LGOGFGA SHBGUGA MIKNIHSMG

THUJNFGOGI TGKG THUMNKH 7=;1-7=08

KMSXSXI NFHA 2

SMFPMG TXBM]GI[M (51)

QM THUEGIOGI S]GUMGA 7

SLO IHJHUM 7 TXUZNOHU[N

[GAXI GBGUGI 547:/5471
 

OG[G THIJGI[GU 

Tubm Syuour oglm pgibgtogi ohagkmrgt [uagi ]gij Lgag Hsg, ogrhig ehrogt rgalgt kgi
ogruimg-Iygfga, lgogfga mim kgpgt thrshfhsgmogi khijgi egmo. Lgogfga mim ehrmsmogi thitgij
 ehregjgm oni`fmo kgi phrjnfgogi ygij phriga thrbgkm km Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08.
Khijgi lhleugt tujgs mim sgyg agrgpogi lglpu uituo fhema lhijhigf thitgij ehregjgm
 phrjnfgogi ygij thrbgkm pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08. Shegjgm shnrgij phfgbgr ygij lgsma kgfgl
 prnshs phlehfgbgrgi, oglm lhiygkgrm egawg lgogfga mim lgsma bgua kgrm shlpurig. Nfha ogrhig
mtu, oglm sgijgt lhijagrgpogi gkgiyg ormtmo kgi sgrgi ygij ehrsm`gt lhlegijui kgrm shlug
 pmago khlm ohshlpuriggi lgogfga mim.

Agrgpgi sgyg, shlnjg lgogfga ygij shkhragig mim, kgpgt lhlehrm ohsgkgrgi thrshikmrm
 egjm jhihrgsm lukg egawg omtg bujg agrus lhijhtgaum ehregjgm phrjnfgogi ygij thrbgkm pgkg

 phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08.

Turwnohrtn, 5: Notnehr 547:

Smfvmg Tubmygitm,

5
 

KG@[GU MSM
Ogtg
Ogtg Thij
Thijgit
gitgr
gr...
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.... 5

Kg`tg
Kg`tgrr Msm ....
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
..........
.........
.......
... 3

EGE 7 THIKGAXFXGI

7.7
7.7 Fgtg
Fgtgrr Ehfg
Ehfgog
ogij
ij ...
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
.....
.. ;
7.5
7.5 Uulu
Uulusg
sgi
i Lgsg
Lgsgfg
fga
a ..
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
......
.....
.. ;
7.3 [ubugi
[ubugi ......
..........
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
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......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.........
..........
..........
........
... ;
7.;
7.; Lgi`
Lgi`gg
ggtt .....
.......
....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. ;

EGE MM THLEGAGSGI

Ehre
Ehregj
gjgm
gm phrj
phrjnf
nfgo
gogi
gi pgkg
pgkg phrm
phrmnk
nkhh 7=;1-
7=;1-7=
7=08
08..
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 8

5.7.
5.7. Oni`
Oni`fm
fmo
o kgi
kgi ph
phrj
rjnf
nfgo
gogi
gi yg
ygij
ij ehro
ehrogm
gmtg
tgi
i khi
khijg
jgi
i mkh
mkhnf
nfnj
njm..
m....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 8
  5.
5.7.
7.7
7 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i TOM
TOM km Lg
Lgkm
kmui
ui ..
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 8

  5.
5.7.
7.5
5 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i KM/[
KM/[MM
MM..
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
.. :

  5.
5.7.
7.3
3 Jhrg
Jhrgog
ogi
i 34 Shpt
Shpthl
hleh
ehrr 7=
7=08
08 (J34
(J34S/
S/TO
TOM)
M)..
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
.....
.. 74

5.5. Oni
ni`f
`fmo
mo kg
kgi
ipphr
hrjn
jnfg
fgog
ogi
iyygi
gij
jeehr
hrog
ogmt
mtgi
gi kh
khij
ijgi
gi oh
ohph
phit
itmmij
ijgi
gi ….
…...
....
.... 78
  5.
5.5.
5.7
7 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i GTUG
GTUG ...
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 78
  5.5.5
5.5.5 Thrms
Thrmstmw
tmwg
g Gikm
Gikm Gzmz
Gzmz ...
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
.......
.. 70

  5.
5.5.
5.3
3 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i Uhpu
Uhpuef
efmo
mo Lgfu
Lgfuou
ou Sh
Shfg
fgtg
tgi
i (ULS
(ULS)..
)....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
......
......
......
.....
.. 70

5.3.
5.3. Oni`
Oni`fm
fmo
o kgi
kgi ph
phrj
rjnf
nfgo
gogi
gi yg
ygij
ij ehro
ehrogm
gmtg
tgi
i khij
khijgi
gi sm
smst
sthl
hl phlh
phlhrm
rmit
itga
gagi
gi....
.......
... 7:
  5.
5.3.
3.7
7 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i TUUM
TUUM kg
kgi
i Thrl
Thrlhs
hstg
tg..
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 7:

  5.
5.3.
3.5
5 Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i Ihjg
Ihjgrg
rg @hkh
@hkhrg
rgff kgi
kgi E@
E@N.
N...
.....
.....
....
....
.....
.....
....
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..... 71

EGE MMM THIX[XT

3.7.. Ohsml
3.7 Ohsmlpu
pufgi
fgi ...
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
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.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
........
.........
..........
..........
..... 54

3.5.. Sgrg
3.5 Sgrgi
i ....
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
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.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
... 54

KG@[
KG@[GU
GU TXS[
TXS[GO
GOG..
G.....
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
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......
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......
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.......
.......
......
.. 57

3
 

EGE 7
THIKGAXFXGI

7.7  Fgtgr Ehfgogij

Ehregjgm
Ehregjgm phrjnfgogi
phrjnfgogi km Miknihsmg
Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh
phrmnkh thrsheut,
thrsheut, thrbgkm ogrhig ehehrgpg
ehehrgpg
`gotnr. Sgfga sgtuiyg ogrhig `gotnr hosthrigf shphrtm phijgrua onluims kgrm Xim Snvmht
(T
(TOM
OM Lgkm
Lgkmui
ui)) kg
kgi
i ehitu
ehituo
o ihjgr
ihjgrgg `h
`hkh
khrg
rgff nf
nfha
ha Ehfg
Ehfgik
ikgg (T
(Thl
hlehr
ehrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i GTUG
GTUG).
).
Thlehrnitgogi km ehregjgm kghrga thrsheut, ehrogmtgi hrgt khijgi lhijuega mkhnfnjm
kgi kgsgr auoul ihjgrg (Thlehrnitgogi KM/[MM).

7.5 Uulusgi Lgsgfga

7. Gpg sgbg
sgbg oni`fmo
oni`fmo kgi phrjnf
phrjnfgogi
gogi ygij phriga
phriga thrbgk
thrbgkmm km Miknihs
Miknihsmg
mg pgkg phrmnkh
phrmnkh
7=;1-7=08>
5. Smgpg sgbg tnona kmegfmo
kmegfmo phlehrni
phlehrnitgogi
tgogi pgkg
pgkg phrmnkh
phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08>
7=;1-7=08>
3. Lhijgpg
Lhijgpg lhrhog
lhrhog lhfgouo
lhfgouogi
gi phlehrni
phlehrnitgo
tgogi
gi thrsheut
thrsheut>>
;. Egjgml
Egjgmlgig
gig cgrg phlhrmit
phlhrmitga
ga lhijagkgp
lhijagkgpmm ehregj
ehregjgm
gm phlehrnit
phlehrnitgogi
gogi ygij thrbgkm
thrbgkm km
Miknihsmg pgkg sggt mtu>

7.3 [ubugi
 Xituo lhikgfglm thitgij ehregjgm phrjnfgogi ygij phriga thrbgkm km Miknihsmg pgkg
 phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08
 Xituo lhlehrmogi wgwgsgi ohpgkg phlegcg lhijhigm ehregjgm phrjnfgogi ygij
 phriga thrbgkm km Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08

  7.; Lgi`ggt
 Lgogfga mim oglm eugt khijgi ehehrgpg agrgpgi kmgitgrgiiyg2
7. Xituo
Xituo lhlehrmo
lhlehrmogi
gi wgwgsgi
wgwgsgi ohpgkg
ohpgkg phlegcg
phlegcg lhijhigm
lhijhigm ehregjgm
ehregjgm phrjnf
phrjnfgogi
gogi ygij
 phriga thrbgkm km Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08
5. Kgpgt kmbgkm
kmbgkmogi
ogi phfgbgrg
phfgbgrgi
i uituo pgrg
pgrg phlegcgiyg
phlegcgiyg kgi kgpgt
kgpgt kmglemf
kmglemf amolgai
amolgaiyg
yg kgrm
trgjhkm thrsheut gjgr tmkgo thrufgij ohlegfm kmlgsg shogrgij.

;
 

EGE MM
THLEGAGSGI

G. Ehregjg
Ehregjgmm Thrjnfgogi
Thrjnfgogi pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08
7=;1-7=08

  Ehehrgpg phrjnfgogi ehsgr ygij phriga ehrfgijsuij km kgfgl ihjhrm gomegt ohthjgijgi
 pnfmtmo pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08. [gaui 7=;1 kmtgikgm khijgi phcgaiyg phlehrnitgogi ehsgr 
 phrtglg shthfga Miknihsmg lhrkhog, ygmtu phlehrnitgogi TOM km Lgkmui. Shkgijogi tgaui
7=08 lhrupgogi tgaui kmlgig ehrfgijsuij phrmstmwg J34S/TOM ygij ehrusgag lhrheut
ohougsggi kgi lhijjgitm mkhnfnjm Tgicgsmfg.
Shbgrga phrjnfgogi kgi oni`fmo ygij thrbgkm km Miknihsmg shfglg lgsg tgaui 7=;1-7=08
kgfgl ege mim gogi kmegjm oh kgfgl tmjg ehituo phrjnfgogi 2

7. Oni`fmo
Oni`fmo kgi
kgi phrjnfgo
phrjnfgogi
gi ygij
ygij ehrogmtg
ehrogmtgi
i khijgi
khijgi mkhnfnj
mkhnfnjmm
g. Thlehrnitgogi TOM (Tgrtgm Onluims Miknihsmg) Lgkmui

Shfgmi Tgrtgm Igsmnigf Miknihsmg (TIM), TOM lhrupgogi pgrtgm pnfmtmo phrtglg
ygij kmkmrmogi shsukga prnofglgsm. Lhsom khlmomgi, TOM euogifga pgrtgm egru, ogrhig
thfga gkg shbgo zglgi phrjhrgogi igsmnigf shehful kmehouogi nfha phlhrmitga Amikmg
Ehfgikg gomegt lhlehrnitgo pgkg tgaui 7=50. Shbgo lhrkhog sglpgm gwgf tgaui
7=;1, TOM lgsma ehrsmogp lhikuouij phlhrmitga, ygij ohehtufgi lhlgij kmougsgm
nfha
nfha jnfnijg
jnfnijgi
i omrm.
omrm. Iglui
Iglui ohtmog
ohtmog jnfnijg
jnfnijgi
i omrm
omrm thr
thrfhl
fhlpgr
pgr kgrm
kgrm phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itgagi,
agi, TOM

lhibgkm pgrtgm npnsmsm kgi ehrjgeuij khijgi pgrtgm shrtg nrjgimsgsm omrm fgmiiyg kgfgl

8
 

@rnit Khlnorgsm Ugoygt (@KU) ygij kmkmrmogi Glmr Sygrm`ukkmi pgkg eufgi @herugrm
7=;1. Tgkg gwgf Shpthlehr 7=;1, pmlpmigi TOM kmphjgij Lusn. Mg lhlegwg TOM oh
kg
kgfg
fgl
l ph
phle
lehr
hrnit
nitgo
gogi
gi eh
ehrs
rshib
hibgt
gtgg yg
ygij
ij km
kmcht
chtus
usog
ogi
i km Lgkm
Lgkmui
ui pg
pgkg
kg tg
tgij
ijjg
jgff 71
Shpthlehr 7=;1 ([gu`mo Gekuffga kgi GE Fgpmgi, 5475).

