Delegate Handbook VI PISJ-ES MUN

DELEGATE
HANDBOOK
0 1 . Message from the Secretary-General
TABLE OF CONTENT 0 2 . Secretariat’s Agenda Messages
0 3 . Introduction to:
0 3 . 1 The United Nations
0 3 . 2 The General Assembly
0 3 . 3 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
0 3 . 4 Model United Nations
0 3 . 5 VI PISJ-ES MUN
0 3 . 6 The Role of the Secretariat
0 3 . 7 VI PISJ-ES MUN Secretariat Hierarchy
0 3 . 8 The Role of Delegates
0 4 . SOCHUM Topic Breakdown:
0 4 . 1 Glossary
0 4 . 2 Committee Overview
0 4 . 3 SDG 1: No Poverty
0 4 . 4 Statement of the Problem
0 4 . 5 Subtopics
0 4 . 6 Questions to Consider
0 4 . 7 Related Treaties and Programmes
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TABLE OF CONTENT 0 5 . ECOFIN Topic Breakdown:
0 5 . 1 Glossary
0 5 . 3 SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities
0 5 . 5 Subtopics
0 6 . UNCCA Topic Breakdown:
0 6 . 1 Glossary
0 6 . 3 SDG 13: Climate Action
0 6 . 5 Subtopics
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TABLE OF CONTENT
0 7 . Pre-Conference Assignment
0 7 . 1 Research
0 7 . 2 Opening Speeches
0 7 . 2 . 1 What are they?
0 7 . 2 . 2 How to write them?
0 7 . 2 . 3 Format of an Opening Speech
0 7 . 2 . 4 Sample Opening Speech
0 7 . 3 Position Papers
07.3.1 What are they?
0 7 . 3 . 2 How to write them?
0 7 . 3 . 3 Format of a Position Paper
0 7 . 3 . 4 Sample Position Paper
0 8 . Event Itinerary
0 8 . 1 Day 1
0 8 . 2 Day 2
0 8 . 3 Day 3
0 9 . Unmoderated Caucus/Lobbying
0 9 . 1 Purpose of Lobbying
0 9 . 2 Allies and Blocs
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1 0 . Resolution Writing
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 0 . 1 Glossary
1 0 . 2 Purpose
1 0 . 3 Structure Breakdown
1 0 . 4 Heading & Address
1 0 . 5 Preambulatory Clauses + Phrases
1 0 . 6 Operative Clauses + Phrases
1 0 . 7 Bad Clauses
1 0 . 8 Sample Resolution
1 1 . Moderated Caucus/Committee
Session
1 1 . 1 Key Terms & Phrases
1 1 . 2 Code of Conduct
1 1 . 3 Procedure
1 1 . 4 Phrases to be used by the delegates to

address the Chair & other delegates
1 1 . 5 Phrases to be used by the Chair to

address the delegates
1 2 . Awards
1 2 . 1 Categories
1 2 . 2 Rubric Delegate Handbook

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MESSAGE FROM THE
SECRETARY-GENERAL
Distinguished Delegates,
On behalf of the Secretariat, I am truly honored to
announce the sixth iteration of the PISJ-ES Model
United Nations (PISJ-ES MUN’23).
“We cannot always build the future for our youth,
but we can build our youth for the future” – Franklin
D. Roosevelt.
This year has shown us that international
cooperation and dialogue are necessary for the
world and that the young should be at the forefront
of global change and innovation. Empowered, they
can be key agents for development and peace.
From Greta Thunberg and Emma Gonzales to Muna
and Muhammad al-Kurd, our generation has
capitalized on the power of the internet to become
catalysts for change on an international scale. Young
people today are in a continuous search for the
transcendence that generates the desire of helping
the environment, communities, families, and
countries. Perhaps activism comes naturally to a
generation coming of age in a time of widespread
democratic, ecological, and humanitarian crisis. The
rise of social media advocacy and the culture of
spreading awareness has given rise to youth
comprehensively versed in the language of social
justice and every “ist” and “ism” under the sun. Now
facing soaring inflation, rising climate catastrophes,
and sky-high housing costs, the world seems to be
lurching from one global crisis to the next. One
thing remains certain in this chaos: our strength lies
in our unity.
INTRODUCTION
Keeping these sentiments in mind, the secretariat keenly
deliberated to pick a theme that encapsulates the gravitas of
the situation at hand, which is why the theme for the VI PISJ-ES
MUN is #TogetherWeRise
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Only together can we build a future of success, opulence, and
security. We, as the youth of the current generation, have a
moral duty to educate ourselves about the wrongs that are
embedded within our global world systems. The prejudices
carried on from our predecessors have wormed their way into
and created cracks in the cement that held together societies.
The string that entwined people together with ties of
brotherhood, empathy, and understanding has been cut with
the sharp blades of inequality and hatred, which have divided
and separated kinsfolk and friends. It is imperative that we
realize the concept of unity and harmony now, in order to
address the large gap that has been created within cultures,
societies, and communities. Only then can we carve a future
worth living.
This year’s topics were decided based on the 2030 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. These
goals can provide a proper insight to our delegates about the
magnitude of problems and issues that exist in our world today.
The platform of PISJ-ES MUN can act as a springboard to
launch all those participating into new vistas of knowledge and
comprehension. It is a stage where the most different of us
intertwine, interact and exchange to formulate and build
resolutions that address issues that have been a bone of
contention for decades. It is our moral duty to speak out and
act on humanity’s shortcomings, handle these situations with
respect and dignity, and invite these challenges, facing them
with the utmost zeal and vigor that we can conjure. We need to
learn how to resolve problems without major conflict, to
represent those that do not have the privilege to be
represented and to speak on behalf of the ones that society has
deemed voiceless. The Sustainable Development Goals to be
addressed in our conference are SDG 1: No Poverty
“Decriminalizing and ending discrimination towards individuals
experiencing homelessness” under the General Assembly Third
Committee (SOCHUM-Social, Humanitarian and Cultural
Committee), SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities "Addressing income
inequalities & disparities in & amongst nations" under the
Second Committee (ECOFIN-Economic and Financial
Committee) and finally, SDG 13: Climate Action "Assessing the
contribution of first world countries to climate change” under a
special committee (UNCCA-United Nations Committee for
Climate Action).
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As Secretary-General, I advise all those reading one thing: break
the glass ceiling. The level of prudence, deliberation, energy,
and time you put into your tasks will create a ripple effect of
change – change of attitude, change of approach, change in
the degree of our tolerance and compassion for each other, to
promote the skills we would like to strengthen, be it research,
public speaking or negotiating. The saying is very true, "if you
fail to plan, you plan to fail'. Strategy sets the scene for this
conference; it is in your best interest to be prepared for
whatever comes your way. Be calculated, almost Machiavellian
in how you form your allies and enemies, remaining true to
your country's international relations and policies while
maintaining the utmost respect for the decorum of the
conference. Do not enter this conference with hesitance, but
rather with oblivious confidence to what lies ahead. I know it
can be a daunting task, to speak up in front of people you
might never have met, to share ideas to which you are unaware
of what the reception will be, but the key is in the belief that
you have in yourself. The hard work and hours that you put into
this conference, through researching, exploring, and
inquisitively uncovering the problems that the world faces, that
hard work will always pay off in the end. This is your conference.
Make it memorable.
I can only hope that this conference will provide the skills and
knowledge that you set out to seek when you first signed up for
it. And I promise you with your help, we will try our best to
make sure that we can take away as much as we can from this
conference. I speak on behalf of the entire secretariat that we
are thoroughly excited to watch the journey you embark on in
the next few months and we cannot wait to share that
experience with you. This handbook was compiled as an aid to
you in your research on your MUN voyage. Throughout it, you
will find information on your topics, information on the theme
of our MUN, and lastly, how to write and draft your speeches,
resolutions, and position papers. Use it as a guide because in a
MUN conference where you may not know anyone else; the
delegate handbook is always your best friend when in doubt or
in times of uncertainty. I sincerely look forward to interacting
with each and every one of you and to seeing the ideas,
resolutions, and fruitful debate that would be created using
this platform. The experience of this conference can be
anything you want it to be. Leave your mark.
Sincerely,
Rahemeen Raja
Secretary-General
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VI PISJ-ES MUN
SECRETARIAT'S AGENDA MESSAGES
MUN is a distinguished occasion, for which I am honoured to be appointed

the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly Affairs and Conference
Management. Being a part of this dedicated and extraordinary team, I vow
to pull out all the stops to make the PISJ-ES MUN’23 one of the finest events
in PISJ-ES’s history. Some wise words from Karim Seddiki are, “Doubt kills
more dreams than failure ever will.” MUN is an excellent opportunity to refine
analytical and critical thinking and amplify communication skills by
revamping the definition of teamwork and team spirit. Additionally, it is an
excellent exercise in confidence building, meticulous research, and the
professional expression of differing thought processes. It is truly fascinating
how real-world issues are brought to light with utmost respect and
thoughtfulness. MUN is the ideal platform to form conclusive resolutions
from a meshwork of varying ideologies to resolve issues that genuinely have
a global impact.
Maryam Rehman – Under-Secretary-General for

General Assembly Affairs and Conference Management
I, Muhammad Ahmad, am beyond gratified to be given an opportunity

to be a part of, and pilot to, this all-awaited prospering event, as an
Under-Secretary-General. MUN is a rampant-roaring podium intended to
promote the resoluteness of international complications and provide a
platform for freedom of expression. I intend to organize, synchronize, and
systematize this platform with all levels of management to the utmost of
my ability and therefore aim to achieve perfection and determination in
all aspects concerning it. Ingenuity and innovation are the key principles I
intend to bring to the table. Being a three-time club president, and
managing talk shows and presentations, my experience perfectly backs
my spirit. MUN, as a platform, perfectly sums up my views on mending
and improving relations between people of different mindsets. Last but
not the least, your enthusiasm is our contentment.
Muhammad Ahmad – Under-Secretary-General for

Communications and Public Information
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I, Muhammad Yusuf Chaudry, am ecstatic to have been selected as an

Under-Secretary-General for this year's Model United Nations. It is an honour
to be able to assist in the making of a platform where peers can share their
opinions and ideologies on global issues with each other. The PISJ-ES MUN
encourages students to speak up about worldly issues and encourages
debating, thus increasing students’ confidence while simultaneously
broadening their perspectives. It is indeed a golden opportunity for me to
polish my communication skills and gain experience that will last a lifetime.
As Under-Secretary-General, I'll ensure a safe working environment for all
delegates so they remain motivated, focused, and productive. I’m genuinely
excited and pleased to work with such brilliant secretariat members and
delegates and I know for sure that we will be able to set a benchmark for
future MUN sessions!
Mohammad Yousaf Chaudry – Under-Secretary-General

for Economic and Social Affairs
I, Maryam Tahir, am honoured to be appointed President of the sixth

iteration of PISJ-ES MUN. The MUN platform provides an excellent
opportunity for discussing varying ideas and viewpoints. In contrast to
being stubborn to our indifferences, it allows us to take stock of our
beliefs, educate ourselves, and thus grow into wiser, more considerate
individuals. This is an excellent opportunity for all the delegates to
represent those who are underrepresented, to debate passionately while
maintaining utmost dignity, and, most importantly, to continue learning.
Furthermore, it is an honour to be able to work with such a stellar
secretariat team. The event is likely to be a memorable one, and we hope
the delegates will take something useful that can be helpful in both their
professional and personal lives.
Maryam Tahir – President
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On your mark, get set, and go! Like every year, PISJES commences its MUN: the
drill ensues, committees remain unaltered and sixty countries across the globe
are represented. However, it's truly the vivaciousness, uniqueness and
distinctiveness of the people who voice empowering stances which make each
MUN a new, thrilling, and entrancing experience! As your Chair, I take immense
pride in elevating your contributions as delegates and, as we stir into the
debate, I'm head over heels to see what perspectives you present to deal with
the ubiquitous and incredibly pervasive concerns of modern society. So, let's
ready our horses and gallop over hurdles of issues about social, humanitarian
and human rights. SOCHUM enjoins the promotion of international
cooperation and fundamental freedoms for all by highlighting among many
others the right to life, the expression of cultures, the freedom of political
participation, and the promotion of social development. I hope to see your
compassion towards the SOCHUM committee on full display at the conference!
Hadia Kafeel - Chair of Social, Humanitarian and

