Intermediate Management

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1. eëmv‡qi †gŠwjK aviYv 01 − 20
2. eëmvq cwi‡ek 21 − 30
3. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq 31 − 42
4. Askx`vwi eëmvq 43 − 62
5. †hŠ_g~jabx eëmvq 63 − 112
6. mgevq mwgwZ 113 − 128
7. ivóªxq eëmvq 129 − 144
8. eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 145 − 164
9. eëmv‡qi mnvqK †mev 165 − 182
10. eëmvq D‡`¨vM 183 − 206
11. eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi 207 − 218
12. eëmv‡qi •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv 219 − 238

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Scanner, Stcven J. Z. John M. Ivanoevich – Business for the

21st century. Richard & Irwin Inc., USA 2000.
2. Kotler philip & Armstrong – Principles of Marketing, Prentice
Hall India, 12th Edition.
3. Strauss Ansary and Frost-E-marketing, 3rd edition.
4. Glos E. Raymond & Harold A Baker-Introduction to Business.
5. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§`, evwYR¨ I wkí AvBb|
6. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§`, eëmvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM, hgybv cÖKvkbx|
7. dviæKx KvRx D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq bxwZ I cª‡qvM, KvRx cÖKvkbx|
8. AvjZvd nvwbd D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM, i‡qj jvB‡eªix|
9. Khalekujjaman Z Musharraf- Introduction to Business,
Jamuna Publishar.
10. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I †gvnv¤§` eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek, hgybv cvewjkvm©|
11. Avjg Avkivdzj-Bb‡U‡jKPzqvj †cÖvcvwU© AvBb, Kvgiæj eyK nvDR|
12. ingvb gvnveye-eëmvq evwY‡R¨ Kw¤úDUvi|
13. bRiæj I nvwim-D”P gva¨wgK Awdm eë¯’vcbv|
14. wKiY †Mvjvg-AvR‡Ki wek¦|
15. Avjg gvnveyeyj-fvlv †mŠif, AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªix-XvKv|
16. wbiÄb I mwdDwÏb-D”PZi evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv|
17. gvnvgy` nvqvr-fvlv wkÿv|
18. Lv‡jKz¾vgvb I AvZvDi- D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq D‡`¨vM|
19. IivKj wewm Gm wcÖwjwgbvix-IivKj cvewj‡Kkb|
20. Business dictionary.com
21. Encyclopedia.
22. Askx`vix AvBb 1932|
23. †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994|
24. exgv AvBb 2010|
25. c¨v‡U›U AvBb 1911|
26. †UªWgvK© AvBb 2009|
27. Website of different organization (For example website of SME
Foundation, FBCCI, Grameen Phone.
28. •`wbK Kv‡ji KÚ, cÖ_g Av‡jv|
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
eëmv‡qi †g․wjK aviYv
BASIC CONCEPT OF BUSINESS
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gvby‡li Afve‡eva| Afve c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Zviv wewfbœ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð Rwo‡q c‡o Ges A_© DcvR©‡bi
cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| g~jZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ I †jb‡`b‡K wN‡iB D™¢e nq eëmv‡qi|
G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie−

• eëmv‡qi aviYv|
• eëmv‡qi AvIZv|
− wk‡íi •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`;
− evwY‡Rï •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`;
− cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi •ewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`|
• wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|
• evsjv‡`‡ki eëmv‡qi AvIZv wn‡m‡e wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv|
• mvgvwRK eëmvq aviYv|
• eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj|
• eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡|
• A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb|
• RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e eëmvq|
2 eëmvq msMVb I eë¯’vcbv−cÖ_g cÎ
1.01 eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Business
mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQy †Kbv-†ePvi Kvh©µg‡K Avgiv eëmvq wnmv‡e Rvwb| wKš‘ ïaygvÎ †Kbv-†ePvi mv‡_
eëmvq m¤ú„³ bq| eëmvq n‡jv Drcv`b, eÈb Ges Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqK Kvh©vewj|
Avgiv eëmvq‡K GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwiÑ
Afve †eva cY¨ I †mev wewbgq I eÈb wewbgq mnvqK Afv‡ei cwiZ…wß
Drcv`b µq-weµq KvR I RxweKv AR©b
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K eëmvq e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`b
Kiv, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb Kiv, mewR Pvl Kiv‡K eëmvq ejv hvq bv| wKš‘ hLb †Kv‡bv K…lK gybvdvi Avkvq avb
Pvl K‡i ev mewR djvq Zv eëmvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Z‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‣bwZK
Kg©KvÐ eëmv e‡j MY¨ n‡e hw` †m¸‡jv †`‡ki AvB‡b •ea I mwVK Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| gvbyl Zvi Afve
c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b, eÈb, Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqK Kvh©µ‡g wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i
Ges gybvdv AR©b K‡i| G gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤úvw`Z A_©‣bwZK Kvh©µg‡KB eëmvq e‡j|
Kg©cÎ-1
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• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Business)
mgvR weÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e eëmvq cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh©vewji mv‡_ mswkøó| gybvdv
AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ Giƒc Kvh©vewji KZK¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| hv wb‡æ
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv−
• eëmv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| KviY eëmv‡qi aib hv-B †nvK bv †Kb,
gvwjKMY gybvdv AR©b‡KB cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i
_v‡Kb|
eëmv‡qi †g․wjK aviYv 3
• eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q jvf-†jvKmv‡bi SuywK MÖnY| cÖ‡Z¨K eëmvqx Zvi mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K©
m¤ú~Y© AwbwðZ| myZivs eëmv‡qi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ jvf-†jvKmv‡bi AwbðqZvi SuywK RwoZ|
• g~jab eëmv‡qi g~j PvwjKvkw³| mwVK mg‡q eëmv‡qi myôz MVb I cwiPvjbvi wbwg‡Ë mwVK
cwigv‡Y g~jab cÖ‡qvRb| gvwjK ev D‡`v³vMY G g~jab wb‡R‡ì Znwej †_‡K ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
Drm †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
• †µZvMY Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨vw` P~ovšÍ †fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †c‡Z Pvq| GR‡b¨B eëmvq
AvnwiZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì gv‡S Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó K‡i Ges †µZv‡ì †fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zv
evRviRvZ K‡i|
• eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q †µZv-we‡µZv| A_© cÖ`vb I A_© MÖnY-G `ywUi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b Acwinvh©|
• eëmvwqK †jb‡`b wbqwgZ I †c․btcywbKfv‡e n‡Z nq| AvKw¯§K †Kv‡bviƒc †jb‡`b‡K eëmvq ejv hvq bv|
• eëmvq‡K Aek¨B AvBbvbyM I •ea n‡Z n‡e|
• eëmvq memgq GKUv ¯^vaxb †ckv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
1.02 eëmv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa
Scope of Business
Afve c~i‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b I eÈb Ges Gi mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vewj eëmv‡qi
AvIZvfy³| A_©vr Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj msMÖn n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i •Zwi cY¨ ev †mev †fv³vi
nv‡Z †cu․Qv‡bv ch©šÍ mKj Kvh©vewjB eëmv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwai AšÍfy©³|
wkí (Industry): wkí Drcv`‡bi evnb| †h Kg© cÖ‡Póv ev cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY
Ges Gi Dc‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g gvby‡li eënvi Dc‡hvMx cY¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j| wk‡íi
•ewkó¨ mg~n−
K. wkí cY¨`ªe¨ cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤ú„³;

L. m¤ú` ev g~j¨ Drcv`bB wk‡íi g~j jÿ¨;
M. wkí c‡Yï AvKviMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i;
N. wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖx gvby‡li Afve †gvP‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ;
O. Aa© cÖ¯yZ
Í cY¨‡K P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|

wkí‡K wb‡gœv³ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v−

eëmvq
wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨¶ †mev
cÖv_wgK wkí: †M․Y wkí: ms‡hvRb wkí:

wewbgq mnvqK Kvh©vewj
cÖRbb Drcv`b mshy³
wb®‥vkb we‡klYg~jK wbg©vY
K…wlR cÖwµqvwfwËK †mev cwi‡ekK
e¨vsK wegv cwienb ¸`vgRvZKiY
evRviRvZKiY
cÖmvi
Af¨š—ixY •e‡`wkK
cÖmvi
cvBKvwi LyPiv Avg`vwb ißvwb cybtißvwb
QK: eëmv‡qi AvIZv|
K. cÖv_wgK wkí (Primary Industry)
cÖv_wgK wk‡í †Kv‡bv iƒcMZ cwieZ©b N‡U bv| cÖv_wgK wkí‡K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
• cÖRbb wkí (Genetic Industry): †h wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgwMÖ cybtevi m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi
Kv‡R eëüZ nq Zv‡K cÖRbb wkí e‡j|
D`vniY ¯îƒc grm Pvl, bvm©vwi, nuvmgyiwM, djg~j I Mevw` cïi Lvgvi|
• wb®‥vkb wkí (Extractive Industry): f~-Mf©, b`x, mvMi ev f~wg †_‡K cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú`
AvniY, Dchy³ Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek, DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ I †mev cwi‡ekb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Avni‡Yi
Kv‡R †h wkí m¤úK©hy³ Zv‡K wb®‥vkb wkí e‡j|

D`vniY¯îƒc mgy`ª nB‡Z grm wkKvi I RjR m¤ú` msMÖn, eb n‡Z KvV ev Ab¨vb¨ ebR m¤ú`
msMÖn, b`x nB‡Z evjy I f~-Mf© n‡Z LwbR c`v_© D‡Ëvjb BZ¨vw`|
• K…wlR wkí (Agricultural Industry): †h cÖwµqvq K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b I AvniY Kiv nq
Zv‡K K…wlR wkí e‡j| D`vniY¯îƒc avb I cv‡Ui K_v ejv hvq|
L. †M․Y wkí (Secondary Industry)

†h cÖ w µqvq m¤ú‡ì iƒ‡ci cwieZ© b N‡U Zv‡K †M․Y wkí e‡j|
wb‡gœ †M․Y wk‡íi m¤¢ v e¨ AvIZv¸‡jv Zz ‡ j aiv n‡jv−
• Drcv`b ev cÖ¯ÍyZ wkí (Productive Industry): kªg I h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq
KuvPvgvj ev Aa© cÖ¯Z
Íy `ªe¨‡K gvby‡li eënvi Dc‡hvMx c‡Y¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K Drcv`b wkí
e‡j| A_©vr cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ c‡Yï †h iƒcMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq †mB cÖwµqvB n‡jv
Drcv`b wkí| †hgb- MvQ †K‡U AvmevecÎ •Zwi, eqb wkí, B¯úvZ wkí BZ¨vw`|

• we‡kølYg~jK wkí (Analytical Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í †Kv‡bv `ªe¨‡K we‡kølY K‡i bvbv iKg
`ªe¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-A‡kvwaZ LwbR •Zj †_‡K wW‡Rj, †c‡Uªvj, M¨v‡mvwjb, †K‡ivwmb, LwbR Kqjv
n‡Z †KvK Kqjv,, b¨vc_vwjb, AvjKvZiv BZ¨vw` •Zwi Kivi KvR|
• cÖwµqvwfwËK wkí (Processing Industry): G RvZxq wk‡í wewfbœ cÖwµqv Aej¤^b K‡i cY¨
Drcv`b Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi wkíB n‡jv cÖwµqvwfwËK
wkí| †hgb-Zzjv n‡Z e¯¿, AvL n‡Z wPwb BZ¨vw`|
• †h․wMK wkí (Synthetic Industry): G wk‡í GKvwaK †g․wjK `ª‡eï mgš^‡q GKwU bZzb
`ªe¨ •Zwi nq| †hgb-mvi wkí GwU K‡qKwU †g․wjK DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mv‡i cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| mvevb, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw` †h․wMK wk‡íi D`vniY|
M. ms‡hvRb wkí (Assembling Industry):
G cÖwµqvq GKvwaK hš¿ ev hš¿vsk ms‡hvRb K‡i bZzb cY¨ •Zwi Kiv nq| †hgb-†gvUi wkí, †ij BwÄb|
• mshy³ wkí (Integrated Industry): †h wkí †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí cÖwµqvi GKB mv‡_
mgš^q N‡U Zv‡K mshy³ wkí e‡j| †hgb-†j․n I B¯úvZ wkí|
• wbg©vY wkí (Constructive Industry): †h cÖwµqvq wewfbœ ai‡bi wbg©vY KvR m¤úbœ n‡q
_v‡K Zv‡K wbg©vY wkí e‡j| †hgb-iv¯Ív NvU, `vjvb‡KvVv, euva, †mZz BZ¨vw` wbg©vY|
• †mev cwi‡ekK wkí (Service Industry): †h wkí RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡q _v‡K
Zv‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j| †hgb-cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` mieivn G wk‡íi
AvIZvfy³|
Kg©cÎ-2
wewfbœ cÖKvi wk‡íi 5wU K‡i D`vniY
cÖRbb wkí K…wlR wkí we‡kølYg~jK wkí mshy³ wkí †mevg~jK wkí
1. grm Pvl 1. avb I cvU 1. LwbR •Zj †_‡K wW‡Rj 1. †j․n I B¯úvZ wkí 1. cvwb wkí
2. 2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5. 5.
evwYR¨ (Commerce): wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU A_ev KuvPvgvj I Aa©
cÖ¯‘Z cY¨ cieZx© †fvMKvix ev Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †c․uQv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖwZeÜKZv‡K
`~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ M„n xZ hveZxq Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K evwYR¨ e‡j|
evwY‡Rï •ewkó¨mg~n (Features of Commerce):

1. cY¨ msMÖn I eÈb: cY¨ Drcv`b nq GK ¯’v‡b Ges †fvM nq wewfbœ ¯’v‡b| evwYR¨ eëmvq, cwienY,
¸`vgRvZKiY, exgv, e¨vswKs I cÖPvi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g H mg¯Í cY¨ msMÖn K‡i eÈb K‡i|
2. Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q: evRviRvZKiY cÖwµqvq Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^qmvab
K‡i evwYR¨ evRvi w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3. eëmv‡qi cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKiY: evwYR¨ eëmvq, cwienY, ¸`vgRvZKiY, e¨vsK, exgv I cÖPv‡ii
Øviv h_vµ‡g eëmv‡qi e¨w³MZ, ¯’vbMZ, KvjMZ, A_© msµvšÍ, SzwKMZ evav ev
cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n `~i K‡i myôzfv‡e eëmvq‡K Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4. c‡Yï gvb I ¸Y DbœZKiY I msiÿb: c‡Yï gvb I ¸Y DbœZKiY Ges msiÿ‡Yi j‡ÿ¨
evwYR¨ cÖwgZKiY, ch©vwqZKiY, wPwýZKiY, †gvowKKiY c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
5. e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨: evwYwR¨K cÖwµqvq c‡Yï evRviRvZKiY wbwðZ nq e‡j Drcv`K
AweiZ Drcv`b Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K evRv‡ii Pvwn`vbyhvqx e¨vcK AvKv‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

evwY‡Rï cÖKvi‡f` wbgœiƒc−

wewbgq (Trade): cY¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev mvgwMÖi ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii KvR‡K cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb e¨w³MZ evav AcmvwiZ nq| cY¨ ev †mev wewbgq‡K
wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
1. Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ (Home Trade): GKwU †`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †h µq - weµq Kvh©
m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ e‡j| Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨‡K cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Avevi `yfv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
i. cvBKvix eëmvq (Whole sale trade): †h eëmvq cvBKvwi eëmvqx Drcv`‡Ki wbKU
n‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y cY¨ `ª e ¨ µq K‡i †m¸‡jv †QvU †QvU j‡U Ly P iv eëmv qx‡ì wbKU
wewµ K‡i Zv‡K cvBKvwi eëmvq e‡j|
ii. LyPiv eëmvq (Retail trade): LyPiv eëmvqx cvBKvi‡ì wbKU †_‡K cY¨ `ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i
†m¸‡jv †fv³v‡ì wbKU wewµ K‡i| Giƒc eëmvq‡K LyPiv eëmvq e‡j|
2. AvšÍR©vwZK/•e‡`wkK evwYR¨ (Foreign trade): GK †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki evwYR¨ n‡j
Zv‡K •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ e‡j| G eë¯’vq GK †`‡ki †µZv Ab¨ †`‡ki we‡µZvi mv‡_ evwYR¨
K‡i _v‡K| •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ wZbwU Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K−
i. Avg`vwb (Import): Ab¨ †`k †_‡K cY¨ wK‡b wbR †`‡k wb‡q Avmvi KvR‡K e‡j Avg`vwb|
ii. ißvwb (Export): ißvwb evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cY¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev ¯^‡`k †_‡K we‡`‡k †cÖiY Kiv nq|
iii. cybtißvwb (Re-export): GK †`k †_‡K Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨ Z…Zxq †`‡k wewµ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K
cybtißvwb evwYR¨ e‡j|
wPÎ: cybtißvwb|

mnvqK Kvh©vewj (Auxilaries to trade):
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkí I evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv `v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †hme Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq †m¸‡jvI
eëmv‡qi AvIZvaxb|
mnvqK Kvh©vewj wbgœiƒc−
i. e¨vswKs (Banking): e¨vswKs eë¯’v eëmv cÖwZôvb‡K FY mieivn K‡i eëmv‡qi A_©
ms¯’vbRwbZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
ii. wegv (Insurance): eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ SzuwK msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i wegv|
iii. cwienb (Transportation): cwienb cY¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixf~Z K‡i
_v‡K| cwienb wZb Dcv‡q n‡q _v‡K-¯’j c‡_, Rj c‡_, wegvb c‡_|

iv. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing): G cÖwµqvq cY¨ wKQz mg‡qi R‡b¨ gRyZ †i‡L mgqMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó
Kiv nq|
v. c¨vwKs (Packing): cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi Av‡M c‡Yï `vg, ¸Y, ZvwiL BZ¨vw` msewjZ GKwU
AvKl©Yxq †gvo‡K cY¨‡K mvRv‡bv n‡j G‡K c¨vwKs e‡j|
vi. evRviRvZKiY cÖmvi (Promotion): c‡Yï mwVK g~j¨vqb nIqvi Rb¨, †h D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ •Zwi
Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨‡K evRviRvZKiY Kiv nq| evRviRvZKi‡Yi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wZbwU welq n‡jv-cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv, weµwqKZv|
cÖZ¨ÿ †mev (Direct Services)
A‡_©vcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hme Kvh© mivmwi m¤úvw`Z nq wKsev •`wnK ev gvbwmK kª‡gi wewbgq Kiv
nq Zv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †mev e‡j|
wPÎ: cÖZ¨ÿ †mev

cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi •ewkó¨:
1. A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ¯^vaxb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K,
2. cY¨ Qvov mivmwi †mev cÖ`vb,
3. †mev`vZv I †mev MÖnxZvi Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡Z nq|
cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi AvIZv ev cÖKvi‡f`
†hme Kg©KvÐ cªZ¨ÿ †mevi g‡a¨ c‡o †m¸‡jv n‡jv-wPwKrmv e„wË, AvBb e„wË, wnmve e„wË, cª‡K․kjx
e„wË, civgk© e„wË, †nv‡Uj, †mjyb, bvU¨kvjv, wm‡bgv nj, Awf‡bZv, Awf‡bÎx‡ì Awfbq, Wv³viiv
wg‡j wK¬wbK eëmv ev K‡qKRb DwKj wg‡j GUwb© dvg© ev cÖ‡K․kjxiv wg‡j BwÄwbqvwis dvg© MVb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib; hv cÖZ¨ÿ †mev weµqKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e m½Z Kvi‡Y eëmv‡qi AvIZvq Av‡m|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmv‡qi AvIZv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ eëmvq GKwU e¨vcK
AvIZvwewkó A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði mgwó| gvby‡li AdzišÍ Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ †mev
I kª‡gi h‡_ó cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB gvby‡li Gme Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A‡_©vcvR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨
m¤úvw`Z hveZxq Kvh©B eëmv‡qi AvIZvfy³ |
Kg©cÎ-3
wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi aviYv I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i G‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R †ei Ki|
wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨ÿ †mev
1.03 evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi AvIZv wnmv‡e wkí, evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi mgm¨v I
m¤¢vebv
Problems & Prospects of Industry, Commerce and Direct Services of
Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k wk‡í AbMÖmi GKUv †`k| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB K…wl LvZ G †`‡k gyL¨ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b
wk‡ívbœq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| RvZxq m¤ú` I M„nxZ •e‡`wkK F‡Yi eo cwigvY A_© wk‡ívbœq‡bi
¯^v‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ cÖZ¨vwkZ AMÖMwZ bvbvb Kvi‡YB GLbI AwR©Z nqwb|
evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi mgm¨v (Problems of Industry in Bangladesh):
evsjv‡`‡k wkíLv‡Z `~ej © Zvi wcQ‡b wewfbœ KviY we`¨gvb| wb‡gœ G m¤ú©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1| mr I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³vi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mKj ch©v‡qB `ÿ I †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v ev
msMV‡Ki Afve jÿbxq| A_P D‡`¨v³v n‡jv eëmv‡qi †bZv| †hvM¨ D‡`¨v³v †kÖYx M‡o bv
DVvi Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki wkí †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡”Q
bv|
2| eë¯’vcbvi A`ÿZv: wkí wb‡R Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| eë¯’vcbvi Dci Zv‡K wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wkí
myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Gi eë¯’vcK‡ì †hiƒc `ÿZv I AwfÁZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Avgv‡ì
†`‡k Zvi eoB Afve cwijwÿZ nq|
3| g~ja‡bi Afve: wkí †QvU eo †h ai‡biB †nvK bv †Kb Zv‡Z hw` Kvg¨ cwigv‡Yi g~jab ms¯’vb
Kiv bv hvq Z‡e Zv n‡Z Kvw•LZ dj jvf Kiv hvq bv|

4| miKvwi myôz bxwZgvjvi Afve: wkí‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii †h myôy bxwZ-cwiKíbv I
Z`byhvqx D‡`¨vM Ges mn‡hvwMZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb ZviI gvivZ¥K Afve G †`‡k jÿYxq|
5| DbœZ cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi `ÿZvi Afve: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB
cyivZb hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i| d‡j we‡`wk cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì b¨vq gvbm¤§Z cY¨
Drcv`b Zv‡ì c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv| G Qvov eëmvq cwiPvjbv I Drcv`‡b †h ai‡bi Kjv‡K․kj
I c×wZ GLv‡b eëüZ nq ZvI DbœZ bq| d‡j eëmvq msMVb¸‡jvi `ÿZvi gvb DbœZ
nIqvi my‡hvM Kg|
evsjv‡`‡k wk‡íi m¤¢vebv (Prospects of Industry in Bangladesh)
†`‡ki µgea©gvb Rbkw³i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ges `ªæZ A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b wkívq‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi e¨vcK eënvi, Af¨šÍixY evRvi, we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvMÖn e„w×, DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv Lwbi
mÜvb jvf, ißvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨ Drcv`b e„w×, †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM m¤úªmvib, mykvmb cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc, ivR‣bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZv AR©‡bi cÖqvm, wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve BZ¨vw` mewKQzB G‡`‡k wkíLv‡Zi AMÖMwZi Bw½Z †`q|
†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK mg„w× AR©‡b wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Avek¨KZv I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mswkøó mKj gn‡ji
BwZevPK `„wófw½ I g‡bvfve hZ `ªæZ m„wó nq ZZB Zv g½jRbK| m‡e©vcwi †`kxq D‡`¨vM I
wewb‡qvM AvKl©‡Yi cvkvcvwk we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Av¯’v AR©b I cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j
mKj evav-wecwË `~i K‡i m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hv‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi AvIZv wn‡m‡e evwY‡Rï mgm¨v
Problems of Commerce in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k Af¨šÍixY I •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ wewfbœ mgm¨v we`¨gvb| †h Kvi‡Y h‡_ó m¤¢vebv _vKvi
ciI G‡`‡k evwY‡Rï Kvw•ÿZ m¤úªmviY m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wb‡gœ Giæc mgm¨vmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
K. Af¨šÍixY evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of home trade)
 `ÿ D‡`¨v³v I eë¯’vc‡Ki Afve
 g~ja‡bi mxgve×Zv
 cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi mxgve×Zv
 ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv
 miKvwi wewfbœ ms¯’vi mn‡hvwMZvi Afve
 ga¨¯’ eëmvqx‡ì †`․ivZœ¨
 cY¨ I †mevi wbgœgvb
L. •e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mgm¨v: (Problems of foreign trade )
 ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi Afve
 `ÿ ißvwbKvi‡Ki Afve
 ißvwb c‡Yï mxgve×Zv ev †cvkvK wk‡íi Dci AwZwbf©iZv
 ißvwb evRvi m¤úªmvi‡Y DbœZ †K․kj I cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii Afve
 `ªæZ wkc‡g›U mgm¨v
 AvÂwjK mnvqZvi Afve
 ißvwb m¤úªmvi‡Y e¨vKIqvW© I d‡ivqvW© wjs‡KR wk‡íi Afve
evsjv‡`‡k evwY‡Rï m¤¢vebv (Prospects of commerce in Bangladesh):
evsjv‡`‡k evwY‡R¨vi m¤¢vebv h‡_ó Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| cvBKvwi I LyPiv eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
eª¨v‡Ûi c‡Yï m¤úªmviY, LyPiv weµqg~j¨ wba©viY, †gvoKxKiY eë¯’vi Dbœqb, cÖZ¨ÿ
evRviRvZKiY eë¯’v cÖmvi BZ¨vw` c`‡ÿc MÖvgxY evRvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡”Q weavq †jb‡`b A‡bK
mnR n‡q‡Q| gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× cvIqvq gvby‡li †fv‡Mi cÖeYZv w`b w`b evo‡Q| gvby‡li iæwP I
Pvwn`vi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q bZzb wWRvBb I gv‡bi cY¨ evRv‡i Avm‡Q| ivRavwb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †QvU
kni ch©šÍ wecwb weZvb M‡o DVvq evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ûi we¯Í…wZ NU‡Q| ißvwb evwY‡R¨ we`¨gvb mgm¨v
gv_vq †i‡L Avg`vwbKviK‡ì g‡b Av¯’v m„wói D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡”Q| ißvwbgywL cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `ÿZv
e„w× I we‡`wk evwYwR¨K wgkb¸‡jv‡K mwµq Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡”Q| mewKQz wgwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
Af¨šÍwib I •e‡`wkK evwYR¨ fwel¨‡Z AviI mg„× n‡e|
1.04 mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi aviYv
Concept of Social Business
cÖPwjZ eëmvq Avgv‡ì wkÿv †`q Kxfv‡e AwaK gybvdv AR©b Kiv hvq| A_©vr cÖPwjZ eëmvq
Avgv‡ì‡K ¯^v_©ci K‡i †Zv‡j| Aciw`‡K mvgvwRK eëmvq Avgv‡ì‡K wkÿv †`q Kxfv‡e
eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g ¯^í gybvdvq mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq| gybvdv AR©‡bi wbR¯^
•ewkó¨, eëmvq m¤úªmviY Ges mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fzwgKv ivLvq eZ©gvb we‡k¦
mvgvwRK eëmvq aviYvwU e¨cK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| G avibvwU cÖ_‡g Dc¯’vcb I Dbœqb
K‡ib evsjv‡`‡ki †bv‡ej weRqx Wt †gvt BDbym| wZwb 2008 mv‡j Zvi cÖKvwkZ eB ÒCreating
a world without poverty:social business and the future of capitalism” me©cÖ_g G
avibvwU †`b| ciewZ©‡Z 2010 mv‡j Zvi cÖKvwkZ ÒBuilding Social Business: The new
kind of Capitalism that serve humanity’s most pressing needs” G GB g‡WjwUi
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
wPÎ: mvgvwRK eëmvq

mvgvwRK eëmvq n‡”Q GKwU KviY avweZ (Cause-driven) eëmvq| mvgvwRK eëmvq
wewb‡qvMKvix ax‡i ax‡i Zvi wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab Zz‡j wb‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi evB‡i †Kv‡bv jf¨vsk †m
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q eëmvq cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri GK ev GKvwaK
mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv; GLv‡b wewb‡qvMKvixi †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K bv| G eëmv‡qi
gybvdv eënvi Kiv nq mvgvwRK eëmvq m¤úªmviY ev cY¨ Dbœq‡b| G Kvi‡YB wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb
†_‡K †Kv‡bv gybvdv D‡Ëvjb K‡i bv|
c‡Yï LiP Zz‡j gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G eëmvq GK ev GKvwaK mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨
†hgb−Mixe‡ì ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, Avevmb eë¯’v, Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb, Acywó‡Z †fvMv wkï‡ì cywói eë¯’v
Kiv, wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn, bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwbi eë¯’v BZ¨vw` AR©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
W. gynv¤§` BDb~m mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wb‡gœv³ •ewk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb−
 mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb: ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, `wi`ªZv, cwi‡ek, Rjevqy BZ¨vw`|
 jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e wewb‡qvMKvix †Kv‡bv gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 GKwU eëmvq‡K mvgvwRK eëmvq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e hw` GwUi gvwjKvbv `wi`ª
†kªwYi Rb¨ nq Ges GwU mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Social Business):
mvgvwRK eëmvq `ycÖKvi| h_v−
1. UvBc-I: mvgvwRK eëmvq
2. UvBc-II: mvgvwRK eëmvq|
1. UvBc-I: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK eëmvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mvgvwRK, •bwZK A_ev cwi‡ekMZ jÿ¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cY¨ mieiv‡ni Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †hgb−MÖvgxY Wv‡bvb
(Grameen Danone), MÖvgxY kw³ (Grameen Sokti)|
2. UvBc-II: G ai‡bi mvgvwRK eëmvq gybvdvwbf©i eëmvq †hwUi gvwjK n‡eb Mwie ev mgv‡Ri
wbgœweËiv hviv mivmwi jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i ev c‡ivÿfv‡e myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvgvwRK eëmvq Aeëmvqx cÖwZôvb Ges eëmvwqK mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ †_‡K wfbœ|
mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Social Business)
W. gynv¤§` BDb~m Ges n¨vbm †iBUR (Hans Reitz), mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi 7wU bxwZgvjvi K_v
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv−
 mvgvwRK eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e `vwi`ªZv `~i Kiv, A_ev mgv‡Ri GK ev GKvwaK mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv|
 Avw_©K I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb mvab
 wewb‡qvMKvixiv ïaygvÎ Zv‡ì cÖv_wgK wewb‡qv‡Mi A_© Zz‡j wb‡Z cvi‡e| wewb‡qv‡Mi
AwZwi³ jf¨vsk †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 hLb †Kv¤úvwbi wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© †diZ †`qv n‡e ZLb †Kv¤úvwbi hZ gybvdv n‡e Zv
†Kv¤úvwbi Dbœqb I m¤úªmvi‡Y eënvi Kiv n‡e|
 cwi‡ekMZ m‡PZbZv|
 Kgx©iv fv‡jv cwi‡e‡k Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk b¨vh¨ gRywi cvq|
 KvR Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Kiv|
1.05 eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj
Functions of Business
cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cu․Qv‡bv ch© šÍ hveZxq
Kvh©vewj eëmv‡qi AšÍfy©³| †fv³v ev †µZvi mšÍywó AR©bB eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨|
wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©vewjmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
 Drcv`b ( production): cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msMÖn ev D‡Ëvjb K‡i †fv³v‡ì Afve c~i‡Yi
D‡Ï‡k¨ G¸‡jv‡K eënv‡ivc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ eëmvq Drcv`bKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| G
KvR‡K iƒcvšÍi Dc‡hvwMZv m„wóI ejv n‡q _v‡K| Drcv`b eëmv‡qi g~L¨ KvR|
 cwienb (Transportation): mvaviYZ cY¨mvgMÖx †`‡ki we‡kl GjvKvq Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv
†`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j fvM Kiv nq| GgZve¯’vq Drcvw`Z cY¨ cwien‡bi gva¨‡g Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z
†`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq wb‡q wM‡q †fv³v‡ì KvQvKvwQ gRy` Kiv nq| G KvR‡K c‡Yï ¯’vbMZ
Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó ejv nq| cY¨mvgwMÖ‡K ¯’vbvšÍ‡i cwievwnZ Kiv n‡jB Zv †fv‡M jvMv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
 µq-weµq (Buying and selling): eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv cY¨ I †mev µq-
weµq Kiv| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, cY¨ I †mevi µq-weµq eëmv‡qi cÖvY¯îƒc|
 A_© mieivn (Supply of money): eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i e¨vswKs-G wb‡qvwRZ
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv A_© mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g eëmvq-evwYR¨‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zv‡j|
 SuywK n¯ÍvšÍi (Transfering risk): eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g eëmvq-msµvšÍ eûwea SuywKI n¯ÍvšÍwiZ
nq| cY¨ enbKv‡j wKsev eëmvq cwiPvjbvKv‡j AwMœKvÐ, eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú, Pzwi-WvKvwZ BZ¨vw`
Kvi‡Y †hme SuywKi m„wó nq wegv †Kv¤úvwb †mme SuywKi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|
 wnmveiÿY (Accounting): eëmvq wnmve iÿv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©| eëmvqx †jb‡`b wnmvefy³
KivB G Kv‡h©i AšÍf©y³| wnmveiÿ‡Yi gva¨g Kviev‡ii Avq-e¨q, jvf-ÿwZ Ges Dnvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v
Rvbv hvq| Gi Øviv †hgb eZ©gvb Ae¯’v eyS‡Z cviv hvq †Zgwb fwel¨r cš’v w¯’i Kiv nq|
 weÁvcb I cÖPvi (Advertisement and publicity): cª‡Z¨K eëmvqx ms¯’v cY¨-evZ©v
m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì `„wó‡MvPi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ weÁvcb I cÖPviKvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †µZv m„wó
Kiv Ges RbmvaviY‡K cY¨wUi LwiÏv‡i cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ weÁvcb I cÖPvi cÖ‡qvRb|
wPÎ: weÁvcb I cÖPvi