Gfgsgi utglg TOM lhfgouogi phlehrnitgogi ygmtu ehrsm`gt mkhnfnjms, kmlgig

lhrhog
lhrhog lhlmf
lhlmfmom
mom cmtg-c
cmtg-cmtg
mtg mijmi
mijmi lhibgk
lhibgkmog
mogi
i Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg shegjgm
shegjgm ihjgrg
ihjgrg onluim
onluims.
s.
Ehregjg
Ehregjgmm upgyg
upgyg kmfgou
kmfgouogi
ogi nfha
nfha TOM uituo
uituo lhrgma
lhrgma ohougsg
ohougsggi.
gi. Km egwga
egwga pmlpmi
pmlpmigi
gi
Lussn, TOM ehragsmf lhigrmo pgrtgm kgi nrjgimsgsm omrm kgfgl @KU ehrjgeuij oh kgfgl
TOM. Tgrtgm mim fgfu lhiknrnij kmfgouogiiyg ehregjgm khlnistrgsm kgi phlnjnogi
ogul
ogul eurua
eurua kgi phtgim
phtgim.. Shegjmg
Shegjmgi
i ohougtg
ohougtgi
i ehrshi
ehrshibgt
bgtgg bujg
bujg ehrags
ehragsmf
mf lgsuo
lgsuo kgfgl
kgfgl
 phijgrua lhrhog. Lusn bujg ohrgp lhijhfugrogi phriygtggi-phriygtggi ygij
lhijhc
lhijhcgl
gl phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a kgi lhlegag
lhlegagygog
ygogi
i str
strgth
gthjm
jm kmpfnl
kmpfnlgsm
gsm Miknihs
Miknihsmg
mg lhfgwgi
lhfgwgi
Ehfgikg ygij kmthijgam Glhrmog Shrmogt (GS). Thriygtggi Lusn fhema lhiuibuoogi
ohehrpmagogiiyg pgkg Xim Snvyht ygij onluims.

Thlhrmitga
Thlhrmitga Miknihsmg
Miknihsmg thfga
thfga lhfgouogi
lhfgouogi upgyg-upgyg
upgyg-upgyg kmpfnlgsm
kmpfnlgsm khijgi Lusn,
 egaogi sglpgm lhijmoutshrtgogi tnona-tnona omrm ygij fgmi, ygmtu [gi Lgfgog, uituo 
lhrhkgl jhrgo n`hism` TOM Lusn. Iglui, onikmsm pnfmtmo sukga thrfglpgu pgigs,
shamijjg pgkg phrthijgagi Shpthlehr 7=;1, phrthlpurgi gitgrg ohougtgi-ohougtgi
 ehrshibgtg ygij lhlmago TOM khijgi [IM lufgm lhfhtus. TOM kgi ohfnlpno 
 phikuouijiyg ohlukmgi lhlusgtogi kmrm km Lgkmui. Lusn pui ohlukmgi pgkg
tgijjgf 71 Shpthlehr 7=;1 lhlprnofglmrogi Uhpuefmo Snvmht Miknihsmg.

Km gwgf
gwgf phlehr
phlehrnit
nitgogi
gogi,, phleuiu
phleuiuagi
agi thr
thragkg
agkgp
p phbgegt
phbgegt phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a kgi pgrg
pgrg
 phlmlpmi pgrtgm ygij gitm onluims thrbgkm. Ogul sgitrm bujg lhibgkm onregi. [htgpm
 pgsuogi phlhrmitga ygij kmphfnpnrm Kmvmsm Smfmwgijm ohlukmgi ehragsmf lhikhsgo 
luikur phlehrnitgo. Tuicgoiyg gkgfga ohtmog Lusn thwgs thrthlego. Glmr Sygrm`ukkmi
 bujg thrtgijogp. Mg goamriyg
goa mriyg kmbgtuam auoulgi lgtm. [nona-tnona lukg TOM shphrtm Gmkmt
kgi Fuolgi
Fuolgi ehrags
ehragsmf
mf lhfgrm
lhfgrmogi
ogi kmrm.
kmrm. Lhrhogf
Lhrhogfga
ga ygij
ygij ohfgo
ohfgo km tgaui
tgaui 7=08,
7=08, ehr
ehrags
agsmf
mf
lhibgkmogi TOM ohlegfm lhibgkm pgrtgm ehsgr km Miknihsmg shehful thrbgkmiyg phrmstmwg
Jhrgog
Jhrgogi
i 34 Shpthl
Shpthlehr
ehr 7=08.
7=08. Umeugi
Umeugi nrgij
nrgij thwgs
thwgs kgi kmt
kmtgijo
gijogp
gp phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a gomegt
gomegt
 phlehrnitgogi Lgkmui mim. TOM jgjgf lhijglemf gfma ohougsggi.

0
 

e. Thlehrnitgogi KM/[MM

Thlehrnitgogi KM/[MM ygij lhfugs km ehehrgpg wmfgyga Miknihsmg, ehrlufg kgrm

sheuga jhrgogi km Bgwg Egrgt ygij kmpmlpmi nfha S.L. Ogrtnsuwmryn. Mg kufu gkgfga
sgfga shnrgij tnona Tgrtgm Sgrhogt Msfgl Miknihsmg (TSMM). Sgfga sgtu ohputusgi Uhivmffh

gkgfga
gkgfga agrus
agrus pmikga
pmikgaiyg
iyg pgsuog
pgsuogi
i UM kgrm
kgrm kghrga
kghrga-kg
-kghrg
hrga
a ygij kmofgm
kmofgml
l kgi kmkuku
kmkukuom
om
Ehfgikg oh kghrga ygij kmougsgm UM. Agf mimfga ygij lhleuog phfugij Ogrtnsuwmryn
uituo lhikmrmogi ihjgrg Msfgl.
Msfgl. Km Bgwg Egrgt, Kmvmsm Smfmwgijm shegjgm pgsuogi rhslm
UM pu
pui
i kmpm
kmpmikg
ikgao
aogi
gi oh Bg
Bgwg
wg [h
[hijg
ijga
a ogrhi
ogrhigg Bg
Bgwg
wg Egrg
Egrgtt km
kmbg
bgkm
kmogi
ogi ih
ihjg
jgrg
rg eg
egjm
jmgi
gi
Tgsuikgi nfha Ehfgikg. Gogi thtgpm, fgsogr ehrshibgtg Amzeuffga kgi Sgemfmffga ygij
thfg
thfga
a eh
ehrg
rgkg
kg km eg
egwg
wga
a ph
phij
ijgr
grua
ua Ogrt
Ogrtns
nsuwm
uwmry
ryn
n tm
tmkg
kgo
o ehrsh
ehrshkm
kmgg pm
pmik
ikga
ga kg
kgi
i lgfg
lgfga
a
lhlehituo [hitgrg Msfgl Miknihsmg ([MM). Ohonsnijgi ohougsggi UM km Bgwg Egrgt,
shjhrg kmlgi`ggtogi Ogrtnsuwmryn. Mg fgfu lhiygtgogi phlehituogi Kgruf Msfgl (ihjgrg
Msfgl/KM) khijgi kuouijgi [MM, km Bgwg Egrgt pgkg Gjustus 7=;1. Thrsngfgi tmleuf
oh
ohtm
tmog
og pg
pgsu
suog
ogi
i Smfm
Smfmwg
wgijm
ijm oh
ohle
legf
gfmm egfmo
egfmo oh Bg
Bgwg
wg Egrg
Egrgt.
t. Ogrt
Ogrtns
nsuw
uwmr
mryn
yn tm
tmkg
kgo
o lgu
lgu
lhijgoum thitgrg UM thrsheut ohcugfm lhrhog lgu ehrjgeuij khijgi KM/[MM. Shbgo tgaui
7=8=,, phlhrm
7=8= phlhrmitga
itga lufgm
lufgm lhfgouo
lhfgouogi
gi nphrgsm
nphrgsm lmfmth
lmfmthr.
r.  Nph
Nphrgs
rgsmm thr
thrpgk
pgku
u ‖Tgjgr
‖Tgjgr Ehtms“
Ehtms“
kmjhfgr, kmlgig thitgrg phlhrmitga lhiyhrtgogi lgsygrgogt uituo lhijhpuij thlpgt-
thlpgt pgsuogi KM/[MM ehrgkg. [ubugi tgotmo mim gkgfga uituo lhlphrshlpmt rugij jhrgo 
kgi lhlntnij grus phrehogfgi pgsuogi fgwgi. Nphrgsm thlpur kmfgouogi khijgi sgsgrgi
fgijsu
fgijsuij
ij egsms-
egsms-egs
egsms
ms pgsuog
pgsuogi
i KM/[MM
KM/[MM.. Lhfgfu
Lhfgfumm nphrgsm
nphrgsm mim,
mim, Ogrtns
Ogrtnsuwm
uwmryn
ryn ehrags
ehragsmf
mf
kmtg
kmtgij
ijogp
ogp pgkg
pgkg tg
tgau
aui
i 7=
7=05
05.. Mg fg
fgfu
fu kmbg
kmbgtu
tuam
am au
auoul
oulgi
gi lgtm
lgtm,, ygij
ygij lhigi
lhigikg
kgmm pu
pufg
fg

 ehrgoamriyg phlehrnitgogi KM/[MM Ogrtnsuwmryn.

