molecules

 Rapidly changing electrical configuration gives rise to electric and magnetic fields.

 Rapidly changing fields are called electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

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X-Ray Production

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23119.12962

ME 6143 7/27/2023 6
Electromagnetic Wave
 Wavelength, λ is defined as the distance between two
most near points in phase with each other

 Frequency, f is defined as the number of oscillations of

a wave per unit time being measured in hertz(Hz)
1
𝑓=
𝑡

 The wave speed (v) is defined as the distance traveled

by a wave per unit time. If considered that the wave
travels a distance of one wavelength in one period,
λ
𝑣=
𝑡
𝑣 = λ𝑓

𝑣
𝑓=
λ
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 Electromagnetic Radiation
 According to Maxwell theory, energy transfer takes place via electromagnetic waves in
radiation.

 Electromagnetic waves transport energy like other waves and travel at the speed of light.

 Electromagnetic waves are characterized by their frequency f (Hz) and wavelength λ (µm),
where
𝑐
λ=
𝑓

where c is the speed of light in that medium; in a vacuum c0 = 2.99 x 108 m / s.

 The speed of light in a medium is related to the speed of light in a vacuum,

c = c0 / n
where n is the index of refraction of the medium, n = 1 for air and n = 1.5 for water.
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 Electromagnetic Radiation
 Einstein postulated another theory for electromagnetic radiation. Based on this theory,
electromagnetic radiation is the propagation of a collection of discrete packets of energy called
photons.

 In this view, each photon of frequency is considered to have energy of

The energy of a photon, is proportional to its

𝒉𝒄 frequency (f ), by a constant factor (h)
𝒆 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝝀
Where
c = the speed of propagation of a wave in that medium;
it is equal to speed of light in air = 3x108 m/s.
h = 6.626069 x 10-34 J.s is the Planck’s constant, and
λ = the wavelength, m
 Shorter-wavelength radiation possesses larger photon energy; these are destructive, and we
try to avoid these, e.g. X-ray, -ray.

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11 ME 265 7/27/2023 10

 Introduction to Radiation

Spectrum of electromagnetic wave

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 Introduction to Radiation

electrical engineer

high-energy physicist and

the nuclear engineer

ME 265 7/27/2023
Spectrum of EM radiation (wavelength in vacuum) 12
 Thermal Radiation
It is the intermediate portion of the spectrum,
which extends from approximately 0.1 to 100
micron and includes a portion of the UV and all
of the visible and infrared (IR), that is termed
thermal radiation because it is both caused by
and affects the thermal state or temperature of
matter. For this reason, thermal radiation is
pertinent to heat transfer.

Visible Spectrum: 0.4-0.76 m

 In heat transfer studies, we are interested in the energy

emitted by bodies because of their temperature only.

 Therefore, we will limit your consideration to

Thermal radiation  Radiation
Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11
Everything around us emits thermal
radiation (0.1-100 m)
ME 265 7/27/2023 13
 Thermal Radiation

Why X-Rays are not thermal radiation?

X-rays are not thermal radiation because they are not emitted due to the
temperature of an object, but rather through high-energy interactions involving
fast-moving particles like electrons.

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 Introduction to Radiation
 Radiation is generally a volumetric phenomenon
 Radiation is constantly emitted, as well as being absorbed or
transmitted through out the entire volume of matters.

 For opaque (nontransparent) solids such as metals, wood and

rocks, radiation is considered to be a surface phenomenon

 Radiation incident on opaque solids is usually absorbed

within a few microns from the surface

Radiation in opaque solids is

considered a surface phenomenon
since the radiation emitted only by the
Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11
molecules at the surface can escape
the solid.
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 Features of Radiation
 The magnitude of the radiation varies with wavelength, and the term spectral is used to refer to
the nature of this dependence.
 The spectral nature of thermal radiation is one of two features that complicates its description.
 The second feature relates to its directionality. A surface may emit preferentially in certain
directions, creating a directional distribution of the emitted radiation.

Directional effects are considered

by introducing the concept of
radiation intensity,
while spectral effects are treated
by introducing the concept of
blackbody radiation.

Radiation emitted by a surface. (a) Spectral distribution. (b) Directional distribution

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Source: Bergman et. al. Introduction to Heat Transfer, 6th Edition, 2011
 Blackbody Radiation
 A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction.
 For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more energy than a
blackbody.
 Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is a function of wavelength and
temperature, it is independent of direction. That is, the blackbody is a diffuse emitter.