Cultural Committee (SOCHUM)
“The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are
threatened”. The focal point for SOCHUM has always been: the fight.
SOCHUM fights and advocates for basic human ideals and its
foundations are based on the theory that if human dignity is
endangered then national borders hold little relevance. I have been a
strong advocate for the notion that if the sanctity of any human is being
violated in any place, then that scene ought to become the centre of
the world with voices universally denouncing the injustice. Being
mindful of these principles I intend to become a pioneer for rational
debate which should champion the purpose of amelioration of the
societies and states that we do belong to and should also hold
paramount the betterment of those communities that we bear little
relation to.
Khadija Khalid - Vice-Chair of Social, Humanitarian and

Cultural Committee (SOCHUM)
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With the ability to regulate the world economy, ECOFIN, one of the six main
committees of the UN GA, tackles financial and economic growth and
development. After assuming the position of ECOFIN’s Vice-Chair for PISJ-ES
MUN’22, I am once again elated to act as its Chair for PISJ-ES MUN’23.
Economic turmoil has devastating effects on every level. The disruption
caused by such crises lingers for years, and ECOFIN aims to examine the root
causes by understanding and analyzing a country’s stance on economic
management. Through MUN conferences, delegates exhibit their innovative
analytical and problem-solving abilities whilst educating themselves about
their moral imperative towards these issues. As Chair, I would like to use my
position to empower my delegates by fostering positive learning toward
financial policies, aiming at a deep-rooted perspective regarding the
dynamics of the global economy.
Syeda Manaal Amir - Chair of Economic and Financial

Committee (ECOFIN)
Absolutely enthralled by global financial affairs of state and diplomacy,

this year’s MUN presents itself with a splendid opportunity to discover
and further ameliorate our fiscal notions together, excellently perceived
by Thomas Reid in his words “The chain is only as strong as its weakest
link.” This is the window of opportunity for all of us to question the norms
of society and to imagine ourselves being that one deciding factor which
causes a chain effect in the orientation of a nation’s future and its
commercial matters. Furthermore, I am beyond honoured to be a part of
a platform that serves as a centre point of monetary reforms and
reshaping ideals and I hope to see everyone’s enthusiasm to make this
event one that is both elated and productive to ensure these financial
resolutions act as an inspiration to undoubtedly change the present and
future economic state of affairs for the best.
Subhaan Wasim - Vice-Chair of Economic and Financial

Committee (ECOFIN)
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I, Reem Mohammed, am truly honoured and grateful to be part of the

Secretariat for the PISJ-ES MUN’23. I aspire for this committee to highlight
the extreme importance of transformative action to immediately address
the escalation of climate emergency in the modern age and to produce
greater global participation in environmentally conscientious economic
practices. If climate action remains unchecked, climate change will undo a
lot of the progress made over the past years in development and, as the
younger generation, we have the responsibility to create a better and safer
future for the next generations. As the Chair of UNCCA, I would like to
encourage my delegates to advance their learning of Climate Change and
assess the first-world country’s contribution to this international emergency.
My aim for this MUN’23 is to create a positive difference and invoke critical
thinking and problem-solving skills that would bring beneficial change
regarding the problems caused by major countries.
Reem Mohammed - Chair of United Nations Committee

for Climate Action (UNCCA)
“We’ve been given a warning by science and a wake-up call by nature; it is up

to us now to heed them”-Bill McKibben. Over the course of recent years, the
deterioration of defences, to avert devastation attributable to natural disasters
has proliferated rapidly, hence now more than ever, we must necessitate the
stabilization of the planet’s climate in order to minimize casualties, disaster
displacement, stunted national development and economic fluctuations.
Therefore I, Manahil Luqman am truly honoured to be the Vice-Chair for
UNCCA overseeing such cardinal matters, I believe that acknowledging global
concerns regarding climate actions in the MUN, will stimulate a productive
space available for meaningful thought and debate. As inhabitants of this
planet, it is imperative for us to recognize the flaws in our systems of energy
generation, consumption and application in industries, I hope the MUN will
act as a stepping stone towards realizing the criticality of climate change and
will encourage contribution towards mitigating this change.
Manahil Luqman - Vice-Chair of United Nations

Committee for Climate Action (UNCCA)
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INTRODUCTION TO:
01. The United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked

to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among
nations, achieve international cooperation and be a centre for harmonizing
the actions of nations. The UN has six main organs: the General Assembly, the
International Court of Justice, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat, the
Security Council and the Economic and Social Council.
02. The General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policy-making, and

representative organ of the UN. All 193 member states of the UN are
represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with
universal representation. Each year, in general debate, which many heads of
the states attend and address, decisions are made on important questions
such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and
budgetary matters, which require a two-thirds majority of the General
Assembly. Decisions on other questions are decided by a simple majority. The
General Assembly allocates to its six Main Committees items relevant to their
work. The Committees discuss matters under the agenda items and
recommend draft resolutions and decisions to the Assembly for consideration
and action. The six Main Committees are: the Disarmament and International
Security Committee (First Committee); the Economic and Financial
Committee (Second Committee); the Social, Humanitarian and Cultural
Committee (Third Committee); the Special Political and Decolonization
Committee (Fourth Committee); the Administrative and Budgetary
Committee (Fifth Committee); and the Legal Committee (Sixth Committee).
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INTRODUCTION TO:
0 3 . The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all
United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint
for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the
future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and
developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending
poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with
strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and
spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and
working to preserve our oceans and forests. In the PISJ-ES MUN,
each of the three committees discusses a subtopic of one of the
SDGs and aims to produce a resolution to address it.
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SDG 3 - GOOD
SDG 1 - NO SDG 2 - ZERO SDG 4 - QUALITY
HEALTH & WELL-
POVERTY HUNGER EDUCATION
BEING
SDG 8 - DECENT
SDG 6 - CLEAN SDG 7 -
SDG 5 - GENDER WORK &
WATER & AFFORDABLE &
EQUALITY ECONOMIC
SANITATION CLEAN ENERGY
GROWTH
SDG 11 - SDG 12 -
SDG 9 - INDUSTRY,
SDG 10 - REDUCED SUSTAINABLE RESPONSIBLE
INNOVATION &
INEQUALITIES CITIES & CONSUMPTION &
INFRASTRUCTURE
COMMUNITIES PRODUCTION
SDG 16 - PEACE,
SDG 13 - CLIMATE SDG 14 - LIFE SDG 15 - LIFE ON
JUSTICE & STRONG
ACTION BELOW WATER LAND
INSTITUTIONS
SDG 17 -
PARTNERSHIPS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT GOALS
FOR THE GOALS
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INTRODUCTION TO:
04. Model United Nations
Model United Nations is a simulation of the UN General Assembly, UN Security Council,
or other multilateral body, which introduces students to the world of diplomacy,
negotiation, and decision-making. At Model UN, students step into the shoes of
ambassadors of countries that are members of the UN, from Argentina to Zimbabwe.
The students, better known as “Delegates” or “Representatives”, debate current issues
on the organization’s vast agenda. They plot strategy, negotiate with supporters and
adversaries, resolve conflicts, prepare draft resolutions, and navigate the UN’s rules of
procedure – all in the interest of resolving problems that affect the world. Along with it,
they learn lifelong skills of research techniques, writing, public speaking, problem-
solving, conflict resolution, compromise, and cooperation. Please refer to
https://www.un.org/en/model-united-nations/mun-guide-general-assembly for the
official UN MUN guide.
05. VI PISJ-ES MUN
PISJ-ES MUN is a simulation of the United Nations General Assembly, more

specifically the Second Committee ECOFIN (Economic and Financial
Committee), the Third Committee SOCHUM (Social, Humanitarian and
Cultural Committee) and a special committee UNCCA (United Nations
Committee for Climate Action). It is a platform with a vision where students,
staff, and the community work cooperatively to create an educational
environment that meets the intellectual, emotional and social needs of an
ever-expanding and diverse student population. Upholding its mission of
providing all-inclusive education to every individual, PISJ-ES MUN aims to
provide a platform where future intellects collaborate to envisage global issues
by activating their research-driven analytical skills to devise correlative
resolutions. In doing so, it fosters a forum for ideas and plans, allowing the
participants to investigate new avenues. While in committee, a delegate’s
priority must be to present their country’s opinions and protect their interests
while cooperating with others to find global solutions to the most pressing
issues of our time. Through this, our conference allows students to grow as
debaters, negotiators, diplomats, ambassadors, and leaders.
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INTRODUCTION TO:
06. The Role of the Secretariat
The hierarchy shown on the next page represents the Secretariat for the
VI PISJ-ES MUN. The Secretariat carries out the substantive and administrative
work of the United Nations as directed by the General Assembly, the Security
Council and the other organs. At its head is the Secretary-General, who provides
overall administrative guidance. The Secretariat is the UN's executive arm. The
Secretariat has an important role in setting the agenda for the deliberative and
decision-making bodies of the UN (i.e., the General Assembly), and the
implementation of the decision of these bodies.
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Secretary-General
Supervises and guides all office bearers in their respective delegation/discharging of
responsibilities and tasks. Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO,
the Secretary-General is a symbol of United Nations ideals and a spokesperson for the
02
interests of the world's peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among them.
Under-Secretary-General
The role of the Under-Secretary-General(s) is to help manage Secretariat operations
and to ensure the coherence of activities and programmes. The purpose was also to
elevate the organization's profile and leadership in the economic and social spheres.
The main duty of the Under-Secretary-General is to support the Secretary-General.
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President (General Assembly)
The PGA is the guardian of the General Assembly (GA) Rules of Procedure but has no
say in the actual decision-making of the GA. In this role the PGA moderates the
opening speeches, rules on points of order, and presides over discussions in plenary
meetings. In addition, the PGA organizes thematic debates and plays an important
04
role in raising the public visibility of the GA.
Chair of Committee
The Chair declares the opening and closing of meetings of the committee. In these
meetings, they direct the discussions, make sure that the rules are observed and
accord the right to speak. The Chairperson has complete control of the proceedings at
any meeting and has the responsibility of maintaining order at all times.
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Vice-Chair of Committee
In the event that the Chairperson is not available for a meeting or any part of the
meeting, the Vice-Chairperson shall take his/her place. While acting as
Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson shall have the same powers and duties as the
Chairperson.
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INTRODUCTION TO:
07. VI PISJ-ES MUN Secretariat Hierarchy
Secretary-General
Rahemeen Nadeem Raja
USG for General Assembly

Affairs and Conference
Management
Maryam Rehman
USG for Communications and
Public Information
Muhammad Ahmad
USG for Economic and
Social Affairs
Yusuf Chaudhry
President
Maryam Tahir
ECOFIN SOCHUM UNCCA
Chair Chair Chair

Syeda Manaal Amir Hadia Kafil Reem Mohammad
Vice-Chair Vice-Chair Vice-Chair

Subhaan Waseem Khadija Khalid Manahil Luqman
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INTRODUCTION TO:
08. The Role of Delegates
The delegates are the MUN

participants who are assigned
countries where they have to
represent the political position of their
country for a particular agenda. All
delegates may sponsor a draft
resolution and have full voting rights.
These delegates are expected to
understand the foreign policies of
their individual governments and to
act within those policies during the
session. The most critical part of
having a successful delegate
experience is to utilise the Rules of
Procedure, speak in formal debate,
and most importantly contribute
during informal debate sessions
through activities including
networking, drafting resolutions and
identifying common positions, and
building consensus through
negotiation.
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ISSUE: SDG 1 - No Poverty
“Decriminalising and ending
discrimination towards individuals
experiencing homelessness”
CHAIR: Hadia Kafil
OCHUVICE-CHAIR: Khadija Khalid
0 1 . Glossary
Incarceration: the state of being confined in prison;
imprisonment.
Loitering: the act of remaining in a particular public place for a

prolonged amount of time without any apparent purpose.
Criminalisation: the process by which behaviours and individuals

are transformed into crimes and criminals.
Discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different

categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity,
social status, financial condition, age, sex, or disability.
Congregate shelter: a congregate shelter is a shared living

environment combining housing and services such as case
management and employment services. Often in
congregate shelters, people sleep in an open area with
others. They are typically separated by gender and have set
hours of operation.
Destitution: poverty so extreme that one lacks the means

to provide for oneself.
Piecemeal initiatives: a change or process that happens

gradually, usually at irregular intervals, and is
unsatisfactory or unsystematic.
Imminent risk of homelessness: it applies to individuals and