:
 

Km Bgwg [hijga, gwgf ogsusiyg bujg lmrmp, thrbgkm ohonsnijgi ohougsggi km

wmfgyga mim kgi Glmr @gtga ehshrtg pgsuogi Amzeuffga shjhrg lhijglemf gfma. Sggt
 pgsuogi [IM ohlegfm oh wmfgyga thrsheut, shehigriyg thfga thrbgkm ohshpgogtgi gitgrg
Glmr @gtga kgi pgsuogiiyg khijgi pgsuogi [IM. Glmr @gtga egaogi kmgijogt shegjgm
onnrkmi
onnrkmigtn
gtnrr pgsuog
pgsuogi
i km kghrga
kghrga nphrgsm
nphrgsm [hjgf
[hjgf kgi Erhehs
Erhehs.. Glm
Glmrr @gtga
@gtga pui shlgom
shlgomi
i
 ehruega pmomrgi shthfga utusgi Ogrtnsuwmryn kgtgij lhihlumiyg fgfu lhijgijogtiyg
shegjg
shegjgmm Tgijfm
Tgijfmlg
lg [MM Bgwg
Bgwg [hijga.
[hijga. Mg ohlukm
ohlukmgi
gi mout
mout lhlprn
lhlprnofg
ofglmr
lmrogi
ogi ehrkmr
ehrkmrmiy
miygg
 Ihjgrg Msfgl km Bgwg [hijga. Shbgo mtu,thrbgkm ohogcgugi kgi oni`fmo threuog gitgrg
 pgsuogi Glmr @gtga khijgi pgsuogi [IM. Thrfgwgigi Glmr @gtga tmkgo thrfgfu fglg
kmog
kmogrh
rhigo
igogi
gi ou
ourg
rgij
ijiyg
iyg kuouij
kuouijgi
gi kg
kgrm
rm ph
phik
ikuku
ukuo
o kg
kgi
i goamr
goamriy
iygg mg lhiyh
lhiyhrg
rga
a pgkg
pgkg
Khshlehr 7=87. Shfgmi Glmr @gtga, km Bgwg [hijga bujg tmleuf phlehrnitgogi fgmi
ygij kmpmlpmi nfha Omgm Agbm Lgca`ukz gtgu ygij kmohigf shegjgm Oygm Sulnfgiju. Mg
kmkuoui
kmkuouij
j nfha
nfha fgsogr
fgsogr ehrshi
ehrshibgt
bgtgg Gijogt
Gijogtgi
gi Xlgt
Xlgt Msf
Msfgl
gl (GXM)
(GXM) ygij
ygij shbgo
shbgo kmkmrm
kmkmrmogi
ogi

lhlgij ehrohmijmigi
ehrohmijmigi lhicmptgogi
lhicmptgogi sugtu ihjgrg Miknihsmg ygij ehrkgsgrogi
ehrkgsgrogi prmismp
Msfgl.. Zmfgyga
Msfgl Zmfgyga nphrgsmnigf
nphrgsmnigf (GXM) ehrgkg km kghrga Oheulhi kgi kghrga shomtgr
shomtgr pgitgm
shfgtgi Bgwg [hijga. Iglui ohrbgsglg gitgrg GXM khijgi [hitgrg UM lufgm phcga
ohtmog
ohtmog phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a ahikgo
ahikgo lhfgouo
lhfgouogi
gi khlnem
khlnemfm
fmsgs
sgsmm GXM.
GXM. Gbgogi
Gbgogi phlhrmit
phlhrmitga
ga uituo 
uituo 
 ehruikmij kmtnfgo Oygm Sulnfgiju. Tgkg goamr Bufm 7=84, Oygm Sulnfgiju lhfgouogi
 phlehrnitgogi. Shsukga sheufgi ehrthlpur, thitgrg UM ehragsmf lhiulpgs
 phlehrnitgogi mim. Thlehrnitgogi Kgruf Msfgl km Bgwg [hijga fgmiiyg bujg kmfgouogi
nfha
nfha Egtgfy
Egtgfyni
ni ;50 kgrm
kgrm Kmvmsm
Kmvmsm Kmpnihjnr
Kmpnihjnrn
n Bgwg
Bgwg [hijga,
[hijga, ygij lhrupg
lhrupgogi
ogi thitgr
thitgrgg
Miknihsmg
Miknihsmg ygij gijjntg-gijjnt
gijjntg-gijjntgiyg
giyg ehrgsgf
ehrgsgf kgrm fgsogr Amzeuffga.
Amzeuffga. Cgoupgi wmfgyga
wmfgyga
jhrgogi Egtgfyni ;50 kgfgl phrthlpurgi khijgi pgsuogi UM gkgfga Oukus, Ofgthi
amijjg
amijjg Surgogr
Surgogrtg.
tg.Zgf
Zgfgupu
gupui
i kmgijj
kmgijjgp
gp ougt
ougt kgi lhlega
lhlegagygo
gygogi,
gi, igl
iglui
ui agiyg
agiyg kgfgl
kgfgl
 ehehrgpg eufgi sgbg, phlehrnitgogi Egtgfyni ;50 mim bujg ehragsmf kmtulpgs.
Thlehrnitgogi KM/[MM thrbgkm pufg km Sufgwhsm Shfgtgi km egwga pmlpmigi Fhtigi
Onfnih
Onfnihff Ogagr
Ogagr Luzgoog
Luzgoogr.
r. Tgkg
Tgkg tgagp
tgagp gwgf,
gwgf, phlehr
phlehrnit
nitgog
gogi
i mim kmshege
kmshegeogi
ogi gomegt
gomegt
ohtmkgopugsgi pgrg ehogs phbugij jhrmfyg ohlhrkhoggi thragkgp ohembgogi phlhrmitga
kgfgl
kgfgl lhlehit
lhlehituo
uo [hitgr
[hitgrgg Uhpuef
Uhpuefmo
mo kgi khlnem
khlnemfms
fmsgsm
gsm ygij
ygij kmf
kmfgouo
gouogi
gi km Sufgwhs
Sufgwhsmm
Shfgtg
Shfgtgi.
i. Iglui
Iglui ehehrg
ehehrgpg
pg tgaui
tgaui ohlukm
ohlukmgi,
gi, phlehr
phlehrnit
nitgog
gogi
i lgfga
lgfga ehrgfm
ehrgfma
a khijgi
khijgi

 ehrjgeuijiyg lhrhog oh kgfgl KM/[MM Ogrtnsuwmryn.  Tgkg lgsg phrgij ohlhrkhoggi,

1
 

Ogagr Luzgoogr phriga ehrbugij

ehrbugij km Bgwg egaogi lhibgkm onlgikgi Onlgikn Jrup
Sufgwhsm Shfgtgi ygij ehrlgrogs km ]njygogrtg. Shthfga phijgougi ohkgufgtgi tgaui
7=;=, mg kmtujgsogi oh kghrga gsgfiyg uituo lhlegitu lhiyhfhsgmogi phrsngfgi thitgij
Onlgikn Jhrmfyg Sufgwhsm Shfgtgi (OJSS) km sgig. OJSS kmehituo shwgotu phrgij
ohlhrk
ohlhrkhog
hoggi
gi kgi ehrohou
ehrohougtg
gtgi
i 70 egtgfy
egtgfyni
ni gtgu
gtgu sgtu
sgtu kmvmsm
kmvmsm..  Thl
Thlhrm
hrmitg
itga
a mijmi
mijmi gjgr 
ohsgtugi mim kmeuegrogi fhema kgaufu uituo ohlukmgi kmfgouogi rh-nrjgimsgsm thitgrg
ohlegfm, iglui gijjntg OJSS lhinfgoiyg. Ehjmtu tmeg, Ogagr Luzgoogr kmgijogt nfha
Tgij
Tgijfm
fmlg
lg [h
[hit
itgr
grgg Mikn
Miknih
ihsm
smgg [mlu
[mlurr lhib
lhibgk
gkmm onnr
onnrkm
kmig
igtn
tnrr OJSS
OJSS,, gj
gjgr
gr lukg
lukga
a
lhiyhfhsgmogi phrsngfgi. Iglui, Ogagr Luzgoogr lgfga lhiuitut ohpgkg Tgijfmlgiyg
gjgr OJSS
OJSS tmkgo
tmkgo kmeueg
kmeuegrog
rogi,
i, lhfgmi
lhfgmiogi
ogi lmitg
lmitg gjgr shfuru
shfurua
a gijjntg
gijjntg OJSS
OJSS kmb
kmbgkm
gkmogi
ogi
thit
thitgr
grgg kh
khijg
ijgi
i iglg
iglg Er
Ermj
mjgkh
gkh Agsg
Agsgiuk
iukkm
kmi.
i. [uit
[uitut
utgi
gi mt
mtu
u fg
fgij
ijsu
suij
ij km
kmtn
tnfg
fgo,
o, og
ogrh
rhig
ig
 phlhrmitga ehrohembgogi agiyg gogi lhihrmlg gijjntg OJSS ygij lhlhiuam sygrgt
shegjgm thitgrg kgi fufus shfhosm. Ogagr Luzgoogr tmkgo lhihrmlg ohembgogi mim kgi

lhlmfma ehrnitgo kmmoutm nfha pgsuogi phijmoutiyg. Shfglg lgsg phlehrnitgogi, Ogagr 
Luzgoogr pgkg tgijjgf : Gjustus 7=83 lhiygtgogi kmrm shegjgm egjmgi kgrm Ihjgrg
Msf
Msfgl
gl Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg Ogrtns
Ogrtnsuwm
uwmryn
ryn..  Th
Thle
lehr
hrni
nitg
tgogi
ogi yg
ygij
ij km
kmfg
fgouo
ouogi
gi Ogag
Ogagrr lhlg
lhlgij
ij
lhlhrfuogi wgotu fglg uituo lhiulpgsiyg. Thlehrnitgogi egru ehrgoamr pgkg tgaui
7=08. Km tgaui mtu, Ogagr Luzgoogr thwgs thrthlego kgfgl sugtu phiyhrjgpgi.
Thlehrnitgogi ygij ehrogmt khijgi KM/[MM bujg thrbgkm km Ogfmlgitgi   Shfgtgi.
Thlehrnitgog
Thlehrnitgogi
i mim rhfgtm` ohcmf, kmlgig phlehrnitgo tmkgo lhijugsgm kghrga ygij fugs
kgi phrjhrgogi pgsuogi ygij ehsgr.
ehsgr. Iglui, phlehrnitgogi
phlehrnitgogi mim ehrfgijsuij
ehrfgijsuij fglg kgi
 ehrfgrut-fgrut amijjg pgkg tgaui 7=03, Meiu Agbgr lhiyhrga. Mg ehragrgp lhikgpgt
 phijglpuigi. Iglui phijgkmfgi lmfmthr lhibgtuamiyg auoulgi lgtm.
Km Gcha, phlmcu fgijsuij phcgaiyg phlehrnitgogi gkgfga ohtmog pgkg tgaui
7=84 phlhrmitga lhihtgpogi wmfgyga Gcha shegjgm egjmgi kgrm prnpmism Sulgthrg Xtgrg.
Tgrg ufglg Gcha ygij thrjgeuij kgfgl Thrsgtugi Xfglg Shfurua Gcha (TXSG) lhinfgo 
agf mim. Lhrhog lhiuitut gjgr Gcha lhlmfmom ntninlm shikmrm kgi lhijgicgl gogi
 ehrtmikgo emfg tuitutgi lhrhog tgo kmphiuam. [nona thrkhpgi TXSG kgfgl agf mim gkgfga
Kguk Ehurhua. Thlhrmitga pusgt ohlukmgi ehrupgyg lhihlpua bgfgi phrthlugi. Zgomf
Tr
Trhs
hsmk
mkhi
hi L. Agtt
Agttgg (7=8
(7=84)
4),, Th
Thrk
rkgi
gigg Lhit
Lhithr
hrmm L. Igts
Igtsmr
mr (7
(7=8
=87)
7),, egaog
egaogi
i Sn
Snho
hogr
grin
in

lhiyhl
lhiyhlpgt
pgtogi
ogi kmrm
kmrm oh Gcha
Gcha uituo
uituo lhiyhf
lhiyhfhsg
hsgmog
mogi
i phrsng
phrsngfgi
fgi mim
mim,, iglui
iglui lhijgf
lhijgfglm
glm