• †gvoKxKiY (Packing): cY¨ weµq I en‡bi myweav‡_© wewfbœ cwigv‡Y cY¨‡K Av‡MB
†gvoKxKiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| DbœZ I AvKl©bxq c¨v‡KU, †evZj ev wU‡b cY¨ †gvoKxKiY Kiv n‡j
Zv †µZv‡ì `„wó AvKl©‡b I Gi h_vh_ msiÿ‡b mnvqZv nq |
• gRyZKiY (Storing) Drcvw`Z ev µqK…Z cY¨ weµq n‡Z wKQzUv mgq †bq| †g․mygx `ªe¨
Drcv`b I msMÖ‡ni ci A‡bKw`b gRyZ K‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| ZvB Giƒc msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
eëmvq‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ¸`vgRvZKiY myweav M‡o Zzj‡Z †`Lv hvq|
• cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZ KiY (Standardising and grading):
cÖwgZKiY n‡jv †g․wjK gvb wbav©iY Ges ch©vwqZKiY n‡jv D³ cÖwZwôZ gvb Abyhvqx cY¨ `ªe¨ fvM ev
†kÖwYe× Kiv| eëmv‡q cY¨-`ªe¨ Drcv`b I e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZKi‡Y cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
 evRvi msµvšÍ M‡elYv I DrKl© mvab (Market research and development): cY¨
weµ‡qi KvR ÿgZvi mv‡_ mym¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ evRvi msµvšÍ M‡elYv eëmv‡qi GKwU
cª‡qvRbxq KvR| cÖ‡Z¨K eëmvqx ms¯’v weµ‡qi Rb¨B cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b A_ev µq K‡i
_v‡K| wKš‘ weµ‡qi evRvi e¨vcK I AwbwðZ| weµ‡qi mvd‡jï Rb¨ evRvi cwiwa wba©viY Kiv
Ges LwiÏv‡ii Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© mywbwðZ _vKv GKvšÍ ìKvi| LwiÏv‡ii iæwP, Pvwn`vi eZ©gvb I
fwel¨r MwZ-cÖK…wZ, evRv‡ii we¯Í„wZ, µqÿgZv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Kiv G
Kv‡h©i AšÍf©y³|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, gvby‡li Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ hveZxq •ea A_©‣bwZK wµqvKjvcB n‡jv eëmvq
Avi eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kg©KvÐB n‡jv eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj| m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vewji g‡a¨ †hme
KvR gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjv‡ci AvIZvq c‡o| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKRb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hv K‡i ZvB eëmvqxK Kvh©Kjvc|
1.06 eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of Business
eZ©gvb Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ `ªæZ A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb I cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evwo‡q ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, evwYR¨ †hvMv‡hvM, cwienb cÖf„wZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi Dbœq‡bi
mv‡_ eëmvq IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
K. A_©‣bwZK ¸iæZ¡ (Economic Importance):
 A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë wewfbœ m¤ú` AvniY K‡i
eëmvq wk‡íi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i| †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi
wbwðZ K‡i eëmvq A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
 kªgwefv‡Mi mydj (Merits of division of labour): eëmvwqK ZrciZv e„w× cvIqvi ìæb
Drcv`b I Ab¨vb¨ eëmvwqK Kh©µ‡g kªgwefvM Ges we‡klxKi‡Yi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j kªg `ÿZv
e„w× cvq Ges c‡Yï g~j¨ Kg c‡o| ZvB †fv³viv ¯^í e¨‡q cY¨ µq K‡i Zv †fvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
 cuywR MVb (Formation of capital): †`‡k cuywRMV‡bi nvi hZ †ewk nq, A_©‣bwZK
Dbœq‡bi nviI ZZ †e‡o hvq| eëmvq e¨vswKs eë¯’v, wegv eë¯’v BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †`‡ki
†fZiKvi wewÿß mÂq GKwÎZ K‡i cuywR MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges G cuywR eëmv-evwY‡R¨ eënvi
K‡i RvZxq Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i| d‡j A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
 cÖhyw³i eënvi I A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY (Use of technology and economic welfare):
eëmvq DbœZ ai‡bi cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i gvby‡li AZ…ß Pvwn`v
c~iY Kivi cÖqvm cvq| cÖhyw³i Dchy³ eënvi mgv‡R gvby‡li Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡b Ges A_©‣bwZK
Dbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|
 miKvwi Avq e„w× (Increase of government income): eëmvqx cªwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU

†_‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi Ki I ïé eve` miKvi cÖPzi ivR¯^ Avq K‡i| G A_© miKvi RbwnZKiKv‡h©
e¨q K‡i †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ‡K Pv½v K‡i †Zv‡j|
 m¤ú‡ì eënvi (Use of resources): eëmvqx Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g †`‡ki †fZ‡i cÖvß
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Dchy³ eënvi m¤¢eci nq| Lwb †_‡K m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb, mgy`ª †_‡K grm m¤ú`
AvniY, eb-R½j †_‡K ebR m¤ú` msMÖn BZ¨vw` meB eëmv‡qi djkÖæwZ|

L. mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ (Social Importance):

 g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv iÿv (Keeping price stability): `ªe¨g~j¨ †ewk DVvbvgv Ki‡j gvby‡li
RxebhvÎv Amnbxq n‡q D‡V| ZvB eëmvq cY¨g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
 Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment): GKwU †`‡k AmsL¨ eëmvq cÖwZôvb A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z
Ae`vb iv‡L| Gme cÖwZôv‡b kZ kZ †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, eëmvq
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi hvÎvc_‡K wbwe©Nœ Kivi cÖqvm Pvjvq|
 cY¨ mieivn (Product supply): mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li •`bw›`b Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbm¤§Z cY¨`ªe¨ I †mev mieivn wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
 c‡Yï gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of the quality of products): eëmv‡qi
AvaywbKvq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb e„w×i cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| wba©vwiZ cY¨ ¸‡Y-gv‡b
DËg n‡j †fvMKvixiv h‡_ó DcK…Z nq| †fvMKvix‡ì DcKvi mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡YiB bvgvšÍi|
 RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of standard of living): eëmvq GKw`‡K cÖPzi
cY¨`ªe¨ †hgb Drcv`b K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K Gme mvgwMÖ eënviKvixi ØvicÖv‡šÍ G‡b nvwRi K‡i|
Gfv‡e eëmvq mvgwMÖKfv‡e RbM‡Yi myL-mg„w× e‡q Av‡b Ges Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi
gv‡bi Dbœqb N‡U|
 AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© (International relation): eëmvq w`K-w`M‡šÍ Gi evû cÖmvwiZ K‡i
wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZ I åvZ…Z¡ m„wó K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ eëmv‡qi GKwU A½ wn‡m‡e
wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ c‡Yï †jb‡`b NwU‡q cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvqK K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, AvaywbK we‡k¦ gvbe †Mvôxi me©v½xY Kj¨vY I mf¨Zvi µ‡gvbœwZ‡Z
eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| e¨w³, mgvR I RvZxq Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ ev
†mev AvniY, Drcv`b I weZiY msµvšÍ Kvh©µ‡g eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
1.07 A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb
Effect of Business in Economic Development
†h †Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨ eëmvq n‡”Q A_©bxwZi g~L¨ PvwjKv kw³| evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k|
DbœZ †`‡ki ch©v‡q †c․Qv‡Z n‡j A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| K…wlwbf©i †`k n‡jI G
†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi Ae`vb w`b w`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| eëmvq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi
wbwðZ Kiv, e¨w³MZ I RvZxq Avq e„w×, mÂ‡q Drmvn cÖ`vb, g~jab MV‡b mnvqZv, miKv‡ii ivR¯^
e„w×, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb BZ¨vw` Kv‡h©i gva¨‡g
Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmv‡qi
Ae`vb e¨vcK I Ab¯^xKvh©|
1.08 RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e eëmvq

Business as a Career
†Kv‡bv we‡kl we`¨vq e„wËg~jK Ávb AvniY K‡i cvi`wk©Zv I `ÿZv AR©‡bi ci ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Zvi cÖ‡qvM I
eënv‡ii Øviv RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡Póv‡K †ckv e‡j| †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zvi Rxeb‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvevi
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KvR‡K Aej¤^b Ki‡j †mUv †ckv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| G `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eëmvq‡K †ckv ev RxweKv
AR©‡bi Dcvq ej‡Z cvwi| KviY GKRb e¨w³ eëmvq K‡i Zvi e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiK Afvemg~n c~iY Ki‡Q|
eëmvq gvby‡li RxweKv AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcvq| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ Zvi ¯^í ev †ewk g~jab wb‡q mn‡RB
eëmvq Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A‡b‡K eëmvq‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi Rxeb‡K DbœwZi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| †KD hw` PvKwi K‡i Z‡e †m wbw`©ó
†eZb cvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi Pvwn`v ev AvKv•ÿv mxwgZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ †KD hw` eëmvq mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z
cv‡i Z‡e †m PvKwii †P‡q A‡bK †ewk DcvR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GLv‡b Zvi DcvR©b mxwgZ _v‡K bv|
eëmvq Kg©ms¯’v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| GKwU †`‡k hZ †ewk eëmv‡qi m¤úªªmviY NU‡e ZZ †ewk
gvby‡li K‡g©i ms¯’vb n‡e|
eëmvq n‡jv ¯^vaxb †ckv ev e„wË| GKRb eëmvqx •eafv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv eëmv‡q cyuwR wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †mLvb †_‡K gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, GRb¨ †Kv‡bv Revew`wn KviI wbKU Ki‡Z nq bv| ZvB
¯^vaxb †ckv wn‡m‡e eëmvq‡K mevB cQ›` K‡i|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:
1| eëmv‡qi cÖ_g I Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR Kx ?
K. evRviRvZKiY
L. Drcv`b
M. cÖwgZKiY
N. evRvi M‡elYv
2| †UªW (µq-weµq) †Kvb ai‡bi evav `~i K‡i?
K. ¯^Z¡MZ L. cÖPviMZ
M. A_©MZ N. iƒcMZ
3| evwYR¨ †fv³v‡ì wbKU cY¨ †cu․Qv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K−
i. ¯’vbMZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g
ii. mvgvwRK mnvqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g
iii. A_©MZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

Rwjj eb †_‡K †eZ msMÖn K‡i Zv Øviv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì‡K wb‡q †mvdv, †gvov BZ¨vw` •Zwi K‡i
Rbve Kvgv‡ji †`vKv‡b mieivn K‡i| Kvgvj †m¸‡jv XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ †`vKv‡b mieivn K‡i|
4| Rbve Kvgv‡ji eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq?
K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi
M. cvBKvwi N. LyPiv
5| Rwjj hw` wb‡RB Zvi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ †`vKv‡b mieivn Ki‡Z Pvq
Zvn‡j Zvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e−
i. cwiwPwZ I evRviRvZKiY `ÿZv
ii. AwZwi³ Rbej I cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ
iii. cwienb myweav
M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| wg. AvKvk _vBj¨vÛ †_‡K Pvj µq K‡i D³ Pvj evQvB‡qi ci we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k weµq
K‡ib| 2011 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Pv‡ji g~j¨ n«vm †c‡j wZwb mswKZ n‡q c‡ob Ges
`ªæZZvi mv‡_ †`kxq evRv‡i D³ Pvj wewµ K‡i †`b| G‡Z wZwb Avw_©K ÿwZi m¤§yLxb
nb| wKš‘ 2012 mv‡ji ïiæ‡ZB AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Avevi Pv‡ji `vg evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
K. eëmvq Kx?
L. cÖZ¨ÿ †mev ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. wg. AvKvk †Kvb ai‡bi evwY‡Rï mv‡_ RwoZ? −e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki †`kxq evRv‡i Pvj wewµ bv K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q wg. AvKvk ÿwZi
nvZ †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z cvi‡Zb? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI|
2| w`cb we. G. cvm K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `vuov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q| wb‡R‡ì GKUv Abvev`x cyKzi
ms¯‥vi K‡i gv‡Qi †iby †Q‡o‡Q| cv‡ki †QvÆ RvqMv‡Z wKQz Pviv w`‡q‡Q| •`wbK hv‡Z wKQz
wbqwgZ Avq Av‡m GRb¨ GbwRI †_‡K FY wb‡q GKUv gyiMxi Lvgvi K‡i‡Q| `yÕRb Kg©PvixI
wb‡qvM w`‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`b †m A‡bK wWg weµq K‡i| wKš‘ nVvr †iv‡M A‡bK gyiMx gviv hvIqvq
†m kswKZ| cïcvjb Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K cÖwkÿY †bqvi Rb¨ e‡j‡Qb|
K. mvgvwRK eëmvq Kx?
L. wb®‥vkb wkí ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. w`cb †Kvb ai‡bi wkí M‡o Zz‡j‡Q Zv−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. w`c‡bi ksKvi mv‡_ eëmv‡qi †Kvb •ewk‡óï mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡Q we‡kølY Ki|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
eëmvq cwi‡ek
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
ejv nq gvbyl cwi‡e‡ki `vm| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ Aewa cwi‡ek cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e gvbyl‡K PvwjZ
K‡i| Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek| Aciw`‡K eëmvq cwi‡ek mvgwMÖK
cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Ask, hv ïay eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ RwoZ| eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© gy³evRvi
A_©bxwZi hy‡M eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©i K‡i eëmv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki Dci| †hme
cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`vb eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi mgwó‡K eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek
e‡j| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv|
• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb|
• eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve|
• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡k AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j Zv

wPwýZKiY|
• evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v|
• evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi c‡_ we`¨gvb mgm¨v¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq wPwýZKiY|

2.01 eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv

Concept of Business Environment
evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g ¯^íweËm¤úbœ GKRb K…l‡Ki N‡i GKUv wkï Rb¥ wbj| Gici Zvi cwiPh©v,
†e‡o IVv, †jLvcov, Rxeb-RxweKv I wPšÍv-fvebv †h ai‡bi n‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g Rb¥ †bqv
wkï Ges Zvi cwiPh©v, †e‡o IVv, †jLvcovmn mewKQz n‡e wfbœZi| Gi wcQ‡b Df‡qi cvwicvwk¦©KZv
A_©vr cÖvK…wZK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK BZ¨vw` cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n wfbœ ev¯ÍeZvi Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| GUv‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi †Kv‡bvB my‡hvM †bB|
ZvB ejv hvq, cÖwZwU gvbyl Zvi wPšÍv-wek¦vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rxeb-RxweKvmn †h wfbœ fveaviv‡Z M‡o I‡V Gi
wcQ‡b me‡P‡q eo cÖfve Zvi cwi‡ek| †mRb¨B ejv nq, gvbyl AvRb¥ cwi‡e‡ki Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| †hme
cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`vb eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi mgwó‡K eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek| †hme
Ae¯’v eëmv‡qi DbœwZi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K eëmvq cwi‡ek e‡j| eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi
cwi‡ek ej‡Z mvaviYZ evB‡ii †mme Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K eySv‡bv nq †h¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ my‡hvM e‡q Avb‡Z
cv‡i wKsev ÿwZi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2.02 eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb
Elements of Business Environment
eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi hy‡M eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©i K‡i
eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK Kvh©vewj Ges
eëmvqÑevwYR¨‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| wb‡gœ eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:
1| cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb (Natural element): cÖK…wZMZ Kvi‡Y †h cwi‡ek m„wó nq Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡ek e‡j| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy,
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, Ae¯’vb, AvqZb, RbmsL¨v, b`-
b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb|
G Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ wKsev Abycw¯’wZi
Øviv eëmvq Kvh©Kjvc cÖfvweZ nq| †m
Kvi‡YB Gme Dcv`v‡bi AbyK~j †ÿ‡Î
eëmvq-evwYR¨, wkí-KiLvbv AwaK cwigv‡Y M‡o I‡V|
2| A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb (Economic element):
ÒA_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek KZK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ hv †fv³vi µq ÿgZv I e¨‡qi aib‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i|Ó Gme Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A_© I FY eë¯’v, mÂq I wewb‡qvM, g~jab BZ¨vw`|
A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði Dci GKwU †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï cÖwZôv I cÖmvi e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©ikxj|
GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq Avq, †fv‡Mi cwigvY, Drcv`b I eÈb, Mo gv_vwcQy Avq BZ¨vwì Ici wfwË
K‡i M‡o I‡V †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek| Kv‡RB DcwiD³ Dcv`vbmg~n AbK~j n‡j eëmvq
evwY‡Rï m¤cÖmviY I Dbœqb mnRZi nq|
eëmvq cwi‡ek 23
3| mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK Dcv`vb (Social and cultural element):
gvbyl mgvRe× Rxeb hvc‡b Af¨¯Í| G mgvRe× gvby‡li a¨vb-aviYv, wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZ, g‡bvfve
I wek¦vm, ixwZ-bxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, ag©xq †PZbv BZ¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek| eëmvq-evwY‡Rï Dci G mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve Amxg| mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
mnR, my›ì I AbyK~j n‡j eëmvq evwYR¨ Zvi Kvg¨ jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
4| ivR‰bwZK I AvBbMZ Dcv`vb (Political and legal element): GKwU †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK
I AvBbMZ Dcv`vbmg~n eëmv‡qi Dbœqb I weKv‡k e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKvwi
wbqg-Kvbyb, AvBb-k„•Ljv I wbivcËv eë¯’v AbyK~j n‡j eëmvqI `ªæZMwZ‡Z weKwkZ n‡Z
cv‡i| wVK †Zgwb ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, eëmvq evwY‡Rï cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wófw½, evwYR¨
bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ BZ¨vwì AvbyK~j¨ Ges miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv eëmv‡qi
m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv iv‡L|
eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~n
cÖvK…wZK A_©‣bwZK mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK I Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ Avš—R©vwZK

Dcv`vb Dcv`vb mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb AvBbMZ Dcv`vb Dcv`vb Dcv`vb
• f~-cÖK…wZ • A_© I FY • wk¶v ms¯‥…wZ • ivR‣bwZK • cÖhyw³MZ wk¶v • Avš—R©vwZK Pzw³

• Rjevqy eë¯’v • ag©xq †PZbv w¯’wZkxjZv eë¯’v • wek¦ evwYR¨ bxwZ
• cÖvK…wZK • mÂq I • mvgvwRK ixwZ-• miKvwi • Z_¨cÖevn • Avš—R©vwZK
m¤ú` wewb‡qvM bxwZ bxwZgvjv • weÁvb M‡elYv evRvi eë¯’v
• AvqZb I • g~jab • eëmvq msµvš— cÖwZôvbmg~n • cÖwZ‡ewk †`‡ki
• g‡bvfve I
mv‡_ m¤úK©
RbmsL¨v • Avw_©K wek¦vm AvBb-Kvbyb BZ¨vw`|
• DbœZ †`‡ki
• cvnvo-b`x cÖwZôvbmg~n • g~j¨‡eva • AvBb-k„•Ljv mv‡_ m¤úK©
BZ¨vw`| BZ¨vw`| • BwZnvm I • cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`|
HwZn¨ BZ¨vw`| msµvš— AvBb
BZ¨vw`|
wPÎ: eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvwi Dcv`vbmg~n

5| Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb (Information and technological element): eZ©gvb

wek¦eë¯’v Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ wbf©i| cÖhyw³ †hgb gvby‡li Rxe‡b G‡b‡Q AvaywbKZvi †Quvqv, eZ©gvb
Kw¤úDUviwfwËK Z_¨ eë¯’vI †Zgwb gvby‡li Rxebaviv‡K cy‡ivcywi e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi
Áv‡bi Øviv M‡elYv I D™¢ve‡bi d‡j wek¦ cv‡”Q bZzb bZzb Avwe®‥vi, †µZv I †fv³viv cv‡”Q bZyb
bZzb cY¨ I †mevmvgMÖx| Avevi Z_¨ eë¯’vi Aeva cÖevn eëmvq-evwYR¨ MwZ mÂvi Ki‡Z mÿg
n‡q‡Q| Z‡_ï Aeva cÖevn e¨ZxZ AvR‡Ki wek¦vq‡bi (Globalisation) hy‡M eëmvq-evwY‡R¨
AMÖMwZ I Dbœq‡bi cÖZ¨vkv `yivkvgvÎ|
6| AvšÍR©vwZK Dcv`vb (International element): eZ©gvb eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿÎ AvR Avi
†Kej mxwgZ MwÐ‡Z Ave× †bB| eëmvq AvR †`‡ki mxgvbv Qvwo‡q wek¦e¨vcx Zvi mKj
Wvjcvjv cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q| myZivs eëmv‡qi AvšÍR©vwZK w`K‡K Ae‡njv Kivi
my‡hvM †bB| GKwU †`‡ki mv‡_ Aci †`‡ki m¤úK©, we‡kl K‡i DbœZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Dbœqbkxj ev
AbybœZ †`‡ki m¤úK© eëmvq‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| GQvov AvšÍR©vwZK Pyw³, wek¦ evwYR¨
bxwZ I wek¦evRvi eë¯’v, cÖwZ‡ewk †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ m¤úK© BZ¨vw` †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki eëmvq-
evwY‡R¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dc‡iv³ cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB eëmvq‡K †Kv‡bv bv
†Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
2.03 eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve

The Effect of Environmental Elemants on Business
eëmvq GKwU A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ| gvby‡li Rxeb cÖYvwj I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði Dci
cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev kw³mg~n †hfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e eëmvq Ges ZrmsµvšÍ
Kvh©vewjI cwi‡ekMZ wewfbœ PjK / Dcv`vb / kw³ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
†hgb i‡q‡Q f~-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, g„wËKv, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vwì g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb, †Zgwb
i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, cÖhyw³, miKvwi wewa-weavb BZ¨vwì g‡Zv A-
cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~n| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó AÂ‡ji G mgq cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb GKK Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e
Anin H ¯’v‡bi eëmvwqK Kg©aviv, wm×všÍ, djcÖ`Zv BZ¨vw`‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1| cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ g~jab cÖvwß (Availability of capital for the venture): eëmvq GKwU
m„Rbkxj I D™¢vebg~jK KvR| eëmvqxi Giƒc D™¢vebx kw³‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb ch©vß g~ja‡bi| msMVb ¯’vcb, KjKâv I hš¿cvwZ µq, KuvPvgvj msMÖn BZ¨vw`
eve` cÖPzi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| D`vi FY`vb bxwZ, myô z I Kvh©K i †kqvi evRv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ
Ges m‡e©vcwi †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi Dci g~jab mieivn cwiw¯’wZ wbf©ikxj| †`‡k
AbyK ~j A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek we`¨gvb _vK‡j eëmv‡qi g~jab cÖvwß mnR nq| Ab¨w`‡K
cÖwZK~ j A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek g~jab cÖvwß‡Z weNœ m„wó K‡i| d‡j eëmvq evavcÖvß nq|
eëmvq cwi‡ek 25
2| AbyK~j Ki KvVv‡gv (Favourable tax structure): †`‡ki weivRgvb AbyK~j Ki I ïé
bxwZ eëmv‡qi Dci BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j| †`‡k we`¨gvb Ki KvVv‡gv‡Z †hme Lv‡Z ev AÂ‡j
wkí-KviLvbv I eëmvq ¯’vc‡b Ki †iqvZ †`qv nq, †mme Lv‡Z ev AÂ‡j `ªæZ wkí KviLvbv
M‡o D‡V| cÖwZK~j Ki I ïé KvVv‡gv bZzb wkí ¯’vcb‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvjy wkí
KviLvbv I eëmvq Kg©Kv‡Ði BwZ NUvq|
3| jvB‡mÝ cÖvwßi myweav (Facility to getting licence): †`‡k wkí ¯’vcb I eëmvwqK
Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mswkøó KZ„©c‡ÿi Aby‡gv`b| wkí ¯’vc‡bi Giƒc Aby‡gv`b ev
jvB‡mÝ cÖvwßi myweav ev Amyweav eëmvqx Kvh©µ‡g h_vµ‡g BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i| ZvB †`Lv hvq, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î miKvwi Aby‡gv`b I jvB‡mÝ cÖ`v‡b `xN©m~wÎZvi bxwZ
eëmvqx D‡`¨vM‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i| Avevi G‡ÿ‡Î Z¡wiZ eë¯’vi bxwZ wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡b
mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
4| f~wg cÖvwßi myweav (Advantages of getting land): wkí ev eëmvq ¯’vc‡b h_vh_ myweav
msewjZ f~wg cÖ‡qvRb| myôz †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v, evRv‡ii •bKU¨, KuvPvgvj, kÖgkw³,
M¨vm, we`y¨r BZ¨vwì mnRjf¨Zv msewjZ f~wg h_vh_ wkí ¯’vc‡bi mnvqK| Ab¨w`‡K wkí
¯’vc‡bi Dc‡hvMx f~wgi Ach©vßZv eëmvq Kg©KvÐ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i|
5| myôz †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v (Smooth communication and transportation
system): myôz I ch©vß †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©‣bwZK Dcv`vb-hv
eëmvq ev wk‡íi cÖwZôv I Gi AMÖMwZ‡Z BwZevPK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| myôz †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
GKw`‡K †hgb KuvPvgvj msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Acwinvh©, Ab¨w`‡K Drcbœ cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi RbÏ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avevi DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’v eëmvq mswkøó wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vc‡bi RbÏ GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
6| evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM (Facility to access in the market): Drcvw`Z cY¨ Aev‡a weµ‡qi
my‡hvM Z_v c‡Yï evRvi jv‡fi my‡hvM Av‡iKwU A_©‣bwZK Dcv`vb-hv wkíxq Drcv`b‡K
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e DrmvwnZ K‡i| g~jZ cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq evRv‡i weµ‡qi wbwg‡Ë| GgZve¯’vq, †Kv‡bv
c‡Yï evRvi hw` GK‡PwUqv ev wbqwš¿Z ev msiÿYg~jK nq Z‡e H wk‡íi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ nq|
A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK©, KwcivBU A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv miKvwi wb‡`©k c‡Yï evRvi‡K
msiwÿZ I msKzwPZ K‡i iv‡L| Giƒc Ae¯’vq eëmvq Kg©KvÐ evavMÖ¯Í n‡q _v‡K|
7| AbyK~j FY I Avw_©K myweav (Favourable credit and financial facilities): eëmvqxMY
wkí ¯’vcb Ges Pjgvb wk‡í cÖ‡qvRbxq PjwZ g~jab †hvMvb †`qvi wbwg‡Ë A_ev m¤úªmvi‡Yi
Rb¨ ¯^í I `xN©‡gqvw` g~jab ev F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †eva K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq, †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j
Giƒc g~jab ev FY cÖvwßi my‡hvM bv _vK‡j eëmvqxMY wbiærmvwnZ n‡q c‡ob| d‡j eëmvq
Kg©KvÐ e¨vnZ nq| Avevi cÖ‡qvRbxq FY ev g~ja‡bi †hvMvb †`qvi Rb¨ †h AÂ‡j ch©vß e¨vsK,
myôz †kqvi evRvi ev we‡`wk mvnvh¨ we`¨gvb †mLv‡b mn‡RB wkí I eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V|
8| mnvqK I †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡bi Dcw¯’wZ (Presence of supporting and service