families on the brink of being unhoused. They have an
annual income below 30 per cent of the median income for
the area. They don’t have sufficient resources or support
networks needed to obtain other permanent housing.
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02. Committee Overview
The Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, or the Social,
Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM), focuses on issues dealing with
fundamental human rights in the international community. The Third Committee
promotes and enforces basic freedoms and ideals meant to be enjoyed by the entire
international community such as the right to life, the expression of cultures, the
freedom of political participation, the protection of children’s rights, and the
promotion of social development, among many others. SOCHUM also works closely
with many other UN bodies in order to effectually address its mandated issues.
03. SDG 1: No Poverty
SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food,
clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to
new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people
living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either
promotes or prevents poverty. The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to
measure progress.
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured
as people living on less than $1.25 a day
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all,
including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the
vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic
services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance,
natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including
microfinance
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and
reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
1.A Ensure significant mobilisation of resources from a variety of sources, including
through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and
predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries,
to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
1.B Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support
accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
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04. Statement of the Problem
A serious violation of human dignity, homelessness has become a global problem. It is
affecting people of all ages from all walks of life, in both developed and developing countries.
Homelessness also referred to as a state of being unhoused or unsheltered – is the condition
of lacking stable, safe, and adequate housing.
In 2009, at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the Group of Experts on
Population and Housing Censuses defined homeless individuals under two categories:
a) Primary homelessness: this category includes persons living in the streets without a shelter
that would fall within the scope of living quarters.
b) Secondary homelessness this category may include persons with no place of usual
residence who move frequently between various types of accommodations (including
dwellings, shelters, and institutions for the homeless or other living quarters).
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10th December 1948 by the
UN General Assembly comprises of the following regarding housing and quality of living:
‘’Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of
himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary
social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability,
widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.’’
The criminalisation of homelessness in particular is a major obstacle in the pathway towards

eliminating the devastating issue. People experiencing homelessness are threatened by law
enforcement, ticketed, and even arrested for living in public spaces when they have no other
alternative. Criminalisation policies are rendered ineffective and make homelessness harder to
exit. Because people experiencing homelessness are not on the street by choice but because
they lack choices; criminal and civil punishment serves no constructive purpose. Instead,
arrests, unaffordable tickets, and the collateral consequences of criminal convictions make it
more difficult for people to exit homelessness and get back on their feet.
Homelessness and discrimination commonly intersect, as discrimination often acts as a

structural precursor to homelessness and, in turn, the experience of homelessness can lead to
being discriminated against. Discrimination occurs when an individual is treated differently
than another solely based on some characteristic or indeed interplay of characteristics such as
race, citizenship status and/or socioeconomic status etc. The stigmas surrounding
homelessness are reflected in the way society, lawmakers, police, and the health care system
interact with people experiencing homelessness. People experiencing homelessness are
ignored, isolated, exploited, or even become victims of violence. These issues create even
more barriers to stable housing and employment and worsen mental health issues. There’s a
better way to approach the issue of homelessness. To do this, we must advocate for those who
are experiencing homelessness, encourage public education campaigns to defuse negative
attitudes about the homeless, and provide better housing strategies to get more homeless
people off the streets.
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05. Subtopics
Apparent Effects of Homelessness on Individuals:
Homelessness not only indicates a State's failure to guarantee access to safe, affordable, and
adequate housing for all, but it also violates several other human rights:
Being exposed to homelessness strongly impairs the health of those affected,
undermining their right to the highest attainable standard of health.
Homelessness causes several thousand premature and preventable deaths annually,
signifying a failure of States to protect the right to life adequately.
Homelessness is stigmatised and often addressed with criminalisation, brutality, and
aggressive policies that violate, rather than safeguard, the rights of the persons involved.
Persons experiencing homelessness are also often discriminated against based on their
housing status or due to their lack of official address, affecting their political, economic,
and social rights, such as their right to participate in elections, their right to work, or their
right to access certain social benefits.
Laws Criminalising Homelessness:

Far-reaching efforts to criminalise homelessness make the already-precarious state of being
homeless and unsheltered even more dangerous. The criminalisation of homelessness
refers to policies, laws, and local ordinances that make it illegal, difficult, or impossible for
unsheltered people to engage in the everyday activities that most people carry out daily.
Use of the law that criminalises homeless people generally takes on one of five forms:
Restricting the public areas in which sitting or sleeping is allowed
Removing homeless people from particular areas
Prohibiting begging
Selective enforcement of laws
Anti-Homeless architecture
Behaviours that can be penalised under this system can include sleeping, resting, actively or
passively requesting donations, jaywalking, and loitering. When their existence is
considered a crime, people experiencing homelessness can be punished with expensive
tickets, “sweeps” which force them to evacuate the areas they’ve come to know as home,
and even arrest and incarceration. This criminalisation of homelessness might mean that
individuals experiencing homelessness are taken to jail, where they may remain for weeks if
they cannot pay their bail or fines, perhaps losing custody of their children, property, and/or
employment in the process. Once released, they could have criminal records that make it
more difficult to get or keep a job, housing, or public benefits. Moreover, fines and court fees
associated with resolving a criminalisation case can amount to hundreds, or even
thousands, of dollars. Without the resources to pay, homeless people may be subject to
additional jail time.
Anti-homeless Architecture:
Anti-homeless architecture is an urban design strategy that is intended to discourage
loitering, camping, and sleeping in public. While this policy does not explicitly target
homeless people, it restricts how people can use public spaces, which affects the homeless
population. These forms of architecture are also referred to as hostile architecture: Examples
include:
Anti-homeless spikes on a shop ledge
Reducing the number of sitting areas in public spaces
Installing bolts and spikes in flat surfaces to make sleeping on them uncomfortable
Installing dividers on metal benches to prevent sleeping
Metal teeth and bars on ledges to prevent sitting
Boulders placed in parks to prevent homeless encampments Delegate Handbook
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06. Questions to Consider
How is information about attempts made or planned to decriminalise begging, eating,
sleeping etc. in public places being collected?
Can adequate measures and services, available at the municipal, regional or national
level, be effectively utilised to support people living in poverty?
Do any existing laws and regulations violate international human rights law?
To what extent are housing solutions hindered by economic factors, and what degree of
this hindrance is caused due to societal and governmental discrimination?
Could reaching functional zero homelessness actually be economically beneficial to
nations?
What are the reasons for the stigma surrounding homelessness, and to what extent are
they slowing the efforts towards functional zero?
07. Related Treaties and Programmes

The Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development [1995][2020]
Adopted at the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD) in Copenhagen in March
1995. The program of action has guided multilateral action on social development. The
Declaration emphasised the eradication of poverty as an ethical, social, political and
economic imperative. It represented a unique consensus on three key objectives of social
development, namely, eradicating poverty, promoting full and productive employment, and
fostering social inclusion, and set out a holistic approach to achieve them. It recognized that
social development cannot be achieved by the social sectors alone, nor through piecemeal
initiatives, the approach required an orientation of values, objectives and priorities towards
advancing social progress and a better quality of life and well-being of all. It aspired to “place
people at the centre of development by ensuring full participation by all”.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 7

Claims that state failure to prevent or respond to persons in situations of homelessness can
amount to cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. For example, eviction into
homelessness, forcible return to a country in which the person would face homelessness
and destitution, or the refusal of public institutions to offer persons in situation of
homelessness alternative accommodation and subsistence has - depending on the
particular circumstances – been found to amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment under international human rights law.
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations [2020]

Adopted resolution 2020/7, on affordable housing and social protection systems for all to
address homelessness, which among others: Calls upon Member States to combat
discrimination and negative stereotypes against people experiencing homelessness.
Committee on the Rights of the Child [2017]

Established in its General Comment No. 21, detailed recommendations for safeguarding the
rights of children in street situations, including on the issue of criminalisation of
homelessness of children and aggressive policies to ‘tackle homelessness’ without respect
for human rights.
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ISSUE: SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities
“Addressing income inequalities and
disparities in and amongst nations”
CHAIR: Syeda Manaal Amir
COFI VICE-CHAIR: Subhaan Waseem
0 1 . Glossary
Income inequality: Income inequality, in economics, is

the significant disparity in the distribution of income
between individuals, groups, populations, social
classes, or countries.
Macroeconomics: a branch of economics that studies

how an overall economy—the markets, businesses,
consumers, and governments—behaves.
Inflation: rate of increase in prices over a given period

of time.
Wage: a fixed regular payment earned for work or

services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis.
Gini coefficient: measures the inequality among values

of a frequency distribution, such as the levels of
income.
Tariff: tax imposed by the government of a country or

by a supranational union on imports or exports of
goods.
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One of the six main committees of the UN General Assembly is the Economic and Financial
Committee, usually known as ECOFIN or the UN Second Committee. The most urgent
problems in fields including economic policies, taxation matters, financial markets and
capital movement, various economy-related diplomatic concerns regarding nations, global
finance, operational development, funding, and the eradication of poverty are to be
addressed by ECOFIN and its representatives. To achieve this, ECOFIN devotes a lot of its
efforts to addressing issues like economic inequality, agricultural development, sustainable
development, and ensuring that people all around the world have access to the institutions
they need to prosper economically and financially so that there arises a more sustainable
society through the unification of finance and perseverance.
03. SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

Sustainable Development Goal 10 is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established
by the United Nations in 2015. Reducing inequalities and ensuring no one is left behind are
integral to achieving Sustainable Development Goals since Inequality within and among
countries is a persistent cause for concern. The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030:
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of
the population at a rate higher than the national average
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all,
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating
discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies
and action in this regard
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively
achieve greater equality
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and
strengthen the implementation of such regulations
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making
in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective,
credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people,
including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
10.A Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization
agreements
10.B Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct
investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular, least developed countries,
African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in
accordance with their national plans and programmes
10.C By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and
eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
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04. Statement of the Problem
The gap between the wealthy and the poor in developing nations, emerging markets, and
industrialised countries is continuing to increase, making widespread income inequality the
defining challenge of the twenty-first century, hence greater global integration is associated
with increasing inequality. Income inequality still exists everywhere despite the international
community's consistent advancement. Education, healthcare, and human rights are all
significantly impacted by growing wealth inequality. Inequality in income is also associated
with a lack of opportunity and mobility, which further isolates the less advantaged groups in
society.
Income inequality threatens social stability and the sustainability of economic progress,
which in turn threatens democracy and international security. Along with the most
vulnerable members of the poor and middle class, increased income inequality has a
significant impact on the world's economic, social, and political climate. Furthermore
widening inequality also has significant implications for growth and macroeconomic
stability, it can concentrate political and decision-making power in the hands of a few, lead to
suboptimal use of human resources, cause investment-reducing political and economic
instability, and raise crisis risk.
It not only denies people basic human rights, and it also reduces incentives and
opportunities for economic activity, mobility and amelioration. Among the many
consequences of rising income inequality is a lack of education, health care, worker discipline
and quality, and technological progress. It is a direct catalyst to economic instability, financial
crisis on a global and singular level, debt and most importantly inflation, which in the past
has adversely affected many countries and even regions of the world altogether. Lack of
technological advancement and entrepreneurial incentives and opportunities leads to even
slower economic growth, creating a cycle of income inequality that can affect and last
through multiple generations.
When it comes to income inequality, it is critical to investigate the root causes of inequality
as well as the various methods for mitigating the effects of inequality as well as the strategies
for accelerating economic growth and sustainable development, for example, Analyses of
inequality are typically concerned with the distribution of wages, earnings, or income and
have been made by different strands in the literature, mainly in public and in labour
economics. Much has changed in the world and its problems since the Economic and
Financial Committee first met in January 1946. While the UN has worked tirelessly to
eliminate income inequality, such as Utilising digital tools in tax collection can also be part of
a comprehensive strategy to boost domestic revenue, in doing so reducing the chances of
corruption and reforming the economic structure to further support reducing inequality.
However, there is still much to think about and much more to be done.
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05. Subtopics
Causes of Income Inequality
As the developing world's population grows, so does the magnitude of the income gap, as
globalisation and internationalisation bring new technological advances and foreign
capital. Furthermore, people in developing countries frequently have a lower standard of
living and limited access to education and healthcare, which limits their economic growth.
As many Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines, have demonstrated, the influx
of foreign investment and globalisation has resulted in unemployment in traditional job
sectors, widening the income gap because the previously wealthy were able to gain access
to those new opportunities due to their existing resources.
Role of Globalisation
Globalisation has also resulted in limited access to natural resources and higher prices for
basic necessities. For example, because of a lack of economic opportunities, stable
governments, and difficult access to natural resources, Africa is home to many of the
countries with the highest rates of income inequality, as measured by the Gini Coefficient.
Opportunity Gap
The rich in Africa can take advantage of the majority of possibilities due to their prior rank
and money, much like the scenario in Asia. Even while the middle class has grown and
access to social services has increased over the past ten years, there are still significant
wealth inequalities and disparate standards of life among the various countries in Latin
America and the Caribbean. It is basically the uncontrollable elements of life itself
(economic condition, language, race, geographical area) that hinder progression and
contributes to lower rates of success financially and in other aspects such as educational
achievement etc.
Warfare and Effects on Women and Children

Regular warfare and repressive governments in the Middle East have delayed economic
growth and increased wealth disparity. Along with that, another factor contributing to the
cycle of income disparity is the dearth of economic and educational opportunities for
women. Generalising on just warfare specifically, conflicts are particularly prevalent in the
management of common resources where, for example, inequality makes resolving
disputes more difficult, more broadly inequality affects the economics of conflict, as it may
intensify the grievances felt by certain groups or can reduce the opportunity costs of
initiating and joining a violent conflict.