=
 

ohjgjgfgi.
ohjgjgfgi. Goamriyg
Goamriyg pgkg tgaui 7=83, shthfga
shthfga Kguk Ehurhua lhfgouogi onitgo khijgi
Ogrtnsuwmryn, mg lhiygtgogi Gcha shegjgm egjmgi kgrm Ihjgrg Msfgl Miknihsmg ygij
kmpmlpmi Ogrtnsuwmryn.  Oni`fmo gitgrg phijmout Kguk Ehurhua khijgi thitgrg UM pui
shfglg ehehrgpg tgaui, shehful goamriyg phlhrmitga lhijgonlnkgsm kgi lhibgkmogi
Gcha shegjgm kghrga mstmlhwg pgkg tgaui 7=8=. [mjg tgaui shthfga mtu Kguk Ehurhua
ohlegfm kgrm phrthlpurgi ygij thfga shfhsgm, goamriyg mg lhlphrnfha phijglpuigi.

c. Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr 7=08 (J34S/TOM)

Sglpgm shogrgij, phrmstmwg mim lgsma lhiymlpgi onitrnvhrsm. [hrkgpgt higl thnrm
lhijhigm phrmstmwg oukhtg J34S tgaui 7=08 mim 2
7) Jhrgogi
Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr
Shpthlehr lhrupgogi
lhrupgogi phrsngfg
phrsngfgi
i mithrigf
mithrigf Gijogtgi
Gijogtgi Kgrgt(GK).
Kgrgt(GK).
Kmohluogogi gitgrg fgmi nfha Ehi Gikhrsni, Z.@.Zhrtahml, kgi Cnhi Antsgphf,
thnrm
thnrm mim lhiygt
lhiygtgogi
gogi egawg
egawg J34S
J34S agiygfg
agiygfga
a phrmst
phrmstmwg
mwg ygij tm
tmleu
leuff gomegt
gomegt gkgiyg
gkgiyg

 phrsngfgi km ogfgijgi GK shikmrm. Agf mim lmsgfiyg kmkgsgrogi pgkg phriygtggi

 phlmlpmi Jhrgogi, ygmtu Fhtigi Onfnihf Xituij ygij lhiygtgogi egawg pgrg
 phlmlpmi GK amkup ehrlhwga-lhwgagi kgi lhlphrogyg kmrm shamijjg
lhichl
lhichlgro
grogi
gi iglg
iglg egmo
egmo GK. Thikgpg
Thikgpgtt shphrt
shphrtmm mim shehig
shehigriy
riygg ehrfgw
ehrfgwgig
gigi
i khijgi
khijgi
ohiygtggi ygij gkg. Bhikhrgf Igsutmni lmsgfiyg, Tgijfmlg Gijogtgi Ehrshibgtg mim
 bustru amkupiyg shkhragig.
5) Jhrgogi
Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr
Shpthlehr gkgfga
gkgfga Kmigs Mithfm
Mithfmbhi
bhi Glhrmog
Glhrmog Shrmogt
Shrmogt (CMG).
(CMG).
[hnrm mim ehrgsgf kgrm tufmsgi Ththr Kgfh Scntt gtgu Jhn``rhy Unemisni. Lhiurut
thnrm mim, GS sgijgt oagwgtmr Miknihsmg bgtua oh tgijgi onluims. TOM pgkg lgsg mtu
lhlgij thijga ougt-ougtiyg lhigiglogi phijgrua km Miknihsmg. Ogrhig mtu, CMG
ohlukmgi ehohrbgsglg khijgi sugtu ohfnlpno kgfgl tueua GK uituo lhlprnvnogsm
TOM gjgr lhfgouogi jhrgogi oukhtg. Shthfga mtu, jgitm TOM ygij kmagicurogi. [ubugi
goamr sohigrmn CMG mim gkgfga lhibgtuaogi ohougsggi Snhogrin.
3) Jhrgogi
Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr
Shpthlehr lhrupgogi
lhrupgogi phrthlug
phrthlugi
i gitgrg ohphitmij
ohphitmijgi
gi Mijjrms-GS.
Mijjrms-GS.
Lhiurut thnrm mim J34S gkgfga tmtmo thlu gitgrg ohmijmigi Mijjrms ygij mijmi smogp
oni`rnitgtm` Snhogrin thragkgp Lgfgysmg emsg kmgoamrm lhfgfum phijjufmijgi ohougsggi
Snhogrin, khijgi ohmijmigi GS gjgr Miknihsmg threhegs kgrm onluimslh. Kmlgsg mtu,

Snhogrin lhlgij thijga jhicgr lhfgicgrogi prnvnogsm lhiyhrgij Lgfgysmg ygij

74
 

kmogtgogiiyg shegjgm ihjgrg enihog Mijjrms. [hnrm kmohluogogi gitgrg fgmi nfha Jrhj
Tnufjrgmi.
;) Snhogr
Snhogrin
in gkgfga
gkgfga kgfgij
kgfgij Jhrgogi
Jhrgogi 34 Shpthl
Shpthlehr
ehr..
[hnrm ygij kmohluogogi gitgrg fgmi nfha Gitaniy Kgoh kgi Bnai Aujahs mim
 ehrgibgo kgrm gsulsm egawg Snhogrin ehrohmijmigi lhfhiygpogi ohougtgi npnsmsm
thragkgp kmrmiyg, ygij ehrgsgf kgrm shegjmgi phrwmrg tmijjm GK. Ogrhig TOM khogt
khijgi
khijgi Snhogri
Snhogrin,
n, pgrtgm
pgrtgm mimpui
mimpui thrshr
thrshrht.
ht. Kgsgr
Kgsgr thnrm
thnrm mim gitgrg
gitgrg fgm
fgmi
i ehrgsg
ehrgsgff kgrm
kgrm
ohsgosmgi Sarm Embu Tgtigmo, shnrgij pmfnt gsgf Mikmg ygij lhibgkm sgagegt egiygo 
 phbgegt Miknihsmg shbgo lgsg rhvnfusm. Mg lhijgtgogi egawg pgkg 34 Shpthlehr 7=08
7=0 8
thijga
thijga lgfgl
lgfgl Snhogri
Snhogrin
n lhlmit
lhlmitgiyg
giyg uituo
uituo lhimij
lhimijjgf
jgfogi
ogi Bgogrt
Bgogrtgg shehfu
shehful
l sueua.
sueua.
Lhiurut Tgtigmo, Snhogrin ehrogtg ‖shsukga mtu sgyg gogi lhiutup fgpgijgi thregij“.
Km smim Snhogrin shgogi tgau egawg gogi gkg ‖phrmstmwg
‖phrmstmwg ehsgr“ hsno agrmiyg.
agrmiyg. Iglui
thnrm mim kmfhlgaogi gitgrg fgmi khijgi tmikgogi Snhogrin ygij thriygtg ohlukmgi

lhinfgo
lhinfgo lhikuou
lhikuouij ij J34S.
J34S. Egaogi
Egaogi pgkg 0 Notneh
Notnehrr 7=08,
7=08, kgf
kgfgl
gl smkgij
smkgij Ogemih
Ogemihtt
Kwmonrg km Enjnr, mg lhijutuo jhrgogi mim.
8) [mkgo gkg
gkg phlhrgi
phlhrgi tuijjgf kgi
kgi sohigrmn
sohigrmn ehsgr kgfgl phrmstm
phrmstmwg
wg Jhrgogi
Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr 
Shpthlehr 
  (thnrm cagns).
Kmohluogogi gitgrg fgmi nfha Bnai K. Fhjjh, thnrm mim lhiygtgogi egawg tmkgo 
gkg kgfgij tuijjgf kgi tmkgo gkg sohigrmn ehsgr kgfgl J34S. Ohbgkmgi mim agiyg
lhrupgogi agsmf kgrm phrpgkugi gitgrg, shphrtm ygij kmsheut Snhogrin 2 ‖uisur-uisur 
 Ihonfml (ihjgrg Egrgt), pmlpmigi TOM ygij ohefmijhr shrtg noiul-noiul GEUM ygij
tmkgo ehigr“. Shlugiyg phcga kgfgl mlprnvmsgsm km fgpgijgi.
0) Kgfgij
Kgfgij Jhrgo
Jhrgogi
gi 34 Shpth
Shpthleh
lehrr gkgfga
gkgfga TOM
Lhiurutt thnrm mim tnona-tnona
Lhiuru tnona-tnona TOM gkgfga phigijjuijbgwge
phigijjuijbgwge phrmstmwg
phrmstmwg oukhtg,
khijgi cgrg lhlphrgfgt uisur-uisur thitgrg. Kgsgriyg gkgfga shrgijogmgi ohbgkmgi
kgi gosm ygij thfga kmfgicgrogi TOM gitgrg tgaui 7=8=-7=08. Kgsgr fgmiiyg gkgfga
 egawg shthfga J34S, ehehrgpg phrfgwgigi ehrshibgtg ygij kmfgouogi nfha ohfnlpno 
ygij lhiglgogi kmrm CC TOM shlpgt thrbgkm km Efmtgr Shfgtgi, Jrnenjgi, kgi Ofgthi.
[hnrm ygij kmohluogogi gitgrg fgmi nfha Iujrnan Intnsusgitn kgi Mslgmf Sgfha mim
lhrupgogi thnrm ygij pgfmij ulul kmkhijgr lhijhigm oukhtg tgijjgf 34 Shpthlehr 

7=08.

77
 

 Iglui thrfhpgs kgrm thnrm lgig ygij ehigr lhijhigm phrmstmwg J34S, shbgo 
Khln
Khlnor
orgs
gsmm [h
[hrp
rpml
mlpm
pmi
i sh
shcg
cgrg
rg rh
rhsl
slmm kmlu
kmlufg
fgmm pg
pgkg
kg tg
tgau
aui
i 7=8=,
7=8=, Mi
Mikn
knihs
ihsmg
mg lhlg
lhlgij
ij
kmwgrigm khijgi `mjur Snhogrin ygij lhiglpmfogi kmrmiyg shegjgm phijugsg tuijjgf km
Miknihsmg. Mg bujg lhibgkm ohougtgi phihijga kmgitgrg kug ohfnlpno pnfmtmo ehsgr ygij
sgfmij ehrsgmij kgi throuruij kgfgl phrthitgijgi ygij tmkgo thrkglgmogi sggt mtu gitgrg
GK khijgi TOM, lmsgfiyg pgkg Bufm 7=04, TOM lhfgicgrogi ohcglgi-ohcglgi thragkgp
ogemiht
ogemiht kgi thitgr
thitgrg.
g. Ohtmog
Ohtmog thitgr
thitgrgg ehrhgo
ehrhgosm,
sm, Snhogr
Snhogrin
in shjhrg
shjhrg turui
turui tgijgi
tgijgi amijjg
amijjg
 phrsngfgi mim shlhitgrg shfhsgm. Agf mim ohlukmgi lgfga lhleugt aueuijgi Snhogrin
khijgi TOM omgi khogt (Crnuca, 7=== kgi Umcofh`s, 5474 ).
Eufgi
Eufgi Gjust
Gjustus
us 7=
7=04
04 Lgsy
Lgsyul
ulmm kg
kgi
i Tg
Tgrt
rtgm
gm Sn
Snsm
smgf
gfms
ms Mi
Mikn
knihs
ihsmg
mg (TSM
(TSM)) yg
ygij
ij
lhrupgogi pgrtgm phsgmij TOM, kmeuegrogi phlhrmitga. TOM pui shlgomi jmgt lhfgouogi
lnemfmsgs
lnemfmsgsmm lgssg uituo lhimijogtog
lhimijogtogi
i phijgrua
phijgrua kgi lhlphregiygo
lhlphregiygo gijjntg. Tgrtgm-
Tgrtgm-
 pgrtgm fgmi shphrtm IX kgi TIM amijjg sggt mtu prgotms thfga kmfulpuaogi (@hmta, 7==1).