organisations): †Kv‡bv A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ ev wkí cÖwZôvbB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| GK‡K LvZ ev
wk‡í Dbœqb Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK wkí ev eëmv‡qi mg_©b ev mnvqZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvB e¨vsK,
wegv, cwienb, M¨vm, we`y¨r, dvqvi mvwf©m, cvBKvwi I LyPiv †`vKvb, †givgwZ mc,
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, WvK BZ¨vwì g‡Zv †mev`vbKvwi Ges mnvqK cÖwZôvb eëmvq cÖ‡Póv‡K †eMevb
K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
9| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v (Socio-cultural conditions): †Kv‡bv mgv‡R bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡bi
D‡`¨vM ev D`¨g M‡o DVv bv DVvi †cQ‡b H AÂ‡ji mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek ev
g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖfve A‡bKLvwb| AvaywbK cÖMwZkxj mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY,
g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm-Awek¦vm, cQ›`-AcQ›`, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o
DVvi mnvqK n‡jI mbvZbx mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡eva eëmvq D‡`¨vM m„wó‡Z e¨vNvZ NUvq| mbvZbx
mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡ev‡a wek¦vmxMY mvgšÍev`x wPšÍv- †PZbvq wek¦vmx| Zuviv eëmv‡q A_©-wewb‡qv‡Mi
†P‡q f~wgi gvwjKvbvq A_© wewb‡qvM‡K AwaK mvgvwRK gh©v`vi cÖZxK g‡b K‡ib| d‡j wewb‡qvM
wfbœ Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ nq weavq eëmvq Kg©KvÐ e¨vnZ nq|
10| AbyK~j miKvwi bxwZgvjv (Favourable government policies): ivóªxq mKj ch©v‡q cÖYxZ
I RvwiK…Z wewfbœ AvBb-Kvbyb, wewa-weavb, miKvwi-Av‡`k-Aa¨v‡`k BZ¨vwì †eovRv‡j Ave×
†_‡K GKRb eëmvqx ev wkí D‡`¨v³v‡K eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi
Rb¥jMœ †_‡K wejywßKvj ch©šÍ wewfbœ AvBbKvbyb eëmvwqK Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ I wbqwš¿Z K‡i|
miKvwi Giƒc AvBbKvby‡bi g‡a¨ Ki, ïé, f¨vU, eëmvq msMVb, e¨vsK, wegv, •e‡`wkK
wewbgq, cwi‡ek, kÖwgK, cwienb, Avg`vwb-ißvwb BZ¨vw` welqK wewa-weavb Ab¨Zg| eëmv‡qi
cÖwZ miKv‡ii g‡bvfve cÖYxZ I RvwiK„Z Gme AvBb, wewa-weavb BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq|
11| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v (Economic system): A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb A_©‣bwZK
eë¯’vI GKwU †`‡ki eëmvq cÖqvm‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ôgy³Õ ev cyuwRZvwš¿KÕ A_©
eë¯’vq A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û iv‡óªi †Zgb n¯Í‡ÿc bv _vKvq e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q D‡`¨vM cÖvavb¨ jvf
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Ôwbqwš¿ZÕ ev ÔmgvRZvwš¿KÕ A_© eë¯’vq Drcv`‡bi mgMÖ cÖwµqv iv‡óªi
gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Yvaxb _v‡K weavq e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY ev wkí ¯’vcb evavMÖ ¯Í
nq|
12| †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv (Political stablility): †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv wkí ev
eëmvq cwi‡ek‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, AvÂwjK Ø›Ø-msNvZ,
Nb Nb miKvi I bxwZi cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` wkí I evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek‡K wewNœZ K‡i| KviY Giæc
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY I G‡ì ev¯Íevqb evavMÖ¯Í nq| Ab¨w`‡K †`‡k

eëmvq cwi‡ek 27
ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I eëmv‡qi Dbœq‡b `xN©‡gqvw` myôz bxwZgvjv envj _vK‡j wkí-evwY‡Rï
Dbœqb N‡U|
13| weÁvb I cÖhyw³ (Science and technology): gvby‡li Rxe‡b bvUKxq cwieZ©b mva‡b
me‡P‡q cÖfve we¯ÍviKvwi Dcv`vb weÁvb I cÖhyw³| eZ©gvb hy‡Mi †cwbwmwjb, I‡cbnvU© mvR©vwi,
Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw` we¯§qKi Avwe®‥vi I eënvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡biB
dmj| cÖhyw³i `ªæZ Dbœqb GKw`‡K †hgb Drcv`b‡K mnRZi K‡i, Drcv`‡bi ¸YMZ gvb I
cwigvY e„w× K‡i, †Zgwb Zv eëmvqx‡ì Rb¨ wech©qI m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY bZzb cÖhyw³i
Avwef©ve cyivZb cÖhyw³i cÖwZ¯’vcb‡K Aek¨¤¢vex K‡i †Zv‡j|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, eëmvq Kg©KvÐ cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges Zv †_‡K D™¢~Z
wewfbœ cvwicvwk¦©K kw³ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‡j ev †`‡k cwi‡ekMZ kw³i Giƒc
cÖfve wfbœZi n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ ivó †_‡K iv‡óª, AÂj †_‡K AÂ‡j eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, MwZaviv,
Dbœqb, cÖe„w× BZ¨vw`‡Z wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq|
Kg©cÎ-1
eëmv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖfve we‡kølYc~e©K evsjv‡`‡ki Dci Gi cÖfve wPwýZ Ki|
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2.04 evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v

Problems in Developing Business Environment of Bangladesh
1| AeKvVv‡gv m¼U: evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b Ab¨Zg mgm¨v n‡”Q AeKvVv‡gvMZ
m¼U ev mgm¨v, AeKvVv‡gv ej‡Z, iv¯ÍvNvU, we`y¨r eë¯’v, M¨vm, KuvPvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv,
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, eëmv‡qi jvB‡mÝ cÖvc¨Zv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| GB welq¸‡jv Avgv‡` i

†`‡k mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
2| cÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Zi `ye©jZv: eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb †hgb-
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb (e¨vsK, wegv, †kqvi evRvi) GB mKj Lv‡Z h‡_ó `yej
© Zv Av‡Q|
3| mgwóK A_©‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv: eëmvq †ÿ‡Î †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM cvIqv hvq bv,
hvi d‡j mgwóK A_©bxwZi eë¯’vcbv `ye©j n‡q c‡o‡Q|
4| cYëvRvi I kÖgevRv‡ii A`ÿZv: cY¨ mieiv‡n †`wi nIqv ev e¨q e„w× Avg`vwb I ißvwb
evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cÖwµqvRvZ RwUjZv, A_©vq‡bi mnRcÖvc¨Zvi Afve, I iæjm Ae AwiwRb
BZ¨vwì Rb¨ cY¨ evRvi I kÖgevRv‡i A`ÿZv †`Lv w`‡”Q|
5| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek kZ m¤¢vebv‡K webó Ki‡Q| ej‡j
A‡h․w³K n‡e bv| ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’ivZv, mš¿vm, Puv`vevwR, †UÛvievwR meB n‡”Q ivR‣bwZK
QÎQvqvq| hv RbMY‡K ev‡i ev‡i nZvk Ki‡Q|
6| Drcv`‡b eëüZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi NvUwZ: Dcv`‡b eëüZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y
†µZvi Pvwn`v Abycv‡Z ¸YMZ gv‡bi cY¨ mieiv‡n e¨_©Zv †`Lv †`q|
2.05 evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq
Ways to Overcome Business Environment Development in Bangladesh
• Avgv‡ì eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î AeKvVv‡gvMZ †h mgm¨v †hgb-†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, we`y¨r
eë¯’v, M¨vm BZ¨vw` mnRjf¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
• eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi mvnvh¨ †hgb-e¨vsK, wegv, †kqvi evRvi n‡Z
mn‡R Avw_©K mvnvh¨ ev FY myweav ch©vß n‡Z n‡e|
• †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M •e‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡M D‡`¨v³viv hv‡Z DrmvwnZ nq Ges mgwóK A_©bxwZ‡K mej
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’iZv, mš¿vm, Puv`vevwR, †UÛvievwR, Ab¨‡K VKv‡bvi cÖeYZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Drcv`‡b DbœZ cÖhyw³ I `ÿZvi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †µZv‡ì‡K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ¸bMZ
gv‡bi cY¨ me©ivn Kiv hvq|
• Avg`vwb ißvwb evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î cÖwµqvMZ RwUjZv `~ixKiY, iæjm Ae AwiwRb BZ¨vw` h_v_©
K‡i cY¨ evRvi I kÖg evRv‡ii A`ÿZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kg©cÎ-2
evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v we‡kølY c~e©K Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki
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eëmvq cwi‡ek 29
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖk:œ
1| c‡Yï Pvwn`v wba©viK cwi‡ek †KvbwU?

K. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
L. ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek
M. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
N. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek
2| mgv‡Ri gvbyl GKw`‡K Drcv`bKvwi Ab¨w`‡K †fv³v wn‡m‡e †Kvb f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib?
K. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv L. mgš^qKvixi f~wgKv
M. •ØZ f~wgKv N. Drcv`bKvwii f~wgKv
3| `ÿ kÖgkw³i Ici wbf©ikxj−
i. eëmv‡qi DbœwZ
ii. Ávb weÁv‡bi DbœwZ
iii. wk‡íi mvdj¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek cÖwZK~j n‡jI wb‡Pi †KvbwU wewb‡qvM mnvqK f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K. RbemwZc~Y© †`k nIqvq wewfbœ c‡Yï Pvwn`v
L. miKvwi gy`vª bxwZi Dbœqb
M. cyuwR evRv‡ii Dbœqb
N. D‡`¨v³v‡K DrmvwnZKiY
5. •Zwi †cvkvK wkí evsjv‡`‡k GKwU m¤úªmviYkxj wkí| G wk‡íi Dbœq‡b †hme A_©‣bwZK I
mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq bv?

K. g~jab ev cyuwR L. cÖhyw³

M. Rbkw³ N. kw³ m¤ú`
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| wg. ingv‡bi Ôingvb K¬_ †÷viÕ bv‡g gqgbwmsn evmv-evwo gv‡K©‡U GKwU Kvc‡oi eëmvq
i‡q‡Q| Ryb-RyjvB gv‡m niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y weµq Kg nIqvq g~jab AvU‡K †M‡Q| mvg‡bi C`yj
wdZ‡i weMZ mg‡qi ÿwZ cywl‡q †b‡eb e‡j wg. ingvb fve‡Qb|
K. mÂq I wewb‡qvM †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb?
L. eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. wg. ingv‡bi eëmv‡q †Kvb eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ôeëmvq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Dcv`v‡bi AbyK~j cÖfveB wg. ingv‡bi weMZ ÿwZ cywl‡q wb‡Z
mnvqKÕ G e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ e¨³ Ki|
2| bqb K…l‡Ki †Q‡j| cwj we‡a․Z hgybv b`xi cv‡o Zv‡ì evwo| cÖPzi dmj djvq Zv‡ì cwievi
Av‡M ¯^”Qj wQj| wKš‘ b`x fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y weMZ wZb eQ‡i mewKQzB b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q‡Q| ZvB
bqb eëmvq Ki‡e fve‡jI cyuwRi ms¯’vb Ki‡Z bv cvivq GLb B‡Ui fvUvq KvR K‡i|
K. cwi‡ek Kx?
L. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. bq‡bi cwievi ¯^”Qj _vKvi wcQ‡b †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Ae`vb †ewk wQj e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. bqb eëmvq Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †Kvb cwi‡ek `vq? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Zv we‡kølY Ki|

eëmvq cwi‡ek 31

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BUSINESS
c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg I mnR cÖK …wZi eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cwiwPZ | GKK
gvwjK Kg cuywR wb‡q †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR wm×v‡šÍ AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB
G ai‡bi msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Suyw Ki cwigvYI AZ¨šÍ Kg| ZvB eëmv msMV‡bi
BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv †`wL, eëmvq ïiæi cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡KB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq
hvÎv ïiæ K‡i Avayw bK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡k¦I RbwcÖq Zvi mv‡_ mdjfv‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœq bkxj †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK Dbœw Z‡Z GKgvwjKvbv msMVb
e¨vcKfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q|
• gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmv‡qi aviYv|
• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨|
• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡|
• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|
• e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K _vKvi KviYmg~n|

3.01 gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq

Business Based on Ownership
mg‡qi wmuwo †e‡q gvby‡li wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M M‡o D‡V‡Q bZzb bZzb eëmvq
msMVb| eëmv‡qi gvwjKvbv, cÖK…wZ, AvqZb, Kvh©‡ÿÎ BZ¨vw` †f‡` wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q|
wb‡¤œ gvwjKvbvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−
1. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq
2. Askx`vwi eëmvq
3. †Kv¤úvwb msMVb
eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
4. mgevq mwgwZ
5. ivóªxq eëmvq
6. eëmvq †RvU
7. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq
wPÎ: eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi aviYv
Concept of Sole Proprietorship Business
mvaviYfv‡e GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K GKgvwjKvbv
eëmvq e‡j| GKK gvwjKvbvq c„w_ex‡Z me©cÖ_g eëmvq Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡qwQj| GRb¨ GwU‡K
me‡P‡q cÖvPxbZg eëmvq msMVb ejv nq| eZ©gvb †cÖÿvc‡U ejv hvq, gybvdv AR©‡bi jÿ¨ wb‡q
hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wbR `vwq‡Z¡ g~jab †hvMvo K‡i †Kv‡bv eëmv MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges D³
eëmv‡q AwR©Z mKj jvf wb‡R †fvM K‡i ev ÿwZ n‡j wb‡RB Zv enb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K
GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e‡j| GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb AZ¨šÍ mnR| †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M
¯^í A_© wb‡q G RvZxq Kvievi ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges AwaK A_©I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvB‡bi
†Pv‡L GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbvq †Zgb †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB| MÖv‡g-M‡Ä, nvU-
evRvi ev iv¯Ívi cv‡k wKsev wbR evwo‡Z †h †KD †QvU-Lv‡Uv eëmv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e kn‡i ev
†c․imfv GjvKvq D‡`¨v³v‡K †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn K‡i eëmv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki
AwaKvsk eëmvq msMVb GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ| ïay ZvB bq BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq
80% eëmvq GK gvwjKvbvwfwËK| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY gyw` †`vKvb, Pv‡qi †`vKvb, AwaKvsk
LyPiv †`vKvb GKK gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ|
GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq 33
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Partnership Business
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ Pzw³e× n‡q wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ gybvdv eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë †h eëmvq msMVb M‡o
†Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| eëmvq RM‡Z GKgvwjKvbv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I RbwcÖq n‡jI
GKK gvwj‡Ki g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv, Amxg `vq, eëmv‡qi ÿz`ª AvIZv BZ¨vw` mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi
cwiwa Av‡iv e„w× I SzuwK Kwg‡q Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z eëmvq Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| Z‡e
Askx`vwi eëmv‡q wKQy wKQz mgm¨vI †`Lv †`q| we‡kl K‡i gybvdv eÈb, wm×všÍ MÖnY, `vwqZ¡ I Kg©
wefvRb, m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY BZ¨vw` wel‡q m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø I Av¯’vi msKU †`Lv
w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ I Askx`vwi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi
eëmvq Ô1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbÕ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx
m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 20 Rb n‡e| Z‡e Askx`vwi eëmvqwU hw` e¨vswKs eëmvq
nq ZLb m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v 10 Gi †ewk n‡e bv|
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv

Concept of Company Organisation
GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i ey‡K eëmv‡qi †h AbyôvwbK hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj Kvjµ‡g Zv
Avi GKgvwjKvbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡Kwb| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †ek wKQz mxgve×Zv we‡kl K‡i
g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv I GKK cwiPvjbv I ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi DrcwË nq| wKš‘
Askx`vwi eëmvqI g~ja‡bi mxgve×Zv, AvBbMZ mxgve×Zv, ¯’vwqZ¡nxbZv I Amxg `v‡qi fvi †_‡K
gy³ n‡Z cv‡iwb| GK mgq gvby‡li Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I eëmv‡qi AvIZv AviI e„w× †c‡Z
_v‡K| djkÖæwZ‡Z AvB‡bi wfwË‡Z m„wó nq AwaK g~jab I e„n`vqZ‡bi †h․_ g~jabx eëmvq hv
†Kv¤úvwb msMVb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| KwZcq e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
mw¤§wjZfv‡e cuywR mieivn K‡i mxgve× `v‡qi wfwË‡Z †h eëmvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb
ev †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
†h․_ g~jabx eëmvq AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó I cwiPvwjZ nq| me©cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq weª‡U‡b
1844 mv‡j hv `The joint stock Company Act 1844’ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| weªwUk kvwmZ
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq 1850 mv‡j| 1913 mv‡j fviZxq †Kv¤úvwb
AvBb Avevi bZzb K‡i cvm nq| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI A‡bK eQi hver 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb
Pvjy wQj| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms®‥vi K‡i 1994 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k bZzb †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cÖeZ©b
Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mKj †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
KwZcq e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb
AvBb Abyhvqx †Kvb eëmvq MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb e‡j| G eëmv wbR bvg I mxj‡gvni
Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ges m`m¨‡ì †_‡K wfbœ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡q _v‡K|

mgevq mwgwZi aviYv

Concept of Co-operative Society
mgev‡qi kvwãK A_© n‡jv mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vM ev cÖ‡Póvq KvR Kiv| mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq GwM‡q hvIqvi
Aby‡cÖiYv I wPšÍv †_‡KB mgev‡qi DrcwË| wkíwecøe I cÖhyw³wbf©i e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMV‡bi
weKv‡ki d‡j c~uwRev`x mgvR eë¯’vi wfZ hZ gReyZ n‡Z _v‡K, Gi cÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK
•elgÏ †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K| ¯^íweË I ga¨weË †kÖwYi †ckvRxex I eëmvwqiv Avw_©Kfv‡e `~ie¯’vi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z _v‡K| cyuwRevw` mgv‡Ri m„ó G RvZxq A_©‣bwZK •elg¨ I `~ie¯’v †_‡K gyw³i cÖqv‡m we‡k¦i wewfbœ
†`‡k mgevq msMVb M‡o D‡V| me©cÖ_g mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq cwðg BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv I
Rvcv‡b| Z‡e mgevq mwgwZ cÖwZôvi c‡_ AMÖcw_K msMVb n‡”Q 1844 mv‡j DËi Bsj¨v‡Ûi iP‡Wj
bvgK ¯’v‡b cÖwZwôZ iP‡Wj mgevq mwgwZ (Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society)| 28 Rb
ZuvZ kÖwg‡Ki 28 ÷vwj©s cvDÛ cyuwR wb‡q cÖwZwôZ G mgevq mwgwZ‡K we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g mgevq eëmvq
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| mgv‡Ri kªgRxex, ga¨weË I ¯^íwe‡Ëi KwZcq e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q
mgwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z wb‡R‡ì Avw_©K DbœwZi Rb¨ †h eëmvq msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K mgevq mwgwZ
e‡j| gybvdv AR©b bq, m`m¨‡ì Kj¨vYmvabB mgevq mwgwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv
Concept of the State Enterprise
mvaviY A‡_© miKvi KZ…©K MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| Giƒc eëmvq ivóª
KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb †h‡Kv‡bv eëmvq‡K iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡bi RvZxqKi‡Yi
gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmv‡q wbqš¿Y, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mn mKj m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈb I eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges
we‡kl wKQz RbKj¨vYg~jK †ÿ‡Î ivóªxqfv‡e eëmvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov †`kiÿv I wbivcËvi Rb¨
A¯¿ wbg©vY wk‡íi Dci wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡kÏ cÖwZôv I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvq me
†`‡kB ivóªxq cwiPvjbvq †ek wKQz eëmvq cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
eëmvq †Rv‡Ui aviYv
Concept of Business Combination
eëmvq †RvU g~jZ †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡biB e¨vcKZi I ewa©Z iƒc| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© awb
†`kmg~‡ni †Kv¤úvwb gvwjKMY wb‡R‡ì ga¨Kvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n«vm, GK‡PwUqv eëmvq cÖwZôv Ges
m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ n‡q †RvU MVb K‡ib| Uªv÷, Kv‡U©j, †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb, cyj
cÖf…wZ G ai‡bi †Rv‡Ui wewfbœ iƒc| †RvU MV‡bi d‡j mgv‡R awb-`wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ e¨vcKZi nq Ges
†kÖwY msMÖv‡gi aviYv `„pg~j n‡Z _v‡K|
†h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmv‡qi aviYv
Concept of Joint Venture Business
†`wk I we‡`wk D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgš^‡q †Kv‡bv eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M
eëmvq e‡j| Dbœqbkxj I awb †`k¸‡jvi D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgš^‡q Giƒc eëmvq eZ©gv‡b †ek
RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Giƒc eëmv‡qi we‡kl myweav n‡jv, G‡Z †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i we‡`wk cyuwR I
cÖhyw³i mnR AvMgb N‡U, Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi m¤¢e nq Ges we‡`wk D‡`¨v³v‡ì
mvnP‡h© †`kxq D‡`¨v³vMY `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wkívqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
3.02 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨

Features of Sole Proprietorship Business
GK gvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¯^Zš¿ wKQy •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq †_‡K G‡K c„_K K‡i
iv‡L| GK gvwjKvbv eëmvq n‡”Q c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg eëmvq| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q AvBbMZ
†Zgb Sv‡gjv †bB Ges †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡j ¯^í cuywR wb‡q G eëmv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡gœ GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv−
• G RvZxq cªwZôvb MVb Kiv LyeB mnR I mij| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q G cÖKvi Kvievi
MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Kvievi ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ miKvwi AvBb I wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv
_v‡K bv|
• G RvZxq eëmv‡qi g~jab gvwjK wb‡RB mieivn K‡i| †m wbR¯^ mÂq n‡Z g~ja‡bi ms¯’vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wb‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡ Ac‡ii wbKU n‡Z FY K‡i g~ja‡bi Afve c~iY
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• eëmv‡qi mKj SzuwK gvwjK GKvB enb K‡i| gvwjKB eëmv‡qi cÖK…Z AwaKvix| myZivs Zv‡KB
eëmv‡qi mg¯Í SzuwK I AwbðqZv enb Ki‡Z nq|
• eëmvq cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbvi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ n‡jv gvwj‡Ki| Aek¨ gvwjK ¯^qs eë¯’vcbvi
bxwZ I c×wZ wba©viY K‡i A‡bK †ÿ‡Î eëmv‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ Kg©Pvixi Dci
†Q‡o w`‡Z cv‡i|
• eëmv‡qi AvqZb ÿz`ª nIqvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y KvD‡K WvK‡Z nq bv| gvwjK †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
`ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• wnmve •Zwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv euvavaiv wbqg †bB| gvwjK Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wnmve msiÿY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î GKZidv `vwLjv c×wZ‡Z wnmve ivLv nq|
• Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi GKK KZ©„‡Z¡i AwaKvix nIqvq †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q †m `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ G ai‡bi eëmv‡q AwaKZi bgbxqZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q gvwjK wb‡RB eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq †µZv, mieivnKvwi, Kg©Pvix
BZ¨vw` c‡ÿi mv‡_ Zvi cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| ZvB cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© †hLv‡b eëmvwqK ¯^v‡_©
AZ¨vek¨K, †mLv‡b G ai‡bi eëmvqB me©v‡cÿv DËg|
• Giƒc eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ c„_K mËv †bB| Kvievi n‡Z gvwjK‡K c„_K K‡i †`Lv nq bv|
• Giƒc eëmv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| gvwjK B”Qv Ki‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq
eëmvq ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi B”Qv Ki‡j hZw`b Lywk ZZw`b ch©šÍ †m Kvievi Pvjy
ivL‡Z cv‡i|

Kg©cÎ-1
GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i G eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ Ki|
• •
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3.03 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iyZ¡
Importance of Sole Proprietorship Business
eZ©gv‡b MwZkxj we‡k¦i RwUj A_©‣bwZK mgv‡R GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Acwimxg| Av‡Mi w`‡b AvZ¥wbf©ikxj A_©‣bwZK eë¯’vq gvbyl hLb ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm
Drcv`b K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Zv ZLb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ZZUv ¸iæZ¡ wQj bv| wKšÍ
Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Pvwn`v e„w×, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b,
†hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’vi DbœwZ BZ¨vw` Ki‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w×
cv‡”Q| wb‡b¥ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
1| mnR MVb (Easy Formation): GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi MVb cÖYvwj AZ¨šÍ mnR| e„n`vqZb
eëmv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbv c×wZ LyeB RwUj Ges AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y G
ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z mevB cQ›` K‡i|
2| Kg SzuwK (Small risk): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq `vq Amxg n‡jI SzuwKi cwigvY Kg| mZK©Zv I
wbôvi m‡½ KvR Ki‡j SzuwK‡K mvd‡jï nvwZqv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|
3| g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv (Limited capital): evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvKB `wi`ª| Zv‡ì mÂq I
g~ja‡bi cwigvY LyeB Kg| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì ZvwjKvq AMÖvwaKvi cvq|
4| mÂq I wewb‡qvM e„w× (Increase of saving and investments): kni I MÖvgM‡Ä
e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx Giƒc eëmvq M‡o †Zvjvi gvb‡m Zv‡ì ÿz`ª mÂq‡K GKwÎZ K‡i G ai‡bi
eëmvq MVb K‡i _v‡K| hv †`‡ki Rb¨ g~jab MVb Ges wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b e„w×‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
5| RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Raising standard of living): RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i mv‡_
mv‡_ gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ mieivn K‡i
G eëmvq gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
6| AbybœZ A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v (Undeveloped economy): evsjv‡`‡ki Av_© - mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
†gv‡UB DbœZ bq| Af¨šÍi xY I ¯’v bxq Pvwn`v c~ i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ avbZ ÿz` ª ÿz ` ª cÖw Zôv‡bi
gva¨‡g cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq| e„n `vqZb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cyuw R I cÖh yw ³i
NvUwZ _vKvq ÿz `ª vqZ‡bi GKgvwjKvbv eëmvqB G‡`‡k RbwcÖq |
7| e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb (Rendering of greater service): ¯^í g~jab wb‡q AwZ mn‡R G
eëmvq kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’j †_‡K ïiy K‡i MÖvg-M‡Äi me©Î M‡o I‡V| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I
†mevmvgMÖx mn‡R †fv³v mvavi‡Yi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q G eëmvq e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K †mev cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8| Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment): GKKfv‡e cÖw ZwU eëmvq cÖw Zôv‡b Kg msL¨K †jv‡Ki
Kg© ms¯’v b n‡jI mgwóMZfv‡e AwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki †eKvi mgm¨v `~i xKi‡Y GwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c ~Y © f~w gKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
9| m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈb (Proper distribution of wealth): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †`‡ki
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i e‡j m¤ú‡ì mymg eÈ‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
10| RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× (Increase of national income and wealth): m¤ú‡ì
mymg eÈ‡bi d‡j e¨w³MZ Avq I m¤ú` e„w×i cvkvcvwk RvZxq Avq I m¤ú` e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q gvby‡li iywP, cQ›`, B”Qv BZ¨vw`‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq e‡j
e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GwU AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
3.04 GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ
Suitable Areas for Sole Proprietorship Business
GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz •ewkó¨ I myweav Av‡Q †h Kvi‡Y G RvZxq eëmvq mK‡ji wbKU
RbwcÖq| †hme †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx wb‡gœœ †mB †ÿÎ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
• ¯^í cuywR wewb‡qvM (Investment of small capital):
wPÎ: ¯^ícyuwRi eëmv|

wKQy wKQy Kvievi Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi MVb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ cu yw R n‡jB P‡j|
Giƒc Kvievi GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³ | †hgb: gyw `Lvbv, cvb-wewoi †`vKvb,
Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †mjy b, †dwiIqvjv BZ¨vw`|
• cwieZ©bkxj Pvwn`vi cY¨`ªe¨ (Goods of flexible demand): †hme c‡Yï iæwP I Pvwn`v
wbqwgZ cwieZ©bkxj †m‡ÿ‡Î †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ †hvMv‡bi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv
eëmvqB cÖ‡hvR¨| †hgbÑcÖmvabx mvgMªx, Ry‡qjvwi, †m․wLb cY¨ BZ¨vw`|

• ÿz`vª qZb eëmvq (Small Scale Business): me ai‡bi ÿz`ªvqZb eëmvq-evwYR¨ I wkí
cÖwZôvb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb−ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí, LyPiv Kvievi BZ¨vw`|
• cPbkxj cY¨ (Perishable Goods): cPbkxj eëmvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z
cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi cY¨`ªe¨ `ªæZ evRviRvZKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| †hgb−gvQ,
gvsm, `ya, djg~j, kvK-mewR, wWg BZ¨vw`|
• †ckv`vwi eëmvq (Professional businesss):
wPÎ: †ckv`vwi eëmvqx

†ckv`vwi eëmvqmg~n cÖvqB GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb−Wv³vwi, AvBb eëmvq, cÖwZwbwa eëmvq, PvU©vW© GKvDw›Us dvg© BZ¨vw`|
• cÖZ¨ÿ †mev`vb (Direct services): †hme eëmv †_‡K †fv³viv cÖZ¨ÿ †mev Pvq †m¸‡jv GKK
gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z msMwVZ nIqv DËg| †hgb−Kb‡dKkbvwi eëmvq, Pyj KvUv †mjyb, jwÛª cÖf„wZ
Kvievi|
• ¯’vbxq mxwgZ Pvwn`v (Local limited demand) : †hme c‡Yï Pvwn`v ¯’vbxqfv‡e mxgve×
†m¸‡jvi Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq m‡e©vËg|
• K…wlR c‡Yï eëmvq (Business of agricultural goods): K…wlR c‡Yï eëmvq
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq nq| †hgb−av‡bi eëmvq, cv‡Ui eëmvq BZ¨vw`|
• †fvM¨c‡Yï †`vKvb (Consumer goods shop): me ai‡bi wbZ¨ eënvh© †fvM¨c‡Yï
†`vKvb GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-gwbnvwi †`vKvb, gyw` †`vKvb BZ¨vw`|
• cwienb I R¡vjvwb eëmvq (Business of transportation and fuel):
cY¨`ªe¨ I hvÎx mvaviY cwien‡b wbhy³ Kvievi cÖwZôvbmg~n GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb−evm, UªvK, jÂ, †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú BZ¨vw`|
wPÎ: cwienb eëmvq|