How far does income inequality cut across racial, religious, and ethnic boundaries?
Which underlying factors contribute to income inequality?
What is the impact of income inequality on women and children?
To what extent can income inequality affect human rights?
What distinctions exist between income disparity in developed and developing nations?
How can education play an important part in reducing income inequality?
What is the underlying impact of inequality on sustainable development?
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Norway - Renewal of Tariff Concessions for Certain Processed Agricultural Products for 2002
The Council of the EU adopted a regulation renewing certain concessions in the form of
Community tariff quotas for certain processed agricultural products originating in Norway, for
2002.
VAT on E-Commerce
The Council of the EU reached a political agreement, pending and subject to the opinion of
the European Parliament on changing the legal base of the regulation from article 95 of the
Treaty (QMV) to article 93 (unanimity) on amending Regulation (EEC) 218/92 on administrative
co-operation in the field of VAT and on amending the sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC on
VAT arrangements for certain services supplied by electronic means, as well as subscription-
based and pay-per-view radio and television broadcasting.
The objective of the amendments is to create a level playing field for taxing digital e-
commerce in accordance with the principles agreed upon at the 1998 OECD Ministerial
Conference and to make compliance as easy and straightforward as possible. The proposal
mainly concerns the supply over electronic networks (i.e. digital delivery) of software and
computer services generally, plus information and cultural, artistic, sporting, scientific,
educational, entertainment or similar services.
Slovakia and Estonia - Participation in the Fiscalis Programme

The Council of the EU adopted two decisions on the position to be taken by the Community
respectively within the EU-Slovakia Association Council and the EU-Estonia Association
Council concerning the participation of Slovakia and Estonia in the Fiscalis programme.
Excise Duty on Manufactured Tobacco Products

The Council of the EU adopted modifications to Directives 92/79/CEE, 92/80/CEE and
95/59/CEE concerning excise duty applied to manufactured tobacco and entered statements
by Sweden and the Commission into the minutes.
The new provisions aim to reduce the considerable discrepancies which still exist between
Member States in the taxation of tobacco products and, through greater convergence
between the tax rates applied in the Member States, help reduce fraud and smuggling within
the Community.
China - Personal Income Tax Reform:

In response to concerns over rising income inequality, the government raised the minimum
threshold for personal income tax multiple times from 800 yuan per month before 2005 to 3,500
yuan per month in 2011. The threshold remained in place as of 2017, and is now equivalent to 78
percent of GDP per capita.
Australia - Commonwealth Government Crisis Support Payments:

Australia halved poverty and significantly reduced income inequality thanks to a raft of
Commonwealth Government crisis support payments introduced to help people survive the first
lockdown. The Coronavirus Supplement and JobKeeper played a crucial role in reducing both
income inequality and poverty during the deepest recession in 90 years. Despite an effective
unemployment rate of 17 per cent at the time, many people on the lowest incomes could afford
to pay their rent and household bills and feed themselves properly for the first time in years.
KSA - Vision 2030: Financial Inclusion:

Part of Vision 2030 concentrates on the functions and outcomes of financial inclusion, particularly
economic and income inequality.
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ISSUE: SDG 13 - Climate Action
“Assessing the contribution of first
world countries to climate change”
CHAIR: Reem Mohammad
N C CVICE-CHAIR: Manahil Luqman
0 1 . Glossary
Climate Change: climate change refers to long-term
shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These
shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the
solar cycle, but since the 1800s, human activities have
been the main driver of climate change, primarily due
to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
Anthropogenic: anthropogenic effects are those that

are derived from human activities, as opposed to those
occurring in natural environments, this term is used in
reference to environmental change.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG): any gas that has the property

of absorbing infrared radiation (net heat energy)
emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiating it back to
Earth’s surface, thus contributing to the greenhouse
effect.
Richter scale: is a measure of the strength of

earthquakes, developed by Charles Francis Richter, it
scales from 0 to 9 and above, with 0-1 being the lowest
measurements being undetectable by humans and 9
being complete and utter destruction.
Net-zero: cutting greenhouse gas emissions to as close

to zero as possible, with any remaining emissions re-
absorbed from the atmosphere, by oceans and forests.
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A special committee of the UN General Assembly is the United Nations Committee for
Climate Action, usually known as UNCCA. The most urgent problems regarding rising
temperatures fueling environmental degradation, natural disasters, weather extremes, food
and water insecurity, economic disruption, conflict, and terrorism are to be addressed by
UNCCA and its representatives. Climate change is now affecting every country on every
continent. It is disrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people,
communities and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow. Sea levels are rising, the
Arctic is melting, coral reefs are dying, oceans are acidifying, and forests are burning. To help
reduce the effects of these issues, UNCCA aims to look at the responsible nations holding
these countries accountable for their action and hopes to achieve:
Secure global net zero by mid-century and keep 1.5 degrees within reach
Adapt to protect communities and natural habitats
The 2030 Agenda (of SDGs) and the Paris Agreement can serve as a compass to help
policymakers meet urgent needs while aligning short-term solutions to medium and long-
term climate and sustainable development objectives. UNCCA is moving the needle forward
for harnessing synergies across development and climate action.
03. SDG 13: Climate Action

Sustainable Development Goal 13 is about climate action and is one of 17 Sustainable
Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official
mission statement of this goal is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts". SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030:
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural
disasters in all countries
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate
change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
13.A Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion
annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context
of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.B Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning
and management in the least developed countries and small island developing States,
including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
*Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the
primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to
climate change.
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04. Statement of the problem
In its purest form climate change refers to long-term environmental changes within the
global climate, such changes are detrimental in terms of global well-being. The well-known
notion ascribing to climate change is global warming, which is usually trivialised to a mere
statement ‘The Earth is getting a little bit hotter’, such generalisations of climate change and
demotion of the severe impact of global warming have led to the downfall of the global
climate, the effects of which are visible in the numerous cataclysmic events of the past
decade. The rapid economic progress and expansion of the global population have come at a
colossal environmental cost. The majority of climate change occurs due to Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions via fossil fuel combustion in home and industry. The Earth is exposed to
sunlight, when the sunlight reaches the planet from space it has a short wavelength, this light
is absorbed and re-emitted by the Earth, however, the wavelength of emitted rays is longer
making it exceedingly easy for GHGs - such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and
fluorinated gases - to absorb energy from these longer waves, meaning the heat energy
which the Earth would have lost is now trapped in its atmosphere, this, along with the fact
that most GHGs have significantly longer average lifetimes in the atmosphere, substantially
contributes to global warming.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), each of the last four
decades has been successively warmer than any decade that preceded it since 1850, therefore
it is unequivocal that climate change and henceforth natural disasters are anthropogenic
effects. The discernible impacts of global warming are the retreating and melting of glaciers
resulting in the rise in sea levels, yet its direct effect on the local weather tends to be difficult
to determine right away. The rise in atmospheric temperatures also increases the global
ocean temperature which fosters the severity of hurricanes and typhoons, George Tselioudis, a
research scientist at Columbia University states that “If we are creating an atmosphere more
loaded with humidity, any storm that does develop has greater potential to develop into an
intense storm”. Similarly, the increasing temperature also contributes largely towards heat
waves and wild forest fires as a consequence of land heating.
Therefore, escalations in carbon emissions, deforestation and intensive livestock farming have
led to a rise in global temperature which has resulted in mass destruction in the form of
natural disasters, hence, climate change. However, unlike spatially located environmental
changes, such as air pollution in cities, the consequences of GHG emission are not constrained
within the border of the emitting country, ergo global climate change. Because the impacts
of GHG emissions can be felt beyond a country’s borders, and the impacts of climate change
on countries are highly variable, there is potential for some emitters to contribute more or less
to the causes of climate change than is proportionate to their vulnerability to its effects.
Nonetheless, despite this inequality, it cannot be expected that every country can reduce its
emissions by an equal and substantial degree meaning there are different levels of emissions
reduction obligations, this was formalised as International Law at the 1992 United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro “common but
differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)”, this principle of international environmental law
establishes that all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet
not equally responsible due to the need to recognise the wide differences in levels of
economic development between states. Although, despite this agreement to address their
global emissions, developing and developed countries continue to disagree over the extent of
each other’s responsibilities.
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0 5 . Subtopics
Effect of Climate Change on Low GHG Emitting Countries:
Statistical data has proven that countries least vulnerable to the impacts of climate change
were generally the highest GHG emitters, and conversely those most vulnerable to climate
change were the least responsible for its genesis. Greenhouse gas emissions are spread highly
unevenly across the world’s countries with the top ten GHG emitting countries generating
more than 60% of total emissions, and three countries, China (21.1%), the United States of
America (14.1%) and India (5.2%) being by far the largest contributors, with Japan and Russia
following, however their contributions to climate change do not affect them as much as they
do so for other more vulnerable states with GHG emissions in the relatively lower quintiles and
climate vulnerability in the highest quintile such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Kenya and
Pakistan. Statistical data proving this disproportion is as follows:
• Between 27 July and 1 September 2021, Bangladesh experienced over 1,300 mm of rainfall -
over 200 mm just between the 27th and 28th of August. 542 monsoon-related incidents –
largely windstorms, land sliding, slope failures and flooding - have been recorded in the
camps.
• In August 2022, Afghanistan was severely affected by flash flooding in central, eastern, and
southern regions. Floods affected an estimated 15,875 people with over 5,600 houses either
destroyed or damaged across several provinces.
• Since 14 June 2022, floods in Pakistan have killed 1,717 people. The floods were caused by
heavier-than-usual monsoon rains that followed a severe heat wave. On 25 August, the
government of Pakistan declared a state of emergency because of the flooding with
estimated losses worth US $30 billion from the flooding.
Effect of Climate Change on High GHG-Emitting Countries:

Despite these destructive and exhaustive calamities in developing countries, cataclysmic
events in first-world and developed countries cannot be overlooked, notwithstanding their
major contribution towards climate change.
• On September 28, 2022, Hurricane Ian raked a path of destruction across the southeast
United States, devastating the state of Florida and its Gulf Coast before making final landfall in
South Carolina two days later, At least 101 people have been confirmed dead. At least 40,600
people were displaced, 5 buildings were destroyed and an approximation of $60 Billion in
property damage was done.
• Between January 1 and September 30 2022 India recorded extreme weather events. This
means that more than 88 per cent of the time over these nine months, the country was
witnessing an extreme weather event of some sort happening in one or more of its regions.
Accounting for a damage count of 755 lost lives, 1.8 million hectares of crop area affected, over
400,000 houses destroyed, and nearly 70,000 heads of livestock killed.
• From January to June 2022 in China, floods and hailstorms were the major natural disasters,
while droughts, freezing weather, earthquakes, snow disasters, and forest and grassland fires
also occurred to varying degrees. Nearly 39.14 million people were affected by natural
disasters during the period, with 178 dead or missing and 1.28 million residents relocated. The
economic losses from these natural disasters amounted to US $13.13 billion.
• On March 16, 2022, a strong earthquake struck off the coast of Fukushima, Japan, with total
damages of US $2-4 Billion, 255 injured and 4 deaths.
Henceforth it is apparent that despite the immense carbon emissions in the developed
countries natural disasters of varying intensity have struck them, however, this fact fails to
take into account whether these countries have experienced as immense complications in
rehabilitation as the developing countries, every casualty has vast importance, yet being
unable to cope with the astronomical losses due to such events leads to even more avoidable
casualties and results in a countrywide crisis.
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05. Subtopics
Causes and Effects of Climate Change:
Fossil fuels – coal, oil, and gas – are by far the largest contributor to global climate change,
accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent
of all carbon dioxide emissions. As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap
the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now
warming faster than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are
changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many
risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth. The main causes of climate
change are as follows:
generating power - most electricity is still generated by burning coal, oil, or gas, which
produces GHGs, while more than a quarter of electricity comes from wind, solar, and
other renewable sources which, as opposed to fossil fuels, emit little to no GHGs or
pollutants into the air
manufacturing goods - manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from
burning fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel,
electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods
cutting down forests - cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other
reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the carbon they have
been storing
using transportation - most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels, which
makes transportation a major contributor to GHG emissions
producing food - producing food causes emissions of GHGs in various ways, including
through deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by
cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing crops,
and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels
powering buildings - globally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half
of all electricity, as they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and
cooling; they emit significant quantities of GHG emissions
consuming too much - your home and use of power, how you move around, what you
eat, the consumption of goods such as clothing, electronics, and plastics, and how
much you throw away all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions
Consequentially, the main effects of climate change include hotter temperatures, more
severe storms, increased drought, a rising ocean, loss of species, food scarcity, and
increased health risks due to poverty and displacement.