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Source: Bergman et. al. Introduction to Heat Transfer, 6th Edition, 2011
 Blackbody Radiation
 Emissive power of blackbody (W/m2) is given by:

𝑬𝒃 𝑻 = 𝝈 𝑻𝟒

Where,  = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4, Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

Black body vs real body

Stefan (1879) determined experimentally, and later Boltzmann (1884) verified theoretically.
It is Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

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 Blackbody Radiation
 Spectral Emissive Power of Blackbody, Ebλ
Max Planck in 1901 developed a law on spectral
emissive power of blackbody (W/m2.μm) (Planck’s
Spectral blackbody emissive power,
Law)
which is the amount of radiation energy
𝑪𝟏 emitted by a blackbody at an absolute
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 = 𝟓
𝝀 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝑪𝟐 /𝝀𝑻 − 𝟏 temperature T per unit time, per unit
∝
 W/m  μm 
C1 𝟒 surface area, and per unit wavelength
 𝒃(𝑻)
,T=  𝑬𝒃𝝀5 𝝀, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀 = 𝝈𝑻 2
Eb𝑬
𝟎    exp  C2 T   1
about the wavelength

C1  2 hc02  3.74177  108  W  μm 4 m 2 
C2  hc0 / k  1.43878  10 4  μm  K 
h : Planck’s constant: 6.626×10-34 J s
k : Boltzmann constant: 1.80×10-23 J/K
c0 : Speed of light: 3×108 m/s
Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11 ME 265 7/27/2023 19
 Blackbody Radiation
 SEP of Blackbody, Ebλ SEP = Spectral Emissive Power

Planck’s Law
𝑪𝟏
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 = 𝟓
𝝀 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝑪𝟐 /𝝀𝑻 − 𝟏

Observations:
 at any specified temperature a maximum exists.
 at any wavelength, the amount of emitted radiation
increases with increasing temperature,
 as temperature increases, the curves shift to the
shorter wavelength,
 the maximum radiation emitted by the sun (5780
K) is in the visible spectrum.
 Surfaces at T<800K emit radiation entirely in the
infrared region.

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

ME 265 Variation of SEP with wavelength for several temperatures

7/27/2023 20
 Blackbody Radiation
 SEP of Blackbody, Ebλ Max SEP
Planck’s Law
𝑪𝟏
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 = 𝟓
𝝀 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝑪𝟐 /𝝀𝑻 − 𝟏

For maximum SEP:

𝝏𝑬𝒃𝝀
=𝟎
𝝏𝝀 Variation of SEP with wavelength at a
⇒ 𝝀𝑻 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟖 temperature, T

This is called Wien’s Displacement Law

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

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 Radiation Fundamentals

Stefan-Boltzmann Law: 𝑬𝒃 𝑻 = 𝝈 𝑻𝟒

𝑪𝟏
Planck’s Law: 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 = 𝟓
𝝀 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝑪𝟐 /𝝀𝑻 − 𝟏

Wien’s Displacement Law: 𝝀𝑻 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟖

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

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Problem 1

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Problem 1

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 Blackbody Radiation
 SEP of Blackbody, Ebλ
 We are often interested in the amount of
radiation emitted over some wavelength band.
 The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody
per unit area over a wavelength band from
𝜆 = 0 − 𝜆 is determined from
𝝀
𝑬𝒃,𝟎−𝝀 (𝑻) = 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝝀, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀
𝟎
𝑬𝒃𝝀 − 𝝀 chart
 Blackbody radiation function 𝑓𝜆 is used for convenience, which is
defined by:
𝝀
𝑬𝒃,𝟎−𝝀 𝑬
𝟎 𝒃𝝀
𝝀, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀
𝒇𝝀 = =
𝑬𝒃 𝝈𝑻𝟒

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 11

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 Blackbody
 Blackbody radiation function 𝒇
Radiation
𝝀
1
Eb   , T d 
f 1 T   
0
T 4

f 1  2  T  
f 2  T   f 1 T 

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 12

ME 265 𝑬𝒃𝝀 − 𝝀 charts 7/27/2023 26

 Blackbody
 Blackbody radiation function 𝒇
Radiation
𝝀

Ref: [1] Cengel et al. Chapter 12

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Problem 2

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Problem 2

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 Radiative Properties: Emissivity
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Emissivity =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Spectral hemispherical emissivity