• cÖKvkbv eëmvq (Publication business): cÖKvkbv eëmvq †hgb−Le‡ii KvMR, eBcÎ,

g¨vMvwRb, mvßvwnK, mvgwqKx BZ¨vw`| LyPiv eëmvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii wfwË‡ZB
MwVZ nq|
• e¨w³MZ •bcyY¨ cÖ`k©b (Show of individual skill): †hme eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ
•bcyY¨ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi mv_©KZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv GKgvwjKvbv Kviev‡ii
Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nIqv DwPZ| †hgb−wkíKg©, Av‡jvKwPÎ BZ¨vw` eëmvq|
• ¯^vaxb RxweKv (Free occupation): ¯^í SuywK‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ
Kvievi GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z msMwVZ nq| †hgb−Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvZx BZ¨vw`|
• ¯^í SzuwKi eëmvq (Business of minimum risk): Ggb wKQy eëmvq Av‡Q †hLv‡b SuywKi
cwigvY G‡Kev‡iB Kg| Kg Av‡qi GKK gvwjK G ai‡bi eëmvq‡K †ewk cQ›` K‡i|
†hgbÑIly‡ai †`vKvb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, ¯^ícyuwR, `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY, mnR ¯’vbvšÍi BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmv
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx| G Kvi‡Y GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq
DcwiD³ †ÿÎmg~‡n h‡_ó `ÿZvi mv‡_ wU‡K Av‡Q|
3.05 e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ªvqZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K _vKvi KviY
Causes of Survival of Sole Proprietorship Business Side by Side with Large Organisation
e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I jvf AR©b cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î AwaK myweav †fvM Ki‡jI ÿz`vª qZb GKgvwjKvbv
eëmvq we‡kl KZK¸‡jv †ÿ‡Î mvdj¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk
GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AvRI `ÿZvi mv‡_ wU‡K Av‡Q| wb‡b¥ G KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv−
1| MVb myweav (Easy of formation): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc AvB‡bi
AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv| †h‡Kv‡bv †jvK Aí g~ja‡b Giƒc eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†h‡Kv‡bv †jvK Aí g~ja‡b Giƒc eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ e„n`vqZb GKgvwjKvbv
cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv Kómva¨ e‡j A‡bK †jvK e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cÿcvwZ bq| G Kvi‡YB
e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wU‡K Av‡Q|
2| we‡kl †ÿ‡Îi myweav (Suitability of special field): e„nv`vqZb I ÿz`vª qZb eëmvq
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© †ÿ‡Îi cÖK…wZ wfbœ| wKQy eëmv Av‡Q hv‡Z e„n`vqZb eëmvq wb®cÖ‡qvRb
†hgbÑcvb wewoi †`vKvb, gywì †`vKvb, †mjyb cÖf„wZ|
3| ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM (Opportunity to act independently): gvbyl m„wói †miv
Rxe| A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv A‡bï PvKwi Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i bv| Zviv ¯^í cuywR wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e
eëmv Ki‡Z Pvq| Giƒc g‡bvfve GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
4| Ae¯’vb (Location): e„n`vqZb eëmvq mvavYZ kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡j ¯’vwcZ nq| MÖv‡gi Avbv‡P-
Kvbv‡P e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e bq| G‡ÿ‡Î ÿz`vª qZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cªwZôv
Kiv evÃbxq|

5| Av¯’v I wek¦vm (Confidence and trust): G ai‡bi eëmv‡qi gvwjK GKRb gvÎ e¨w³|
ZvB e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi g‡Zv A‡bï Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
6| ¯^í e¨q (Economy of cost): GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq mvaviYZ gvwjK wb‡R ev cwiev‡ii
†jvKRb wb‡q cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j eëmv‡qi me© ¯Í‡i e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e nq| wKš‘
e„n `vqZb eëmvq Giƒc e¨q ms‡KvPb m¤¢e bq| d‡j GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e„n `vqZb
eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk mvdj¨RbKfv‡e wU‡K _v‡K|
7| mxwgZ Drcv`b I Pvwn`vm¤úbœ `ª‡eï Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx (Suitable for products having
limited production and demand): †hme c‡Yï Drcv`b I Pvwn`v mxwgZ Ges ¯’vbxq
MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× †mme c‡Yï Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK
Dc‡hvMx|
8| mnR cwiPvjbv (Easy administration): mxwgZ AvqZb I mxwgZ c‡Yï eëmvq nIqvq
GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR nq| †Kbbv e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi g‡Zv cwiPvjbvMZ
AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv|
9| ¯^í SzuwK (Limited risk): AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ G ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j
e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi Zyjbvq SuywKI Kg _v‡K|
10| Pvwn`vi bgbxqZv (Flexibility of demand): eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †µZvi
Pvwn`v I iywP w`b w`b cwieZ©b n‡”Q| Giƒc cwiewZ©Z iywPi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z n‡j
e„n`vqZb eëmvq A‡cÿv ÿz`vª qZb GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq AwaK Dc‡hvMx|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi hy‡MI GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq evwYR¨ Kvh©Ki
fywgKv ivL‡Q| e„n`vqZb eëmv‡q cÖwZ‡hvMx bv n‡q Zvi mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e GKgvwjKvbv
eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
Kg©cÎ-2
GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨, ¸iæZ¡ I Dchy³ †ÿÎmg~n we‡kølY K‡i Gi RbwcÖqZvi

KviY¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Ki|
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1| me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Ges mnR I mij cÖK…wZi msMVb †Kv‡bvwU?
K. mgevq msMVb
L. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq
M. †h․_ g~jabx eëmvq
N. Askx`vwi eëmvq
2| GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq mxwgZ AvqZ‡bi nq †Kb?

K. ¯^í cyuwR I GKK mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zvi Rb¨
L. GKK gybvdv †fvM Kivq
M. cÖZ¨ÿ m¤ú‡K©i R‡b¨
N. AwbwðZ ¯’vwq‡Z¡i R‡b¨

¯^íwkwÿZ ivZzj hye Dbœqb cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wwg †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Uªwbs †bq| evRv‡i GKwU †QvU
†dvb I d‡Uv÷¨vU Gi †`vKvb wQj Zvi| Gi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úv‡Ri KvRwU hy³ K‡i ivZzj|
Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ †QvU fvB kvwKj I Zvi eÜy wgbnvR‡K mv‡_ †bq|
3| ivZz‡ji eëmvqwU †Kv‡bv ai‡bi eëmvq?
K. GKgvwjKvbv L. Askx`vwi
M. †h․_ gvwjKvbv N. mgevq
4| ivZy‡ji eëmv‡qi d‡j−
i. Zvi Avq e„w× †c‡q‡Q
ii. Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q
iii. †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v c~iY n‡”Q
wb‡Pi †Kv‡bvwU mwVK?

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| ¯^vaxb‡PZv †eKvi hyeK cÖYq 10 nvRvi UvKv avi K‡i †gvU 20 nvRvi UvKvi cY¨ wK‡b gywì
†`vKvb mvwR‡q eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| ¯^í cyuwRi Kvi‡Y Zvi †`vKv‡b ch©vß cY¨mvgMÖx †bB| d‡j
†m cÖvqB †µZvi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| G‡Z †m fxlY wPwšÍZ n‡q c‡o| GgZve¯’vq ¯’vbxq
K‡qKRb †µZvi civg‡k© †m †hme cY¨ w`‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Hme
cY¨ †`vKv‡b †Zv‡j| wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvi weµq e„w× cvq Ges ax‡i ax‡i †m cÖwZwôZ
eëmvqx n‡q I‡V|
K. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Kx?
L. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †Kb GZ RbwcÖq?
M. GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †Kvb •ewkó¨wU DÏxc‡Ki eëmvwq‡K cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx n‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq wbe©vPb Kivi wm×v‡šÍi †h․w³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
2| Rbve mvjgvb cvuPRb Kg©x wb‡q kvcjv e¯¿vjq bv‡g GKwU Kvc‡oi †`vKvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejvq g~jab e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †g․wLK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wZwb Zvi eÜz
Kwjg‡K eëmv‡qi m`m¨ K‡ib| G‡Z cÖwZôvbwU jvfRbK n‡q D‡V| wKš‘ GKRb †`bv`vi GK
jÿ UvKv †`bv cwi‡kv‡a Mwogwm Ki‡jI wZwb †mB cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ AvBbx eë¯’v wb‡Z
cvi‡Qb bv| d‡j cÖwZôvbwU mgm¨vi m¤§ywLb nq|
K. eëmvq †RvU Kx?
L. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq¡ ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. Rbve Kwjg‡K m`m¨ †bqvi c~‡e© DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖwZôvbwUi aib wK wQj e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU fwel¨‡Z Giƒc mgm¨v Gov‡Z KiYxq Kx? hyw³mn †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

PZz_© Aa¨vq
Askx`vwi eëmvq
PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
eëmvq cwiev‡ii wØZxq m`m¨ n‡jv Askx`vwi msMVb| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q GKK gvwj‡Ki cuywR I
mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GK ch©v‡q eo ai‡bi msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyf~Z nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z
GKvwaK e¨w³i gvwjKvbv I ZË¡veav‡b m„wó nq Askx`vwi msMVb| G eëmv‡q b~¨bZg 2 Rb Ges
me©vwaK 20 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| Z‡e e¨vswKs eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK 10 Rb m`m¨ _v‡K| 1932
mv‡ji fviZxq Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx, ÒmKj e¨w³i Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv cwiPvwjZ
eëmv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë KwZcq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Pyw³e× m¤úK©B n‡jv
Askx`vwi eëmvq| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbwU cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|

• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb cªYvwj|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi myweav I mxgve×Zv/Amyweav|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi bgybv I welqe¯‧|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ Ges wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg|
• Askx`vi‡ì aib|
• Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv|
• Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab cÖwµqv|
• evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯ v|

4.01 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi eëmvq GKwU cÖvPxb ai‡bi msMVb| ïiæ‡Z GKK gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z G msMVb
cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡jI GK ch©v‡q G‡m †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î eëmvwqK cª‡qvR‡bB GKvwaK e¨w³
mvg‡_©ï mgš^q Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| Rb¥ †bq Askx`vwi eëmvq msMV‡bi| mnR A‡_© G‡Ki
AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwiZ¡ ev kwiKvbvi wfwË‡Z †h eëmvq MVb K‡i
Zv‡K Askw`vwi eëmvq e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_© Kgc‡ÿ `yRb Ges m‡e©v‪P wekRb (e¨vswKs
eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v‪P `kRb) e¨w³ gybvdv ARb I Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈ‡bi wbwg‡Ë Pzw³e×
n‡q †¯^‪Qvq †h eëmvq cÖw Zôvb M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv n‡q _v‡K|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4bs avivq ejv n‡q‡QÑÒmK‡ji Øviv A_ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ †h‡Kv‡bv
GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ eëmv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Pzw³e× e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨
†h m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq, Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|Ó
4.02 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n
Features of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi eëmvq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i mw¤§wjZ Pyw³i gva¨‡g MwVZ GKwU eëmvq msMVb|
gvwjKvbv MVb I cwiPvjbvMZ wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq KZK¸‡jv •ewk‡óï AwaKvix| hv
G eëmvq‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv:
1. Askx`v‡ii msL¨v (Number of partners): evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ AvBb Abymv‡i Kgc‡ÿ
`yRb Ges mvaviY eëmv‡q 20 R‡bi AbwaK e¨w³i mgš^‡q G eëmvq MwVZ nq| cÖm½µ‡g D‡jøL
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, e¨vswKs eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î 10 R‡bi AwaK n‡j D³ cÖwZôvb‡K cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡mï Rb¨
GK nvRvi UvKv ch©šÍ Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|
2. Pzw³e× m¤úK© (Contractual relation): Pzw³B Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i
gva¨‡gB Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m„wó nq| Rb¥MZ ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j bq| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³
eëmvq cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡jB Askx`vi‡ì Pyw³e× m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|
3. mnR MVb cÖYvwj (Easy formation): Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb
MV‡bi g‡Zv ZZ RwUj bq| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ (wKš‧ mvaviY eëmv‡q 20 R‡bi AwaK bq, Ges
e¨vswKs eëmv‡q 10 R‡bi AwaK bq) GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q Pzw³e× n‡q G eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
eëmv‡qi D³ Pzw³ †g․wLK ev wjwLZ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i| D³ Pzw³ wbeÜb ev AwbeÜbK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B AvBbm¤§Z n‡Z n‡e|
4. g~jab (Capital): eëmv‡qi g~jab Askx`viMY †hvMvb †`q| †K KZUzKz g~jab †hvMvb w`‡e Zv
Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i| G wel‡q †Kv‡bv Pzw³ bv _vK‡j Zviv mgvbfv‡e g~jab
†hvMvq| cÖm½µ‡g D‡jL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †Kv‡bv g~jab bv w`‡q Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i Ges gybvdv eÈ‡b
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi eëmvq 45
5. `vq-`vwqZ¡ (Liabilities): Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †`bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZ I

mgwóMZfv‡e `vqx _v‡K| A_©vr eëmv‡q †jvKmvb n‡j †jvKmv‡bi fvM Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³
Abymv‡i fvM K‡i †`qv nq| †jvKmv‡bi fvM ïay GKR‡bi c‡ÿ enb Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Ges Ab¨
m`m¨‡ì c‡ÿ Zv enb Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j weËkvjx GKRb‡K mKj †jvKmv‡bi SzuwK enb Ki‡Z nq|
ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgvnxb Ges Zviv e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZfv‡e Kviev‡ii †`bvi Rb¨
`vqx _v‡K|
6. jf¨vsk eÈb (Profit sharing): †Kv‡bv Askx`vi KZ jf¨vsk cv‡e Zv Zv‡ì g‡a¨
m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i| Pzw³‡Z gybvdv eÈ‡bi D‡jL bv _vK‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi AvBb
Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi mgvb Abycv‡Z gybvdv †fvM Kivi AwaKvix|
7. ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ ci¯ú‡ii Av¯’v I wek¦vm (Mutual trust and confidence): Askx`vi‡ì
g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mwØk¦vm I Av¯ v Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii GKwU ‣ewkó¨| G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ wek¦v‡mi
Dci Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| A‡bK mgq GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii c‡ÿ n‡q
eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î Askx`viMY D³ e¨w³i cÖwZ Av¯ vevb bv n‡j eëmvq Pj‡Z cv‡i
bv| GKRb Askx`vi Zvnvi Kvh© Øviv cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡K mgfv‡e Ave× K‡i Ges eëmvq †Kv‡bv
†jvKmvb †`Lv w`‡j Zv mgfv‡e ev Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK mKj Askx`vi‡K enb Ki‡Z nq|
8. wbeÜb (Registration): Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| GwU wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i
bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e fwel¨r weev` Gov‡bvi Rb¨ wbeÜb Kiv fv‡jv| GwU 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Øviv
wbqwš¿Z nq|
9. mËv (Entity): eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbv n‡Z Gi c„_K †Kv‡bv mËv bvB| Askx`viM‡Yi
e¨w³MZ eëmv‡qi mËv †bB †h․_-g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi b¨vq dvg© (Firm) ev cÖwZôvb wbR bv‡g Pzw³‡Z
Ave× n‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y G RvZxq cÖwZôvb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i
bv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mv‡_ Askx`vwi Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡i bv|
10. Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv (Capacity of partners): †`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‥ †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, bvevjK, †`Dwjqv cÖf„wZ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi
Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, D‡jwLZ •ewkó¨mg~n Askx`vwi msMVb‡K ¯^KxqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g Dc‡hvMx
†ÿ‡Î mdjZvi mv‡_ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-1
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv I •ewkó¨¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i D³ eëmv‡qi AviI wKQz myweav I Amyweav
†ei Ki|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi myweav Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Amyweav
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4.03 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb c×wZ

Formation of Partnership Organization
Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Kiv mnR| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨
Pzw³e× n‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i G eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi
AvBb Abyhvqx G eëmvq MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z n‡j wbæwjwLZ
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
GKwÎZ nIqv †UªW jvB‡mÝ Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi eëmvq

Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb
msMÖn `ß‡ii AbygwZ ïi 
wPÎ : Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb c×wZ

1| GKwÎZ nIqv (Being united): cÖ_‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K D‡`¨v³v ev m`m¨ eëmv‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨
GKwÎZ n‡eb| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i me©wbæ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Rb Ges
m‡e©v‪P m`m¨ msL¨v mvaviY †ÿ‡Î 20 Rb Ges e¨vswKs Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î 10 Rb|
2| Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b (Sign contract): Askx`vwi eëmvq m¤úwK©Z welq †hgbÑg~ja‡bi cwigvY,
jvf †jvKmvb eÈb, cvi¯úwiK AwaKvi BZ¨vw` D‡jøL K‡i m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Pzw³cÎ Qvov †g․wLK Pzw³i wfwË‡ZI Askx`vwi eëmvq MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3| Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb (Register contract): G ch©v‡q Askx`vi‡ì Øviv m¤úvw`Z Pzw³cÎ miKvi
wba©vwiZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m wbeÜb Kiv‡Z nq| Aek¨ AvB‡b Pzw³c‡Îi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv
nqwb| A_©vr Gi wbeÜb bv Ki‡jI P‡j|
4| †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn (Collecting trade licence): eëmvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ G ch©v‡q ¯ vbxq
†c․imfv ev wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi wba©vwiZ Awdm †_‡K wba©vwiZ wd Rgv w`‡q †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn
Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ †c․i GjvKvi evB‡i G ai‡bi †UªW jvB‡mÝ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq|
5| Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi `ß‡ii AbygwZ (Permission from other Govt. authority): G‡ÿ‡Î
eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i mswkøó miKvwi `ßi †_‡K AbygwZ wb‡Z nq|
†hgb−ißvwbgyLx Mv‡g©›Um BÛvw÷ªi Rb¨ ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv Ges Uªv‡fj G‡RwÝi †ÿ‡Î
†emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj I ch©Ub gš¿Yvj‡qi AbygwZ cÖ‡qvRb|
6| eëmvq ïiæ (Start Business): DcwiD³ AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n mdjfv‡e mgvß n‡j
Askx`viMY gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ ïiæ K‡ib|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡i ewY©Z AvbyôvwbKZvmg~n avivevwnKfv‡e AbymiY K‡i GKwU Askx`vwi
eëmvq msMVb MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î DwjøwLZ mKj
AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi eëmvq 47
4.04 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Partnership Business
GKvwaK e¨w³ Pzw³i gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h eëmvq M‡o †Zv‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq
e‡j| ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î Avgiv K‡qK ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq †`wL| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ I
Askx`vi‡ì `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z G eëmvq‡K K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v−
Askx`vwi eëmvq
mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq/

mxwgZ Askx`vwi eëmvq
Hw‪QK Askx`vwi eëmvq wbw`©ó Askx`vwi eëmvq
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨

Askx`vwi eëmvq cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq
wPÎ: Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

1| mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq (General partnership business): †h Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi
Askx`vi‡ì `vq Amxg Ges Askx`viMY GKK I †h․_fv‡e †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K
Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| G ai‡bi Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbvq mKj
Askx`v‡ii mgvb AwaKvi _v‡K| mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq mK‡ji Øviv A_ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ
GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii Øviv cwiPvwjZ| evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq ej‡Z mvaviY
Askx`vwi eëmvq‡K eySvq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx mvaviY
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Giƒc eëmvq `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
K. Hw”QK Askx`vwi eëmvq (Partnership at will):
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Î Askx`viMY eëmv‡qi ¯ vwqZ¡
ev mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K Hw‪QK Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|
AvBb Abymv‡i G eëmvq wb‡gœv³fv‡e MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i−
i. Awbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ eëmvq MwVZ n‡j;
ii. wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi ciI eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j;
iii. wbw`©ó mg‡qi ciI eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j;

L. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi eëmvq (Particular partnership): Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 8 avivq ejv

n‡q‡Q †h, GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mv‡_ GK‡Î †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †gqv` ev cÖ‡Póvi Rb¨
Askx`vwi wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡KB wbw`©ó ev we‡kl Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|
Giƒc eëmvq `yai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i−
i. wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq (Specific term partnership): GKwU
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi eëmvq‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq
e‡j| G wbw`©ó mgq AwZµg nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Giƒc Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wejywß N‡U| Z‡e
Askx`viM‡Yi m¤§wZ‡Z G ai‡bi eëmv‡qi †gqv` †kl nIqvi ciI Pvjy _vK‡Z cv‡i|
ii. wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ Askx`vwi eëmvq (Specific Job partnership):
we‡kl †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmvq MVb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨
mva‡bi Rb¨ ¯ vwcZ Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv nq| wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡j Gi wejywß N‡U|
Aek¨ mKj Askx`vi GKgZ n‡j GiciI Pvjv‡Z cv‡i|
2| mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq (Limited partnership): GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii mxwgZ
cwigvY `vq-`vwqZ¡ wb‡q †h Askx`vwi eëmvq MwVZ nq Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|
A_©vr hw` †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev †Kv‡bv GK ev GKvwaK m`‡mï `vq Pz w³
Abyhvqx ev AvBbMZ Kvi‡Y mxgve× _v‡K Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|
G eëmvq `yÕai‡bi Askx`vi _v‡K| h_v−
i. mvaviY Askx`vi, hv‡ì `vq Amxg _v‡K|
ii. mxwgZ Askx`vi, hv‡ì `vq mxgve× _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †`‡k †hme Askx`vwi eëmvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq
†ewk| Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmv‡qiI Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
4.05 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³cÎ
Deed of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi eëmvq ci¯úi Pzw³i wfwË‡Z MwVZ nq| Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi cÖv°v‡j Askx`vwi msMVb
MV‡b‪Qy e¨w³MY ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q eëmvq msMVb I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq welqvw` wba©viY K‡i
Ges Zv‡ì me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ welqvw` wjwLZfv‡e GKwU `wj‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i| D³ `wjj‡KB
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ e‡j|
evsjv‡`‡k envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 aviv g‡Z, ÓAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf
K‡i; mvgvwRK gh©v`v e‡j bq|Ó (The relation of partnership arises from contract and
not from status”)
Askx`vwi eëmvq 49
hgybv G›UvicÖvBR
Pzw³cÎ Zvs ......................
1g c¶ 2q c¶
bvg : .............................................................. bvg : .........................................
wVKvbv : ............................................................. wVKvbv : .....................................
Pzw³i kZ©vewj :
1| .......................
2| .......................
3| .......................
mv¶xM‡Yi bvg, wVKvbv I ¯^v¶i: Askx`viM‡Yi bvg I ¯^v¶i:
1| ..................... 1| .........................
2| ..................... 2| .........................
3| .....................
wPÎ: Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Kvievi cwiPvjbvi myweavRbK Ges we‡jvcmvab msµvšÍ kZ©vewj msewjZ
wjwLZ Askx`vwi Pzw³‡K Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ ev `wjj e‡j|
ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wfwËÓÑe¨vLv Ki|
Contract is the Essence of Partnership”–Explain.
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË n‡jv Pzw³| A_©vr Pzw³i gva¨‡g GKwU Askx`vwi eëmvq Rb¥jvf K‡i Ges
Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢~Z m¤úK© Øviv Askx`vwi eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq| Askx`viM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©I wba©vwiZ nq
Pyw³i gva¨‡g|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ¯úófv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒAskx`vwii m¤úK© Pzw³ n‡Z Rb¥ jvf K‡i,
AvZ¥xqZv ev mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j bq|Ó (Partnership relation arises from the contract and
not from status.”)
mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv eëmv‡q GKvwaK m`m¨ Ges gybvdv eÈ‡bi •ewkó¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq g‡b
Kiv nq| wKš‧ AvBbMZ wePv‡i Askx`vwii Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡q Pzw³e× m¤úK©B gyL¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ|
D‡jøwLZ msÁv Ges Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cwijwÿZ nq †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó‡Z Pzw³i Avek¨KZv
i‡q‡Q| †hme D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi Pzw³ m¤cbœ Kiv nq Zvn‡jv−
i. †Kv‡bv wel‡qi fyj eySveywS wbimb;
ii. Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË I iÿvKeP wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;
iii. Pzw³cÎ cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;
iv. Z…Zxq cÿ n‡Z FY ev †Kv‡bv cÖKvi my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi Rb¨;
v. Pzw³i wfwË‡Z eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i;
vi. Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY;
vii. g~jab Avbqb I Zvi eënvi mywbwðZ Kivi Rb¨|

wb‡Pi K‡qKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv−

1| wn›`y †hŠ_ cvwievwiK eëmvq (Hindu joint family business): †Kv‡bv wn›`y cwiev‡ii
m`mïv hwÌ Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii †gvU Avq wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i _v‡K wKš‧ ïaygvÎ Pzw³ bv
_vKvq eZ©gv‡b G‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv hvq bv|
2| DËivwaKvi m¤úK© (Heriditary relationship): Pjgvb eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv m`‡mï g„Zyï
ci Zvi ¯¿x ev mšÍvbiv Kviev‡ii gybvdv †fvM Ki‡jI Zviv eëmvq Askx`vi bq| Askx`vi
n‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ Askx`vi‡ì mv‡_ Pzw³e× n‡Z n‡e|
3| c`gh©v`v (Designation) : mvgvwRK c`gh©v`vi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix ev Kg©KZ©v‡K gybvdvi
wKQy Ask cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jI Zv‡K eëmv‡qi Askx`vi ejv hv‡e bv| KviY ïaygvÎ mvgvwRK c`-
gh©v`vi Rb¨ gybvdvi Ask †fvM Ki‡Q wKš‧ Pzw³‡Z Ave× bv nIqvi Rb¨ Askx`vi bq|
4| mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb (Social position) : K‡qKRb MvwqKvi Mv‡bi Abyôvb †_‡K cÖvß Avq
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvM K‡i wb‡jI Zv‡ì msMVb‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq ejv hvq bv| KviY Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ eëmvq ev gybvdv AR©b msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nqwb|
5| F‡Yi gybvdv cÖvwß (Profit receive for status) : Askx`vwi eëmv‡q FY w`‡q †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ FY Pyw³ Abyhvqx eëmvq n‡Z gybvdv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy Zvi mv‡_ Askx`vwi Pzw³ bv
_vKvq Zv‡K Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|
6| †ckv`vwi `‡ji gybvdv eÈb (Profit distribution in professional group): †ckv`vwi
mvs¯‥…wZK `j gybvdv AR©‡bi ci Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i wb‡jI Zv‡ì Askx`vi ejv
hv‡e bv| KviY Zviv Askx`vwi Pzw³ m¤úbœ K‡iwb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ hvPvB‡qi cÖavb gvcKvwV n‡‪Q Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z
Pzw³| gyjZ Pzw³ wjwLZ ev †g․wLK †hfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb Zv eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbvi w`K-wb‡`©kK
(Guide line) wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| ZvB ejv nq, ÒPzw³B Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii g~j wfwË|Ó
Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘
Contents of Partnership Deed
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ Askx`vwi eëmvq cwiPvjbvi g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Askx`viMY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wb‡RivB Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯Íy wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| Askx`vi‡ì
g‡a¨ fwel¨‡Z SMov-weev` I gvgjv-†gvKÏgv Gov‡Z Pzw³c‡Îi kZ©vewjB Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| wb‡æ
Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯Íy D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
1. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi bvg;
2. eëmv‡qi wVKvbv;
3. eëmv‡qi AvIZvfy³ GjvKv;
4. eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv;
5. eëmv‡qi Kvh©µg we¯Í„wZi eZ©gvb I m¤¢ve¨ GjvKv;
6. eëmv‡qi ¯ vwqZ¡;
7. Askx`vi‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
8. eëmv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
9. g~jab Avbqb I msMÖn c×wZ;
Askx`vwi eëmvq 51
10. Askx`vi‡ì cÖK…wZ wba©viY;

11. Askx`vi‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ`Ë cuywRi cwigvY I Zv cwi‡kva c×wZ;
12. g~ja‡bi Ici my` †`qv n‡e wKbv, n‡j wK nv‡i;
13. Askx`viMY eëmvq n‡Z †Kv‡bv A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv, cvi‡j †K KZ ev wK nv‡i;
14. D‡ËvwjZ A‡_©i Ici my` aiv n‡e wKbv;
15. eëmv‡qi jvf-†jvKmvb eÈb c×wZ I nvi;
16. eëmv‡qi cwiPvjbv I eë¯ vcbv c×wZ;
17. eëmv‡qi wnmve ewn iÿY I wnmve wbixÿv c×wZ;
18. eëmv‡qi wnmve ewn msiÿY I cwi`k©b msµvšÍ wbqg;
19. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib;
20. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i bvg c`we;
21. eëmv‡qi `wjj c‡Î `¯ÍLZ cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i bvg cèx;
22. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv Askx`vi FY mieivn Ki‡j Zvi Ici †`q my‡ì nvi;
23. eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨Î n‡Z FY msMÖn c×wZ;
24. Askx`viM‡Yi AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv;
25. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi‡K †Kv‡bv †eZb ev cvwi‡ZvwlK †`qv n‡e wKbv, n‡j Kx nv‡i;
26. eëmv‡qi mybvg g~j¨vqb m¤úwK©Z wewa-weavb;
27. Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv weev` †`Lv w`‡j Zv gxgvsmv c×wZ;
28. Askx`vi AcÖK…wZ¯  ev †`Dwjqv n‡j Zvi Ask wbiƒcY, msiÿY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;
29. eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi wbqg;
30. bvevjK Askx`vi MÖn‡Yi wbqg;
31. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY I cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv Askx`vi‡K ewn®‥v‡ii wbqg;
32. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zy¨ ev AemiMÖnYKv‡j eëmv‡qi `vq-m¤úwË wbiƒcY I cvIbv cwi‡kva
c×wZ;
33. eëmv‡qi Avw_©K eQ‡ii ïiæ I †kl mgq;
34. FY MÖnY I cÖ`v‡bi wbqgvewj;
35. Askx`vi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë F‡Yi wbqg I my‡ì nvi;
36. FY cwi‡kva I Av`vq c×wZ;
37. eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ;
38. eëmv‡qi we‡jvcKv‡j eëmv‡qi `vq-m¤úwË g~j¨vqb I eÈb cÖYvwj;
39. Pzw³c‡Îi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b wbqg c×wZ;
40. Pzw³c‡Îi evB‡i †Kv‡bv wel‡q gZv‣bK¨ †`Lv w`‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡k Zv 1932 mv‡j Askx`vwi
AvBb Abyhvqx A_ev msL¨vMwiô m`‡mï gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z gxgvsmv Kiv nq| Aek¨ Pzw³c‡Îi
†Kv‡bv aviv ev avivmg~n mKj m`‡mï gZvbyhvqx AvB‡bi AvIZvq †_‡K me©`vB cwieZ©b,cwiea©b,
ms‡hvRb ev iwnZ Kiv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Pzw³ †g․wLK n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †g․wLK Pzw³i †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ
wfwË †bB| GRb¨ Pzw³ wjwLZ nIqv myweavRbK|