Do all countries deserve to be held equally responsible for climate change, and if so, in
what ways can this be implemented?
If countries which are greater GHG emitters should be more responsible for the global
climate crisis, to what extent should they be required to contribute to global efforts?
To what degree do economic factors hinder climate action?
How much longer does the global population have before the effects of climate change
become irreversible?
Will the actions we take today be enough to forestall the direct impacts of climate change
or is it too little too late?
Would global climate efforts be greater benefitted by lifestyle changes away from
consumerism or a shift towards renewable energy?
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9 May 1992: The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

was the first global treaty to explicitly address climate change
established an annual forum, known as the Conference of the Parties, or COP, for
international discussions aimed at stabilizing the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere
these meetings produced the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement
11/12/1997: The Kyoto Protocol

is an international treaty that extended the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and it does so by committing
industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce GHG
emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets; the Convention itself
only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to
report periodically
it only binds developed countries and places a heavier burden on them under
the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective
capabilities”, because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the
current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere
4/11/2015: The Paris Accord

was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, it includes a series of mandatory
measures for the monitoring, verification, and public reporting of progress
toward a country’s emissions-reduction targets
the enhanced transparency rules apply common frameworks for all countries,
with accommodations and support provided for nations that cannot currently
strengthen their systems
is a legally binding international treaty on climate change, it aims to limit the
growth of global warming below 2°C, compared to pre-industrial levels
to achieve this long-term goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of
greenhouse gas emissions to achieve global carbon neutrality; the agreement
also sought to mobilize funding of US$100 billion annually by 2020 to developing
countries as climate finance from developed countries, the benefits of this
agreement in the accord are numerous, encouraging developing countries to
build on sustainable development techniques, close to net-zero industries,
climate resilience strategies and for recovery from natural disasters
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PRE-CONFERENCE ASSIGNMENT
Documents to be submitted: Position Paper and Opening
Speeches
Format: Template will be provided
Deadline: 12th January 2023, 11:59 pm
Submit as: Assignment on MS Teams
01.Research
To produce an effective and useful position paper and opening
speech, you ought to carry out thorough research. Your research
should:
1. Explain and define the issue and its most important terms;
2. Provide a summary of recent international actions
related to the issue;
3. Refer to key documents that relate to the issue;
4. State the country’s general position on the issue;
5 . Make suggestions of your own that are in line with your
country’s policies to provide a solution to the issue.
Useful Websites:
THIMUN http://thimun.org/research/index.html
United Nations http://www.un.org/english
United Nations SDGs Progress https://sdgs.un.org/goals
Permanent Missions in New York http://www.un.org/members/missions.shtml
UN Cyber School Bus http://cyberschoolbus.un.org
CIA World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov
Council of World Affairs of Canada http://www.cowac.org
Embassies Worldwide http://www.embassyworld.com
The Economist http://www.economist.com
International Debate Education

http://www.idebate.org/index.php
Association
CNN http://www.cnn.com
BBC World http://www.bbcworld.com
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What are they?
2. OPENING SPEECHE This is your opportunity to explain the national policy of your respective nation,
introduce your resolution topic, and highlight key sub-issues you want the
committee to focus on.
How to write them?
First, it is customary to address the President of the GA and the delegates

present by starting your speech with:
‘Honorable President, Distinguished Delegates’ - and then go on to the main
body of your speech.
Main Body of the speech:
Hook > Point > Call to Action
a. Hook
The beginning of a speech should grab your audience’s attention. This can be
achieved by starting with a question, a quote, or a statistic,
Question: Asking the audience a question is often an easy way to get their
attention.
Example: “Do you think we can live in a world without poverty? The people of my
country think so. We believe we can achieve the end of poverty.”
Quote: A quote engages the audience when they recognize the figure you’re
quoting.
Example: “Fifty years ago, United States President John F. Kennedy said, ‘Ask not
what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.’ Today,
ask not what the world can do for you, but what you can do for the world.”
Statistic: A statistic can grab an audience’s attention if it is surprising or

interesting.
Example: “Over 1 billion people around the world live on less than US$1.25 a day.
Over 1 billion people live in extreme poverty.”
Story: A story is the oldest form of communication and if told well, can certainly
grab an audience’s attention. But speeches in MUN are typically very short, so
keep the story brief!
Example: “Several years ago, in rural Pakistan, a girl was walking to school when a
gunshot rang out – and she was shot in the head. But that girl survived, and today
she fights for girls’ right to education around the world. That girl’s name was
Malala."
b. Point
State your country's policy on the topic. Then offer 2-3 reasons explaining why your
country had adopted this policy.
Example: “The Republic of Korea believes that education is a human right and that
all people should have access to education. Education is a pathway out of poverty
for millions in developing countries, like Korea just a few decades ago. Education is
the driver of change and development in this world, and education is critical for
the human race to continue to thrive and grow." Delegate Handbook
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02. OPENING SPEECHES
c. Call to Action
Possible solutions to the topic.
Example: “To provide universal access to education, Korea proposes the creation of an
international fund called ‘Education For All’ that will support 3 programs in developing
countries: building more schools, training new teachers, and preventing girls from
dropping out of school. We call upon the international community to create and
donate to this fund, so we can guarantee education as a right globally.”
Format of an Opening Speech:

1. Should last 1 minute, and the word count should be around 150 words.
2. Should address the President of the GA and the delegates present.
3. Country name, committee name, and topic must be clearly labelled on the top of
the first page.
4. National symbols, such as flags, logos, etc. are deemed inappropriate for MUN
Opening Speeches document.
*Please keep in mind that a 50-second speech is better as you will be cut off after 1
minute. There is no point in trying to squeeze in extra information and therefore talking
too quickly.
Sample Opening Speech:

Delegation from: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Committee: Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM)
Topic: Gender Equality
Your Excellencies UN Secretary-General, President of the General Assembly and

Distinguished Delegates,
Pakistan’s adherence to the ideals of empowering women and protecting their rights
stems from her constitution and the vision of her founding fathers. As Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah said: “No nation can rise to the height of glory unless women are
side by side with men”. All countries stand to benefit from the empowerment of
women. Pakistan is, therefore, determined to ensure a more central role for women in
political, economic and other spheres of national life. In Pakistan, more girls are
pursuing higher education and professional careers today than ever before. Women
are joining public and private sectors in increasing numbers. At the tertiary level, girls
have consistently achieved higher levels of performance as compared to boys. But a lot
more needs to be done. Pakistan is working towards creating an enabling environment
that will provide women and girls even greater access to education, economic
resources, skills development and employment opportunities. The Government will
build and strengthen institutions that are more responsive to women’s needs, help
remove any remaining obstacles to their economic empowerment, and provide them
with a world free of violence. This requires an attitudinal shift and a long-term
commitment to making women equal partners in national and global progress and
prosperity. Proper leadership will be provided to realize this vision, on which hinges the
future of the nation.
Thank you, Madam President
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3. POSITION PAPER
What are they?
MUN Position Paper, also known as Policy Paper, is a strategic document that gives
an overview of a delegate's country's position on the assigned topics of a conference.
Position papers help you bring your scattered research in one clear direction – you’re
better able to integrate your country’s stance with generalized knowledge regarding
the agenda and create a prospective plan for how you’ll proceed forward in the
session proceedings. Writing a position paper essentially provides you with an
opportunity to express ideas concisely and clearly, preparing you along the way;
thereby, giving you a strong hand when tackling the agenda.
How to write them?
a. Show your country’s unique understanding of the issue being discussed.
To establish your position, start with a brief history of the situation/problem the
committee will be discussing. Define what you see as the challenge to the global
community (or at least what some of them face). Keep in mind that your goal is to
meet this challenge by the end of the paper.
Example of the country’s understanding of the issue
Delegation from: The Republic of Angola

Committee: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Topic: Improving Access to Clean Water
The Republic of Angola believes consistent access to clean water is a basic human
right. Some countries have an abundance of water, such as Canada, Scotland and
Switzerland. Others have next to no water, such as Yemen, Libya and Djibouti, or low
rainfall like Namibia and Sudan which creates water scarcity and desertification. The
solution to all of these problems is the weather control that comes from cloud-
seeding, with richer countries already reaping the benefits. The National Center of
Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS) witnessed an increase in rainfall of 10%–15% in
polluted air and 30%–35% in clean air. China uses cloud seeding over several
increasingly arid regions including Beijing, the capital. In 2017, the United Arab
Emirates launched 235 cloud-seeding operations by five cloud-seeding planes based
in Al Ain. The use and success prove the technology works, but it is only accessible to
those who can afford to set up the mechanisms to cloud seed or pay for the
chemicals from companies like Bayer and DowDuPont Inc, who control the patents
and sales rights.
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03. POSITION PAPERS
b. Show your country’s previous relationship with the topic (preferably with
relevant examples).
Presentation of the policies your country has used to deal with the issue in the past.
You should also describe the successes or failures of those policies.
Example of Relation
Delegation from: The Republic of Angola
Angola’s history is scarred by conflicts arising from the abuse and mismanagement of
natural resources, such as iron ore, petroleum, uranium, and diamonds. Angola is oil-
rich while our people are dirt-poor. We stand at 149 out of 186 on the 2016 Human
Development Index poverty scale. In rural areas, which contain 11.4 million people
(38.5% of our total population), only 6% of households have access to electricity and 38%
do not have access to safe water sources. Approximately 15 out of every 100 children do
not survive beyond the age of five, leaving us with a child mortality rate is around 17%.
These challenges are especially difficult for our president Joao Lourenco, who entered
office in September 2017. President Lourenco's biggest challenge is reforming 38 years
of cronyism and corruption under former President José Eduardo dos Santos. During
his 38 years in power, infrastructure has not been developed while tens of billions of
petrodollars disappeared. The 2014 oil slump made our situation worse reaffirming that
we are unable to pull ourselves up on our own. Additionally, we do not get enough rain.
We only get 32 days of rain with more than 0.1mm of rainfall meaning only 2.7 days of
quality rain, sleet, and snow per month. Not enough to maintain adequate crop yields.
The global system that depends on technologies provided by companies like Corteva is
strongly entrenched in the Sub-Saharan agriculture sector, as well as all over the world.
The four most prominent companies, Bayer-Monsanto, ChemChina, Corteva and
Syngenta have 59 per cent of the world’s patented seeds, 64 per cent of all pesticides
and held near-monopolies over other agrichemicals. The use of these crops and
chemicals has become fundamental to growing corn in Tanzania, potatoes in Kenya
and other crops in sub-Saharan Africa throughout their diverse range of crops and
terrains. This position of power persists because the sub-Saharan farmers are similar in
their lack of access to best practices, techniques, technologies, finances and markets.
This lack of skills combined with limited resources results in the agriculture sector that
is as under-development in agriculture as it is dependent on companies like
ChemChina.
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3. POSITION PAPER c. Show policies and ideas that your country would like to see in the
resolution.
Give an outline of possible/likely solutions that your country proposes and would
advocate seeing implemented during the Model UN simulation.
Example of Proposal
Delegation From: The Republic of Angola
Angola advocates for a UN-sanctioned policy that permits dry developing
countries to make generic replicas of their patented chemicals at a fraction of the
cost to achieve water independence. An example of these technologies belongs to
German rainfall enhancement leader WeatherTec Services GmbH. WeatherTecs
cutting edge technologies to improve water access are cheaper than many of
their competitors but the operating costs start at 11 – 15 million Euros a year.
Angola does not believe the United Nations should subsidize the cost of the
chemicals, as the subsidy is a temporary solution and it would take funds from
other important programs while leaving the corporations with the same level of
control. Today, aside from South Africa, none of us can afford cloud seeding. We
can cloud seed on our own if freed from the shackles of patent laws that benefit
the rich. Dupot made net sales of $62.5B in 2017, by charging prices that the
poorer dry countries could never afford. The UN should allow the relevant member
states to locally produce WeatherTec technologies so we can join the ranks of self-
sufficient nations who can provide for themselves the basic water needs to survive.
Format of a Position Paper:

1. Make sure your Position Paper does not exceed 300 words.
2. A minimum of one paragraph should be devoted to each of the goals, and
there should be clear transitions from paragraph to paragraph.
3. Country's official name, committee name, and topic must be clearly labelled on
the top of the 1st page.
4. National symbols, such as flags, logos, etc. are deemed inappropriate for MUN
Position Papers.
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03. POSITION PAPERS
Sample Position Paper:
Delegation from: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Committee: Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM)
Topic: Gender Equality
Gender Equality refers to equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities provided to
both, men and women. It does not imply superiority to any gender through any means.
Hence, Pakistan believes it is the female gender which deserves equal rights and
recognition throughout the world whether it be financially, politically or socially.
Over the past years, Pakistan has been actively committed Internationally to connect to
women’s empowerment and equal rights. In 1985, Pakistan became a party to the
Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. Pakistan is a
signatory of the ICPD, ICESCR, and ICCPR. These international agendas contain
important clauses concerning gender equality. Pakistan recognized that "women's
rights are human rights" in the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. Pakistan
became a signatory of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. In 1996, Pakistan
ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women.
The global commitment to advancing women’s rights created an environment in
which women had greater opportunities and were more economically empowered.
Women had been active in Pakistani political and public life since the struggle for
independence. Pakistan had elected the first woman Prime Minister in the Muslim
world, and women had served as speakers of its national and provincial legislatures, as
judges, as the head of the Central Bank and as pilots and military officers. Women
account for approximately 25 per cent of the National Assembly and 15 per cent of the
Senate, while 30 per cent of seats had been reserved for them in all three tiers of local
government. Women have equal access to government microfinance and credit
schemes, and more women are pursuing higher education and professional careers
than ever before.
In accordance with the precepts of Islam, which gave equal rights and status to men
and women, the Constitution of Pakistan safeguarded the rights of women and
provided protection to ensure their social, economic, legal and political status. The
Government of Pakistan has taken numerous actions recently to provide safety and
promote the rights of women in this country.
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3. POSITION PAPER The laws and special ordinances like the Anti-Rape (Investigation & Trial)
Ordinance 2020, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance 2020, Legal Aid and
Justice Authority Act, 2020, Domestic Violence (Prevention & Protection) Bill 2019,
Enforcement of Women’s Property Rights Act 2020, Zainab Alert Response &
Recovery Act 2020 were taken in action. To combat Workplace Harassment, U.N.
Women and the Office of the Ombudsperson KP in Pakistan joined together to
effectively implement and monitor current laws to address harassment in the
workplace. Moreover, Ministries and action plans such as The Ministry for Women
Development, the Gender Reform and Action Plan (GRAP), the National
Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW), National Policy for Women’s
Development and Empowerment, Rural Support Programmes (RSPs), National
Rural Support Programme (NRSP) are responsible for making sure Women are
treated equally as men.
The conflicts in various parts of the world have been a major obstacle in
eliminating gender inequality, violence and sexual abuse of women and girls. The
International Community must ensure not only the safety and security of women
but also that basic women's rights are guaranteed. Three-quarters of the Syrian
refugee population is composed of women and children, and in Indian-occupied
Kashmir thousands of women have fallen victim to oppression and occupation,
with countless others suffering rape and sexual abuse. All relevant United Nations
systems must address this dire and unacceptable situation.
Pakistan has always believed knowledge and education bring change to society.
The future pillars of the human population are children, and their stance on
gender inequality and discrimination is the key to eliminating inequality in the
future. Thus, Pakistan asks the United Nations and its bodies to provide
opportunities for developing countries to collaborate with the UN system for
providing them with financial aid for the development of schools for children (with
a special quota of girls), to educate our future generations for the betterment of
humanity.
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EVENT ITINERARY
0 1 . DAY 1 (2nd Feb 2023)
01
Opening Ceremony
Venue: Auditorium
Opening by Master of Ceremonies (Host)
Recitation, Translation and National Anthem
Introductory Presentation
Principal's Opening Address
Welcome Speech by Secretary-General
Delegate's Opening Speeches
02
Lobbying (Unmoderated Caucus)
Delegates move to allotted areas for lobbying

SOCHUM - Squash Court
ECOFIN - Auditorium
UNCCA - Physics Lab
0 2 .D A Y 2 ( 3 r d F e b 2 0 2 3 )
01
Committee Session I
Venue: Auditorium
SOCHUM Committee Session I
ECOFIN Committee Session I
UNCCA Committee Session I
Please note that when any committee is in
session the other two are lobbying in their
respective areas
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VENT ITINERAR
0 3 .D A Y 3 ( 4 t h F e b 2 0 2 3 )
01
Committee Session II
Venue: Auditorium
SOCHUM Committee Session II
ECOFIN Committee session II
UNCCA Committee session II
session the other two are observing the session
02
Committee Session III
Venue: Auditorium
SOCHUM Committee Session III
ECOFIN Committee Session III
UNCCA Committee Session III
session the other two are observing the session
03
Closing Ceremony
Venue: Auditorium
Session Closed by President
Principal's Closing Address
Certificate Distribution*
Group Photographs
Secretary-General's Closing Address
*certificate distribution is subject to change
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UNMODERATED CAUCUS
LOBBYING
01. Purpose of Lobbying
In a Model United Nations Conference, the delegates use Lobbying to gather support
for their ideas. In essence, Lobbying is when you ask other Delegates to speak out in
committee to support your resolution or amendment. Before the committee sessions
take place, delegates' support is arranged and bartered for. Lobbying takes on the
formal role of small group discussions that take place prior to a debate. During
Lobbying, students will have the opportunity to take their resolutions to other
delegates and try and gain support for their ideas, and form blocs with other like-
minded countries. Delegates have the option to modify their resolution at the
suggestion of others or merge resolutions if they find another delegate with a very
similar proposal. While Lobbying is an unmoderated caucus, all delegates are strictly
required to maintain the code of conduct required of delegates at all times. The
mode of discussion will only be English and a professional manner of speaking is
expected. Laptops are allowed and Wi-Fi access is provided during lobbying.
02. Allies and Blocs
The main purpose of lobbying is to provide delegates with an unmoderated

forum to reach common ground with delegates of other countries, in order
to come together to form a bloc and draft a resolution. A MUN bloc could be
a group of delegates, who have a common goal and want to work together
on certain principles and incorporate them into a resolution. A MUN block
can be formed based on any common interest such as similar values,
interests, common enemies, a connection that is regional, cultural,
ideological, or any other thing that would unite a group of diplomats. Blocs
are usually formed between delegates of countries which are allies. Finding
your allies in MUN without a doubt is one of the most vital components of
the experience, possibly even a foundational aspect. So, for example, it is
logical for the delegate of the United States, the delegate of Canada and the
delegate of the United Kingdom to form a bloc, given the long-term positive
relations between the countries. However, a bloc between the delegate of
Pakistan and the delegate of India is illogical. During committee sessions,
delegates can also question the validity of a presented resolution based on
the relations of the bloc that produced it.
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ESOLUTION WRITIN
01. Glossary
Draft Resolution: a document that tries to solve a situation. It is written (drafted) by
delegates together during the lobbying stage and is then debated by the
committee. If it passes in the committee, the draft resolution becomes a resolution
as it has been amended and approved by the committee. Moreover, a combination
of sponsors and signatories equal to 20% of the committee membership (in the
case of 60 delegates, 12 total sponsors and signatories) at the first session is
required for all working papers to become draft resolutions. There must be at least
one sponsor. A resolution is formatted as one long sentence.
Sponsor: Member States who create the content along with other delegates and
are responsible for seeing it through until voted on. They should be prepared to be
available to defend the draft resolution and answer questions regarding it during
session hours.
Signatory: Member States who are interested in bringing the working paper
forward for consideration by the committee. They often support the content of the
paper but were not necessarily instrumental in creating it and may ultimately
disagree with its content.
Preambulatory Clause: Sets up the historical context and cites relevant

international law or policies for a resolution, which justifies future action.
Operative Clause: Information is given about what action the body believes should
be taken.
02. Pupose
In a country’s government, official documents are drafted, that aim to

solve a specific situation. In the United Nations, similar documents are
also drafted; these are called Resolutions. Resolutions –in the UN and
MUN- are submitted by one member state, which is generally the
largest contributor to the resolution and/or the most involved in the
issue –out of the merging group. Resolutions are not written by one
member state but are a combined effort between different member
states who’ve taken interest in that specific issue. Although a Main
Submitter could contribute the most, that’s not to say that no one else
can contribute, as every delegate has an equal opinion.
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RESOLUTION WRITING
03. Structure Breakdown
A resolution template will be provided to delegates during lobbying.
04. Heading & Address

The Heading is a mandatory part of resolutions. Though they don’t
contribute to the content of a resolution, they address the committee; state
the issue being resolved, the submitter of the resolution, the sponsors, and
the signatories. Then, address the house.
SPONSORS :
SIGNATORIES:
General Assembly, (In Italics)
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ESOLUTION WRITIN
05. Preambulatory Clauses + Phrases
The preamble is the introduction of the resolution. It contains the background and the
argumentation for the issue you have chosen.
Content
You will write your references to former UN resolutions, ratified conventions, and/or
declarations.
You will provide official figures, the most recent ones possible, to illustrate the issue.
You will congratulate countries and/or organisations (i.e. UN organisations, NGOs)
which have worked on the issue.
You will emphasise the difficulties that have been encountered in the past.
State strong and recent facts about the issue.
Use statistics where applicable.
If applicable, use developing countries/LEDCs or developed countries/ MEDCs.
Format
All Preambulatory clauses must end in commas(,).
All acronyms must be fully written out before appearing in the abbreviated form, you
only need to write them out once, and then refer to the abbreviated form for the rest
of the resolution.
Leave a line between every clause.
You will need to begin the preambulatory clauses with a present or a past participle or
an adjective, which is the preambulatory phrase. Preambulatory phrases must be
italicized. See the following list of preambulatory phrases:
Affirming Deeply regretting Having adopted Noting with satisfaction