𝑬𝝀 (𝝀, 𝑻) the amount of energy emitted compared
𝜺𝝀 (𝝀, 𝑻) = to an ideal blackbody
𝑬𝒃𝝀 (𝝀, 𝑻)
Total hemispherical emissivity (the radiation energy emitted over all wavelengths in all directions)
𝑬 𝑻
𝛆 𝑻 =
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻
∞ ∞
𝟎
𝑬𝝀 𝒅𝝀 𝟎
𝜺𝝀 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝒅𝝀
𝛆 𝑻 = =
𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝝈𝑻𝟒

Notes: Radiation properties averaged over all directions, called hemispherical properties
The integral of the rate of radiation energy emitted at a specified wavelength per unit surface area over the entire hemisphere is spectral
emissive power
ME 265 7/27/2023 30
 Average Emissivity
𝝀
𝑬 𝑻
∞
𝑬𝝀 𝒅𝝀
∞
𝜺𝝀 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝒅𝝀 𝑬𝒃,𝟎−𝝀 𝑬
𝟎 𝒃𝝀
𝝀, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀
𝛆 𝑻 = = 𝟎
= 𝟎 𝒇𝝀 = =
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝑬𝒃 𝝈𝑻𝟒

ME 265 7/27/2023 31
 Average Emissivity
𝝀
𝑬 𝑻
∞
𝑬𝝀 𝒅𝝀
∞
𝜺𝝀 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝒅𝝀 𝑬𝒃,𝟎−𝝀 𝑬
𝟎 𝒃𝝀
𝝀, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀
𝛆 𝑻 = = 𝟎
= 𝟎 𝒇𝝀 = =
𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝑻 𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝑬𝒃 𝝈𝑻𝟒

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 Emission From Real Surfaces
Grey Surface and Real Surface: A gray surface is a theoretical
surface that emits and absorbs
thermal radiation uniformly and
independently of wavelength

Spectral Emissivity Spectral emissive power

ME 265 7/27/2023 33
 ∞ ∞
𝟎
𝑬𝝀 𝒅𝝀 𝟎
𝜺𝝀 𝑬𝒃𝝀 𝒅𝝀
𝛆 𝑻 = =
𝝈𝑻𝟒 𝝈𝑻𝟒

ME 265 7/27/2023 34
ME 265 7/27/2023 35
ME 265 7/27/2023 36
 Radiation Components

E: Emitted Radiation

T
Gabs
𝑮 = 𝑮𝒂𝒃𝒔 + 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒇 + 𝑮𝒕𝒓 Absorbed Radiation

Gtr
Transmitted Radiation

Components of Radiation
Irradiation Incident radiation, G
Radiosity Radiation leaving any surface, J = E + Gref

Cengel et al. Chapter 11

ME 265 7/27/2023 37
 Radiative Properties

Absorbed radiation Gabs

Absorptivity:   
Incident radiation G

Reflected radiation Gref

Reflectivity:   
Incident radiation G

Transmitted radiation Gtr

Transmissivity:   
Incident radiation G
Radiation properties

Surface Energy Balance: 𝜶+𝝆+𝝉=𝟏

For blackbody: 𝜶=𝟏

For opaque solids and liquids: 𝜶+𝝆=𝟏

ME 265 7/27/2023 39
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Radiative Properties: Kirchhoff’s Law

Radiation incident on Radiation emitted by

any part of the small = the large surface of the
body at temperature T isothermal enclosure
Condition: the
𝑮 = 𝑬𝒃 𝑻 = 𝝈𝑻𝟒 surface
temperature is
equal to the
From surface energy balance of small body, temperature of the
source of
𝑮𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑬𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕 irradiation

𝜶𝑮 = 𝜺𝝈𝑻𝟒
⇒𝜶=𝜺 Small body contained in a large
This is called Kirchhoff’s Law isothermal enclosure

It is very tempting to use Kirchhoff’s law in radiation analysis since the relation 𝛼 = 𝜀
together with 𝛼 + 𝜌 = 1 enables us to determine all three properties of an opaque
surface from a knowledge of only one property.
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 View Factors
Radiation Exchange between Surfaces

Aman Uddin, PhD

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
 View Factors
Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the following:
 Temperature of the surfaces
 Surface radiative property, ε (emissivity)
 How well the surfaces can see each other

View Factor /
Configuration Factor /
Shape Factor/Angle factor

It accounts for the geometrical features for the

radiation exchange between two surfaces.