4.06 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ

Process of Registration of a Partnership
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi wba©vwiZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m eëmv‡qi bvg ZvwjKvfy³
Kiv‡K eySvq| A_©vr wbw`©ó GjvKvi wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vj‡q iwÿZ eB‡Z Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi bvg I
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ wjwce×KiY‡K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb ejv nq|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 aviv Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡j
cÖ_gZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm n‡Z wba©vwiZ wd Rgvc~e©K GKwU dg©/ Av‡e`bcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
Av‡e`bcÎwU h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i Pyw³cÎ I MVbZš¿mn wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m Rgv Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvaviYZ Av‡e`bc‡Î wbæ wjwLZ welqmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq−
1. Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg;
2. cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv;
3. Ab¨ †Kv_vI eëmv‡qi kvLv Awdm _vK‡j Zvi wVKvbv;
4. eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv;
5. eëmv‡qi †gqv` (hw` wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ nq);
6. cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ZvwiL;
7. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`v‡ii bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv;
8. Askx`vi wn‡m‡e †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL BZ¨vw`|
Av‡e`bcÎwU cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi KZ©„K ev Zvi Dchy³ / AvBbMZ cªwZwbwa KZ©„K ¯^v ÿwiZ n‡Z n‡e|
wbeÜK Av‡e`bcÎ I Pzw³cÎwU cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i mš‧ó n‡j eëmvqwU ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡eb|
Pzw³cÎ wKsev Av‡e`bc‡Îi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms‡hvM I we‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡j wbeÜ‡Ki
AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e Ges Zv m¤^‡Ü Zv‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb wK eva¨Zvg~jK
Is Registration of a Partnership Business Compulsory
wbeÜb Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y © w`K| Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bv
n‡jI evÂbxq e‡U| KviY Askx`vwi eëmvq wbewÜZ n‡j Gi AvBbMZ wfwË my`„p nq Ges
eëmvwqK Kg©K vÛ cwiPvjbvq †ek wKQy myw eav †fvM K‡i| wbeÜb Askx`v‡ii B‪Qv-Awb‪Qvi
Ici †Q‡o †`qv n‡q‡Q|
Askx`vi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI evÃbxq e‡U| KviY Askx`vwi eëmv‡q
wbewÜZ n‡j cieZ©xKv‡j Askx`viM‡Yi ga¨w¯ Z m¤¢ve¨ Kjn A_ev Z„Z xq c‡ÿi mv‡_ †`bv-
cvIbv wb®úwËi cwi‡cÖw ÿ‡Z mnvqK nq| wbeÜb Ki‡j eëmv‡qi Pzw³cÎwU AvBbm¤§Z
`wjjiƒ‡c ¯^xK…w Z jvf K‡i| e¯‧Z : wbeÜb Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ ¡ cÖKvk K‡i| ZvQvov
wbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq KZK¸‡jv my‡hvM-myw eav †fvM K‡i|
Askx`vwi eëmvq 53
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 69 (1) aviv g‡Z, Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ bv n‡j, ev wbeÜb ewn‡Z mswkøó
Askx`v‡ii bvg wjwLZ bv _vK‡j †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z
D™¢~Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmvq wbeÜb AvBbZ eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e Askx`viMY fwel¨r
my‡hvM-myweavi R‡b¨ wbeÜb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| KviY msMVb wbeÜb Kiv ev bv Kiv Askx`vi‡ì
B‪Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, wbeÜb Kiv n‡j KwZcq AvBbMZ myweav cvIqv hvq|
ZvB Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb KivB DËg|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg
Consequences of Non-Registration of Partnership Business
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ Askx`vwi dvg©
I Askx`vi‡K †ek wKQy myweav †`qv n‡q‡Q| ZvB AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq I Gi m`m¨MY
wbewÜZ eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq wKQyUv AmyweavRbK cwiw¯ wZi m¤§yLxb nq|
1| cvIbv Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in collecting credit): A-wbewÜZ cÖwZôvb 100
UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(4) aviv]
2| Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjvq mgm¨v (Problem in submit case against third
party): A-wbewÜZ Askx`vwi Kvievi Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ Z„Zxq cÿ Zvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi
Kviev‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3| Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi mgm¨v (Problem in Established right in contract):
AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡b Pzw³RwbZ †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ †Kvb Askx`vi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| [69(1) aviv]
4| ¯^v_©iÿv (Protect interest) : ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci †Kv‡bv Askx`vi
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5| cvi¯úwiK gvgjv `v‡qi-G mgm¨v (Problem in case file against each other):
AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi Askx`viMY ci¯ú‡ii weiæ‡× Pzw³i kZ© †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Z‡e DcwiD³ Amyweav¸‡jv _vKv m‡Ë¡I AwbewÜZ Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡¤œv³ AwaKvi¸‡jv ejer _v‡K−
i. wbR cvIbv ey‡S cvIqvi AwaKvi: we‡jvc mvabK…Z eëmvq n‡Z Askx`viM‡Yi cvIbv ey‡S
†bqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
ii. we‡jvcmvab I wnmve msµvšÍ AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi msMV‡bi AskxìMY eëmvq
we‡jvc mvab I wnmve msµvšÍ wel‡q gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iii.cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úwË D×v‡ii AwaKvi: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq msMV‡bi Askx`viMY
wnmve-wbKvk I m¤úwË D×v‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iv. Pzw³RwbZ AwaKvi: †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i wbewÜZ Aswk`vwi eëmvq †hme my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i Zv
wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
K. Askx`viMY cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
L. AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GK Askx`vi Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv;
M. Giƒc eëmv‡q Z…Zxq cÿ‡K Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨ Kivi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
N. Z…Zxq cÿ `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv cwiPvjbv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q;
O. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î jvf-†jvKmvb wnmv‡ei ci Askx`viM‡Yi wb‡R‡ì
AvqKi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq, d‡j Sv‡gjv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cvIqv hvq;
P. cÖwZôvb wbewÜZ n‡j AvBbMZ gh©v`v cvq| d‡j Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôvb FY`vbKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU gh©v`v †c‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb wbewÜZ nIqv eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI fwel¨‡Z fyj eySveywS
wbim‡bi R‡b¨ Ges Askx`vi‡ì AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc eëmvq msMV‡bi wbeÜb Kiv evÃbxq n‡e|
4.07 Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
Classsification of Partners
eëmvq †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wewfbœ Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb †`wL| †Zgwb Ae¯ v, f~wgKv, KZ©e¨, `vq-
`vwqZ¡, ÿgZv cÖf„wZi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wewfbœ Askx`vi †`wL|
1. mwµq Askx`vi
2. wbw®…q Askx`vi
3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi
4. AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi
5. bvevjK Askx`vi
Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi
7. Kgx© Askx`vi
8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi
9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi
wPÎ : Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
1. mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi (Active partner): †h e¨w³ Pzw³i e‡j Askx`vi n‡q cÖwZôvbwU
cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e wbhy³ _v‡K Zv‡K mwµq Askx`vi e‡j| H e¨w³‡K Ab¨vb¨ Askx`viM‡Yi
cÖwZwbwa ejv n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc Askx`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡jv−
K. eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab mieivn Kiv;
L. •`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Kiv;
M. eëmvq cwiPvjbvq m„ó `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y© enb Kiv BZ¨vw`|

Askx`vwi eëmvq 55
2. wbw®Œq ev NygšÍ Askx`vi (Sleeping or Inactive partner): †h e¨w³ cÖwZôvb n‡Z jvf I
ÿwZi Ask MÖnY K‡i, A_P wb‡R eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv, Zv‡K wbw®…q Askx`vi e‡j| wbw®…q
Askx`vi‡K Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ weÁwß (Public notice) †èvi †Kv‡bv evaëva¨KZv †bB|
weÁwß bv w`‡jI Aemi MÖn‡Yi cieZ©x mg‡q m¤úvw`Z Kv‡h©i Rb¨ †m `vqe× n‡e bv|
Giƒc Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. eëmv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i;
L. eëmvq n‡Z gybvdv MÖnY K‡i;
M. †jvKmvb I `vq enb K‡i;
N. eëmvq cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K;
O. Zviv Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i;
P. Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Dci Av¯ v †i‡L eëmvq cwiPvjbvq wbw¯…qfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i BZ¨vw`|
3. bvggvÎ Askx`vi (Nominal partner): Giƒc Askx`v‡ii Askx`vwi eëmv‡q †Kv‡bv ¯^v_©
_v‡K bv| †KejgvÎ wb‡Ri mybvg Askx`vi wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ evwn‡ii
cvIbv`viM‡Yi wbKU F‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb `vqx _v‡K| Giv eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv,
cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bq bv, Z‡e Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask A_ev wbw`©ó †eZb ev A_© †bq|
bvggvÎ Askx`v‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. Giƒc Askx`vi eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv;
L. G Askx`v‡ii mybvg I hk eëmv‡q eëüZ nq;
M. †KD mij wek¦v‡m H Askx`v‡ii Dcw¯ wZi Kvi‡Y eëmv‡q FY`vb Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ bvggvÎ
Askx`vi `vqe× nb BZ¨vw`|
4. AvcvZt`„wó‡Z Askx`vi (Quasi-partner): †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Kvievi n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci Zuvi
cÖ`Ë g~jab Zz‡j bv wb‡q FY wn‡m‡e eëmvq †i‡L w`‡j Zuv‡K AvcvZt`„wó‡Z Askx`vi e‡j| g~ja‡bi Dci
wZwb my` †c‡q _v‡Kb| Kvh©Z Giyc e¨w³ eëmv‡qi cvIbv`vi; Askx`vi bq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv mwµq Askx`viMY
weÁwß bv w`‡q eëmv‡q †_‡K P‡j †M‡j Zvi Øviv Z„Zxq c‡ÿi m„ó `vq Zv‡KB enb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. bvevjK Askx`vi (Minor admitted as a partner): AcÖvß eq¯‥ e¨w³ (A_©vr 18 eQ‡ii
wb‡P) Askx`vwi Kviev‡i AskMÖnY Ki‡j Zv‡K bvevjK Askx`vi e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi
AvB‡bi 30(1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj Askx`viM‡Yi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb
cÖwZôv‡b bvevjK‡K Askx`vwi my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡Z †`qv nq| wKš‧ †m cÖwZôv‡bi
†Kv‡bv `vq-`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i bv e‡j Askx`viiƒ‡c ¯^xKw…Z cvq bv|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 30 aviv Abyhvqx bvevjK †Kvb eëmv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡Z
cvi‡jI †m Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡I gybvdv †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i| wKšÍy †Kvb cÖKv‡iB Zv‡K dv‡g©i `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kej dv‡g© †`q
Zvi g~ja‡bi Ask cwigvY `v‡qi Rb¨B Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hvq, AwZwi³ wKQzi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq
bv| GgbwK Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwËI G `vq n‡Z gy³| wKšÍy †m hLb mvevjK n‡e ZLbB †m
dv‡g©I mewKQzi Rb¨ `vqx n‡e| Aek¨ mvevjK nIqvi 6 gv‡mi g‡aB Zv‡K Pzw³c‡Î `¯ÍLZ
w`‡Z n‡e| GgbwK ZLb bvevjK Ae¯ vq †h w`b n‡Z †m dv‡g©i Askx`viiƒ‡c MY¨ n‡qwQj, †m
mgqKvi `vq Ges Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ Zv‡K `vqx Kiv hv‡e| bvevjK Askx`vi‡K mxgve× Askx`vi
e‡j WvKv nq|

6. AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi (Partner by holding out): †h e¨w³ cÖK …Z Askx`vi bv n‡qI
Zvi K_vevZ©v, AvPiY Øviv wb‡R‡K eëmv‡qi Askx`vi e‡j cwiPq †`b Zv‡K AvPi‡Y
Abyw gZ Askx`vi e‡j| hw` †KD G‡Z cÖfvweZ n‡q eëmvq‡K FY †`q ev Pzw³ K‡i Z‡e
H `vq AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi‡K wb‡Z n‡e |
msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ej‡Z cvwi AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi n‡jv −
K. AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g cwiPq`vbKvwi Askx`vi;
L. G Askx`vi eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv;
M. eëmv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i bv;
N. eëmvq n‡Z gybvdvI MÖnY K‡i bv;
O. wKšÍy AvPiY Øviv cÖfvweZ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi `v‡qi Rb¨ AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi `vqe× nb;
P. Giƒc Askx`v‡ii †fvUvwaKvi _v‡K bv BZ¨vw`|
7. Kgx© Askx`vi (Working partner): †h Askx`vi eëmv‡q †Kv‡bv g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i
bv ïaygvÎ wbR¯^ kÖg I `ÿZv mwµqfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L Zv‡K Kgx© Askx`vi e‡j| Pzw³
Abyhvqx Giv Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii b¨vq eëmv‡qi jvf-ÿwZ AskMÖn Y K‡i Ges Amxg `vq
en‡b eva¨ _v‡K| Aek¨ eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ G‡ì‡K wbw`©ó nv‡i †eZb ev jv‡fi
Ask †`qv n‡Z cv‡i|
8. mxwgZ ev mxgve× Askx`vi (Limited partner): Pzw³ Abyhvqx eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii
`vq mxgve× n‡j ev AvBbMZfv‡e mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †Kv‡bv bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Abyiƒc Askx`vi‡K mxwgZ Askx`vi e‡j|
G‡ì `vq mvaviYZ eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ D³ Askx`v‡ii g~jab ch©šÍ mxgve× nq| AvBb Abyhvqx
Giƒc Askx`vi eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv mvevjK †hvM¨ e¨w³I Pzw³i
kZ© Abyhvqx Giƒc Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi eëmv‡q GK ev GKwaK mxwgZ
Askx`vi _vK‡jI Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi eëmvq (limited partnership) e‡j|
9. cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi (Patner by estoppel): hw` eëmv‡qi Askx`viMY †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K
eëmv‡qi Askx`vi wnmv‡e cwiPq †`q Ges D³ e¨w³ Zv †R‡bI †g․bZv Aej¤^b K‡i Z‡e
Zv‡K cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi e‡j| Giƒc cÖPviYvi d‡j m„ó `v‡qi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU
`vqe× nq | cÖwZôvb wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_© †Kvb e¨w³ ev Z…Zxqcÿ‡K Gai‡bi cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi wn‡m‡e
cwiPq w`‡q _v‡K| Gai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwZôvb cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi‡K gvwmK nv‡i m¤§vbx ev
Ab¨‡Kvb myweav w`‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z n‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Aek¨B Pzw³
m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ bvevjK Ab¨ Askx`vi‡ì m¤§wZµ‡g mxwgZ Askx`vi n‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, †`Dwjqv miKvwi Kg©Pvix, we‡`wk ivóª`~Z I we‡`wk kÎæ AvBb Abyhvqx Askx`vi
n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev msN Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L bv|

Askx`vwi eëmvq 57
Kg©cÎ-2
NygšÍ ev wbw®…q Askx`vi Ges bvggvÎ Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki|
NygšÍ Askx`vi bvggvÎ Askx`vi
• •
• •
• •
4.08 Askx`vi‡ì †hvM¨Zv
Qualification of Partner
†`‡ki cÖvß eq¯‥ †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cvMj, bvevjK,
†`Dwjqv cÖf„wZ e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Abychy³ weavq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Pzw³ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wfwË| Avgv‡ì Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyymv‡i bvevjK (18 erm‡ii Kg
eq¯‥) Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b Aÿg|
4.09 Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab
Dissolution of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ev cwimgvwß ej‡Z mKj Askx`viM‡Yi g‡a¨ Askx`vwi m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb‡K
eySvq Ges Zvi cwiYwZ¯îƒc eëmv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U _v‡K| Askx`vwi m¤úK© wejywß n‡jB eëmvq eÜ n‡q hv‡e
Ggb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| KviY Aci Askx`viMY eëmvq eRvq †i‡L eëmvq Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î G‡K
eëmv‡qi cybtMVb e‡j|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi mv‡_ †h welq¸‡jv RwoZ−
K. Askx`vi‡ì Pzw³RwbZ m¤ú‡K©i Aemvb N‡U;
L. cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi wejywß;
M. cÖwZôv‡bi mgy`q m¤ú` I `vq-†`bvi g~j¨vqb Ges mswkøó mKj‡K cwi‡kva Kiv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡b cÖwZôvb I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i- Df‡qiB we‡jvcmvab nq|
wKš‧ Askx`vwii we‡jvc NU‡j eëmv‡qi cwimgvwß NU‡Z cv‡i|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ
Methods of Dissolution of Partnership Business
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab ej‡Z Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi mKj m¤ú‡K© i m¤ú~Y©
Aemvb‡K eySvq| wb‡P ewY©Z †h‡Kv‡bv c×wZ‡Z Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U−
1. mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvcmvab
2. Hw‪QK we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi
we‡jvcmvab c×wZ 3. †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbvi †cÖw¶‡Z we‡jvcmvab
4. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab
]
[ 5. Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g we‡jvcmvab
wPÎ: Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mvab c×wZ|

1| mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution by mutual agreement): Askx`viMY

GKgZ n‡q Kvievi we‡jvcmva‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq ev mK‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i
kZ©vbymv‡i wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l Kviev‡ii wejywß NUv‡bv hvq (aviv 40)|
2| weÁwß Øviv we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution by notice): Hw‪QK Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii †ÿ‡Î
weÁwßi gva¨‡g Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii we‡jvcmvab N‡U _v‡K| A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb Askx`vwi
†¯^‪Qvq weÁwß cÖ`v‡bi Øviv G RvZxq Kvievi we‡jvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kvievi we‡jvc mva‡bi †h ZvwiL
D³ weÁwß‡Z †jLv _v‡K †mB ZvwiL †_‡K Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab Kvh©Ki n‡q _v‡K| hw` Zvwi‡Li
D‡jøL bv _v‡K Z‡e †h Zvwi‡L Askx`viMY weÁwß m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nb †m ZvwiL †_‡KB Kviev‡ii
wejywß N‡U‡Q a‡i †bqv nq| [aviv 43 (1) I (2)]
3| we‡kl †Kv‡bv NUbvi Rb¨ we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution on the happening of some
contingencies): 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 aviv Abymv‡i wbæwjwLZ we‡kl NUbvi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii wejywß N‡U _v‡K−
i. Askx`viMY GKgZ n‡q (By consensus of partners): mKj Askx`vi †¯^‪Qvq GKgZ
n‡q Askx`vwi Kvievi ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i|
ii. wbw`©ó mgq mgvcbv‡šÍ (After the end of fixed time) : †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ Askx`vwi
Kviev‡ii Pzw³ n‡q _vK‡j D³ mgq DËxY© nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kvievi cÖwZôvbwUi we‡jvc mvab N‡U|
iii. Askx`vi Db¥v` ev cvMj n‡j (If a partner becomes lunatic) : †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii
gw¯Í®‥ weK…wZ NU‡j KvieviwU †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
iv. Askx`v‡ii g„Zyï Kvi‡Y (On the death of partner): †h‡Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zyï Kvi‡Y
G RvZxq Kvievi †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
v. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi ci (After the achievement of the objective): †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kvievi ¯ vwcZ n‡j H D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji ci KvieviwU wejywßi cÖkœ D‡V|
vi. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aemi MÖnY Ki‡j (On the retirement of a partner): Kviev‡ii
†h‡Kv‡bv Askx`vi hw` Aemi MÖn‡Yi wbwg‡Ë Av‡e`b †ck K‡i Z‡e Avskx`vwi Kviev‡ii
we‡jvc mvwaZ nq|
vii. Av`vjZ KZ©„K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j (If a partner is declared insolvent by the
court): hw` †Kv‡bv Askx`vi we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ gvidZ †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nq Zvn‡j D³
Kviev‡ii wejywß N‡U|
4| eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvc mvab (Compulsory dissolution): wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Askx`vwi
Kviev‡ii eva¨Zvg~jK Aemvqb n‡q _v‡K−
i. †`DwjqvZ¡ (Insolvency): mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Askx`vi Av`vjZ KZ©„K
†`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii Aemvb n‡e|
ii. AvB‡bi cwicš x n‡j (Illegality): Askx`vwi Kvievi cwiPvjbvq hw` †Kv‡bv A‣ea NUbv N‡U
hvq Ges Zv‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©Kjvc AvBb we‡ivax e‡j AvL¨vwqZ nq Zvn‡j Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab
NU‡e| (41 aviv)|

Askx`vwi eëmvq 59
5| Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i we‡jvc mvab (Dissolution by the court)

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 44 aviv †gvZv‡eK †Kv‡bv Askx`vi GK ev Z`ya© Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡×
†Kv‡bv †gvKvÏgv `v‡qi Ki‡j Av`vjZ wb‡æi †h‡Kv‡bv Ae¯ vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Kvievi we‡jvc mva‡bi wb‡`©k
w`‡Z cv‡i−
i. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Db¥v` ev cvMj n‡j;
ii. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi B‪QvK„Zfv‡e Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii Pzw³ µgvMZ f½ Ki‡j;
iii. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡j;
iv. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Zvi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `Û ev mvRvcÖvß n‡q _vK‡j;
v. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU †e-AvBbxfv‡e Zvi AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i
_vK‡j;
vi. Av`vjZ hw` G g‡g© wbwðZ n‡q _v‡K †h, µgvMZfv‡e Kviev‡ii ïayB †jvKmvb
n‡‪Q;
vii. GQvov †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ hw` g‡b K‡i †h, Kvievi cÖwZôvbwUi we‡jvc mvabB
n‡‪Q h_v_© n‡e; Z‡e Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii we‡jvc mvab NU‡e| (aviv-42)
Kg©cÎ-3
†Zvgv‡ì GjvKvq Av‡M Askx`vwi wfwË‡Z eëmv cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b †m¸‡jvi we‡jvc
mvab n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖwZôv‡bi bvg †jL|
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.10 evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Ae¯’vb

Partnership Business in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k eëmv-evwY‡R¨ cðvrc` GKwU †`k| eo ai‡bi wkí-KviLvbv, eëmv-evwYR¨ GLv‡b GLbI
†Zgb M‡o I‡Vwb| eo eo kn‡i ev Zvi Avkcv‡k wKQz eo ai‡bi eëmvq-†Kv¤úvwb msMVb wn‡m‡e M‡o
DV‡jI MÖvg-M‡Ä, nvU-evRv‡i Ggb wK kn‡ii †K›`ª¯ ‡j GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi msL¨vB me©vwaK|
Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi msL¨v †m wePv‡i †bnv‡qZ bMY¨: hv 5% Gi †ewk bq| A_P Askx`vwi eëmvq cÖwZôvi
gva¨‡g G †`‡ki me©ÎB gvSvwi ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi h‡_ó my‡hvM wQj|

evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq e¨vcKZv jvf Ki‡Z bv cvivi wcQ‡b †h mKj KviY we`¨gvb Zv wb‡¤œ
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1. eëmvwqK Ávb I AwfÁZvi Afve (Lack of business knowledge and
experience): Avgv‡ì †`‡k hviv bZzb eëmv‡q bv‡g Zviv G m¤ú‡K© Kvh©Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv
Ávb wb‡q Av‡m bv| hviv eëmv‡q wjß Zv‡ìI AwaKvs‡kiB G wel‡q Ávb I AwfÁZvi h‡_ó
Afve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi e¨w³eM© ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb K‡i cwiPvjbvq †hfv‡e
¯^v‪Q›`¨‡eva K‡i Askx`vwi eëmvq MV‡b Abyiƒc ¯^v‪Q›`¨‡eva K‡i bv|
2. cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi Afve (Lack of reciprocal trust and faith): Avgv‡ì
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Av¯ v I wek¦v‡mi AfveI cÖKU| A_P Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y © Dcv`vb n‡jv Askx`vi‡ì ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK Av¯ v I wek¦vm| Ab¨‡ì Ici
Av¯ v bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Giƒc eëmvq cQ›` K‡i bv|
3. mZZvi Afve (Lack of honesty): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b
mZZvi gvivZ¥K AfveI jÿYxq| K_vevZ©vq Avgiv hZUv mr Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î ZZUv bq|
A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, Askx`vwi eëmvq †h Pvjvq cieZx© mg‡q eëmv‡qi mKj m¤úwË‡K †m
wb‡Ri fv‡e Ges Ab¨‡ì VKv‡bvi nxb Pµv‡šÍ wjß nq|
4. g~ja‡bi mgm¨v (Problem of capital): Avgv‡ì †`‡k hviv Askx`vi wn‡m‡e Giƒc eëmv‡q
†hvM`vb K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Avw_©K mvg_© AZ¨šÍ mxgve×| d‡j eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab
†hvMvo Kiv hvq bv| Askx`vi‡ì bvbvb gZ Ges mr I mvg_©evb wewb‡qvMKvixi Afv‡eI bZzb
Askx`vi MÖnY K‡i g~ja‡bi ms¯ vb KivI A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢e bq|
5. AvBbMZ mnvqZvi Afve (Lack of legal assistance): Avgv‡ì †`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq
cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvBbMZ mnvqZv I wbqš¿YI Kvg¨gv‡bi bq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wLK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Giƒc eëmvq MVb Kiv nq| hvi d‡j cieZx© mg‡q
bvbvb mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|
6. cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î wkw_j wbqg-Kvbyb (Loose rules and regulation in case of
private company): Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b Gi MVb wKQzUv KovKwo Av‡ivc Kiv
n‡jI Zv GLbI †Zgb h‡_ó bq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi gva¨‡g †ÿÎwe‡k‡l myweav jv‡fi my‡hvM
_vKvq A‡b‡KB Askx`vwi eëmvq Mo‡Z DrmvwnZ nq bv|
DcwiD³ mgm¨vw` QvovI Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †hme mvaviY Amy w eav; †hgb-Askx`vi‡ì
Amxg `vq, ¯^ v axb mËvi Afve, gvwjKvbv n¯Í v šÍ ‡ i Amy w eav, RbAv¯  v i Afve, cwiPvjbvMZ
RwUjZv BZ¨vw` mgm¨vI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|

Askx`vwi eëmvq 61
1| Askx`vwi msMV‡bi g~j wfwË Kx ?
K. AvBb L. Pzw³
M. Pzw³cÎ N. wbeÜb
2| Askx`vwi eëmv‡q GKRb Askx`v‡ii `vq †Kgb ?
K. g~jab ch©šÍ mxgve×
L. cÖwZkÖæwZ g~j¨ ch©šÍ mxgve×
M. eëmv‡q Zvi cvIbv ch©šÍ mxgve×
N. e¨w³MZ mnvq-m¤ú` ch©šÍ mxgve×
3. weÁwßi gva¨‡g wejywß Kiv hvq †Kvb Askx`vwi eëmvq ?
K. Hw‪QK Askx`vwi eëmvq
L. NygšÍ Askx`vwi eëmvq
M. mvaviY Askx`vwi eëmvq
N. Kg©x Askx`vwi eëmvq
4. Askx`vwi eëmvq GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq n‡Z DËg KviY−
i. AwaK cuywR msMÖn Kiv hvq
ii. mw¤§wjZfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq
iii. gvwj‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv †ewk _v‡K
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
5| wg. ingvb cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z GKwU eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| eëmv‡qi g~jab
mieivn Ki‡jI cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Q bv| wZwb Kx ai‡bi Askx`vi ?
K. mxwgZ L. wbw®…q
M. mvaviY N. bvggvÎ
6| Askx`vwi eëmvq wbewÜZ n‡j myweav cvIqv hvq−
i. ¯^v_© iÿv Kiv hvq
ii. ivR¯^ n‡Z gyw³ cvIqv hvq
iii. Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hvq

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| mvB`, †LvKb I gvgyb mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z `X’ Builders bv‡g GKwU wbg©v Y cÖwZôvb
MVb Ki‡jv hvi jÿ¨ imyjcyi MÖv‡g GKwU Kvj©fvU wbg©vY Kiv| ciewZ©‡Z g‡nkLvjx‡Z
GKwU N~wY©So AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©v‡Yi KvR †cj| GRb¨ Zv‡ì AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
ZvB Zviv mygb‡K GB k‡Z© eëmvq AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z Pvq, †m ïay eëmvq 5,00,000 UvKv
wewb‡qvM Ki‡e wKš‧ cwiPvjbvq AskMÖn Y Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
K. wjwLZ Pzw³‡K Kx ejv nq?

L. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb Kx eva¨Zvg~jK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. `X’ Builders †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq cÖwZôvb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K mygb †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vi? Zv‡K eëmvq AšÍf³
y© Kivi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
2| K, L I M GKwU AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wZb R‡bi g~ja‡bi cwigvY
mgvb Ges gybvdv †fv‡Mi nviI mgvbycvwZK| Z‡e K Zvi g~ja‡bi AwZwi³ `vq enb K‡i
bv| cÖwZôvbwU eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †Póv K‡iI GKRb †`vKvb`v‡ii wbKU n‡Z 10,000 UvKv
Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zviv fve‡Q cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Zi AvkÖq wb‡e|
K. evsjv‡`‡k KZ mv‡ji Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi AvBb cÖPwjZ?