[gaui 7=03,
[gaui 7=03, smt
smtugs
ugsmm phrsgm
phrsgmijgi
ijgi shlgomi
shlgomi shijmt
shijmt,, egmo
egmo km ontg
ontg lgupui
lgupui km khsg.
khsg. TOM
 ehrusgag lhikhsgo uituo lhikgpgtogi ohougsggi ygij fhema ehsgr. Km tmijogt pusgt,
TOM lufgm ehrusgag khijgi suijjua-suijjua uituo kukuo kgfgl ogemiht. Tgkg tgaui-
tgaui shehfuliyg, pgrtgm mim ululiyg agiyg lhfgicgrogi ormtmo thragkgp phlhrmitga
oaususiyg pgrg lhithrm ygij lhlmfmom pgikgijgi pnfmtmo ehrehkg khijgi lhrhog. Km
 emkgij oheukgyggi, sggt shohfnlpno chikhomgwgi gitm TOM lhlprnofglgsmogi
Lgim`hstn Oheukgyggi (‖Lgimoheu“) ygij tmkgo mijmi oheukgyggi igsmnigf kmknlmigsm
nfha sugtu mkhnfnjm pnfmtmo thrthitu (lmsgfiyg onluims), Fhorg (Fhlegjg Oheukgyggi
Ugoygt) ygij prn TOM shjhrg lhijhcgl ohrgs. Snhogrin thriygtg lhiyhpgogtm ohcglgi
mtu. [mkgo sglpgm sgtu tgaui usmgiyg, Lgimoheu kmfgrgij phlhrmitga.

75
 

Shkgijogi km kghrga, phrsngfgi-phrsngfgi ygij luicuf tglpgoiyg lgfga fhema

 phfmo fgjm ogrhig ehrsmijjuijgi khijgi oni`fmo ygij fhema rgkmogf. Agf mim, shegjmgi
lhrupgogi gomegt kgrm lgsgfga-lgsgfga ygij kmtmleufogi nfha prnjrgl km emkgij gjrgrmg
(fgikrh`nrl/XX Tnono Gjrgrmg 7=04), kmlgig TOM shjhrg lhfgicgrogi gpg ygij kmsheut
shegjgm oglpgiyh gosm shpmago. Gosm mim lhrupgogi upgyg lhijglemf gfmagi tgiga lmfmo 
 pmago-pmago lgpgi km khsg khijgi pgosg kgi lhinfgo bgibm-bgibm egjm agsmf ygij fglg.
Gkhjgi-gkhjgi prnths pui ehrfgijsuij egaogi rgkmogfmslh kmprgotmoogi amijjg upgyg
lhiuruiogi furga shrtg gosm prnths thragkgp pgrg shshpua khsg. Kgfgl gosm phijglemf
gfmagi tgiga, thrutglg km Bgwg [hijga kgi Bgwg [mlur, bujg Egfm, Bgwg Egrgt kgi
Sulgthrg Xtgrg, lgssg TOM-pui thrfmegt kgfgl phrthitgijgi ygij shijmt khijgi, thitu
sgbg, pgrg tugi tgiga, bujg ogul emrnorgt kgi pgrg phijhfnfg ygij ehrgsgf kgrm ogfgijgi
thitgrg. Tgrg tugi tgiga ohehtufgi pufg ohegiygogi ehrgsgf kgrm ogfgijgi lusfml ygij
tggt kgi phikuouij TIM. Onikmsm mim pgkg goamriyg lhiyhegeogi TOM, oaususiyg km

Bgwg [mlur, shjhrg sgbg ehragkgpgi luog khijgi pgrg sgitrm IX.
Shfglg tgaui 7=0;, phrfgwgigi thragkgp gosm shpmago shlgomi fglg shlgomi
ougt. Ohohrgsgi bgkmiyg shlgomi ohrgp thrbgkm. Km Bgwg [mlur tmikgo egfgsgi gitm TOM
kmphfnpnrm nfha ohfnlpno phlukg IX, ygmtu Gisnr. Aueuijgi gijogtgi kgrgt khijgi
TOM shikmrm pgkg lgsg mtu bujg omgi lhlgigs. Smikmrgi kgi ormtmo ohrgp kmfnitgrogi pgrg
 phtmijjm TOM thragkgp GK. Tgkg eufgi-eufgi gwgf tgaui 7=08 TOM ‖lhiyhrgij“ pgrg
 phbgegt gitm TOM khijgi lhiukuaiyg shegjgm ogpmtgfms emrnorgt ygij onrup.
Khlnis
Khlnistrg
trgsm-
sm-khl
khlnis
nistr
trgsm
gsm bujg
bujg kmfgou
kmfgouogi
ogi uituo
uituo lhiuit
lhiuitut
ut phleueg
phleuegrgi
rgi Amlpuig
Amlpuigi
i
Lgagsmswg Msfgl (ALM). Lgog amijjg phrthijgagi tgaui 7=08 gtgu shehful phcga
oukhtg km gwgf Notnehr, ohougtgi
ohougtgi pnfmtmo
pnfmtmo km meuontg
meuontg tglpgoiyg
tglpgoiyg sukga shlgomi
shlgomi ehrjhshr 
ehrjhshr 
oh omrm. TOM omgi ehrgkg km gtgs gijmi khijgi phrbugijgi pgrtgm ygij shlgomi mithism`.
Xsuf phlehituogi
phlehituogi gijogtgi
gijogtgi oh-8 shfgmi GK-GXGF-Tnfmsm
GK-GXGF-Tnfmsm ygij kmohluogogi
kmohluogogi nfha TOM
 pgkg Bgiugrm 7=08, kmgoum lhlgij shlgomi lhlphrohrua sugsgig thrutglg kgfgl
aueuijgi gitgrg TOM kgi GK. TOM fgfu lhimupogi msu thitgij gkgiyg Khwgi Bhikhrgf km
tueu
tueua
a GK yg
ygij
ij th
thij
ijga
ga lhlp
lhlphr
hrsm
smgp
gpogi
ogi su
sugt
gtu
u oukht
oukhtg.
g. Km sm
smim
im,, TOM
TOM lhiy
lhiynkn
nknro
rogi
gi
‖Knoulhi Jmfcarmst“ ygij kmtgikgtgijgim Kutg Ehsgr Mijjrms km Miknihsmg. Msm knoulhi
kmtg`smro
kmtg`smrogi
gi shegjgm msygrgt gkgiyg nphrgsm
nphrgsm kgrm pmago Mijjrms-GS
Mijjrms-GS khijgi lhfmegtogi
lhfmegtoginur 
nur 

fncgf grly `rmhik (ogwgi-ogwgi omtg kgrm thitgrg shthlpgt) uituo lhfgouogi oukhtg.

73
 

Lhsom
Lhsom ohehig
ohehigrgi
rgi msm knoulhi
knoulhi mim kmrgju
kmrgjuogi,
ogi, kgi Bhikhr
Bhikhrgf
gf Galgk
Galgk ]gim
]gim ohlukm
ohlukmgi
gi
lhiygijjga ohehrgkggi Khwgi Bhikhrgf mim sggt Trhsmkhi Snhogrin ehrtgiyg ohpgkgiyg,
iglui phrthitgijgi TOM khijgi gijogtgi kgrgt omim tglpgoiyg thfga lhicgpgm fhvhf
ygij gout. Eufgi mtu bujg, Thfkg Subnin ygij ehrusgag lhijahitmogi phiyhrnentgi tgiga
 phroheuigi thwgs kmeuiua shohfnlpno nrgij kgrm E[M kgfgl phrmstmwg
p hrmstmwg Egikgr Ehtsy km
Sulgt
Sulgthr
hrgg Xt
Xtgr
grg.
g. Bh
Bhik
ikhr
hrgf
gf ]gim
]gim sh
shjhr
jhrgg lhiu
lhiuit
itut
ut gj
gjgr
gr lhrh
lhrhog
og yg
ygij
ij th
thrf
rfme
megt
gt kgfgl
kgfgl
 phrmstmwg Egikgr Ehtsy kmgkmfm. Smogp thjgsiyg kmkuouij phiua nfha nrjgimsgsm-
nrjgim
nrjgimsgs
sgsmm Msf
Msfgl,
gl, Trnths
Trnthstgi
tgi kgi Ogtnfm
Ogtnfmo.
o. Shlhit
Shlhitgrg
grg mtu km Lgitmi
Lgitmijgi,
jgi, TOM ehrusg
ehrusgag
ag
lhijglemf
lhijglemf pgosg tgiga wgog` Tnikno Lnkhri Jnitnr shfugs 704 ahotgr (Glegrwufgi
(Glegrwufgi
kgi Ogskm kgfgl [gu`mo Gekuffga, hk., 5475 2 73=).
Sugsgig phrthitgijgi gitgrg TOM khijgi GK kgi jnfnijgi fgmi ini TOM pui thfga
shkhlmomgi pgigsiyg lhibhfgij tgijjgf 34 Shpthlehr 7=08. Gpgfgjm pgkg eufgi Bufm
shehfuliyg, Snhogrin tmeg-tmeg bgtua sgomt. [ml knothr Cmig ygij kmkgtgijogi KI Gmkmt