7/27/2023 42
 View Factors
Definition and Formulation

View factor, Fij

 the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is
intercepted by surface j.

𝒒𝒊−𝒋
𝑭𝒊𝒋 = …. … (6.11)
𝑱𝒊
Radiation exchange between
where surfaces

 𝒒𝒊−𝒋 : the radiative flux leaving Ai that is intercepted byAj ;

 𝑱𝒊 : the radiosity of surface Ai ⇒ the radiative flux leaving 𝐴𝑖 in all directions.
 It is assumed that the surfaces are isothermal, diffuse, and have a uniform
radiosity.
7/27/2023 43
 View Factors
View Factor relations
View Factor Algebra

1. Reciprocity relation
𝑭𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 = 𝑭𝒋𝒊 𝑨𝒋

2. Visual Inspection

View factors by inspection

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 View Factors
View Factor relations
View Factor Algebra
3. Summation Rule
𝑵

𝑭𝒊𝒋 = 𝟏
Surfaces forming an enclosure
𝒋=𝟏

4. Symmetry rule
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏𝟑
Illustration of symmetry rule

5. Superposition rule
𝑭𝟏−(𝟐𝟑) = 𝑭𝟏𝟐 + 𝑭𝟏𝟑
Illustration of superposition 7/27/2023 46
View Factors

7/27/2023 47
View Factors

7/27/2023 48
 View Factor

View factor between two View factor between two

aligned parallel rectangles of perpendicular rectangles with
equal size. a common edge.
ME 265 7/27/2023 49
 View Factors

View factor between two

coaxial
parallel disks

View factors for two concentric cylinders of finite length: (a) outer cylinder to
inner cylinder; (b) outer cylinder to itself.

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Problem

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Problem

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Radiation Exchange

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Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces

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 Radiation Exchange at a Surface
Resistances to Radiation

The rate of radiation from a surface-i is given by:

𝑸𝒊 = 𝑨𝒊 ( 𝑱𝒊 −𝑮𝒊 )

Radiation to or from an opaque surface (absorbed

component is not shown)
For any surface-i, the Radiosity is given by:

𝑱𝒊 = 𝜺𝒊 𝑬𝒃𝒊 + 𝝆𝒊 𝑮𝒊 If a surface is opaque and diffuse-gray,

𝜺𝒊 = 𝜶𝒊 and 𝜶𝒊 + 𝝆𝒊 = 𝟏
𝑱𝒊 = 𝜺𝒊 𝑬𝒃𝒊 + (𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 ) 𝑮𝒊

𝑱𝒊 − 𝜺𝒊 𝑬𝒃𝒊 𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑱𝒊
⇒ 𝑸𝒊 = 𝑨𝒊 𝑱𝒊 − =
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 (𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 )/𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊
7/27/2023 55
 Radiation Exchange at a Surface

book
Resistances to Radiation

𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑱𝒊
𝑸𝒊 =
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 )/𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊

Surface resistance to
Radiation

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 Radiation Exchange between Surfaces
View factor: 𝒒𝒊−𝒋
𝑭𝒊𝒋 =
where
𝑱𝒊
 𝒒𝒊−𝒋 : the radiative flux leaving Ai that is intercepted
by Aj ;
 𝑱𝒊 : the radiosity of surface Ai

The rate of radiation heat transfer from Ai intercepted

by Aj is given by:
Radiation exchange between
𝑸𝒊−𝒋 = 𝑨𝒊 𝒒𝒊−𝒋 = 𝑨𝒊 𝑱𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 surfaces

Similarly, the rate of radiation heat transfer from A𝑗 intercepted

by Ai is given by:
𝑸𝒋−𝒊 = 𝑨𝒋 𝑱𝒋 𝑭𝒋𝒊
Therefore, net radiative exchange between two surfaces:
𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋
𝑸𝒊𝒋 = 𝑸𝒊−𝒋 − 𝑸𝒋−𝒊 = 𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋 =
(𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 )−𝟏
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Radiation Exchange between Surfaces

𝑱𝒋

𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋
𝑸𝒊𝒋 =
(𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 )−𝟏 𝑸𝒊𝒋