L. bvggvÎ Askx`vi ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi eëmvq msMVb ? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx g‡b Ki Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g cvIbv Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e? gZvgZ `vI|

cÂg Aa¨vq
†hŠ_g~jabx eëmvq
JOINT STOCK BUSINESS
mf¨Zvi µgweeZ©‡bi avivq m~Pbv j‡Mœ eëmv‡qi cwimi wQj Aí I msKxY©, ZvB Gi mvsMVwbK iƒc
wQj mnR, †QvU| †hgb−GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi| Aóv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS n‡Z ïiæ n‡q Ebwesk
kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© Bsj¨v‡Û wkí wecøe msNwUZ n‡j wkí I eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b
mvwaZ nq| c~‡e©Kvi KvwqKkª‡gi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq hš¿cvwZ Ges ïiæ nq e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi
cvjv| GgZve¯’vq eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖv_wgK iƒc Z_v GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Ges Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi
c‡ÿ G‡ì KwZcq mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb cY¨`ªe¨vwì Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv
Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| djkÖæwZ‡Z GB cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgjv‡Z †h‡q AwaK g~jab, mxgve× `vq,
`ÿ cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbv Ges wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i myweav wb‡q hy‡Mvc‡hvMx eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e
†h․_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi D™¢e N‡U|

• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi aviYv|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi •ewkó¨mg~n|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`|
• cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi myweav I mxgve×Zv|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi MVb cÖwµqv|
- cwi‡gje‡Üi aviYv, welqe¯‘ I bgybv
- cwi‡gje‡Üi ¸iæZ¡
- cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv I welqe¯‘
- cwi‡gjeÜ I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji cv_©K¨
- weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯‘mg~n
• †Kv¤úvbx wbeÜbc‡Îi aviYv I bgybv|

• Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ|
• †Kv¤úvbxi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Drmmg~n|
• †kqvi Gi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`|
• FYcÎ Gi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`|
• †kqvi I FYc‡Îi cv_©K¨|
• †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi we‡jvc mvab c×wZ|
• evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v |
• evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvbx msMV‡bi fwel¨Z m¤¢vebvi w`K¸‡jv|
• mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji weKvkgvb eëmvq¸‡jvi aviYv|
5.01 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv

Concept of Company Organization
cÖK„wZMZfv‡eB †Kv¤úvwb msMVb GKwU jvfRbK eëmvq cÖwZôvb| Gi K…wÎg mËv, wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡,
wbR¯^ mxj‡gvni, cÖf„wZ we‡kl •ewkó¨ G‡K Ab¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| wb‡æ †Kv¤úvwb
msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv †`qv n‡jv−
†Kv¤úvwb n‡jv AvBbm„ó GKwU K…wÎg e¨w³mËv we‡kl cÖwZôvb| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb †h․_ g~jabx
†Kv¤úvwb‡K GKRb e¨w³i gZ ¯^Zš¿ mËv `vb K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwbi GB mËv AvBbMZfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| GB
mËv e‡j GwU wbR bv‡g me©Î cwiwPZ Ges GB mËv wb‡q †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hwÌ †Kv¤úvwbi nvZ-cv †bB, †m †L‡Z cv‡i bv, Ny‡gv‡Z cv‡i bv Zey G‡K e¨w³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq, hv‡K K…wÎg e¨w³mËv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr AvB‡bi †Pv‡LB GwU GKwU ¯^Zš¿
e¨w³, hv A`„k¨ I A¯úk©bxq| Z‡e i³gvs‡mi Mov gvbyl ev e¨w³ bv n‡jI †Kv¤úvwb GKRb e¨w³i
g‡ZvB wbR bv‡g Z„Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ †h‡Kvb ai‡bi Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡i Ges Aci‡KI Pzw³‡Z
Ave× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU wbR bv‡g A‡bï weiæ‡× Av`vj‡Z †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Ges Ac‡iI †Kv¤úvwbi
weiæ‡× †gvKÏgv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb c„_K I wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡m¤úbœ| K…wÎg e¨w³mËvB G‡K wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡
(Perpetual succession) `vb K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwbi m`‡mï A_©vr gvwj‡Ki Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ Gi
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv mswkøóZv †bB| †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ c` cwieZ©b wKsev mKj m`‡mï g„Zy¨
NU‡jI †Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejyß nq bv| G cÖm‡½ m‡jvgvb ebvg m‡jvgvb GÛ †Kvs wjt-Gi gvgjvi
iv‡q ejv nq †h, †Kv¤úvwb Gi m`m¨‡ì †_‡K c„_K Ges Gi ¯^Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb|

†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq 65
eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK cÖPwjZ, RbwcÖq I e„nr cwim‡i Kvh©Kix eëmvq msMVb n‡jv †Kv¤úvwb msMVb| mvaviY
A‡_©, K‡qKRb e¨w³ †¯^‛Qvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi
AvIZvq †Kv‡bv eëmvq msMVb MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb msMVb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb
Ò†Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv‡i MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb wbR bv‡gi mxj‡gvn‡ii
wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i I K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix n‡q _v‡K| ZvB e¨vcKfv‡e ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv
AvBb m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvwewkó, wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡m¤úbœ mxwgZ `vqwewkó Ggb GKwU ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b
wKQy †jvK gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h․_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i|
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2 (1) (N) aviv Abyhvqx Ò†Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z G AvB‡bi Awa‡b MwVZ I
wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb‡K eySvq|Ó ("Company means a company
formed and registered under this Act of any existing.")
†Kv¤úvwb msMVb ev †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³ mËvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai‡bi AvaywbK I
cÖPwjZ eëmvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, A¯úk©bxq A_P wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix hvi wbR¯^ bvg mxj
†gvni Øviv cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| GB msMVb †¯^‛Qvq †h․_fv‡e †kqvi µ‡qi gva¨‡g g~jab
wewb‡qvM K‡i Ges wewb‡qvMK…Z g~ja‡bi Dci gybvdv †NvlYv I eÈb K‡i|
5.02 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi •ewkó¨

Features of Company Organization
eZ©gvb e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi RM‡Z †Kv¤úvwb msMVb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I RbwcÖq eëmvq msMVb| GwU
GKwU AvBb-m„ó †h․_ gvwjKvbvi †¯^‛Qvg~jK eëmvq msMVb, Gi Ggb we‡kl KZK¸‡jv •ewkó¨
Av‡Q hv G‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K c„_K mËvi AwaKvix K‡i‡Q| †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi G
•ewkó¨¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
K. mvaviY •ewkó¨mg~n
Common Features of a Company
1. RwUj MVb c×wZ (Complicated formation): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb c×wZ AZ¨šÍ
RwUj| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó AvBbvbyM AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
2. †¯^”Qvg~jK ms¯’v (Voluntary association): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb GKwU †¯^‛QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z
eëmvq ms¯’v| gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq e¨w³i †¯^‛QvK…Z cÖ‡Póvq †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| †h
†KD B‛Qv Ki‡jB †kqvi µq Kivi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †KD B‛Qv
Ki‡jB †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i mn‡RB eëmvq n‡Z we`vq wb‡Z cv‡i|
3. wecyj cuywR (Huge capital): eû msL¨K e¨w³i msMVb weavq †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK g~jab
msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K|
4. e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMVb (Large-scale enterprise): AvaywbK e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMVb
wn‡m‡e †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb mgwaK cwiwPZ| cÖPzi m`m¨ msL¨v, e¨vcK g~jab me©‡ ÿ‡ÎB
†Kv¤úvwb e„n`vqZb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|
5. jf¨vsk eÈb (Distribution of dividend): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi AwR©Z gybvdvi GKUv
wbw`©ó Ask jf¨vsk wn‡m‡e †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ †kqv‡ii AvbycvwZK nv‡i ewÈZ n‡q _v‡K|
†Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g cwiPvjKMY GB jf¨vs‡ki cwigvY †NvlYv K‡ib|
6. Kiv‡ivc (Taxation): †Kv¤úvwbi Ici avh© K‡ii nvi mvaviYZ AwaK n‡q _v‡K| Gi
AwR©Z gybvdvi Ici Kiv‡ivc Kiv nq| Avevi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì cÖvß jf¨vs‡ki Dci Ki
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
7. we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †hgb AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© †Zgwb Gi
we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Gi
we‡jvcmvab N‡U| G Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY B‛Qv Ki‡jB Gi we‡jvcmvab
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
8. MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vcbv (Democratic management): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi eë¯’vcbv I
cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mKj ¯Í‡i MYZvwš¿K bxwZgvjv Abym„Z nq| MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi
†fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì Øviv †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvwjZ nq|
GQvov eëmv‡qi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi †fv‡Ui djvd‡ji Ici
¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
L. AvBbMZ •ewkó¨mg~n
Legal Features of a Company
1. AvBb-m„ó cÖwZôvb (Law-created concern): †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Øviv G cÖwZôvb m„ó nq|
evsjv‡`‡k †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbmg~n 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I
wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| D³ AvB‡bi 2.1 (N) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Ó†Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z G AvB‡bi
Aax‡b MwVZ Ges wbeÜbK…Z †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb‡K †evSv‡e|Ó
2. m`m¨ msL¨v (Number of members) : †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨
msL¨v wba©vwiZ| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Gi m`m¨ msL¨v b~¨bZg 2 Ges me©vwaK 50
R‡b mxgve× _v‡K Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq me©wbæ m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Ges m‡e©v‛P
msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi msN-¯§vi‡K DwjøwLZ †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|
3. c„_K I K…wÎg e¨w³mËv (Seperate and aritificial entity): †Kv¤úvwb GKwU ¯^Zš¿ K…wÎg
e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| G K…wÎg e¨w³mËv Gi m`m¨‡ì mËv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| AvBb
Abyhvqx GwU K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i _v‡K| GB AvBbMZ mËve‡j †Kv¤úvwb
wbR bv‡g A‡bï mv‡_ †hgwb †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb †gvKÏgvI `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Perpetual succession): AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix
GK K„wÎg e¨w³| †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi gvwjK‡ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci G Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©i K‡i bv|
†Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv ev m`m¨ c‡ì cwieZ©‡b Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœ nq bv| †Kej †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi
weavb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab Kiv n‡jB Gi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cwimgvwß N‡U _v‡K|
5. mxwgZ `vq (Limited liability): †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì `vq mxwgZ|
GKRb m`m¨ †h cwigvY A‡_©i †kqvi wKb‡e wVK †m cwigvY A‡_©i Rb¨B Zv‡K `vqx Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡iÑGi †ewk bq| A_©vr Gi m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii †gvU g~j¨ ch© šÍ
mxgve× _v‡K|
6. eva¨Zvg~jK wbeÜb (Compulsory registration): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜb
AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨Zvg~jK| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb‡K Aek¨B wbewÜZ
n‡Z n‡e| wbeÜb e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ Ges cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
7. mvaviY mxj‡gvni (Common seal): cÖwZwU †Kv¤úvwbi wbR¯^ bvgvw¼Z GKwU mvaviY
mxj‡gvni _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR I KvMRc‡Î G mxj‡gvni eënvi Kiv
eva¨Zvg~jK| G mxj‡gvn‡ii gva¨‡gB †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb ¯^Zš¿ I K…wÎg e¨w³mËv wb‡q
Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
8. †kqv‡ii n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨Zv (Transferability of shares): †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi
†kqvi¸‡jv Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨| †kqv‡ii n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbvqI
cwieZ©b m~w PZ nq| A_©vr †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g †kqvi µqKvix †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK nb|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb msMVb AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZi
eëmvq cÖwZôvb| hv †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Ges wbR¯^ ¯§viKwjwc I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji AvIZvq GKwU
¯^Zš¿ eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
Kg©cÎ-1
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv I •ewkó¨mg~n we‡kølY K‡i Gi myweav I Amyweav mg~n wPwýZ Ki|
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Amyweav
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5.03 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Company Organization
GKw`‡K eëmvq RM‡Z e¨vcK Dbœqb Ab¨w`‡K GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi mvsMVwbK
mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y bZzb msMVb KvVv‡gv †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi DrcwË N‡U, cieZ©x mg‡q eëmvq
RM‡Z Av‡iv e¨vcK Dbœq‡bi d‡j Gi eëmv‡qi MwZ cÖK…wZ‡ZI cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| hvi d‡j
†Kv¤úvwbi ai‡bI cv_©K¨ N‡U| wb‡gœ †Kv¤úvwbi cÖKvi‡f` we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv−
(K) `vqwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb (Companies on the basis of the liability of the
members): m`m¨‡ì `v‡qi cÖK„wZ Abymv‡i Giƒc †kªYxweb¨vm Kiv nq| `vq-Gi cÖK…wZ
Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb wZb cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v−
1. †kqvi Øviv mxgve× `vqwewkó †Kv¤úvwb (Companies limited by share): †h †Kv¤úvwb‡Z
m`m¨M‡Yi `vq †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨ ch©šÍ mxwgZ _v‡K, Zv‡K †kqvi Øviv mxgve× `vqwewkó
†Kv¤úvwb e‡j| †hgbÑcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb|
2. cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb (Companies limited by guarantee): †hme
†Kv¤úvwb‡Z m`m¨MY wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© ch©šÍ `vq cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q, Zv‡ì cÖwZkÖæwZ
Øviv mxgve× `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †h me m`m¨ †kqvi Øviv cÖwZkÖæwZ `vq
enb K‡i, †kqv‡ii Acwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ ch©šÍ Zv‡ì `vq _v‡K| †kqvig~j¨ cwi‡kvwaZ n‡q †M‡j
Zviv `vqgy³| Avw_©K g~j¨ Øviv cÖwZkªywZ `vqm¤úbœ m`m¨MY H cwigvY A_© cwi‡kva bv nIqv
ch©šÍ `vqe× _v‡Kb| mvaviYZ AeëmvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨ G ai‡bi cÖwZkÖæZ †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq|
†Kv¤úvwb
`vqwfwËK MVb cÖK…wZwfwËK m`m¨wfwËK gvwjKvbvwfwËK Ab¨vb¨

†Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb
1. †kqvi Øviv 1. mb`cÖvß 1. cÖvB‡fU wjt 1. miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb 1. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb

mxwgZ `vq †Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb 2. †emiKvwi 2. mvewmwWqvwi
m¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb 2. wewae× 2. cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb
2. cÖwZkÖ‚wZ Øviv †Kv¤úvwb 3. we‡`wk
mxwgZ `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb
3. wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb
†Kv¤úvwb
4. eûRvwZK
3. Amxg `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb
†Kv¤úvwb †Kv¤úvwb
wPÎ: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

L. Amxg `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb (Unlimited company):
†hme †Kv¤úvwb‡Z m`m¨M‡Yi `vq Amxg nq, Zv‡ì Amxg `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Gme
†Kv¤úvwb‡Z m„ó `v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwË QvovI †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË `vqe×
nq| eZ©gv‡b G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
M. MVb-cÖK…wZwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb
Companies on the basis of incorporation
MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kv¤úvwb‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq−
1. mb`cÖvß †Kv¤úvwb (Chartered company): ivóª cÖ avb ev ivRv ev ivbxi we‡kl Av‡`k
e‡j G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq| we‡kl K‡i †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Pvjy nIqvi c~‡e© G
ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡Zv| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb, w` e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ, w` PvU©v W©
e¨vsK Ae A‡÷ªw jqvÑ G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi D`vniY| eZ©gv‡b GLb Avi Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb
msMVb `„w ó‡MvPi nq bv|
2. wewae× †Kv¤úvwb (Statutory company) :
wPÎ: wewae× †Kv¤úvwb|

hLb †`‡ki AvBb cwil` ev cvj©v‡g‡›U we‡kl AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡K wewae× †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb, wkí Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb, wiRvf©
e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv cÖf„wZ Giƒc †Kv¤úvwb|
3. wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb (Registered company) : †hme †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Awd‡m ZvwjKfyw³i
gva¨‡g m„wó nq, †m¸‡jv‡K wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †Kv¤úvwbB
wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb|
N. m`m¨ msL¨vwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb
Companies on the Basis of Number of Member
m`m¨ msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv nq−
1. cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Private ltd. company): AvaywbK e„n`vqZb eëmvq RM‡Z ¯^vaxb
mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó †QvU ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb msMVb nj cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb| GwU wbR
bv‡gB me©mvavi‡Y¨ cwiwPZ|

mvaviYZ AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜzevÜe wg‡j mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwË‡Z †h †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq
Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
e¯‘Z †h †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ `yÕRb Ges m‡e©v‛P cÂvk R‡b mxgve× Ges hvi †kqvi
Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ bq, Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1) (U) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,ÒcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UWÓ ej‡Z Ggb
†Kv¤úvwb‡K eySv‡e hv Gi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Øviv−
K. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi hw` _v‡K, n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKv‡i evavwb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|
L. †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡i ev wW‡eÂv‡i (hw` _v‡K) Puv`v `v‡bi wbwgË (Subscription) Rbmvavi‡Yi
cÖwZ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv wbwl× K‡i|
M. Gi m`m¨ msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ e¨w³MY e¨ZxZ cÂv‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× iv‡L|
m`m¨ msL¨v mxwgZ e‡j cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ÿz`ªvqZ‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb AvBb
Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwbi MVb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cwiPvjbvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv A‡bKUv Kg| AvBb
Abyhvqx GUv ¯^vaxb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v †fvM K‡i Ges †kqvi‡nvìvi‡Ì `vq mxgve× _v‡K|
myZivs, cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b wbewÜZ n‡q †h †Kv¤úvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi gh©v`v jvf
Ki‡jI cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Abyhvqx 50 R‡bi AwaK m`m¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Rbmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨
†kqvi weµ‡qi Avnevb Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †kqvi gvwjKMY Aev‡a †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii myweav †fvM
K‡i bv Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
2. cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvwb (Public ltd. company): gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kgc‡ÿ 7 (mvZ)
Rb Ges m‡e©v‛P †h‡Kvb msL¨K (†kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×) m`m¨ †¯^‛Qvq mxwgZ `v‡qi wfwË‡Z
†kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKvi wb‡q K…wÎg mËvwewkó †h cÖwZôvb MwVZ nq, Zv‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvwb e‡j| GB msMV‡bi g~jab KZK¸‡jv LÛ LÛ †kqv‡i wef³ Ges †kqvi¸‡jv Aev‡a
n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv I eë¯’vcbv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vwPZ
cwiPvjK cl©` Øviv GB †Kv¤úvwbi eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvwb wbewÜZ nevi ci Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn K‡i Zvi Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e ïiæ K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi AvBbMZ msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2(1-T) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒcvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z
cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwb bq Ggb †Kv¤úvwb †evSvq, hv †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994 mvj ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1913 ev
1882 A_ev †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1886 A_ev GZØviv evwZjK…Z Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb Abyhvqx wbewÜZ n‡q‡Q|Ó
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb me©v‡cÿv †ewk RbwcÖq| gybvdv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë eû msL¨K e¨w³i µxZ
†kqv‡ii wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx GB †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
P. gvwjKvbvwfwËK †Kv¤úvwb
Companies on the Basis of Ownership
gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwb `yÕiKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb−
1. miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb mvaviYZ miKvwi gvwjKvbvq
MwVZ nq, A_ev †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Kgc‡ÿ 51% †kqv‡ii gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii _v‡K Zv‡K miKvwi
†Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
2. †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Non-government company): †hme †Kv¤úvwb †emiKvwi
gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
O. Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb (Other companies): GQvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq RM‡Z
RwoZ i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (Holding Company): †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MVb ev µqm~‡Î Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb
wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvsk ÿgZv †c‡j Zv‡K †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| Giƒc
†Kv¤úvwb wbqš¿YK…Z †Kv¤úvwbi 50%-Gi AwaK †kqv‡ii gvwjK Ges AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM I
AcmviY ÿgZv †fvM K‡i|
†nvwìs †Kv¤úvwbi •ewkó¨ n‡jv−
K. †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi 50% Gi †ewk mieivnKvix;
L. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwbi AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv G †Kv¤úvwbi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K;
M. Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwbi eë¯’vcbv cwil` wbe©vP‡bi `vwqZ¡I G †Kv¤úvwb †ewkifvMB †fvM K‡i;
N. cwiPvjK‡ì c`Py¨wZ ev Aemi`v‡bi ÿgZvI Gi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K;
O. G †Kv¤úvwbi c~Y© wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwbwU cwiPvwjZ nq; BZ¨vw`|
2. mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb (Subsidiary company): †hme †Kv¤úvwbi 50% -Gi AwaK
†kqv‡ii gvwjK Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| A‡a©‡Ki †ewk g~jab
mieivnKvix †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc †Kv¤úvwbi cy‡iv wbqš¿‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K| wbqwš¿Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K
mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb ejv nq|
3. we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb (Foreign company): †h †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki evB‡i MwVZ n‡q, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
†`‡k Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i, Zv‡K we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
4. eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb (Multinational company):
wPÎ: eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb|

†h †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv, eë¯’vcbv Ges wbqš¿‡Y GKvwaK †`‡ki Awaevmx AšÍf©y³ _v‡K Zv‡K
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| †hgbÑBDwbwjfvi evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW, †bm‡j evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| eënv‡ii •ewPÎ¨, D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZv
wKsev mg‡qi wfwË‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi wewPÎZv cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-2
cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi 6wU cv_©K¨ wjL
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb

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5.04 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡
Importance of Company Organization
†Kv¤úvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv wewkó eëmvq msMVb| GB e„nËg eëmvq msMVbwU Ab¨vb¨ msMVb †_‡K
†ewk my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡i| eZ©gvb eëmvq I wkÿvK‡g©i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii g~‡j i‡q‡Q †h․_ g~jabx
eëmv‡qi Abb¨ Ae`vb| wb‡æ Gmg¯Í myweavmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
1. ch©vß g~jab msMÖn (Enormous capital): †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ nq Kg| Kg
g~‡j¨ AwaK msL¨K †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn Kiv mnR nq| G‡Z Aí mÂqKvix‡ì wbKU
†_‡K g~jab msMÖn Kiv myweavRbK Ges †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi cwigvYI AwaK nq|
2. e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb (Establishment of large-scale business): e„n`vqZb
eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbvq †Kv¤úvwb me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx msMVb| wecyj cwigvY †kqvi I FYcÎ
weµq Ges `ÿ eë¯’vcK wb‡qvM K‡i mn‡RB †Kv¤úvwb G ai‡bi eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i |
3. DËg wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ (Proper Investment Field): †Kv¤úvwb msMVb mviv we‡k¦B DËg
wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb Kg nIqvq mKj ai‡bi gvbyl I Avw_©K
cÖwZôvb Gi †kqvi wK‡b wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| jf¨vsk QvovI †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb e„w×, ivBU
†kqvi cÖvwß BZ¨vw` myweav _vKvq Zv mevi wbKU AviI AwaK AvKl©bxq|
4. SuywK eÈ‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creating Facilities of Risk Distribution): GKK gvwjKvbv
ev Askx`vwiiwfwË‡Z KL‡bvB eo ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Lv‡Z A_© wewb‡qvM m¤¢e nq bv| A_P
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡b SzuwK eÈ‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq G‡Z A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi mnR my‡hvM m„wó nq|
†Kv¤úvwb hZ eo nq wewµZ †kqv‡ii msL¨vI ZZB e„w× cvq| SzuwKI Z‡Zv †ewk eÈ‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó n‡q _v‡K|

5. `ÿ cwiPvjbv (Efficient management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvi fvi
cwiPvjKgÐjxi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| cwiPvjKgÐjx MwVZ nq `ÿ cwiPvjKMY Øviv| Aek¨
cwiPvjKgÐjx cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| A_©vr cÖ‡qvR‡b cyivZb cwiPvjKgÐjx‡K cwieZ©b K‡i `ÿ
cwiPvjK wbhy³ Kiv hvq|
6. MYZvwš¿K cwiPvjbv (Democratic management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MYZvwš¿K
c×wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr
msL¨vMwi‡ôi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j Gi eë¯’vcbv MYZvwš¿K|
7. RbM‡Yi Av¯’v (Public confidence): †Kv¤úvwbi MVb, cwiPvjbv, eë¯’vcbv I wbqš¿Y
AvBb Øviv wba©viY nq e‡j G‡Z AvB‡bi evaëvaKZvI †ewk _v‡K| d‡j eëmv‡qi Dci
Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v e„w× cvq Ges wewb‡qvMKvixMY wbf©‡q Zv‡ì A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|
8. AvšÍR©vwZK mybvg (International goodwill) : e„n`vqZb cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb kyay †h ‡`‡ki
g‡a¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v AR©b K‡i Zv bq, eis †`‡ki evwn‡iI G‡ì mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| A_©vr
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k Zv‡ì eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjvc Qwo‡q c‡o| GK K_vq ejv hvq •e‡`wkK
eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †h․_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbB n‡jv GKgvÎ Dchy³ eëmvq msMVb|
9. M‡elYv (Research): bZzb Drcv`‡bi †K․kj Avwe¯‥vi, Drcv`bÑe¨q n«vm BZ¨vwì D‡Ï‡k¨
†Kv¤úvwb M‡elYv Kv‡h© A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡i hv GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi eëmvq m¤¢e bq|
10. K‡ii myweav (Tax relief): Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMV‡bi K‡ii nvi A‡cÿv †Kv¤úvwbi K‡ii nvi
Kg| Aciw`‡K bZzb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wKQyw`b ch©šÍ Ki cÖ`vb †_‡K †invB cvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavw` QvovI G eëmvq n‡Z mgvR, miKvi Z_v †`‡ki mKj RbMYB
cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e myweavcÖvß n‡q _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b Giƒc eëmvq MV‡b eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨
e¨vcK AvMÖn jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
5.05 †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi myweavmg~n

Advantages of Company Organization
1. mxwgZ `vq: †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii Avw¼K g~j¨ (Face value) A_ev cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv
mxgve× _v‡K| d‡j RbMY webvwØavq I msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i|
2. AwaK cyuwR: G ms¯’v RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i ch©vß cyuwR msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK
cÖ‡qvR‡b FYcÎ wewµi gva¨‡gI g~jab msMÖn Kiv hvq, hv Ab¨vb¨ msMVb¸‡jv cv‡i bv|
3. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡: AvB‡bi m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËv G‡K wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| d‡j Gi ¯’vwqZ¡
AwaK| GgbwK NUbvµ‡g †Kv¤úvwbi mKj m`‡`ï g„Zz¨ n‡jI ms¯’v wejyß nq bv| A_©vr GUv
wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| d‡j Gi we‡kl AvBbMZ mve©Rbxb mËv Av‡Q| hv
eëmv‡qi DbœwZi mnvqK|
4. MYZvwš¿KZv: GUv AvB‡bi AvIZvq mvwe©K MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq|
5. Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v: wbw`©ó AvB‡bi Øviv G ms¯’v MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq e‡j GUv
RbM‡Yi AwaK Av¯’v AR©‡b mÿg nq| d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixMY wbwð‡šÍ G msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i
Ges K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb AwaK F‡Yi myweav †fvM K‡i|

6. AwaK Drcv`b: e„n`vqZ‡bi Kvi‡Y G msMVb e¨vcK Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges RbMY Kgg~‡j¨
cY¨µ‡qi my‡hvM cvq|
7. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM: Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi Zzjbvq e„n`vqZ‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z RbM‡Yi K‡g©i
my‡hvM-myweav †ewk| d‡j RbM‡Yi AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki †eKviZ¡
`~ixKi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5.06 †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi Amyweav

Disadvantages of Company
wbewÜZ, wewae× `vqm¤úbœ e„nr AvKv‡ii eëmvq msMVb †Kv¤úvwb msMVb| GwU A‡bK¸‡jv myweav †fvM
Ki‡jI wewfbœ w`K wePv‡i Gi †ek wKQy AmyweavI `„ó nq| wb‡æ Gme Amyweavmg~n Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv:
1| MV‡b RwUjZv (Complexity in formation): we‡klZ mve©Rbxb †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kiv †ek
RwUj| GRb¨ †ek wKQy AvbyôvwbK I AvBbMZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kivi ci G †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kiv
m¤¢e nq| A_©vr GwU MVb Kiv AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj Ges mgqmv‡cÿ|
2| AwZ e„nr AvKvi (Gigantic size): †h․_g~jabx eëmv‡qi AvqZb GZ e„nr AvKvi aviY K‡i
†h, GwU cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv AZ¨šÍ KóKi nq|
3| ¯^RbcÖxwZ (Nepotism): cwiPvjKM‡Yi g‡a¨ D‛Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i †hvM¨Zv I
AwfÁZvi cwie‡Z© ¯^RbcÖxwZi cÖeYZv †ewk _v‡K|
4| gvwjKvbv I eë¯’vcbvq we‡”Q` (Divorce between ownership and
management): G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †kqvi‡nvìviMY mivmwi eë¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY K‡i
bv| d‡j gvwjKvbv I eë¯’vcbvq we‡‛Q` †`Lv †`q|
5| †kqvi ev‡RqvßKiY (Forfeiture of shares): †kqv‡ii Zjex A_© Abv`vqx _vK‡j
cwiPvjKgÐjx cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Abymv‡i cwiPvjKgÐjxi mfvq cÖ¯vÍ e cvm K‡i GwU ev‡Rqvß
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hme †kqvi ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq Gi cÖ`Ë A_© †diZ †`qv nq bv, d‡j
†kqvi‡nvìiMY ewÂZ nq|
6| GK‡PwUqv D™¢e (Growth of monopoly): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv eëmvq m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z Ggb Ae¯’vq G‡m ùvovq †h, Zviv ZLb GK‡PwUqv eëmvq cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
7| kªwgK †kvlY (Exploitation of workers): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi ìKlvKwli ÿgZv
AwaK _vKvq Zviv Kg© cwi‡ek‡K `~wlZ K‡i kªwgK †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
8| kªwgK-gvwjK we‡iva (Dispute between labour and owner): †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvi
fvi †ckv`vwi cwiPvjK‡ì nv‡Z _vKvq kªwgK I gvwj‡Ki g‡a¨ we‡iva e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
9| mgš^‡qi Afve (Lack of co-ordination): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwbi eë¯’vcbvq mgš^‡qi
Afve _v‡K| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b n«vm cvq|
10| miKvwi wbqš¿Y (Government Control): e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi KvRK‡g©i Dci
miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb Av‡ivc Kiv nq| e¯‘Ztc‡ÿ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì ¯^v_© AÿzYœ ivL‡Z, wewfbœ
`yb©xwZi Aemvb NUv‡Z G ai‡bi wbqš¿Y LyeB Dc‡hvMx| wKš‘ miKvwi cÖkvm‡b Mj` _vKvi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB AZ¨waK wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Av‡ivc Kiv nq| d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^vfvweK
KvRK‡g© bvbv RwUjZv m„wó nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, hwÌ G eëmv‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv Amyweav ev mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q ZeyI
Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i Gi myweavB A‡bK †ewk| mZK©Z vi mv‡_ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡j Gi
A‡bK¸‡jv mxgve×ZvB `~i Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB mKj †`‡kB GwU GKwU AcÖwZØ›Øx eëmvq msMVb
wn‡m‡e B‡Zvg‡a¨B Zvi ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
5.07. †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi MVb cÖYvjx
Formation Procedure of Company
†Kv¤úvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb-m„ó eëmvq cÖwZôvb hv †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wba©vwiZ cš’vq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ
nq| cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Dfq Ò†Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994Ó Abymv‡i MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ
nq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡b wewfbœ ch©v‡q KZK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó c`‡ÿc ev c×wZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡gœ G AvBb Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi c`‡ÿc/c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq (Promotional stage): GKvwaK e¨w³ †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ me©cÖ_g
D‡`¨vMx nb| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi Rb¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 7 Rb Ges cÖvB‡fU
wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 2 Rb D‡`¨v³vi cÖ‡qvRb nq| eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv, mvdj¨ BZ¨vw`
wel‡q wPšÍvfvebv K‡i Zviv †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖv_wgK c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib|
G e¨w³eM© ev cÖeZ©KMY G ch©v‡q wb‡gœv³ KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib:
K. cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ MÖnY
L. bv‡gi QvocÎ msMÖn
2. `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©vq
Documents Preparation Stage
cwiKíbv •Zwii ci D‡`¨v³vMY †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡¤œv³ `ywU `wjj cÖYqb
K‡ib−
K. ¯§viKwjwc/msN¯§viK ev cwi‡gje× (Memorandum of Association): GwU
†Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj ev mb`| G `wj‡j †Kv¤úvwbi bvg, †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awd‡mi wVKvbv,
†Kv¤úvwbi g~j jÿ¨mg~n, †kqvi, g~ja‡bi cwigvY, †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨mn g~ja‡bi wefw³
Ges GwU cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW bv-wK cvewjK wjwg‡UW Zv D‡jøL Kiv Aek¨K|
L. msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewj (Articles of association): G `wj‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY
cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-c×wZ †jLv nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b ewY©Z Zdwmj-1
†K msNwewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡K Avi G `wjj •Zwi Ki‡Z nq bv|
3. wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn ch©vq (Certificate of incorporation collection stage):
G ch©v‡q cÖeZ©KMY †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq dig msMÖn Kib Ges Zv
c~iYc~e©K `wjjcÎ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv †`b| Aek¨ Rgv`v‡bi mgq g~jab
Abycv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq ÷¨v¤ú I wd Gi mv‡_ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|
Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ `wjj I KvMRcÎ Rgv †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o−