uituo lhlhrmosg
lhlhrmosg Snhogrin
Snhogrin lhiymlpufogi
lhiymlpufogi egawg prhsmkhi
prhsmkhi UM thrsheut
thrsheut ohluijomigi
gogi lhimijjgf gtgu fulpua. Lgog kgfgl rgpgt Tnfmtemrn TOM tgijjgf 51 Shpthlehr 
7=08, pmlpmigi TOM pui lhlutusogi uituo ehrjhrgo. Kmpmlpmi Fhtigi Onfnihf Xituij,
 phrwmrg ygij khogt khijgi TOM, pgsuogi phlehrnitgo lhfgosgigogi ‖Jhrgogi 34
Shpthlehr“ khijgi lhicufmo kgi lhleuiua pgrg bhikhrgf kgi phrwmrg km pgjm eutg
tgijjgf 7 Notnehr 7=08. Bhigzga pgrg onregi fgfu kmlgsuoogi oh kgfgl sulur tug km
kghr
kghrga
ga Fueg
Fuegij
ij Eugy
Eugygg Bg
Bgog
ogrt
rtg.
g. Lhrh
Lhrhog
og gk
gkgf
gfga
ga 2 Fh
Fhti
tigi
gi Bh
Bhik
ikhr
hrgf
gf Galg
Galgk
k ]gim
]gim
(Lhithrm/Tgijfmlg GK), Lgynr Bhikhrgf S. Tgrlgi, Lgynr Bhikhrgf Snhprgptn, Lgynr 
Bhikhr
Bhikhrgf
gf L[. Agrynin
Agrynin,, Ermjgk
Ermjgkmr
mr Bhikhr
Bhikhrgf
gf KM Tgibgm
Tgibgmtgi
tgi,, Ermjgk
Ermjgkmr
mr Bhikhr
Bhikhrgf
gf Sutnyn
Sutnyn
Smswnlmagrbn kgi Fhtigi Sgtu Tmhrrh Gikrhgs [hikhgi. Shkgijogi Bhikhrgf Gekuf Agrms
 Igsutmni ehragsmf fnfns kgrm upgyg phicufmogi, iglui putrmiyg Gkh Mrlg Surygim lhibgkm
onreg
onregi.
i. Km ]njy
]njygo
gogr
grtg
tg,, Jhrg
Jhrgog
ogi
i 34 Sh
Shpt
pthl
hleh
ehrr bu
bujg
jg lhfg
lhfgouo
ouogi
gi ph
phic
icuf
ufmo
mogi
gi kg
kgi
i
 phleuiuagi thragkgp phrwmrg GK ygij gitm TOM, ygmtu 2 Onfnihf Ogtglsn kgi Fhtigi
Onfnih
Onfnihff Sujmnin.
Sujmnin. Tgkg
Tgkg ehrmt
ehrmtgg UUM pgjm agrmiyg,
agrmiyg, Fhtonf
Fhtonf Xituij
Xituij fgf
fgfu
u lhiygt
lhiygtgog
gogi
i
 phlehituogi ‖Khwgi Uhvnfusm“, sheuga phijululgi ygij lhlemijuijogi
lgsygrgogt.
Kgfgl smtugsm tgo lhihitu mtufga, Tgijfmlg Onlgikn Strgthjms Gijogtgi Kgrgt

(Tgijonstrgk) Lgynr Bhikhrgf Snhagrtn shjhrg ehrohputusgi lhijglemf gfma pmlpmigi

7;
 

Gijogtg
Gijogtgi
i Kgrgt,
Kgrgt, ogrhig
ogrhig Bhikhr
Bhikhrgf
gf Galgk
Galgk ]gim
]gim shfgou
shfgou Lhi/Tg
Lhi/Tgijgk
ijgk sggt
sggt mtu ehful
ehful
kmohtgaum gkg kmlgig. Shthfga ehragsmf lhijamlpui pgsuogi ygij lgsma shtmg ohpgkg
Tgicgsmfg, nphrgsm phiulpgsgi Jhrgogi 34 Shpthlehr pui shjhrg kmfgouogi. Euogi sgbg
km Bgog
Bgogrt
rtg,
g, lhfg
lhfgmi
miog
ogi
i amij
amijjg
jg eg
egsm
smss lhrh
lhrhog
og km kg
kghr
hrga
ga-k
-kgh
ghrg
rga
a fg
fgmi
miiy
iyg.
g. Kgfg
Kgfgl
l
 phrohlegijgi ehrmoutiyg, ohtmog kmohtgaum egawg Jhrgogi Shpthlehr mim ehraueuijgi
khijgi TOM, lgog phijhbgrgi thragkgp pmlpmigi kgi phikuouij TOM bujg thrbgkm. Euogi
sgbg nfha pgsuogi ygij shtmg pgkg Tgicgsmfg thtgpm bujg kmegitu nfha lgsygrgogt ygij
tmkgo shigij khijgi shpgo thrbgij TOM. J34S/TOM pui ehragsmf kmtulpgs, lhigikgm pufg
 ehrgoamriyg jhrgogi kgrm Tgrtgm Onluims Miknihsmg.

5. Oni`fmo
Oni`fmo kgi
kgi phrjnfgog
phrjnfgogi
i ygij ehrogmt
ehrogmtgi
gi khijgi
khijgi ohphitmijgi (vhsthk mithrhst)
ohphitmijgi
Phsthk
Phsthk Mithrhst
Mithrhst lh
lhru
rupgo
pgogi
gi oh
ohph
phit
itmi
mijgi
jgi yg
ygij
ij th
thrt
rtgi
gigl
gl kh
khijg
ijgi
i ougt
ougt pg
pgkg
kg su
sugt
gtu
u
ohfnlpno. Ohfnlpno mim emgsgiyg ehrusgag uituo lhijnitrnf sugtu smsthl snsmgf gtgu

ohjmgtgi uituo ohuituijgi shikmrm. Lhrhog bujg suogr uituo lgu lhfhpgs pnsmsm gtgu
ohkukuogiiyg shamijjg shrmij lhijagfgijm sugtu prnshs phruegagi.

g. Thle
Thlehr
hrni
nitg
tgog
ogi
i GTUG
GTUG

Gijogtgi Thrgij Ugtu Gkmf (GTUG) kmehituo nfha Ogpthi Ugylnik Zhsthrfmij
 pgkg tgaui 7=;=. Mim gkgfga lmsm ehrshibgtg ygij gijjntgiyg thrutglg ehrgsgf kgrm
thitgrg Ehfgikg ygmtu OIMF, ygij tmkgo shtubu khijgi phlehituogi Gijogtgi Thrgij
Uhpuefmo Miknihsmg Shrmogt (GTUMS) km Bgwg Egrgt, ygij sggt mtu lgsma ehrehituo 
ihjgrg egjmgi Tgsuikgi. Egsms  pgsuogi
pgsuogi GTUMS km Bgwg Egrgt gkgfga Kmvmsm Smfmwgijm.
GTUG mijmi gjgr ohehrgkggi ihjgrg Tgsuikgi kmphrtgagiogi shogfmjus lhibgkmogi

78
 

lhrhog shegjgm thitgrg ihjgrg `hkhrgf km Bgwg Egrgt. Ogrhig mtu, pgkg Bgiugrm 7=84
Zhsthrfmij lhijuftmlgtul phlhrmitga UMS. Xftmlgtul mim shjhrg kmbgwge Thrkgig
Lhithrm Agttg khijgi lhlhrmitgaogi phigijogpgi   thragkgp Zhsthrfmij. GTUG lgfga
 ehrjhrgo lhiyhreu ontg Egikuij shcgrg lhikgkgo kgi  lhfgouogi tmikgogi thrnr.
Tufuagi gijjntg GTUMS jujur. Kmohtgaum pufg ohlukmgi ogfgu GTUG ehrlgosuk
lhiyhr
lhiyhrgij
gij Bgogrt
Bgogrtgg kgi mijmi
mijmi lhleui
lhleuiua
ua gitgrg
gitgrg fgm
fgmi
i Lhithrm
Lhithrm Thrtga
Thrtgagig
gigi
i Suftgi
Suftgi
Aglhijoueuwnin MQ kgi Ohpgfg GTUMS Onfnihf [.E. Smlgtupgij. Iglui shlug mtu
goamriyg kgpgt kmjgjgfogi nfha phlhrmitga. Zhsthrfmij ohlukmgi lhfgrmogi kmrm oh
Ehfgikg.

e. Thrm
Thrmst
stmw
mwg
g Gikm
Gikm Gzm
Gzmzz

70
 

Thrmstmwg Gikm Gzmz ehrgwgf kgrm tuitutgi Ogpthi Gikm Gzmz kgi pgsuogiiyg ygij
 ehrgsgf kgrm OIMF (pgsuogi Ehfgikg km Miknihsmg) thragkgp phlhrmitga Miknihsmg gjgr 
agiyg
agiyg lhrhog
lhrhog ygij kmbgkm
kmbgkmogi
ogi pgsuogi
pgsuogi GTUMS
GTUMS km Ihjgrg
Ihjgrg Miknihs
Miknihsmg
mg [mlur
[mlur (IM[).
(IM[).
Ohtmog goamriyg thitgrg Miknihsmg ehigr-ehigr kmkgtgijogi oh  Sufgwhsm Shfgtgi khijgi
tubugi lhlhfmagrg ohglgigi, agf mim lhiyufut ohtmkgopugsgi km ogfgijgi pgsuogi
Gikm
Gikm Gzmz
Gzmz.. Gkg
Gkg oh
ohoag
oagwg
wgtm
tmrg
rgi
i kgrm
kgrm og
ogfg
fgijg
ijgi
i th
thit
itgr
grgg OIMF
OIMF eg
egawg
awg lhrh
lhrhog
og go
gogi
gi
kmphrfgouogi shcgrg kmsormlmigtm` nfha pmlpmigi GTUMS/[IM. Tgsuogi OIMF km egwga
 pmlpmigi Gikm Gzmz mim ohlukmgi ehrhgosm khijgi lhikukuom ehehrgpg thlpgt
 phitmij, egaogi lhigwgi Tgijfmlg [hrmtnrmul (wmfgyga) Miknihsmg [mlur. Thlhrmitga
 ehrtmikgo   th
thjg
jgss kh
khijg
ijgi
i lhij
lhijmr
mrml
mlogi
ogi pg
pgsu
suog
ogi
i km
kmeg
egwg
wga
a pm
pmlp
lpmi
migi
gi Onfni
Onfnihf
hf Gf
Gfhx
hx
Ogwmfgrgij
Ogwmfgrgij.. Tgkg Gprmf 7=84, phlhrmitga
phlhrmitga lhlhrmitgao
lhlhrmitgaogi
gi Gikm Gzmz gjgr lhfgpnr oh
Bgogrtg gomegt phrmstmwg thrsheut, kgi lhigrmo pgsuogiiyg kgrm thlpgt-thlpgt ygij

thfga kmkukuom, lhiyhrgaogi shibgtg shrtg lhlehegsogi tgwgigi ygij thfga lhrhog
tgijogp
tgijogp.. [hijjgt
[hijjgt wgotu lhfgpnr
lhfgpnr gkgfga ; x 5; bgl.
bgl. Iglui
Iglui Gikm Gzmz thriygtg
thriygtg
thrfgl
thrfglegt
egt lhfgpnr
lhfgpnr,, shlhit
shlhitgrg
grg pgsuogi
pgsuogiiyg
iyg thf
thfga
ga ehrnit
ehrnitgo.
go. Gikm
Gikm Gzmz
Gzmz pui shjhrg
shjhrg
kmtgijogp km Bgogrtg shtmegiyg mg oh sgig kgrm Lgogsgr. Mg bujg ohlukmgi lhijgoum
 egawg gosm ygij kmfgouogiiyg ehrgwgf kgrm rgsg tmkgo pugs thragkgp GTUMS.
Tgsuogiiyg ygij lhlehrnitgo goamriyg ehragsmf kmtulpgs nfha thitgrg Miknihsmg km
 egwga pmlpmigi Onfnihf Ogwmfgrgij.