Alarmed by Desiring Having considered Observing
Approving Emphasizing Having considered further Reaffirming
Aware of Expecting Having devoted attention Realizing
Bearing in mind Expressing its appreciation Having examined Recalling
Believing Expressing its satisfaction Having heard Recognizing
Confident Fulfilling Having received Referring
Contemplating Fully alarmed Having studied Seeking
Convinced Fully aware Keeping in mind Taking into account
Declaring Fully believing Noting further Taking into consideration
Deeply concerned Further deploring Noting with approval Taking note
Deeply conscious Further recalling Noting with deep concern Viewing with appreciation
Deeply convinced Guided by Noting with regret Welcoming
Deeply disturbed Reaffirming also Reaffirming further Recognizing further
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RESOLUTION WRITING
Sample Preambulatory Clauses
Recalling
Recognizing
Fully alarmed
Noting with deep concern
Further recognizing
Noting with concern
Further recalling
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ESOLUTION WRITIN 06. Operative Clauses + Phrases
The Operative Clauses are the most essential part of a resolution. Strong Operative
Clauses lead to more delegates voting in favour of your resolution. The Operative
Clauses explain what can be done to resolve an issue. Please note that successful
and strong Operative Clauses not only explain what can be done but give possible
sub-clauses on how it could be achieved.
Content
You may propose, welcome or deplore all new situations.
You may support, congratulate or refuse new proposals.
You may confirm, or regret what it is already existing.
You must ensure that your proposals are actually workable and that they fully
reflect the existing policies of the country or agency that you represent.
You encourage, and/or invite countries to sign/ratify a convention/declaration.
Aim to find solutions, which solve the smaller problems that contribute to the
issue Elaborate on the solutions in your operative clauses (sub clauses and sub-
sub clauses) Make use of any UN organisations or create ones to help the issue.
Emphasize cooperation between governments and relevant UN organisations.
Explain different methods of approaching the same problem through clauses.
Format
All acronyms must be fully written out before appearing in the abbreviated
form, you only need to write them out once, and then refer to the abbreviated
form for the rest of the resolution
All Operative Clauses must be numbered 1. 2. 3. ...
Sub Clauses must be lettered (a), (b), (c), (d) ...
Sub-sub Clauses must be in Roman Numerals (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) ...
If a Sub Clause does not end the clause, their ending punctuation must be a
comma (,).
If a Sub-sub Clause does not end the clause, their ending punctuation must be
a comma (,).
All Operative Clauses must end in semi-colons (;).
Leave a line between every clause.
A period (full-stop) at the end of the last operative clause indicates the end of
the resolution.
All Operative (and Preambulatory) Clauses and Sub-Clauses should have equal
indentation.
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RESOLUTION WRITING
You have to begin the Operative Clauses with verbs in the third person
singular of the Present Tense, which are Operative Phrases. Operative Phrases
must be italicized. See the following list of Operative Phrases:
Accepts Decides Further Proclaims Sanctions
Affirms Declares Accordingly Further Recommends Solemnly Affirms
Approves Demands Further Reminds Strongly Condemns
Asks Deplores Further Requests Strongly Urges
Authorizes Designates Further Resolves Suggests
Calls Draws the Attention Has Resolved Supports
Calls for Expresses its Appreciation Hopes Takes Note of
Calls upon Expresses its Hope Invites Transmits
Condemns Further Asks Notes Trusts
Confirms Further Calls for Regrets Urges
Congratulates Further Invites Reminds Wishes
Considers Further Proclaims Requests Endorses
Sample Operative Clauses

. Urges t
(a)
(b)
(c)
Phrases Italicized
. Calls for
. Invites
. Asks
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
. Requests
(a)
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(b)
(c)
ESOLUTION WRITIN (d)
(e)
. Suggests
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
. Proposes
. Further calls for
. Appeals for
. Further requests
. Wishes
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RESOLUTION WRITING
07. Bad Clauses
What do they include?
Break the sovereignty a government has over its land.
Mention specific sources and specific (numbers) amounts of funding.
Create unrealistic solutions to the issue, which are vague/not possible to put
into force.
As Plagiarism isn’t at all tolerated at MUN conferences, even if one is trying to
get ideas from resolutions. Delegates can only use similar ideas and rewrite
them as their own, not use that particular clause/resolution. Plagiarism is dealt
with strongly, and not at all tolerated.
Examples of Bad Clauses

Asks for the Government of DPR Korea to withdraw all nuclear weapons;
Explanation: This is an unrealistic clause, and it is vague. It asks for DPR Korea to
simply withdraw their weapons, however, it doesn’t state how they should, why
they should (the consequence if they don’t, such as being sanctioned) and it
doesn’t provide a time span in which they should do it. It could be asking them to
withdraw their weaponry now or in 50 years. It is unknown as it is not elaborate.
Calls for the UN to collect $100,000,000 from DPR Korea for holding nuclear
weapons and asks that the IMF gives one-quarter of it to third-world countries
for development;
Explanation: This clause refers to a specific amount of funding, which cannot be
discussed. It also refers to a specific source and how much of the money they will
take. As specific funds cannot be discussed at MUN, this clause is an example of a
bad clause. The clause also refers to the colloquial term “third world countries”,
which is not the official address of LEDCs. For it to be bettered, it could call on the
United Nations to collect funds from DPR Korea if they refuse to disarm their
nuclear program, and then could ask that relevant organisations use the funds in
helping developing countries.
Suggests that the current government of DPR Korea immediately step down
from power and allow the United Nations to act as a provisional government
from where re-elections should be held within one day of the current
government stepping down;
Explanation: This clause is unrealistic as it asks for a re-election to be held after one
day of the government stepping down. In reality that is not possible as there would
be conflict within the country that would first need to be dealt with and the
disarming of nuclear weaponry would also need to be solved before re-election
can happen. As it asks for the government to step down and then have the UN act
as a provisional government, it also breaches the sovereignty that DPR Korea has
over its country, making it a strongly disputable clause.
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Requests within 60 days a report from the Director General of the IAEA on
ESOLUTION WRITIN whether DPR Korea has established full and sustained suspension of all
activities mentioned in this resolution, as well as on the process of Korean
compliance with all the steps required by the IAEA Board and with the other
provisions of this resolution, to the IAEA Board of Governors and in parallel to
the Security Council for its consideration;
Explanation: Although this is a very good clause, makes use of the IAEA well, and
offers incentives to the situation, which member states can agree upon, this is,
however, a plagiarized clause from the UN Security Council Resolution 1737. As
plagiarism isn’t at all tolerated at MUN conferences, even if one is trying to get
ideas from resolutions. Delegates can only use similar ideas, and rewrite them as
their own, not use that particular clause/ resolution! At MUN conferences,
plagiarism is dealt with strongly and often results in one being removed from the
conference.
08. Sample Resolution

FORUM: GA1 (Disarmament and International Security)
QUESTION OF: Nuclear Disarmament of DPR Korea
SUBMITTED BY: Socialist Republic of Japan
SPONSORS: The United Kingdom, the Republic of France, the Russian Federation,
the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of
India, the Netherlands, the Italian Republic
SIGNATORIES: Canada, the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Korea,
Singapore, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Federative Republic of Brazil
The General Assembly,
Recalling previous relevant United Nations resolution 825 (1993), resolution

1540 (2004), resolution 1695 (2006), and, in particular, resolution 1737, which
illustrates the active involvement of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) as an authoritative force in the situation,
Recognizing the need for action as per implementation by the IAEA and the
Organisation on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW),
Fully alarmed that DPR Korea has not signed onto the treaty created by the
coalition of the Six Party Talks regarding the possession of Nuclear Weaponry and
Missiles,
Expressing concern about how DPR Korea plans to launch Satellites tests
into the air zone of many neighbouring nations,
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RESOLUTION WRITING
Further recognizing how DPR Korea has withdrawn from the terms of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT),
Noting with concern how states that pose a threat to international peace
and security are referred to as Rogue States,
Further recalling the numerous Six Party Peace Talks between the People’s
Republic of China, Japan, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Republic
of Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America,
Congratulating nations such as the Republic of Korea and the United States of
America for their negotiations in the Six Party Peace Talks,
Emphasizing the importance that DPR Korea respond to the other security
and humanitarian alarms regarding their respective society,
Affirming the production and delivery of unauthorized Nuclear, Chemical,

and Biological Weapons create a threat to international peace and security,
Articulating the great concern at the launch of ballistic missiles by DPR

Korea,
Further Noting that the launches are a violation of Article VII of the United
Nations Charter,
1. Urges the use of IAEA and the OPCW regarding:

(a) Monitoring the Chemical Weaponry of DPR Korea,
(b) Observing the use of Nuclear Power by DPR Korea,
(c) Examining the Satellites regarding security and danger;
2. Calls for DPR Korea to terminate all Nuclear and Airborne Missile
Activity by a set date, under the decision of the Six Party Talks, with the observance
of the IAEA and the Security Council;
3. Invites the Security Council and the Six Party Talks members
to discuss the nuclear status of DPR Korea;
4. Asks for the government of DPR Korea to:

(a) Allow the IAEA to:
(i) Monitor the disarming of all nuclear reactors,
(ii) Control the termination of all nuclear activity regarding the
agreements of the Six Party Talks,
(iii) Report back to the Security Council and the Six Party Talks on
the progress of DPR Korea in their nuclear disarmament,
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(b) Allow the United Nations to repossess all relevant:
(i) Documents,
(ii) Nuclear warheads,
ESOLUTION WRITIN (iii)
(iv)
Other Nuclear appliances and,
Technology, which will be returned to DPR Korea once they have come
to terms with both the NNPT and the Six Party Talks and can ensure the
maintenance of world security if they are to possess Nuclear Weaponry;
5. Requests DPR Korea to be sanctioned by the international community if

failure to act on the current resolution by seizing direct and indirect supply of:
(a) Weaponry as authorized and registered by the UNRCA (United Nations
Register on Conventional Arms),
(b) Nutritional Resources,
(c) Raw Material,
(d) Energy,
(e) Luxury Goods if DPR Korea continue with their nuclear activities;
6. Suggests that the Six Party Talks endorse that an embargo be

negotiated where:
(a) Commodities being sanctioned against DPR Korea be agreed upon,
(b) All Six Party Talks members ensure the lifting of the embargo and notify
DPR Korea of the time-lapse of the embargo,
(c) DPR Korea ends their Nuclear Activity by the set time of the embargo,
and if DPR Korea is to not comply with the terms of the agreement, the embargo
will:
(i) Be extended,
(ii) Restrict more commodities,
(iii) Be implemented immediately,
(iv) The IAEA be given the jurisdiction to disarm DPR Korea under
their discretion with the consultation of the Security Council;
7. Proposes that all member states, in conjunction with their respective

legislations and national legal authorities, impose a tribunal for the National Leader
of DPR Korea if they do not suspend their nuclear activity;
8. Further calls for DPR Korea to sign the Six Party Talks’ “Joint Statement”
as drafted on the 19th of September 2005, which regards the conflict into stability, in
the hope for unilateral cooperation in their nuclear disarmament;
9. Appeals for the Human Rights Council (HRC) to send special envoys to
monitor the situation of the North Korean civilians during DPR Korea’s time of
disarmament, and provide adequate humanitarian help to those victimized by DPR
Korea in response to them needing to disarm their nuclear activities;
10. Further requests DPR Korea to report to the Security Council monthly on
their disarmament of nuclear weaponry, which will then be ratified by the monthly
monitoring of the IAEA, who will report whether disarmament of in the North Korean
Nuclear Weapons Program (NKNWP) is occurring;
11. Wishes to be actively seized in the matter.
Please refer to https://www.un.org/en/ga/65/resolutions.shtml for UNGA resolutions.
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MODERATED CAUCUS
During the sessions, delegates will be added to the speaker’s list and
make speeches. They can raise points or motions.
• Rules of procedure are enforced by the Chair;
• Delegates are expected to be in their seats and attentive;
• Delegates are expected to be respectful of other delegates and
diplomatic;
Electronic devices (i.e., laptops, tablet computers, and phones) should
not be used.
01. Key terms & Phrases

Agenda: The agenda is the order in which resolutions, breaks, and other
events will occur. It is the committee’s schedule.
“The first thing on the agenda, delegates, is roll call”
Adjourn: When the debate session adjourns, it means that session time has
ended. The Chair announces to delegates that the committee will be
adjourned, either for a break, lunch or for the day.
“Delegates, the committee is adjourned for lunch. Please be back at 1:45 for
us to begin debate on another resolution.”
Roll Call: For opening and resuming the session, the Chair must proceed
with the roll call in alphabetical order. After being called, the delegation
must state its status as “present” or “present and voting”.
Present: Attendance status that establishes a delegation as present in the

committee, with the opportunity to abstain during substantive votes.
Present and Voting: Attendance status that establishes a delegation as

present in the committee without the opportunity to abstain during
substantive votes; delegations must vote “yes” or “no.”
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Floor: The Floor is a metaphorical area, which delegates can obtain to be able to
ODERATED CAUCU speak on a resolution or clause.
“Delegate you may take the floor and speak on the resolution”
To have the floor: To have been given the right to speak in debate before the
House.
To yield the floor: Yielding is where a delegate gives the floor to either another
delegate or gives the floor back to the Chair.
“Is it in order for the delegate to yield the floor to the delegate of Japan?”
Placard: A placard is the sign paper the delegates hold up to be recognized by

the Chair to speak or to make a point of information. Every delegate has their
own placard with the delegation written across it.
“Delegates please lower your placards”
Notes and Note-passing: A note is a piece of official delegation paper that

delegates can send around the committee. Between delegates, they pertain to
the debate and try to get each others’ opinions or to get to generally talk to
delegates. However, if the house gets rowdy, the Chair has the right to suspend
note-passing. In committee, notes are passed by Rapporteurs.
Speaker’s List: The Speaker’s List is held by the Chair and determines which
delegates will speak in what order. It also serves as an account of how many
times each delegate has spoken.
Speaking Time: The Chair shall specify a different speaking time at his or her
discretion.
The motion: The proposal for debate which will eventually be voted upon.
Second: A Second, is something called out by a delegate who agrees with a

motion. If a delegate doesn’t agree, they call out “Objection!”. If a Chair sees that a
motion is in order, they’ll ask if there are any delegates who second the motion,
and if there are, the motion would be entertained. “Motion to Move into voting
procedures!” “Are there any delegates wishing to second that motion?” “Second!”
Motion Out of Order: An invalid (non-MUN) motion or a motion used at an

incorrect time during the conference.
Right of Reply: The Right of Reply is where delegates may reply to a speaker’s
comment. It is requested by a delegate to the Chairs when a delegate has been
insulted or was mentioned in a delegate’s speech and wishes to answer the
delegate back on what they said about them. Right of Reply can be requested by
a delegate by raising their placard and waiting for the Chair's permission.
“The Delegate of DPR Korea stated how Japan was a Terrorist Island wishing to
demolish DPR Korea. The Delegate of Japan requested the Right of Reply to
explain to DPR Korea and the house that they aren’t a Terrorist Island, but want
to stabilise international peace and cooperation.”
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MODERATED CAUCUS
Points:
1. Point of Personal Privilege: A question directed to the Chairman by a
delegate who refers to the comfort and well-being of the house (e.g.:
audibility, the temperature in the house). It is recommended to send a note
to the Chair for a point of personal privilege instead of interrupting the
proceedings of the session.
2. Point of Order: A question directed to the Chairman by a delegate of the