𝑱𝒊

Space resistance to Radiation

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Radiation Exchange between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
𝑸𝒊𝒋 = 𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 (𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋 ) …. … (6.15)

𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑬𝒃𝒋
𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 = 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒋
…. … (6.18) =
𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑹𝒋 𝜺𝒋 𝑨𝒋

𝝈(𝑻𝟒𝒊 − 𝑻𝟒𝒋 )
𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 = …. … (6.19a)
𝑹𝒊 + 𝑹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑹𝒋

𝝈(𝑻𝟒𝒊 − 𝑻𝟒𝒋 )
𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 = …. … (6.19b) 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒋 =
𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊
+ +
𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 𝜺𝒋 𝑨𝒋

This is the net rate of radiation exchange

between two diffuse-gray surfaces Radiation exchange between
diffuse-gray surfaces

7/27/2023 60
Radiation Exchange Between Black Surfaces

7/27/2023 61
 𝝈(𝑻𝟒𝒊 − 𝑻𝟒𝒋 )
𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 =
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒋
+ +
𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 𝜺𝒋 𝑨𝒋

ME 265 7/27/2023 62
ME 265 7/27/2023 63
ME 265 7/27/2023 64
 Radiation Exchange in an Enclosure
Radiation Exchange in an Enclosure
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from any surface-i
in an enclosure is given by;
𝑵

𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑱𝒊
𝑸𝒊 =
𝒋 (𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 )/𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊
Total rate of radiation HT to an N-
𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋 surface enclosure
𝑸𝒊𝒋 =
(𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 )−𝟏
𝑵
𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑱𝒊 𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋
=
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 )/𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊 (𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 )−𝟏
𝒋

Radiation network for N-

surface enclosure 7/27/2023 65
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from any surface-i
in an enclosure is given by;
𝟑 𝟑
𝑬𝒃𝒊 − 𝑱𝒊 𝑱𝒊 − 𝑱𝒋
𝑸𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊𝒋 ⇒ =
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝒊 )/𝜺𝒊 𝑨𝒊 (𝑨𝒊 𝑭𝒊𝒋 )−𝟏
𝒋=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏

The net rate of radiation HT from surface-1:

𝟑 Radiation exchange in 3-
𝟑
𝑬𝒃𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝒋 surface enclosure
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏𝒋 ⇒ =
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 )/𝜺𝟏 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝒋 )−𝟏
𝒋=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏

𝑬𝒃𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏𝟏 + 𝑸𝟏𝟐 + 𝑸𝟏𝟑 ⇒ = + +
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 )/𝜺𝟏 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟏 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟑 )−𝟏

𝑬𝒃𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏𝟐 + 𝑸𝟏𝟑 ⇒ = +
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 )/𝜺𝟏 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟑 )−𝟏 7/27/2023 66
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟏𝟐 + 𝑸𝟏𝟑

𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟐𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐𝟑

𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝟑𝟏 + 𝑸𝟑𝟐
Radiation exchange in 3-
surface enclosure

𝑬𝒃𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟑
= +
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 )/𝜺𝟏 𝑨𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟑 )−𝟏
𝑬𝒃𝟐 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟑
= +
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 )/𝜺𝟐 𝑨𝟐 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟑 )−𝟏

𝑬𝒃𝟑 − 𝑱𝟑 𝑱𝟑 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟑 − 𝑱𝟏
= +
(𝟏 − 𝜺𝟑 )/𝜺𝟑 𝑨𝟑 (𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟑 )−𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟑 )−𝟏
Radiation network for 3- 7/27/2023 67
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure
Radiation Exchange in 3-surface Enclosure
Nodal analysis can be employed:

𝑸𝒊 = 𝟎
𝒊

𝑬𝒃𝟏 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟏 𝑱𝟑 − 𝑱𝟏
+ + =𝟎
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝟑
Radiation network for 3-
𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑬𝒃𝟐 − 𝑱𝟐 𝑱𝟑 − 𝑱𝟐 surface enclosure
+ + =𝟎
𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝟑

𝑱𝟏 − 𝑱𝟑 𝑱𝟐 − 𝑱𝟑 𝑬𝒃𝟑 − 𝑱𝟑
+ + =𝟎
𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝑹𝟑
7/27/2023 68
 Acknowledgement
 Slide Courtesy: Prof Dr. Ashraful Islam

7/27/2023 69