7:
 

c. Thlehrn
Thlehrnitgo
itgogi
gi Uhpue
Uhpuefmo
fmo Lgfuo
Lgfuou
u Shfgtgi
Shfgtgi (ULS)
(ULS)
  Thlehrnitgog
Thlehrnitgogi
i ULS
ULS kmfgouog
kmfgouogi
i khijgi
khijgi tubugi lhlmsgaogi
lhlmsgaogi kmrm kgrm Uhpuefmo 
Uhpuefmo 
Miknihsmg
Miknihsmg kgi lhijjgitmiy
lhijjgitmiygg khijgi ihjgrg shikmrm.
shikmrm. Kmprnofglgsmogi
Kmprnofglgsmogi nfha lgitgi
lgitgi
Bgosg Gjuij Ihjgrg Miknihsmg [mlur, Kr. Ca.U.S. Snulnomf pgkg Gprmf 7=84, ULS
kmkuouij nfha lgitgi pgsuogi OIMF.

71
 

  Xpgyg phiyhfhsgmgi shcgrg kglgm gwgfiyg kmfgouogi nfha phlhrmitga Miknihsmg,

ygij lhijutus kr. Fhmlhig uituo ehruikmij. Iglui, upgyg mim lhijgfglm ohjgjgfgi.
Thlhrmitgapui fgijsuij lhijglemf tmikgogi thjgs, khijgi lhfgouogi nphrgsm lmfmthr 
km egwg
egwga
a pmlpmi
pmlpmigi
gi Onfnih
Onfnihff Ogwmf
Ogwmfgrg
grgij.
ij. Ohfhem
Ohfhemagi
agi pgsuog
pgsuogi
i OIMF
OIMF ULS gkgfga
gkgfga
lhrhog lhlmfmom ougfm`mogsm shegjgm pgsuogi onlgikn. Onishitrgsm ohougtgi lhrhog
 ehrgkg km pufgu Gleni khijgi lhkgi phrehithijgi gfgl ygij onona. Ehogs
 ehithij phrtgagigi Bhpgij bujg kmlgi`ggtogi nfha pgsuogi ULS. Shfglg phrmstmwg
 phrheutgi pufgu Gleni nfha [IM, thrbgkm phrthlpurgi `rnitgf kgi kgasygt khijgi
sgfmij ehrtgagi kgi lhiyhrgij. Lhsom ontg Gleni shegjgm meuontg ULS ehragsmf
kmrheut kgi phlehrnitgogi mim goamriyg kmtulpgs, iglui [IM ohamfgijgi onlgikgi
Fhtigi Onfnihf Sfglht Umygkm kgi Fhtigi Onfnihf Snhkmgrtn ygij jujur thrthlego.
Snulnomf
Snulnomf shikmrm gwgfiyg ehragsmf
ehragsmf lhfgrmogi
lhfgrmogi kmrm oh pufgu Shrgl, iglui mg goamriyg
goamriyg
kmtgijogp tgaui 7=03 kgi kmbgtuam auoulgi lgtm.

3. Oni`fmo kgi phrjnfgogi

phrjnfgogi ygij
ygij ehrogmtgi
ehrogmtgi khijgi smsthl phlhrmitgagi
phlhrmitgagi
Lgsg
Lgsgfg
fga
a yg
ygij
ij eh
ehra
raue
ueui
uijg
jgi
i kh
khij
ijgi
gi ih
ihjg
jgrg
rg `h
`hkh
khrg
rgff lufg
lufgmm tm
tmle
leuf
uf oh
ohtm
tmog
og
 ehrkgsgrogi phrbgibmgi Fmijjgbgtm, Miknihsmg kmshpgogtm gogi ehrehituo ihjgrg
shrmogt/`hkhrgf khijgi iglg Uhpuefmo Miknihsmg Shrmogt (UMS). Ihjgrg-ihjgrg `hkhrgf
fgmiiyg lmsgfiyg gkgfga ihjgrg Tgsuikgi, ihjgrg Lgkurg gtgu Ihjgrg Miknihsmg [mlur.

7=
 

g. Thlehrn
Thlehrnitgo
itgogi
gi TUUM
TUUM kgi
kgi Thrlhst
Thrlhstg
g

  Luicufiyg phlehr
phlehrnitgogi
nitgogi TUUM kgi Thrlhstg ehrlufg kgrm gkgiyg phrsngfgi
km kgfgl
kgfgl tueua
tueua GK, ehrupg
ehrupg ohohch
ohohchwggi
wggi gtgs
gtgs lmiml
lmimliyg
iyg ohshbg
ohshbgath
athrgg
rggi
i thitgr
thitgrgg km
Sulgthrg kgi Sufgwhsm. Agf mim lhiknrnij ehehrgpg tnona lmfmthr uituo lhihitgij
Ohpgfg Stg` Gijogtgi Kgrgt (OSGK). Thrsngfgi ohlukmgi lhfugs pgkg tuitutgi
ntninlm kghrga. Gkg ohtmkgogkmfgi ygij kmrgsgogi ehehrgpg tnona lmfmthr  kgi smpmf km
kghrga
kghrga thragkg
thragkgp
p phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a pusgt
pusgt ygij
ygij kmgijj
kmgijjgp
gp tm
tmkgo
kgo gkmf
gkmf kgfgl
kgfgl gfnogs
gfnogsmm kgig
kgig
 phlegijuigi. Ohohchwggi thrsheut kmwubukogi khijgi phlehituogi khwgi-khwgi
kghrga shegjgm gfgt phrbugijgi tuitutgi pgkg Khshlehr 7=80 kgi @herugrm 7=8:,
shphrtm 2
7) Khwgi Egithij km Sulgtrg Egrgt ygij kmpmlpmi nfha Fhtonf Galgk Aushmi.

5) Khwgi Jgbga km Sulgtrg Xtgrg ygij kmpmlpmi nfha Onfnihf Lgfukmi Smlenfgi.
3) Khwgi Jgrukg km Sulgtrg Shfgtgi ygij kmpmlpmi nfha Fhtonf Egrfmgi.

;) Khwgi Lgijuim km Sufgwhsm Xtgrg ygij kmpmlpmi nfha Onfnihf Phitbh Sulugf.

  Khwgi-khwgi mim, ohlukmgi lhijglemf gfma ohougsggi phlhrmitga kghrga km

wmfgygaiyg lgsmij-lgsmij. Ehehrgpg tnona smpmf kgrm pusgtpui lhikuouij lhrhog
 egaogi ehrjgeuij oh kgfgliyg, shphrtm Syg`rukkmi Trgwmrgihjgrg, Euragiukkmi
Agrgagp
Agrgagp kgi Lnagll
Lnagllgk
gk Igtsmr
Igtsmr.. OSGK
OSGK Gekuf
Gekuf Agrms
Agrms Igsutm
Igsutmni
ni kgi TL Bugikg
Bugikg
shehigriyg ehrusgag lhijgtgsm ormsms mim khijgi bgfgi lusygwgrga, iglui jgjgf.
Galgk
Galgk Aushmi
Aushmi fgfu
fgfu  lhi
lhijuf
juftm
tmlgt
lgtul
ul phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a pusgt,
pusgt, lhiuit
lhiuitut
ut gjgr Ogemiht
Ogemiht
Kbugikg lhijuikurogi kmrm kgi lhiyhrgaogi lgikgtiyg ohpgkg prhsmkhi. [uitutgi

54
 

thrsheut
thrsheut bhfgs kmtnfgo
kmtnfgo phlhrmitga
phlhrmitga pusgt. Ormsms
Ormsms pui goamriyg lhluicgo
lhluicgo ohtmog pgkg
tgijj
tgijjgf
gf 78 @heru
@herugr
grmm 7=81,
7=81, Gcal
Gcalgk
gk Auss
Ausshm
hmi
i lhlp
lhlprn
rnof
ofgl
glgs
gsmo
mogi
gi ehrkm
ehrkmrm
rmiy
iygg
Thlhrmitgagi Uhvnfusmnihr Uhpuefmo Miknihsmg (TUUM) km Tgkgij, Sulgthrg Egrgt.
Shfuru
Shfurua
a khwgi
khwgi phrbug
phrbugijg
ijgi
i km Sulgth
Sulgthrg
rg kmgijjg
kmgijjgp
p lhijmo
lhijmoutm
utm phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itgagi
agi mim
mim..
Shegjgm phrkgig lhithrm TUUM kmtuibuo Lr. Syg`rukkmi Trgwmrgihjgrg.
Egjm
Egjm Syg`
Syg`ru
rukk
kkmi
mi,, ph
phle
lehi
hitu
tuog
ogi
i TUUM
TUUM ag
agiy
iygf
gfga
ga sh
sheu
euga
ga upgy
upgygg uitu
uituo 
o 
lhiyhfglgtogi ihjgrg Miknihsmg, kgi euogi lhlmsgaogi kmrm. Gpgfgjm TOM sggt mtu
lufgm lhlmfmom phijgrua km pusgt. [nona-tnona smpmf ygij mout kgfgl TUUM shegjmgi
lhlgij ehrgsgf kgrm pgrtgm Lgsyulm ygij kmohigf gitm TOM. Ehrmtg prnofglgsm TUUM
thriyg
thriygtg
tg kmsgle
kmsgleut
ut khijgi
khijgi gitusm
gitusmgs
gs pufg
pufg nfha
nfha pgrg
pgrg tnona
tnona lgsygr
lgsygrgog
gogtt Lgigkn,
Lgigkn,
Sufgwhsm
Sufgwhsm Xtgrg.
Xtgrg. Ohjgjgfgi
Ohjgjgfgi lusygwgrga
lusygwgrga khijgi phlhrmitga,
phlhrmitga, lhibgkmogi
lhibgkmogi lhrhog
lhikuo
lhikuouij
uij TUUM,l
TUUM,lhikh
hikhofg
ofgrgs
rgsmog
mogi
i Thrlhs
Thrlhstg
tg shogfm
shogfmjus
jus lhlutu
lhlutusog
sogi
i aueuijgi
aueuijgi
khijgi
khijgi phlhrm
phlhrmitg
itga
a pusgt
pusgt (ogemi
(ogemiht
ht Bugikg
Bugikg).
). Thlhrm
Thlhrmitg
itga
a pusgt
pusgt tgipg
tgipg rgju-r
rgju-rgju
gju

fgijsuij ehrtmikgo thjgs. Nphrgsm lmfmthr kmfgouogi uituo lhimikgo phlehrnitgo 

ygij kmgl-kmgl
kmgl-kmgl thriygtg kmkuouij
kmkuouij Glhrmog
Glhrmog Shrmogt.
Shrmogt. GS ehrohphitmi
ehrohphitmijgi
jgi khijgi
 phlehrnitgogi mim ogrhig ohoagwgtmrgi lhrhog thragkgp phlhrmitga pusgt Miknihsmg
ygij emsg sgbg shlgomi kmphijgruam onluims. Tgkg tgaui mtu bujg, phlehrnitgogi
TUUM kgi Thrlhstg ehragsmf kmpgkglogi.