House who feels that a mistake has been made in the order of debate or
who requires clarification of the rules of procedure. Points of order can be
raised by delegates at any point in the session and are restricted to the
following situations:
If a delegate believes that the Chair is not following the Rules of
Procedure or not being sufficiently active in ensuring others do so, one
may raise a point of order.
The Rules of Procedure require the Chair to interrupt proceedings to
hear the point of order and to rule immediately on it where ‘rule’ means
to declare either that the point of order has no merit or to accept it and
direct any delegate who is out of order to conform to the Rules .
Delegate has an absolute right to raise a point of order or to challenge
the Chair and PGA’s ruling. But one does not have an obligation to do so
and, before exercising one’s right, one should consider whether it is
constructive to do so.
All points of order take up some of the time of the session and they all
have a confrontational dimension which may be unhelpful to the
general mood of the session.
The Point of Order may not interrupt a speech.
Delegates will be using the Placards and raise hand option to raise a
point of order.
3. Point of Parliamentary Enquiry: a question on the Rules of Procedure. For

example, “Point of Parliamentary Enquiry! Could the Chair explain what is
meant by abstentions?” It isn’t like a Point of Order, as that is a question on
the Chair’s ruling. This is a question about the rules in general.
4. Point of Relevance to the Chair: When a delegate considers that another

delegation is referring to matters irrelevant to the subject under discussion,
it may make use of the point of relevance. It is interruptible. However,
discretion is suggested when it is used.
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5. Point of Information to the Speaker: It is a question directed to the delegate who
has the floor about their delegation’s views or about the speech It is a question to
ODERATED CAUCU the speaker, not a comment! If you want to get some information on the topic
across to the house, you can do so by formulating it as a question “Is the delegate
aware that…” or “Does the delegate agree that…” After a Delegate is done with
their allotted speaking time, the Chair usually asks if there are any Points of
Information for the Speaker on the floor.
Do not ask another question to the delegate unless the Chair has allowed you to (request
of follow-up) as there is no direct dialogue between delegates.
6. Point of Information of the Chair: A delegate can use this point to ask the Chair a
question about the correct use of the rules of procedure or for any procedural
matter under doubt. Is not interruptible. No points compromising the delegate’s
personal situations or regarding the topics under discussion will be entertained.
Order of precedence of points:

1. Point of personal privilege
2. Point of Order
3. Point of Parliamentary Enquiry
4. Point of Relevance
5. Point of Information to the Speaker
6. Point of Information to the Chair
Amendments: Amendments consist of eliminating, adding or modifying the

background aspects of the draft resolution introduced to the commission.
Amendments are presented by means of a written note sent to the Chair, and only
after being approved, are made public to the whole committee. Preambular
clauses of draft resolutions cannot be amended.
“The delegate submitted an amendment to strike clause six”
Friendly: an amendment introduced where all of the resolution’s sponsors agree to

it, and so it automatically becomes a part of the resolution.
Unfriendly: a change that one, or more, of the resolution’s sponsors, do not agree
with. For an unfriendly amendment to be accepted for debate, it will need a
certain percentage of the committee to sign off on it (the Rules of Procedure
should state the percentage needed). Unfriendly amendments will be open to
debate.
Voting process: Voting on substantive matters such as draft resolutions and

amendments will be carried out by raising placards. For a draft resolution to pass, a
qualified majority of greater than 1/2 of the members will be needed.
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MODERATED CAUCUS
02. Code of Conduct
1. Speakers need to always address each other in the Third Person.
Always “honorable speaker” or “fellow delegates”, never “You” or “I”.
2. Delegates should stand when speaking and should not sit down
until after the speaker has finished answering the delegate’s
question.
3. Delegates must strictly avoid the use of insulting or abusive
language.
03. Procedure
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ODERATED CAUCU
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MODERATED CAUCUS
04. Phrases to be used by the delegates to
address the Chair and other delegates
- “Mr./Madam Chairman…”.
- “The delegate of … requests the floor” or “wishes the floor”.
- “The delegate of … would like to rise a point of information/ point of order”.
- “The delegate of … wishes to speak in favor of/against this
motion/resolution/amendment because…”.
- “Is the Chair /the speaker (not) aware that…”.
- “Does the speaker (not) agree with me that…”.
- “The speaker stated in his/her speech… Doe he/she (not) realize that…”.
- “The delegate of … moves to amend the resolution by
striking/inserting/adding the words…”.
- “The delegate of … urges the house to give its support by voting
for/against this motion/resolution/amendment”.
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ODERATED CAUCU 05. Phrases to be used by the Chair to
address the delegates
- “The house will come to order” or “Will the house please come to order”.
- “The Chair calls upon the delegate of … (the submitter) to read the resolution to
the house”.
- “The house has heard the resolution. Is there a second?”.
- “The Chair fixes a debate time of 10 minutes for and 10 minutes against the
motion”.
- “The delegate of … has the floor”.
- “All points are out of order until the speaker has concluded his/her speech”.
- “The Chair recognizes the delegate of…”.
- “To what point does the delegate of … rise?”.
- “Please rise and state you point of information/point of order”.
- “Will you please state your point in a form of a question”.
- “The speaker appears not to have heard/understood your question”.
- “Will you please repeat/rephrase your question”.
- “Are there any further points on the floor?”.
- “Are there any further points of information to this speaker?”.
- “There is a point of order on the floor. Please rise and state your point”.
- “Your point is (not) well taken”.
- “Will the speaker please make his/her concluding remarks”.
- “Debate time for/against the resolution/the amendment has been
exhausted/has expired. Will the speaker please yield the floor”.
- “The Chair proposes an extension of debate time by 5 minutes for and 5 minutes
against the motion”.
- “The debate is now closed. We will moved into voting procedures”.
- “All points are out of order”.
- “The motion will now be put to the vote”.
- “Will all those in favor of the resolution/the amendment, please raise their
placards”.
- “Will all those opposed to against/against the resolution, please raise their
placards”.
- “Will all those abstaining, please raise their placards”.
- “The motion/the resolution/the amendment has passed/failed by…”.
- “With x votes in favor, y votes against and z votes abstaining, the motion/the
resolution/the amendment has passed/failed”.
- “Clapping is (not) in order”
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A W A R D S
01. Categories
# Category Description
Awarded to the delegate who exhibits exceptional and

Best Delegate
1 out-class performance during the entire MUN proceedings
1 /Committee – refer to the rubric below.
General - Awarded to the delegate who exhibits a great

2 understanding of the entire MUN simulation - refer to the
rubric below.
Legislation - Awarded to the delegate who exhibits a great

3 Honorable Mention understanding of the MUN Rules of Procedure in addition
3/ Committee to the rubric below.
Debate - Awarded to the delegate who exhibits excellent

debating, negotiation and communication skills
4
throughout Committee Sessions in addition to the rubric
below.
Awarded to the delegates (bloc - only Main Submitter and

Sponsors) who have shown exceptional teamwork in
Achievement Award
5 committee, with thorough research, a solid debate
for the Best Bloc strategy, logical allies and excellent quality of replies to
Points of Information.
Awarded to all the delegates for their enthusiastic

6 Participation Award
participation.
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A W A R D S
02. Rubric
Content & Conduct
Position Overall
Speech Lobbying Resolution
Paper Presence
Delegate’s
Delegate’s
Quality of the Quality of the Delegate’s efforts towards
overall
position paper speech conduct during drafting and
presence in
submitted submitted the lobbying passing a
committee
resolution
Personality Skills
Speaking/ Critical
Punctuality Teamwork Professionalism
communication Reasoning
Delegate’s Delegate’s
Delegate’s knowledge overall
Delegate’s communication building, professional
collaborative skills including independent demeanor and
Delegate’s
work ethic with speech delivery research involved attitude towards
punctuality for
fellow delegates, and caucus and ability to the members
attendance and
Secretariat and interactions analyse and committees
submission
committee (sensitivity, information during the whole
members persuasion, critically for MUN (pre-event
negotiation etc,) initiating right of and during the
reply event)
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VI PISJ-ES MUN 68
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COMPILED BY: RAHEMEEN RAJA & MARYAM TAHIR

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DELEGATE

TABLE OF CONTENT 0 2 . Secretariat’s Agenda Messages

0 3 . 2 The General Assembly

0 3 . 3 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

0 3 . 4 Model United Nations

0 3 . 6 The Role of the Secretariat

0 3 . 7 VI PISJ-ES MUN Secretariat Hierarchy

0 3 . 8 The Role of Delegates

0 4 . SOCHUM Topic Breakdown:

0 4 . 4 Statement of the Problem

0 4 . 7 Related Treaties and Programmes

0 5 . 3 SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

0 5 . 4 Statement of the Problem

0 5 . 7 Related Treaties and Programmes

0 6 . UNCCA Topic Breakdown:

0 6 . 3 SDG 13: Climate Action

0 6 . 4 Statement of the Problem

0 6 . 7 Related Treaties and Programmes

0 7 . 2 . 1 What are they?

0 7 . 2 . 2 How to write them?

0 7 . 2 . 3 Format of an Opening Speech

0 7 . 2 . 4 Sample Opening Speech

07.3.1 What are they?

0 7 . 3 . 2 How to write them?

0 7 . 3 . 3 Format of a Position Paper

0 7 . 3 . 4 Sample Position Paper

0 9 . 2 Allies and Blocs

1 0 . 4 Heading & Address

1 0 . 5 Preambulatory Clauses + Phrases

1 0 . 6 Operative Clauses + Phrases

1 1 . 1 Key Terms & Phrases

1 1 . 4 Phrases to be used by the delegates to

1 1 . 5 Phrases to be used by the Chair to

1 2 . 2 Rubric Delegate Handbook

MUN is a distinguished occasion, for which I am honoured to be appointed

Maryam Rehman – Under-Secretary-General for

I, Muhammad Ahmad, am beyond gratified to be given an opportunity

Muhammad Ahmad – Under-Secretary-General for

I, Muhammad Yusuf Chaudry, am ecstatic to have been selected as an

Mohammad Yousaf Chaudry – Under-Secretary-General

I, Maryam Tahir, am honoured to be appointed President of the sixth

Maryam Tahir – President

Hadia Kafeel - Chair of Social, Humanitarian and

Khadija Khalid - Vice-Chair of Social, Humanitarian and

Syeda Manaal Amir - Chair of Economic and Financial

Absolutely enthralled by global financial affairs of state and diplomacy,

Subhaan Wasim - Vice-Chair of Economic and Financial

I, Reem Mohammed, am truly honoured and grateful to be part of the

Reem Mohammed - Chair of United Nations Committee

“We’ve been given a warning by science and a wake-up call by nature; it is up

Manahil Luqman - Vice-Chair of United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked

02. The General Assembly

The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policy-making, and

0 3 . The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

05. VI PISJ-ES MUN

PISJ-ES MUN is a simulation of the United Nations General Assembly, more

Rahemeen Nadeem Raja

USG for General Assembly

ECOFIN SOCHUM UNCCA

Chair Chair Chair

Vice-Chair Vice-Chair Vice-Chair

The delegates are the MUN