e. Thrsngf
Thrsngfgi
gi Ihjgr
Ihjgrg
g @hkh
@hkhrgf
rgf kgi E@N
  Onishp
Onishp Ihjgrg
Ihjgrg @hkhrg
@hkhrgff kgi ‖Thrsh
‖Thrshout
outugi
ugi““ Ihjgrg
Ihjgrg Egjmgi
Egjmgi (E@N/
(E@N/
Embhhionls
Embhhionlstt @hkhrgf
@hkhrgf Nvhrfhj)
Nvhrfhj) lgu tmkgo lgu lhimleufogi pnthism phrphcgagi km
ogfgijgi egijsg Miknihsmg shikmrm shthfga ohlhrkhoggi. Thrsgmijgi ygij tmleuf
thru
thrutg
tglg
lg gk
gkgf
gfga
ga gi
gitg
tgrg
rg jnfni
jnfnijgi
jgi `h
`hkh
khrg
rgfm
fmss ygij
ygij mi
mijm
jmi
i eh
ehit
ituo
uo ih
ihjg
jgrg
rg `h
`hkh
khrg
rgff
kmphrt
kmphrtgagi
gagiogi
ogi khijgi
khijgi jnfnijg
jnfnijgi
i uimtgr
uimtgrms
ms ygij
ygij  mij
mijmi
mi Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg lhibgk
lhibgkmm ihjgrg
ihjgrg
ohsgtugi.
Kgfgl oni`hrhism Lgfmin km Sufgwhsm Shfgtgi pgkg 5; Bufm 7=;0 lmsgfiyg,
 phrthlugi uituo lhlemcgrgogi tgtgigi `hkhrgf ygij kmmoutm nfha wgomf kgrm
 ehregjgm kghrga
kgh rga ini
in i UM mtu, thriygtg lhikgpgt rhgosm ohrgs kgrm pgrg pnfmtmsm prn UM
ygij mout shrtg. Lr. [gkbukmi Innr kgrm Lgogsgr egaogi ehjmtu ougtiyg lhijormtmo 
agsmf oni`hrhism. Threhkggi ohmijmigi gjgr ehikhrg Lhrga-Tutma kgi fgju Miknihsmg
Ugygg kmjuigo
Ugy kmjuigogi
gi gtgu
gtgu tmkgo
tmkgo nfha
nfha Ihjgrg
Ihjgrg Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg [mlur
[mlur (IM[)
(IM[) bujg
bujg lhibgk
lhibgkmm

57
 

 phrsngfgi ygij tmkgo emsg kmputusogi kgfgl oni`hrhism. Ogemiht IM[ bujg shcgrg
tmkgo fgijsuij gkg ygij bgtua ogrhig phrsngfgi ihjgrg `hkhrgf mim (7=;:).
Sh
Shbg
bgo
o phleh
phlehit
ituo
uogii
giiyg
yg km Egik
Egikuij
uij pgkg
pgkg eufgi
eufgi Bu
Bufm
fm 7=;1,
7=;1, E@N
E@N th
thfg
fga
a
thrphc
thrphcga
ga oh kgfgl
kgfgl kug oueu.
oueu. Ohfnlp
Ohfnlpno
no phr
phrtgl
tglg,
g, lhinfg
lhinfgo
o ohrbgs
ohrbgsglg
glg khijgi
khijgi
Ehfgik
Ehfgikgg kgi fhema
fhema lhlmfm
lhlmfma
a UM uituo
uituo kmgbgo
kmgbgo ehohrbg
ehohrbgsgl
sglgg lhlehi
lhlehituo
tuo Ihjgrg
Ihjgrg
Miknihsmg Shrmogt. Oueu mim kmphfnpnrm nfha Mkh Gigo Gjuij Jkh Gjuij (IM[) shrtg
U.
U.[.
[. Gkmf
Gkmf Turgkm
Turgkmrh
rhkb
kbgg kg
kgi
i U.
U.[.
[. Kb
Kbul
ulag
agig
ig (I
(Ihj
hjgr
grgg Tg
Tgsu
suik
ikgi)
gi).. Oueu
Oueu oh
ohkug
kug,,
kmpmlpmi nfha Suftgi Aglmk MM (Tnitmgigo) kgi kr. [. Lgisur (Sulgthrg [mlur).
Ohfn
Ohfnlp
lpno
no mim
mim mijm
mijmi
i gj
gjgr
gr jgrms
jgrms oh
ohem
embg
bgogi
ogi ehohr
ehohrbg
bgsg
sglg
lg khijg
khijgi
i Ehfg
Ehfgik
ikgg th
thtg
tgp
p
kmph
kmphrt
rtga
gagi
giog
ogi
i E@N.
E@N. Ohtm
Ohtmog
og Ehfg
Ehfgik
ikgg lhfg
lhfgic
icgr
grog
ogi
i Gjrh
Gjrhsm
sm Lmfm
Lmfmth
thrr MM
MM-i
-iyg
yg,,
 phrthitgijgi gitgrg kug oueu mim omgi shijmt. Kgfgl smkgij-smkgij E@N shfgibutiyg
ohrgp thrbgkm oni`rnitgsm gitgrg Gigo Gjuij khijgi Suftgi Aglmk MM. Kmohlukmgi
agr
agrm, Suft
Suftgi
gi Aglm
glmk MM th
thrriygt
iygtgg ehoh
ehohrb
rbgs
gsgl
glgg khij
khijgi
gi GTUG
GTUG Zhs
hstthr
hrfm
fmij
ij

lhlphrsmgpogi phlehrnitgogi thragkgp phlhrmitga UMS.

  Shthfga
Shthfga Oni`hrhism
Oni`hrhism Lhbg Euikgr gtgu OLE (7=;=),
(7=;=), phrsgmijgi
phrsgmijgi gitgrg
gitgrg
jnfnijgi `hkhrgfms kgi uimtgrms lgomi fglg lgomi lhijgrga pgkg oni`fmo threuog km
 emkgij lmfmthr, phlehituogi Gijogtgi Thrgij Uhpuefmo Miknihsmg Shrmogt (GTUMS)
thfg
thfga
a lhim
lhimle
leuf
ufog
ogi
i lgsg
lgsgfg
fga
a ps
psmo
monf
nfnj
njms
ms.. Sgfga
Sgfga sg
sgtu
tu ohtht
ohthtgpg
gpgi
i kg
kgfg
fgl
l OLE
OLE
lhiyhe
lhiyheuto
utogi
gi egawg
egawg mitm
mitm gijjnt
gijjntgg GTUMS
GTUMS kmglem
kmglemff kgrm
kgrm [IM,
[IM, shkgij
shkgijogi
ogi fgm
fgmiiyg
iiyg
kmglemf kgrm phrsnihf lgitgi gijjntg OIMF. [IM shegjgm mitm GTUMS ehrohehrgtgi
 ehohrbgsglg khijgi ehogs lusuaiyg, ygmtu OIMF. Shegfmoiyg gijjntg OIMF
lhiui
lhiuitu
tutt gj
gjgr
gr lhrh
lhrhog
og kmth
kmthtg
tgpo
pogi
gi sh
sheg
egjgm
jgm gp
gpgr
grgt
gt ih
ihjgr
jgrgg eg
egjm
jmgi
gi kg
kgi
i lhrh
lhrhog
og
lhihitgij lgsuoiyg gijjntg [IM oh ihjgrg egjmgi ([gu`mo Gekuffga kgi GE
Fgpmgi, 5475.). Ogsus GTUG Zhsthrfmij kgi lgitgi pgsuogi OIMF Gikm Gzmz
shegjgmlgig thfga kmegags shehfuliyg gkgfga chrlmi kgrm phrthitgijgi   mim. Iglui
shfgmi phrjnfgogi ygij lhijgrga pgkg phrphcgagi, phrjnfgogi ehriugisg pnsmtm` 
 egjm phrsgtugi egijsg bujg thrbgkm. Agf mim thrfmagt ohtmog ihjgrg-ihjgrg e
egjmgi
gjmgi ygij
ohehrgkggiiyg mijmi kmphrtgagiogi shthfga OLE, agrus ehragkgpgi khijgi tuitutgi
rgoygt ygij mijmi gjgr ihjgrgihjgrg egjmgi thrsheut ehrjgeuij oh UM.

55
 

EGE MMM

THIX[XT

3.7  OHSMLTXFGI

53
 

Tnthis
Tnthismm kmsmit
kmsmithjr
hjrgsm
gsm egijsg
egijsg pgkg lgsg
lgsg omim
omim emsg
emsg sgbg
sgbg ehigr-e
ehigr-ehig
higrr thr
thrbgk
bgkmm emf
emfgg
 egijsg Miknihsmg tmkgo lhiygkgrm gkgiyg pnthism shlgcgl mtu. Ogrhig mtufga omtg
o mtg agrus
shfg
shfgfu
fu wgsp
wgspgkg
gkg kgi th
thru
russ lhfg
lhfgouo
ouogi
gi upgyg
upgyg ui
uitu
tuo
o lhij
lhijugt
ugtog
ogi
i ph
phrs
rsgt
gtug
ugi
i eg
egij
ijsg
sg
Miknihsmg.
Shbgrg
Shbgrga
a Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg thfga
thfga lhiuib
lhiuibuoo
uoogi
gi egawg
egawg prnshs
prnshs kmsmit
kmsmithjr
hjrgsm
gsm sgijgt
sgijgt lhrujm
lhrujmogi
ogi..
Gitgrg tgaui 7=;1-7=08 sgbg, jhbnfgo ygij tmleuf ogrhig phrsngfgi mkhnfnjm, ohphitmijgi
gtgu ehrogmt khijgi smsthl phlhrmitgagi, thfga ehrgomegt pgkg egiygoiyg ohrujmgi `msmo,
lgthrm lhitgf kgi thigjg egijsg.  Oni`fmo kgi phrjnfgogi ygij ehrfgijsuij kmgitgrg
 egijsg Miknihsmg egaogi euogi sgbg ehrsm`gt mithrigf, lhfgmiogi bujg ehrpnthism mout
cglpuriyg egijsg gsmij pgkg ohphitmijgi igsmnigf egijsg Miknihsmg.

3.5 SGUGI

7) Thrfu gkgiyg
gkgiyg phibhfgsgi
phibhfgsgi ygij
ygij fhema rmicm
rmicm lhijhigm
lhijhigm ehregjgm
ehregjgm phrjnfgogi
phrjnfgogi ygij thrbgk
thrbgkmm
km Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08
5) Thrfu
Thrfu kmohlegij
kmohlegijogi
ogi lgthrm
lgthrm pnono
pnono lhijhig
lhijhigmm ehregj
ehregjgm
gm phrjnf
phrjnfgog
gogi
i ygij
ygij thr
thrbgk
bgkmm km
Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-7=08

3) Sht
Shtmgp
mgp phlegc
phlegcgg kmagrg
kmagrgpog
pogi
i lhibgk
lhibgkmm tgau
tgau lhijhig
lhijhigmm shbgrg
shbgrga
a Miknih
Miknihsmg
smg thr
thrlgs
lgsuo 
uo 
lhijhigm ehregjgm phrjnfgogi ygij phriga thrbgkm km Miknihsmg pgkg phrmnkh 7=;1-
7=08

KG@[GU TXS[GOG

5;
 

attp2//shbgrgamik-7
shbgrgamik-757:.efnjspnt
57:.efnjspnt.cn.mk/547:/4
.cn.mk/547:/40/lgthrm-shbgrga
0/lgthrm-shbgrga-miknihsm
-miknihsmg-ohfgs-xmm-
g-ohfgs-xmm-
7.atlf>l<7

Euou pgoht shbgrga ohfgs QMM shlhsthr 7, agfglgi 7-;0

58