K. †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwci wZb Kwc;
L. msNwewai wZb Kwc; Aek¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Zdwmj-1 †K msNwewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Ki‡j G g‡g© †NvlYvc‡Îi Kwc;
M. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
N. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvj‡Kiv wbR ¯^vÿihy³ `vwqZ¡cvj‡bi m¤§wZcÎ;
O. D‡`¨v³v cwiPvjKMY †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡q m¤§Z Av‡Qb G g‡g© GKwU Pzw³cÎ I
P. nvB‡Kv‡U©i DwKj A_ev msNwewa‡Z D‡jøL †Kv‡bv cwiPvjK ev mwPe c‡ì AwaKvix e¨w³
KZ…©K cÖ`Ë h_v_©Zvi †NvlYvcÎ|
Dc‡iv³ mewKQz wVKfv‡e †c‡q wbeÜK wbeÜb eB‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ K‡ib Ges cÖeZ©K‡ì
wbeÜbcÎ (Certificate of Incorporation) Ges PvB‡j cÖZ¨vwqZ ¯^viKwjwc I msNwewai Kwc cÖ`vb
K‡ib| Gi ciB cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K
KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
4. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq (Commencement stage): cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i
AbygwZcÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg Puv`v (Minimum Subscription) msMÖ‡ni †NvlYvcÎ Ges
Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµ‡qi †NvlYvcÎmn wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjjcÎmn Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| me
KvMRcÎ wVK _vK‡j Ges mš‘ó n‡j wbeÜK cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
cÖ`vb K‡ib| G cÎ cvIqvi c‡iB cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5.08 ¯§viKwjwc / cwi‡gjeÜ / msN ¯§vi‡Ki aviYv
Concept of Memorandum of Association
¯§viKwjwc n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj, mb` ev msweavb| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi g~j welqvewj; †hgb-bvg,
wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, g~jab, `vq I m¤§wZi welq wjwce× _v‡K| GUv †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©‡ ÿÎ I ÿgZvi mxgv
wb‡`©k K‡i| G‡Z AšÍf~©³ †bB Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR †Kv¤úvbx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
¯§viKwjwci welqe¯‘ ev avivmg~n
Contents of Memorandum of Association
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 6 avivq †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwbi 7 avivq cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve×
†Kv¤úvwbi Ges 8 avivq Amxg `vq †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwci welqe¯Íy m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡gœ ¯§viKwjwci avivmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
1. bvg aviv (Name Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi bvg Ges bv‡gi †k‡l cvewjK †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î
Ôwjwg‡UWÕ Ges cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î ÔcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UWÕ -G kã¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kv¤úvwbi †h‡Kv‡bv bvg ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e bvg MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AÎ AvB‡bi 11 avivq ewY©Z wb‡æv³ wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z nq−

i) GKwU we`¨gvb †Kv¤úvwb B‡Zvc~‡e© †h bv‡g wbewÜZ n‡q D³ bv‡gB envj Av‡Q A_ev †h
bv‡gi mv‡_ cÖ ¯ÍvweZ bv‡gi Ggb mv`„k¨ _v‡K †h, D³ mv`„‡kï d‡j cÖZviYv Kiv m¤¢e |
ii) miKvwi †M‡R‡U cÖÁvc‡bi Øviv Abwf‡cÖZ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Q; Ggb †Kv‡bv bvg miKv‡ii
wjwLZ c~e©vbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv|
iii) RvwZmsN ev RvwZmsN KZ©„K MwVZ Gi †Kv‡bv mnvqK ms¯’v A_ev wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi bvg ev
Hme bv‡gi kã ms‡ÿc msewjZ †Kv‡bv bvg, RvwZmsN ev Gi mnvqK ms¯’vi †ÿ‡Î RvwZms‡Ni
†m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡ij Ges wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi †ÿ‡Î Gi WvB‡i±i †Rbv‡i‡ji wjwLZ c~e© AbygwZ e¨ZxZ
eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
2. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv aviv (Situation and Address Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Kvh©vjq
†h AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z _vK‡e †m ¯’v‡bi bvg| Gi mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb †Kvb GjvKvq Gi Kvh©vewj
we¯Í„Z Ki‡e ZvI ewY©Z _vK‡e|
3. D‡Ïk¨ aviv (Objective Clause): †Kv¤úvwb wK ai‡bi eëmv‡q wjß _vK‡e Zv G avivq
we¯Í„Zfv‡e wjwce× _vK‡e| G D‡Ï‡kï evB‡i †Kv‡bv eëmvq Kiv hvq bv| G aviv GKw`‡K †Kv¤úvwbi
ÿgZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K †Kv¤úvwb cÖ`Ë ÿgZv‡K mxgve× K‡i| D³ avivq †Kv¤úvwbi
m¤¢ve¨ †ÿÎmg~‡ni eY©bv _v‡K Ges fwel¨‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Kx Kx eëmvq Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZvI wek`fv‡e
ewY©Z _v‡K|
4. `vq aviv (Liability Clause): †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii AvswKK
g~j¨ (Face value) Øviv mxgve× _v‡K| †kqv‡ii Acwi‡kvwaZ g~‡jï Rb¨ †Kej
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì‡K `vqx Kiv hv‡e Ges †kqv‡ii g~j¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwi‡kva Ki‡j Zviv m¤ú~Y©
`vqgy³ n‡eb|
5. g~jab aviv (Capital Clause): cÖ¯vÍ weZ †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY Ges g~jab KZK¸‡jv Ges
Kx cÖKv‡ii †kqv‡i wef³ _vK‡e Zv G avivq D‡jøL _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi G g~jab‡K wbewÜZ ev
Aby‡gvw`Z g~jab ejv nq| Gi AwZwi³ g~jab †Kv¤úvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
6. m¤§wZ aviv (Consent Clause): ¯§viKwjwci †kl As‡k cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ Zuvi bv‡gi wecix‡Z
KZ¸‡jv †kqvi µq Ki‡eb Zvi m¤§wZ aviv m¤ú‡K© wbæiƒc weavb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q−
i. msN-¯§vi‡K ¯^vÿi cÖ`vbKvix cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡K Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †kqvi µq Ki‡Z n‡e| [aviv 6 (L)]
ii. cÖ‡Z¨K ¯^vÿiKvix m`m¨‡K Zvi bv‡gi wecix‡Z µqK…Z †kqv‡ii cwigvY D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| [aviv 6 (M)]
iii. cÖ‡Z¨K ¯^vÿiKvix m`m¨ AšÍZtc‡ÿ `yÕRb mvÿxi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ¯^vÿi cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb Ges D³ ¯^vÿi mvÿx KZ©„K mZ¨vwqZ n‡Z n‡e| [aviv 9(M)]
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Dchy³ avivmg~n ewY©Z mKj ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡K me©`v AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Gi
†Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Aby‡gv`b I we‡kl wm×všÍ MÖnY I †ÿÎ we‡k‡l Av`vjZ I
miKv‡ii Aby‡gv`b MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡gœ ¯§viKwjwci GKwU bgybv †`qv nj:
gviæwZ ÷xj wgj&m wjwg‡UW
¯^viKwjwc
1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg: gviæwZ ÷xj wgj&m wjwg‡UW|

2. †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awdm: ivR feb, 31, w`jKzkv evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|
3. †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n:
K. wewfbœ †j․n I B¯úvZmvgMÖx Drcv`b I Avg`vwb Kiv;
L. †kv-iæg I weµq‡K›`ª cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k `ªe¨ weµq Kiv:
M. G‡R›U wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki me©Î Drcvw`Z ev Avg`vwbK…Z `ªe¨ weµ‡qi eë¯’v Kiv I
N. D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ g~j D‡Ï‡kï Avbylw½K I cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv|
4. †Kv¤úvwbi AvIZvfz³ GjvKv: †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg mviv evsjv‡`ke¨vcx e¨vc„Z n‡Z cvi‡e|
5. g~jab: †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi cwigvY n‡e 50 †KvwU UvKv, hv cÖwZwU 100 UvKv g~‡jï 50 jÿ
mvaviY †kqv‡i wef³ n‡e|
6. m`m¨‡ì `vq: †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì `vq †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _vK‡e|
Avgiv wb‡gœœewY©Z e¨w³eM© G g‡g© m¤§wZ cÖ`vb KiwQ †h, ¯§viKwjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ kZ© Abymv‡i Avgiv GKwU
†Kv¤úvwb MV‡b B‛QzK Ges Avgv‡ì bv‡gi Wvbcv‡k¦© ewY©Z wbw`©ó A‡¼i †kqvi µ‡qI Avgiv
cÖwZkÖæwZe×|
µ‡q”Qz †kqvi
m¤§wZ `vbKvix e¨w³‡ì bvg I µ‡q”Qz †kqv‡ii g~ja‡bi cwigvY
¯^vÿi
wVKvbv cwigvY (cÖwZUv 100 UvKv
nv‡i)
1. mvBdzj AvRg 5000 5 jÿ UvKv
114 / G-G g‡bk¦i †ivW
wRMvZjv, XvKv wbjydv BqvQwgb
2. †gv: Avwe` Avjg 5000 5 jÿ UvKv
wbKzÄ feb
45, cvZjv Lvb †jb, †gv: Avwe` Avjg
XvKv|
3. †di‡`․m Aviv †eMg 5000 5 jÿ UvKv
Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv| †di‡`․m Aviv
†eMg
4. Avkivdzj Avjg 3000 3 jÿ UvKv
Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv Avkivdzj Avjg
5. RvwKqv myjZvbv 3000 3 jÿ UvKv
Gb, Gm, †ivW, cvebv RvwKqv myjZvbv
6. Avwmd-D¾vgvb 3000 3 jÿ UvKv
†Mvcvjcyi, GK`šÍ cvebv Avwmd-D¾vgvb
7. ivqnvb Avjx 3 jÿ UvKv
†Mvcvjcyi, GK`šÍ, cvebv ivqnvb Avjx
8. †gv: †njvj AvKb 3000 3 jÿ UvKv

ewikvj, SvjKvVx †gv: †njvj AvKb
30,000 30,00,000.00
†gvU M„nxZ †kqv‡ii msL¨v
(wÎk nvRvi) (wÎk jÿ)
ZvwiL: 25 †k Ryb, 2005 Bs
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ e¨w³e‡M©i bvg, wVKvbv I ¯^vÿi mZ¨vwqZ Kiv n‡jv|
--------------------- ---------------------
(GW‡fv‡KU AvZvDi ingvb) (†gv: Kwei †nvmvBb)
evsjv‡`k nvB‡KvU©, XvKv| 131, wWAvBwU G·t †ivW, XvKv|
evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv
evqZzj Avgvb 103 / 1-G, DËi gyM`vcvov
81, †jKmvK©vm, KjvevMvb, XvKv| XvKv
wPÎ: msN ¯§vi‡Ki bgybv
5.09 ¯§viKwjwci ¸iæZ¡ ev Zvrch©

Importance of Memorandum of Association
GKUv †`‡ki Rb¨ Zvi msweav‡bi AvBbMZ gh© v `v †hgb GKUv †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ Zvi
msN¯§vi‡Ki gh© v `vI wVK Aby i ƒc ej‡jI AZz ¨ w³ nq bv| msN¯§vi‡Ki ¸ iæZ¡ ev AvBbMZ
Zvrch© ‡ K wb‡gœ v ³fv‡e D‡jø L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
1. ÿgZvi wb‡`©k (Indication of power): ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©ÿgZvi mxgv wb‡`©k
K‡i| Giƒc `wj‡ji D‡Ïk¨ avivq ewY©Z KvR ev Gi mv‡_ mswkøó Avbylw½K KvR †Kv¤úvwb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Gi evB‡i †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv n‡j Zv ÿgZv ewnf©yZ KvR we‡ewPZ nq|
2. m¤úK© wb‡`©k (Indication of relationship): msN¯§vi‡Ki kZ©¸wj Øviv †Kv¤úvwb I
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ev AvBbMZ eÜ‡bi m„wó nq| A_©vr †Kv¤úvwb I †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì ga¨Kvi
m¤úK© Gi Øviv wbY©xZ n‡q _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Zv‡ì AwaKvi Ges `vqI Gi gva¨‡g wbiƒwcZ nq|
3. h_vwbq‡g cwieZ©b Avek¨K (Necessary to change at law): AvB‡b D‡jøwLZ KviY
e¨wZ‡i‡K Ges AvBb gvwdK AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb bv K‡i †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ
wm×v‡šÍi Øviv msN¯§viK cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Giƒc `wjj h_vwbq‡g cwie©Zb Avek¨K|
4. ÿgZv ewnf©~Z Kv‡Ri `vq (Liability for ultra vires activites): †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKiv
hw` ¯§viKwjwci ÿgZv ewnf©yZ †Kv‡bv Kvh© K‡i Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ †ÿÎwe‡k‡l Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi ev
Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU `vqx _v‡K|

5. msN¯§vi‡Ki AMÖMY¨Zv (Primacy of memorandum of asociation): msN¯§viK I

msNwewai g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j †kqvi‡nvìviiv msNwewa ms‡kvab K‡i D³
Kvh© Aby ‡ gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ msN¯§viK envj _v‡K| A_© v r Giƒc `wjj memgqB
gy L ¨ we‡ewPZ nq|
6. cÖKvk¨ `wjj (Exressed document): msN¯§viK GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖKvk¨ `wjj| myZivs
†Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ †jb‡`‡b mKj cÿ Zv AeMZ Av‡Q e‡j aiv nq| Giƒc `wjj m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
wQj bv GB ARynvZ KLbB Av`vj‡Z MÖvn¨ nq bv|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h, ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤úvwbi gyL¨ `wjj, mb` ev msweavb| cÖ‡Z¨K †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨
G ai‡Yi `wjj •Zwi Acwinvh©| cÖ_g cwiPvjK I D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg Ges ¯^vÿi G‡Z _vKvq Zv
†Kv¤úvwbi HwZ‡nï cÖKvk K‡i|
¯§viKwjwci cwieZ©b (Alternation of Memorandum of Association):
†Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc cwieZ©b †ek AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© I RwUj KvR| ¯§viKwjwci cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqe¯‘
cwieZ©‡bi wfbœ wbqg †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ c×wZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. bvg avivi cwieZ©b (Change of name clause): GB avivi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì
mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ¯vÍ e cvm Ki‡Z nq Ges G wel‡q miKv‡ii AbygwZ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| AZtci
we‡kl cÖ¯vÍ e cv‡mi I miKv‡ii AbygwZi Abywjwc †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|
AvBbMZ mgm¨v †`Lv bv w`‡j wbeÜK, eB‡Z cyivZb bvg ev` w`‡q bZzb bvg AšÍf©y³ K‡ib Ges G
g‡g© mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡ib| AZtci bvg cwieZ©b KvR mgvß nq|
2. D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©b (Change of objects clause): GB avivi cwieZ©‡b
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mvaviY mfvq GB g‡g© we‡kl cÖ ¯Íve cvm K‡i Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`b jvf
Ki‡Z nq| Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi ci beŸB w`‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡kvwaZ ¯§viKwjwci
gyw `ªZ Kwc I Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi cÖw Zwjwc wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| wbeÜK
ms‡kvwaZ ¯§viKwjwc Aby‡gv`b Ki‡j D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©b m¤ú~Y © nq|
Aek¨ wbgœwjwLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Kvi‡YB ïaygvÎ GB avivq cwieZ©b Kiv hvq−
K. AwaKZi e¨q ms‡KvP I eëmvq cwiPvjbvq `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨;
L. bZzb A_ev DbœZZi Dcv‡q †Kv¤úvwbi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kivi Rb¨;
M. ¯’vbxq Kvh©‡ÿÎ cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨:
N. Ggb †Kv‡bv bZzb eëmvq Avi¤¢ Kivi Rb¨ hv †Kv¤úvwbi eZ©gvb eëmv‡qi mv‡_ jvfRbKfv‡e hy³
Kiv hvq;
O. ¯§viKwjwc‡Z D‡jøwLZ †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ ms‡KvPb ev cwiZ¨vM Kivi Rb¨;
P. †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq eëmvq A_ev eëmv‡qi Askwe‡kl A_ev GKvwaK eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv
GKwU weµq wKsev n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi Rb¨;
Q. Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ GKÎxf~Z nIqvi Rb¨|

3. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv avivi cwieZ©b (Change of situation and address clause): G
†ÿ‡ÎI D‡Ïk¨ aviv cwieZ©‡bi Abyiƒc mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ¯vÍ e cvm Ges Av`vj‡Zi
Aby‡gv`b jvf Ki‡Z nq Ges Zv wbeÜK‡K Rvbv‡Z nq| D‡Ïk¨ avivi cwieZ©‡bi bv¨q
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU KviY Giƒc cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GKB kn‡ii g‡a¨ ev
¯’vbxq GjvKvi g‡a¨ wVKvbv cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wVKvbv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii 28 w`‡bi g‡a¨ GB m¤ú‡K©
†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜK‡K weÁwß w`‡jB P‡j|
4. g~jab avivi cwieZ©b (Change of capital clause): †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z
g~jab cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© weavb _vK‡j †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab n«vm ev e„w × Kiv hvq| g~jab e„w ×i
†ÿ‡Î mvaviY mfvq mvaviY cÖ ¯Íve cvm Ki‡jB P‡j| wKš‘ g~ja‡bi cwigvY n«vm Ki‡Z
n‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ ¯Íve cvm K‡i Av`vj‡Zi AbygwZ wb‡Z nq|
AZtci †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc‡Z bZzb g~ja‡bi cwigvY D‡jøL K‡i cÖ ¯Íve MÖn ‡Yi ci 15
w`‡bi g‡a¨ g~jab cwieZ©‡bi †NvlYv wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z nq|
cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Øviv ÿgZvcÖvß n‡j †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv `vq mxgve× †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb wbgœwjwLZ
†h‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q g~jab cwieZ©b ev n«vm e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i−
K. bZzb †kqvi wewj;
L. eZ©gvb †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb e„w×;
M. †kqvi¸‡jv‡K cybivq wef³ K‡i Aí g~‡jï †kqv‡i cwieZ©bKiY;
N. eÈb Kiv nqwb ev evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb †kqvi wnmve n‡Z ev` w`‡q †kqvi g~jab n«vm|
5.10 msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv

Concept of Articles of Association
GwU †Kv¤úvwbi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY wbqš¿Y m¤úwK©Z wewa-weavb A_©vr
†Kv¤úvwb Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e Zv D‡jøL _v‡K| Aek¨ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb
AvB‡b ewY©Z Zdwmj-1 †K †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î `wjj
•Zwii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î GwU cÖ¯‘Z eva¨Zvg~jK|
cwi‡gj wbqgvewji welqe¯‘
Contents of Articles of Association
cwi‡gj wbqgvewj n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi wØZxq Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj, hvi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY
Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq welqvw` wjwce× _v‡K| ¯§viKwjwci Aax‡b G `wjj †Kv¤úvwbi
Af¨šÍixY wµqv-Kjv‡ci w`K-`k©b wn‡m‡e f~wgKv iv‡L, †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj‡Z †hme welq
AšÍf©y³ nIqv DwPZ †m¸‡jv wbæiƒc−
1. cÖwZôv‡bi bvg: †Kv¤úvwbi bvg Ges bv‡gi †k‡l wjwg‡UW ev mxwgZ ms‡ÿ‡c wjt kãwU emv‡Z n‡e|
2. †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK msµvšÍ wbqgvewj−
i. cwiPvjK msL¨v;

ii. cwiPvjK, eë¯’vc‡Ki bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv I Ab¨vb¨ weeiYx;

iii. cÖ_g cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
iv. eë¯’vcK I cwiPvjK‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨;
v. cwiPvjK‡ì †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi I g~j¨;
v i. cwiPvjK‡ì cvwikªwgK;
vii. cwiPvjK‡ì Aemi MÖnY, `vwqZ¡ Ae¨vnwZ BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ wbqgvewj|
3. Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM c×wZ−
i. g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U;
ii. mwjwmUvi;
iii. `vjvj;
iv. Ae‡jL‡Ki bvg;
v. †ckv|
4. g~jab msµvšÍ wbqgvewj−
i. Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
ii. g~ja‡bi †kªYxwefvM I cwigvY;
iii. b~¨bZg g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
iv. g~ja‡bi cwieZ©b ev n«vmÑe„w×i wbqg;
5. †kqvi msµvšÍ wbqgvewj:
i. †gvU †kqv‡ii msL¨v I †kªYxwefvM;
ii. cÖwZ †kqv‡ii g~j¨;
iii. †kqvi µ‡qi Rb¨ RbmvaviY‡K Avnev‡bi wbqg;
iv. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi msµvšÍ wbqgvewj;
v. †kqvi weµ‡qi Kwgkb I `vjvwj;
vi. †kqvi g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai wbqgvewj;
vii. †kqvi weµq c×wZ;
viii. †kqvi ev‡RqvßKiY c×wZ I kZ©vewj;
ix. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi msµvšÍ wbqgvewj;
x. †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I AwaKvi;
xi. wewfbœ †kªYxi †kqvigvwjK‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡, ÿgZv I AwaKvi|
6. †Kv¤úvwbi FY msµvšÍ wbqgvewj:
i. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖnY msµvšÍ wbqgvewj;
ii. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖnY ÿgZvi weeiY;
iii. FY MÖnY c×wZ|
7. †Kv¤úvwbi mfv msµvšÍ wbqgvewj:

i. †Kv¤úvwbi mfv AvnŸvb I mfv cwiPvjbv c×wZ;
ii. mfvi †fvU MÖnY c×wZ;
iii. wewfbœ mfvi †Kvivg msµvšÍ wbqg;
iv. mvaviY mfv I we‡kl mfv Abyôv‡bi wbqgvewj|
8. †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk msµvšÍ wbqgvewj:
i. jf¨vsk †NvlYvi c×wZ;
ii. jf¨vsk‡K g~ja‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi wbqgvewj|
9. †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vs‡Ki wnmve msµvšÍ wbqgvewj|
10. †Kv¤úvwbi FY MÖn‡Yi c×wZ I wbqgvewj|
11. †Kv¤úvwbi wmj‡gvni msµvšÍ wbqgvewj|
i. Gi msiÿY I
ii. eënvi-wewa|
Kg©cÎ-3
¯§viK wjwc I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji aviYv I welqe¯Íy we‡kølY K‡i G‡ì g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki|
¯§viKwjwc cwi‡gj wbqgvewj
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
5.11 weeiYc‡Îi aviYv
Concept of Prospctus
ÒProspectus is an advertisement of a company” mvaviYZ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †kqvi I FYcÎ weµ‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi cwic~Y© Z_¨ m¤^wjZ †h weÁvcb cÖPvi K‡i,
†mwU weeiY cÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GLv‡b m¤¢ve¨ wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z †Póv Pvjv‡bv
nq| G‡K †Kv¤úvwbi `c©‡Yi (Mirror) mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
mvaviYZ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡bi QvocÎ msMÖ‡ni ci g~jab msMÖ‡ni wbwg‡Ë eëmv‡qi
Avw_©K Ae¯’v Rvwb‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h cÎ iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K weeiYcÎ e‡j|
g~jZ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvevi wbwg‡Ë wbeÜ‡bi QvocÎ AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cvewjK wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vMY †h c‡Îi gva¨‡g RbMY‡K †kqvi ev wW‡eÂvi µ‡qi Avnevb Rvbvq
Zv‡K weeiYcÎ ev cÖm‡cKUvm e‡j|
weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯Íy
Contents of the Prospectus

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb hLb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq ev bZzb †Kv¤úvwb evRv‡i
†kqvi †Q‡o g~jab msMÖ‡ni mgq RbmvaviY‡K AewnZ Kiv ev DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨B weeiYx cÖPvi
K‡i _v‡K| weeiY c‡Î Ggb me welq AšÍf©y³ Kiv DwPZ hv RbMY‡K G †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú‡K© c~Y©
weeiY w`‡Z mÿg |
GKwU weeiY c‡Î †hme welq AšÍfy©³ nIqv DwPZ Zv wbæiƒc−
1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨vewj|
2. Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY I weeiY|
3. †kqvi µ‡qi Av‡e`b, AveÈb I Zj‡e cÖ‡`q A‡_©i cwigvY Ges Av‡e`bcÎ Rgv †`qvi †kl
ZvwiL|
4. b~¨bZg g~jab msMÖ‡ni cwigvY|
5. cÖv_wgK Li‡Pi cwigvY|
6. cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv|
7. cwiPvjK‡ì †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi msL¨v I g~j¨|
8. cwiPvjK‡ì cvwikªwg‡Ki cwigvY|
9. cwiPvjK cl©‡ì m`m¨‡ì ¯^vÿi|
10. m¤úwËi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY|
11. cwiPvjK‡ì †`q A_© I Ab¨vb¨ myweav|
12. jf¨vsk eÈb c×wZ|
13. †Kv¤úvwbi wbixÿ‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv|
14. †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Dc‡`óvi bvg I wVKvbv|
15. †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vsKv‡ii bvg I wVKvbv|
16. †Kv¤úvwbi wnmve wbixÿ‡Yi wbqgvewj|
17. Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY|
18. ¯§viKwjwci mswÿß eY©bv|
19. cwi‡gj wbqgvewji msw&ÿß eY©bv|
20. cwiPvjKM‡Yi ¯^v_©|
21. †kqv‡ii †kªYxwefvM I cÖ‡Z¨K †kqv‡ii msL¨v|
22. cÖwZ †kqv‡ii weµqg~j¨ Ges cwi‡kva c×wZ|
23. †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †kqvi gvwjK‡ì ¯^v_©|
24. †kqvi eÈ‡bi `vq †KD MªnY Ki‡j Zvi bvg I wVKvbv|
25. †Kv¤úvwbi c~e© BwZnv‡mi msw&ÿß weeiY|
26. g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U ev eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK‡ì bvg, wVKvbv, cvwikªwgK Ges wb‡qvM c×wZ|
27. PjwZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY|
28. †kqvi Av‡e`‡bi mgq Ges eiv‡×i Rb¨ †h cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi cwigvY|
29. †Kv¤úvwbi wbKU m¤úwË we‡µZv‡ì bvg wVKvbv I cwiPq|

30. †Kvb D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg, wVKvbv Ges †Kv‡bv A_© ev myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j Zvi weeiY|
31. †Kv¤úvwbi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³mg~‡ni ZvwiL, cÿmg~n|
32. †Kv¤úvwbi eëmvq Pvjy _vK‡j weMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii DØ„Ë cÎ I jvf ÑÿwZi wnmve weeiYx|
33. weeiYcÎ cÖPv‡ii ZvwiL I cwiPvjK‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯^vÿi BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi †h, me ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYc‡ÎB D‡jøwLZ me¸‡jv welq AšÍfy©³
bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖeZ©K ev cwiPvjKiv wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯Íy wba©viY
K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB weeiY c‡Î wg_¨v Z_¨-cwi‡ekb Kiv hv‡e bv|
weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ
Statement in Lieu of Prospectus
†kqvi Øviv mxgve× cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYcÎ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †ck Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv
Rbmvavi‡Yi ÁvZv‡_© cÖPvi Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK| Z‡e †Kv¤úvwb‡K me©‡ÿ‡ÎB Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e G ai‡bi
†Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©KMY AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, eÜzevÜ‡ei wbKU †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avi weeiYcÎ cÖPvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ZLb 1994
mv‡ji AvB‡b ewY©Z ZdwmjÑ4 Abyhvqx GKwU weKí weeiYcÎ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq Ges Zvi GK Kwc
wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi ev FYcÎ wewj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr, GKwU
†Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab hLb cÖeZ©KMY Zv‡ì wbR¯^ AvZ¥xq¯^Rb A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K
msMÖn Ki‡Z mg_© nb ZLb weeiYcÎ cÖPv‡ii cwie‡Z© wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †h wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K
weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
5.12 †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜbcÎ

Company Registration Certificate
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wewfbœ weavb ev Avby ô vwbKZv cvjb †k‡l †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ e Z© K ev
D‡`¨v³vMb †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z wbeÜ‡bi cÖ g vb wnmv‡e †h `wjj msMÖ n K‡i
Zv‡KB wbeÜbcÎ e‡j| cÖ v B‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Giƒc `wjj cvIqvi ciB KvR ïiæ
Ki‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc `wjj cÖ v wßi ci Aw¯Í ‡ Z¡ i m„ w ó
n‡jI Kvh© v i‡¤¢ i Aby g wZcÎ msMÖ ‡ ni c~ ‡ e© Zviv KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wb‡gœ †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbc‡Îi GKwU bgybv †`qv n‡jv−
Bs 57/wb/2004 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj ev/G, XvKv-1000 ZvwiL: ........................
wbeÜb cÎ

...... ’X’ .......... †Kv¤úvwb wj.-†K †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx A`¨ .......................ZvwiL n‡Z
†kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv n‡jv|
¯^vÿi wmj wbeÜK

wPÎ: wbeÜb cÎ
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, wbeÜb cÎ n‡jv †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖgvY ev `wjj| †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡bi ci
wbeÜb KZ©„cÿ †Kv¤úvwb‡K D³ `wjj ev mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
5.13 Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
Certificate of Commencenment
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjj cÎmn †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki
wbKU Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ †P‡q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| Av‡e`‡b 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 50
avivi wbqg mwVKfv‡e cvwjZ n‡j wbeÜK †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ w`‡q GKLvbv cÎ cÖ`vb
K‡ib, hv Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Î †hme welq D‡jøL _v‡K, Zvn‡jv−
i. wbeÜb Awd‡mi bvg I wVKvbv ;
ii. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ Bmyï ZvwiL ;
iii. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i ZvwiL ;
iv. cÎ b¤î ;
v. Awdm mxj ;
vi. wbeÜ‡Ki bvg I c`wemn wmj I ¯^vÿi ;
vii. †Kv‡bv kZ©hy³ _vK‡j Zvi weeiY BZ¨vw`|
wb‡gœ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi GKwU wPÎ †`qv n‡jv−
cÎ bs-A/07/2004 MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi

†Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡Ki Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj ev/G, XvKv-1000 ZvwiL : ........................

Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 103 aviv Abyhvqx ‘Y’ †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ †`qv †Mj|
hv..............ZvwiL n‡Z Kvh©Ki n‡e|
¯^vÿi wmj wbeÜK
wPÎ: Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ

5.14 †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab
Company Capital
AvaywbK eëmv‡qi RM‡Z g~jab‡K Rxebxkw³ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_© Qvov †h‡Kv‡bv
eëmvqB APj †hgb i³ Qvov gvby‡li kixi| Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k †hme eëmvq msMVb Avgiv †`wL
†m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi Dcv`vb me¸‡jv GKmv‡_ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ me cÖwZôv‡b GKwU g~j
Dcv`vb Aek¨B Av‡Q Avi Zv n‡jv A_©| eëmv‡qi cÖv_wgK e¨q wbe©vn, Drcv`b Kvh© Ae¨vnZ ivLv,
cY¨ weZiY I kªwg‡Ki cvIbv cwi‡kva cÖf„wZ mKj Kv‡R A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨B eëmv‡qi
mdjZv A‡bKvs‡kB A_©ms¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_© ms¯’vb g~jZ cÖwZôv‡bi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb
wba©viY, Drm AbymÜvb, eënvi wbiƒcY, fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ A_© msiÿY, mvgwMÖK A_© msiÿY I mvgwMÖK
A_© eë¯’vcbv BZ¨vwì mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
†Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡q A_©ms¯’v‡bi ¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm mg~n wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv−
¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm
Sources of Short Term Business Finance
A_©evRvi n‡Z wkí Z_v eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ¯^í‡gqvw` g~jab ev cyuwR msMÖn Kiv nq| mvaviYZ GK eQ‡ii
Rb¨ ¯^í †gqvw` A‡_©i ms¯’vb Kiv nq| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK, †`kxq FY`vZv †Mvôx, eë¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwae„›`, wej
evRvi, mgevq e¨vsK, f~wgeÜwK e¨vsK cÖf„wZ wb‡q ¯^í †gqvw` F‡Yi Drm A_©evRvi MwVZ nq|
1. gvwj‡Ki Znwej (Owner’s Fund):
wPÎ: gvwj‡Ki Znwej|

eëmv‡q ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvwj‡Ki Znwej‡K cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
nq| gvwjK cÖ_ gZ Zvi wb‡Ri mwÂZ A_© eëmv‡q wewb‡qvM K‡ib| gvwj‡Ki Znwej n‡Z
msM„nxZ A_© w`‡q eëmv‡qi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î G Drm
n‡Z msM„n xZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z A_©vq‡bi †Póv Kiv nq|
2. eëmvq FY (Trade Credit): eëmvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY hv av‡i µq-weµ‡qi d‡j m„wó
nq| G ai‡bi F‡Yi AvIZvq cY¨ mvgMÖxi we‡µZv cY¨ weµ‡qi GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †µZvi KvQ
n‡Z g~j¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †µZvi wbKU GB wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ g~j¨ cwi‡kva bv Kivi myweav
FY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, hv‡K eëmvq FY ejv nq| A_©vr, eëmvq FY Ggb GK ai‡bi FY‡K eySvq hv
GKRb eëmv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j cY¨ mieivnKvixi KvQ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b
Dbœqbkxj eëmvq RM‡Z Giƒc F‡Yi eënvi eëmv‡qi A_©ms¯’vb‡K LyeB mnR K‡i‡Q|
3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (Commercial Bank): evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` F‡Yi eëmvqx
ejv nq| e¨vsK¸‡jvi cÖavb KvR n‡jv wewfbœ eëmvq-evwYR¨ I wkí KviLvbvq ¯^í †gqvw` FY
†`qv| myZivs †h †Kv‡bv eëmvqxi A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi KvQ n‡Z
¯^í‡gqv‡` A_© msMÖn Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vsK¸‡jv mnR k‡Z© avi, bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ FY
wn‡m‡e A_© w`‡q _v‡K|
4. AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜz evÜe (Relatives & Friends): cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyy‡liB Ggb wKQy AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb
I eÜz evÜe _v‡K, hviv wewfbœ wec`-Avc` I cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq GwM‡q Av‡m| eëmvqx‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI
†`Lv hvq, eëmv‡q A_©vq‡b wbR¯^ Znwej n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© Ach©vß n‡j wbKUZg AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I
eÜzevÜe‡ì kiYvcbœ nq Ges Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e A_© wb‡q eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb I eÜz-evÜe‡ì KvQ †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi BwZevPK w`K n‡‛Q †Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvgvbZ Ges
my` ev gybvdv bv w`‡qB LyeB mnR k‡Z© I mnR cÖwµqvq FY MÖnY Kiv hvq|
5. †`kxq e¨vsKvi (Indigenous Banks): cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB eëmv‡qi A_©ms¯’v‡b †`kxq
e¨vsKvi gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †`kxq e¨vsKvi ej‡Z A_© eëmv‡q wjß wewfbœ e¨w³ ev
gnvRb †kªYx‡K eySvq| †`kxq e¨vsKvi Pov my‡` wewfbœ eëmvqx‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
MÖvgvÂ‡j †`kxq e¨vsKvi‡ì Dcw¯’wZ AwaK jÿYxq|
6. eë¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa (Management Agent): eë¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa ej‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq hviv Pzw³i AvIZvq †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi eë¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
Giƒc eë¯’vcbv cªwZwbwa eëmv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm| eë¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa

Avw_©K w`K †_‡K AZ¨šÍ ¯^‛Qj _vKvq Lye mn‡RB Zviv A‡_©i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z mÿg nq| ZvQvov
evRv‡i h‡_ó mybvg _vKvq mn‡RB †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi FYcÎ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì
wR¤§vq e¨vsK n‡Z FY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. mgevq e¨vsK I mgevq FY`vb mwgwZ (Co-operative Banks & Co-operative
Credit Society): mgevq e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ wkí, eëmvq I evwY‡R¨ FY cÖ`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv ivL‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †QvULv‡Uv wewfbœ wkí I eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b ¯^í‡gqvw` FY
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Gme cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡‛Q| Ab¨w`‡K mgevq FY`vb
mwgwZ m„wói D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv mnR k‡Z© wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b FY `vb Kiv| Aek¨ Giƒc
cÖwZôvb cÖavbZ m`m¨‡ì FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K|
8. AwMÖg A_© (Advance Money): †hme cÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z cY¨ m¤ú‡K© evRv‡i h‡_ó mybvg
i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡b Lye GKUv †eM †c‡Z nq bv| †Kbbv, Zv‡ì cY¨ cvIqvi
R‡b¨ †µZv, LyPiv we‡µZv, cvBKvi, `vjvj ev dwoqvMY A‡bK mgq cY¨ Drcv`b ev msMÖ‡ni
Av‡MB AwMÖg g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i _v‡K| Avevi, KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI wewfbœ wkí
gvwjK‡ì KvQ †_‡K KuvPvgv‡ji AwMÖg g~j¨ †c‡q _v‡K|
9. miKvwi I Avav miKvwi cÖwZôvb (Government and Semi-Govt. Organizations):
miKvwi I Avav-miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi A‡bK Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q †`‡ki eëmvq I wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b|
KvwiMwi mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk Gme cªwZôvb ÿz`,ª gvSvwi I e„n`vKvi eëmv‡qi PjwZ g~ja‡bi
Pvwn`v wbim‡b ¯^í †gqvw` A_© mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
10. f~wg eÜwK e¨vsK (Land Mortgage Banks): f~wg eÜwK e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv f~wg ev Rwg
eÜK †i‡L FY cÖ`vb Kiv| wewfbœ eëmvqx I wkí cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKMY Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ I
eëmvwqK m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L f~wg eÜwK e¨vsK n‡Z ¯^í‡gqvw` FY MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
11. wkí e¨vsK (Industrial Bank): wkí e¨vsK GKwU we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK| Giƒc e¨vs‡Ki cªavb
KvR n‡jv †`‡ki wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡b FY I civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv| wkí e¨vsK ga¨g I `xN©‡gqvw`
F‡Yi cvkvcvwk wk‡íi PjwZ g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi R‡b¨ ¯^í‡gqvw` FY gÄyi K‡i _v‡K|
12. ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wP (Micro Credit Program): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki eëmvq I KzwUi wk‡íi
Dbœq‡b we‡kl K‡i ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡b ÿy`ª FY Kg©m~wP gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î
†emiKvwi wewfbœ ms¯’v (NGO) †hgb−eªvK, Avkv, cÖwkKv cÖf„wZ MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b ¯^í‡gqvw` A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡‛Q|
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki RvgvbZwenxb ÿz`ª FY Kg©m~wPI eëmv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw`
A_©ms¯’v‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
13. wej evÆvKiY (Discounting Bills): eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cÖvc¨ wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡gI
¯^í‡gqvw` A‡_©i ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvc¨ wej †Kv‡bv e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cªwZôv‡b wb‡q

wM‡q we‡ji wjwLZ g~‡jï (Face Value) †P‡q Kg A‡_©i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b
Giƒc wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv nq|
14. m¤úwË weµq (Sale of Assets): A‡bK mgq eëmvq wKQy wKQy m¤úwË _v‡K hv eëmv‡q Kv‡R
jv‡M bv ev AwZwi³ ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq| Giƒc m¤úwË weµq K‡iI eëmv‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi
eë¯’v Kiv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mKj eëmvq cÖwZôvbB ¯^í †gqvw` wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©ms¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm n‡‛Q cÖavbZ Drcv`b mswkøó e¨q| Kgx©‡ì cvwikªwgK Awdm
iÿYv‡eÿY e¨q, cÖf„wZ Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nq|
eëmvq A_©ms¯’v‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` Drm (Sources of Long Term Business Finance):
`xN© Kvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ A_©vr 5 ev 10 eQ‡ii AwaK mg‡qi Rb¨ eëmv‡q †h A_©ms¯’vb Kiv nq Zv‡K
`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb e‡j| e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drmmg~n wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−

1. †kqvi weµq (Sale of share): †Kv¤úvwb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµq K‡i `xN©‡gqvw`
A_©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ: †Kv¤úvwb we‡jvcmva‡bi Av‡M †kqv‡ii A_© †diZ w`‡Z nq
bv| wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g G ai‡bi A_©ms¯’v‡bi KvR nq|
2. FYcÎ weµq (Sale of debenture): †Kv¤úvwb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµq Kivi cvkvcvwk
FYcÎ weµ‡qi gva¨‡g `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. mwÂwZ Znwej (Reserve fund): †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdvi †h Ask eÈb bv K‡i †i‡L †`qv nq
Zv‡K mwÂwZ Znwej e‡j| GB AewÈZ gybvdv w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi mwÂwZ Znwej MVb Kiv
nq hv eëmv‡qi `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| †hgb- mvaviY mwÂwZ
Znwej, jf¨vsk mgZvKiY Znwej|
4. Ae‡jLK (Underwriter): †h mKj e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb bZzb †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I FYcÎ
weµ‡qi SzwuK MÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Ae‡jLK e‡j| †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I FYcÎ weµq Kiv m¤¢e bv
n‡j Ae‡jLKivB Pzw³ Abyhvqx Aewkó †kqvi I FYcÎ µq K‡i `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v
K‡i _v‡K|
5. †kqvi evRvi (Share market): †h wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wbqwgZ I Aby‡gvw`Z fv‡e wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi
†kqvi I FYcÎ µq-weµq Kiv nq Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi ejv nq| †kqvi evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi
gva¨‡g `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv hvq|
6. wkíe¨vsK (Industrial bank): wkíe¨vsK I wkí FY ms¯’v e„n`vqZb wkí ¯’vcb I Dbœq‡b
`xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
7. eÜwK e¨vsK (Mortage bank): mvaviYZ: evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Dchy³ RvgvbZ †c‡j `xN©‡gqvw`
A_©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ FY mieivn K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK mgq wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw`
wmwÛ‡K‡Ui gva¨‡g A_©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
8. wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb (Investment organisation): wewfbœ wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvb †hgb
e¨vsK, exgv, wjwRs BZ¨vw` `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i|
9. exgv cÖwZôvb (Insurance company): eëmv‡qi AwbðqZv `~i K‡i SuywK MÖnY K‡i _v‡K
exgv cÖwZôvb| Giv G‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †h‡Kv‡bv eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigvY g~jab ev Znwe‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb nq| G cÖ‡qvRb `xN©‡gqvwÌ nq| DcwiD³ Drm¸‡jvi gva¨‡g eëmvq cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’vb Kiv hvq|
5.15 †kqvi (Share)
bZzb wKsev cyivZb †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖavb nvwZqvi n‡jv †kqvi| Bs‡iwR
‘Share’’ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© ÕAskÕ| †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kqviÑGi A_© n‡‛QÑ†Kv¤úvwbi
†gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K †gvU mgcwigvY KZK¸‡jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª GK‡K wef³
Kiv nq| G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K GK GKwU †kqvi e‡j| cª‡Z¨KwU †kqv‡ii wbw`©ó AvswKK g~j¨
(Face value) _v‡K Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwUi g~j¨ mgvb _v‡K| †hgbÑ†Kv‡bv ‡Kv¤úvwbi 10 jÿ UvKvi
g~jab‡K 10,000 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡j GK GKwU fv‡Mi g~j¨ n‡e 100 UvKv| g~ja‡bi G †kqv‡ii
gvwjK n‡q †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv `vwe Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vP‡b †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi cvIqv hvq|
e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb Pjgvb Ae¯’vq Avw_©K msK‡U co‡j †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g g~jab msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v
K‡i|

myZivs †Kv¤úvwbi mgMÖ g~jab‡K mgcwigvY GK‡K wef³ Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K †kqvi e‡j|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKKB mgvb g~j¨ enb K‡i Ges g~ja‡bi GKwU ÿz`ª Ask wb‡`©k K‡i, hv‡K †kqvi e‡j|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †kqvi n‡‛Q †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi Ask| †h e¨w³ †kqvi µq K‡i Zv‡K
†kqvi‡nvìvi e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †kqvi g~ja‡bi Ask e‡j †mwU µ‡qi Øviv †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi
AvswkK gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i Ges Gi e‡j Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk cvevi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab NU‡j †kqvi‡nvìviMY †Kv¤úvwbi m¤úwË‡Z cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi AvbycvwZK Ask
†diZ cvevi AwaKvix nq|
†kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM
Classification of Shares of Company
†kqvi n‡jv †h․_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU g~ja‡bi ÿy`Z
ª g Ask| †Kv¤úvwb g~jab msMÖn Kivi Rb¨
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †kqvi wewµ K‡i †`q| †Kv¤úvwb wb‡Ri Ges wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì K_v we‡ePbv
K‡i,wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i|
wb‡gœ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−
†kqvi
mvaviY †kqvi AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi wejw¤^Z †kqvi we‡kl/Ab¨vb¨ †kqvi
†evbvm †kqvi AwaKvi ev ivBU Awba©vwiZ g~j¨ ev AbvswKK

†kqvi g~‡jï †kqvi
mÂqx AmÂqx cwi‡kva¨ Acwi‡kva¨ AskMÖnYKvix Ask bv MÖnYKvix cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AcwieZ©bxq

AMÖvwaKvi AMÖ vwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi AMÖvwaKvi
†kqvi †kqvi †kqvi †kqvi †kqvi †kqvi †kqvi †kqvi
wPÎ: †kqv‡ii †kªwYwefvM|
1. mvaviY †kqvi (Ordinary Share): †h †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY AMÖvwaKvihy³ †kqv‡ii gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨
jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi ci jf¨vsk cvq Ges eëmvq we‡jvc mvabKv‡jI AMÖvwaKvi hy³ †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g~jab
†`qvi ci Zv‡ì g~jab †diZ cvevi AwaKvix nq Zv‡K mvaviY ev BKz¨BwU †kqvi e‡j|

mvaviY †kqv‡ii jf¨vs‡ki nv‡ii †Kv‡bv w¯’iZv †bB| jvf †ewk n‡j jf¨vsk †ewk n‡e Avi
jvf Kg n‡j Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ jf¨vskI Kg n‡e| mvaviY †kqvi‡K BKz¨BwU †kqvi ejv nq| G
ai‡bi †kqvi gvwjKMY c~Y© †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß nb Ges eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Preference Share): †h †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY eëmv‡qi jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi
†ÿ‡Î ev eëmv‡qi we‡jvc mva‡bi mg‡q Zv‡ì g~ja‡bi A_© †diZ cvevi †ÿ‡Î AMÖvwaKvi
jvf K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡KB e‡j AMÖvwaKvihy³ †kqvi|
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 85 bs avivq ejv Av‡Q †h, AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi g~ja‡bi
†mB Ask hv wbæiƒc myweavmg~n †fvM K‡i _v‡K:
(K) jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq G †kqv‡ii wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvevi AMÖvwaKvi _v‡K|
(L) †Kv¤úvwb we‡jvc n‡j g~jab †diZ †èvi AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z cv‡i|
jf¨vsk eÈb c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K Avevi KwZcq †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq−
i. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Cumulative Preference Share): hw` †Kv‡bv eQi †Kv¤úvwbi
gybvdv AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì jf¨vsk cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq | Z‡e Zv‡ì Acwi‡kvwaZ
jf¨vsk e‡Kqv †i‡L c‡i hLb †Kv¤úvwb gybvdv AwR©Z nq ZLb eZ©gvb jf¨vs‡ki mv‡_ c~‡e©i
Acwi‡kvwaZ e‡Kqv jf¨vsk cwi‡kva K‡i †`qv nq| Acwi‡kvwaZ jf¨vsk †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ
cvIbv n‡Z _v‡K Ges gybvdv AwR©Z n‡j †Kv¤úvwb Zv cÖ`vb K‡i| G ai‡bi †kqvi‡K mÂqx
AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ejv n‡q _v‡K|
ii. AmÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Cumulative Preference Share): G †kªYxi †kqvi
gvwjKMY †KejgvÎ †h eQi †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv AwR©Z nq †m eQiB jf¨vsk cvevi AwaKvix nq| hw`
†Kv‡bv eQi †Kv¤úvwbi gybvdv AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q H eQ‡ii gybvdv `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv Ges Giƒc gybvdv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì cvIbv nq bv| G Kvi‡Y Giƒc †kqvi‡K AmÂqx
AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi e‡j|
iii. cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Redeemable Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi †kqv‡ii
g~j¨ GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l †kqvi gvwjK‡ì †diZ †`qv nq Zv‡K cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
e‡j| Giƒc †kqvi †Kej cwi‡gj wbqgvewji Aby‡gv`bµ‡g †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi kZ© Abyhvqx
weµq Kiv P‡j| GwU g~jZ †kqvi I FYc‡Îi wgwkªZ GK we‡kl ai‡bi †kqvi|
iv. Acwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Irredeemable Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi
†kqv‡ii g~j¨ †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mva‡bi c~‡e© †dir cvIqv hvq bv Zv‡K Acwi‡kva¨ †kqvi e‡j|
v. AskMÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Participating Preference Share): †h AMÖvwaKvi
†kqv‡ii gvwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z cÖ_gZ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖvß n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z mvaviY †kqvi
gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq cybivq Zvi Ask cvq Zv‡K AskMÖnbKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ev
cvwU©wm‡cwUs †kqvi e‡j|
vi. Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Participating Preference Share): †h

RvZxq †kqv‡ii gwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvq wKš‘ mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡ì
gv‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi mgq cybivq Ask cvq bv Zv‡K Ask bv MÖnYKvix AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi ev bb
cvwU©wm‡cwUs †kqvi e‡j|
vii. cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Convertible Preference Share): †kqvi weµ‡qi kZ©
Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mgqv‡šÍ †h AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍ‡ii my‡hvM †`qv nq Zv‡K
cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ †kqvi e‡j|
viii. AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (Non-Convertible Preference Share): †h
AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K KLbB mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨
AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi e‡j|
3. wejw¤^Z †kqvi (Deferred Share): AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi I mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨
jf¨vsk eÈ‡bi ci G †kªYxi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ jf¨vsk eÈb Kiv nq| Avevi †Kv¤úvwbi
we‡jvc mva‡bi †ÿ‡Î c~‡e©v³ `yB †kªYxi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì g~ja‡bi A_© cÖZ¨vc©Y Kivi ci hw`
g~ja‡bi ev m¤úwËi †Kv‡bv DØ„Ë _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡ì `vwe †gUv‡bv nq| Kv‡RB †Kv¤úvwbi
jf¨vsk eÈb ev g~jab cÖZ¨c©‡Yi wel‡q Giv me©‡kl `vwe`vi ev AwaKvi‡fvMx| †Kv¤úvwbi
cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vivB G †kªYxi †kqv‡ii gvwjK nq| G ai‡bi †kqvi‡K cÖeZ©‡Ki †kqvi ev
Founder’s Share e‡j|
4. we‡kl/Ab¨vb¨ †kqvi (Special/Other Share): mvaviYfv‡e Dc‡i ewY©Z wZb ai‡bi †kqvi
†`Lv hvq| Z‡e A‡bK mgq †Kv¤úvwb‡K Dc‡ii †kqvi¸‡jv QvovI wewfbœ bv‡g †kqvi eÈb
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| •ewk‡óï `„wó‡Z G †kqvi¸‡jv mvaviY †kqvi|
wb‡gœ wZb ai‡bi we‡kl †kqv‡ii eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−
K. Awae„wË/†evbvm †kqvi (Bonus Share): KLbI KLbI †Kv¤úvwb AwR©Z gybvdvi wKQy wKQy
Ask m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb bv K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ msiwÿZ Znwe‡j Zv Rgv iv‡L|
Znwe‡j iwÿZ GB AewÈZ gybvdv †_‡K m„ó jf¨vsk cieZ©x‡Z †kqvi gvwjKMY‡K bM‡` cÖ`vb
bv K‡i H jf¨vs‡ki e`‡j †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i| bM` jf¨vs‡ki e`‡j †h †kqvi Bmy¨ ev
cÖ`vb Kiv nq †mB †kqvi‡K Awae„wË ev †evbvm †kqvi e‡j| G †kqvi‡K we‡kl ai‡bi †kqvi
ejv n‡jI G †kqvi mvaviY †kqv‡ii AšÍM©Z| †evbvm †kqv‡ii AvswKK g~j¨ bM‡` †kqvi
gvwjKMY‡K bv w`‡q Zv msiwÿZ Znwej †_‡K g~jab Znwe‡j iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
L. AwaKvi ev ivBU †kqvi (Right Share): cª‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` AwaKZi g~jab msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨
†Kv¤úvwb Avevi bZzb K‡i †kqvi evRv‡i Qvovi mgq eZ©gvb †kqvi gvwjK‡ì‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q
_v‡K| eZ©gvb (existing) †kqvi gvwjKMY Zv‡ì AwaKvify³ c~‡e© KªxZ †kqv‡ii Abycv‡Z
bZzb †kqvi µ‡qi AwaKvix nq| AwaKvi cÖvß G bZzb †kqvi‡K ivBU †kqvi e‡j| g‡b Kiv
hvK, †Kv¤úvwb wm×všÍ wbj †h, Zviv 2:1 Abycv‡Z ivBU †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡e| A_©vr hvi cyivZb
2wU †kqvi Av‡Q †m 1wU bZzb †kqvi Kª‡qi ivBU †kqvi wn‡m‡e cv‡e| ivBU †kqviI †Kv‡bv
c„_K ai‡bi †kqvi bq| GwU mvaviY ev AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi n‡Z cv‡i|
M. Awba©vwiZ g~j¨ ev Abvw¼K g~‡jï †kqvi (No-par value Shares): †h †kqv‡ii †Kv‡bv
Avw¼K g~j¨ c~e© n‡Z wbw`©ó _v‡K bv, eQi †k‡l wnmveÑwbKv‡ki ci †gvU m¤ú` n‡Z †gvU Ab¨vb¨ `v‡qi
cwigvY ev` w`‡q †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb wbiƒcY Kiv nq, Zv‡K Abvw¼K g~‡jï †kqvi e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡k G
ai‡bi †kqv‡ii cÖPjb †bB| Av‡gwiKvq G ai‡bi †kqvi †ewk †`Lv hvq| cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³vMY G
†kqv‡ii gvwjK nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi †kqv‡ii eënvi NUvq
†kqvi‡nvìviMY Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx Gme †kqvi aviY K‡ib| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq
wewfbœ ai‡bi †kqvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-4
†kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg g‡b nq Ges
†Kb?
•
•
•
•
•
5.16 FYc‡Îi aviYv

Concept of Debenture
FYcÎ n‡jv F‡Yi `wjj| A_©‣bwZKfv‡e msKUMÖ¯Í cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi A_© msMÖ‡ni
Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi G FYcÎ| FYc‡Îi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwb GKw`‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i Ab¨w`‡K A_©
cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb wbw`©ó mg‡q my` cÖvwßi gva¨‡g Av‡qi welq wbwðZ nq| hviv FYcÎ µq
K‡i Zv‡ì‡K †Kv¤úvwbi cvIbv`vi e‡j|
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¯^xq mxj‡gvnihy³ †h `wj‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i cÖwZeQi my`
cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e g~jab msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K FYcÎ e‡j|
FYc‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi bvghy³ mxj‡gvni _v‡K| Gi Dci cÖ‡`q my`, Rvwgb, cwi‡kv‡ai mgq
cÖf„wZ kZ©vewji D‡jøL _v‡K| †kqv‡ii g‡Zv GiI GKwU Avw¼K g~j¨ _v‡K| D‡jøL¨ †h,

†Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewj K‡i FY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM
Classification of Debenture
FYcÎ‡K F‡Yi `wjj ejv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨ G `wjjwU wewfbœfv‡e eënvi K‡i|
myZivs, FYcÎ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| F‡Yi RvgvbZ, FY cwi‡kv‡ai kZ©, n¯ÍvšÍi I cwieZ©‡bi
my‡hvM, myweav BZ¨vwì wfwË‡Z FYcÎ‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi FY `vZviv my‡hvM
Ges Pvwn`v Abyhvqx FY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
FYcÎ‡K wb‡æv³ †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq−
FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM
Rvgvb‡Zi wfwË‡Z cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n¯—vš—i myweavi cwieZ©b myweavi

FYcÎ FYcÎ wfwË‡Z FYcÎ wfwË‡Z FYcÎ
1. mvaviY ev RvgvbZ 1. cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ 1. wbewÜZ FYcÎ 1. iƒcvš—i‡hvM¨

wenxb FYcÎ FYcÎ
2. eÜKx ev 2. Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ 2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ
RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ 2. Aiƒcvš—i‡hvM¨
FYcÎ
wPÎ: FYc‡Îi †kªwYwefvM|
K. Rvgvb‡Zi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ

Classification on the Basis of Security
1. mvaviY ev RvgvbZ wenxb FYcÎ (Ordinary or Unsecured Debenture): †h FYcÎ
wewj Ki‡Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii Rvwgb w`‡Z nq bv Zv‡K mvaviY ev RvgvbZ wenxb
FYcÎ e‡j| G RvZxq FYc‡Î kyay F‡Yi UvKv I my` cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ _v‡K| evRv‡i
†Kv¤úvwbi h‡_ó mybvg _vK‡j Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i RbmvaviY Rvwgb QvovB Giƒc FYcÎ µq
K‡i _v‡K| mybvgB †µZvi Kv‡Q RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Giƒc FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY
†Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY cvIbv`vi e‡j we‡ewPZ nb|

2. eÜKx ev RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ (Mortgage or Secured Debenture): eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv
m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L ev Rvwgb †i‡L †Kv¤úvwb †hme FYcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K eÜKx
FYcÎ ejv nq| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi FYMÖnxZvMY F‡Yi Avmj I my` cvIqvi wbðqZv jvf
K‡i| G RvZxq FYcÎ wewji †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb‡K FYc‡Îi RvgvbZK…Z m¤ú‡ì we¯ÍvwiZ
weeiY w`‡q wbeÜ‡Ki Kv‡Q Rvbv‡Z nq|
eÜKx/RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ‡K wb‡gœœv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
3. wbw`©ó RvgvbZ hy³ FYcÎ (Fixed Charge Debenture): †Kv¤úvwbi we‡kl m¤ú‡ì Dci
Rvwgb †i‡L †h FYcÎ wewj Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j wbw`©ó RvgvbZhy³ FYcÎ| Gme †ÿ‡Î
FYcÎavix‡ì AbygwZ QvovB †jb‡`b K‡i _v‡K|
L. cwi‡kv‡ai wfwË‡Z FYcÎ
Classification on the Basis of Payment
1. cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ (Redeemable Debenture): wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l FY cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ
w`‡q †h me FYcÎ †Kv¤úvwb Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K e‡j cwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ| mvaviYfv‡e
FYc‡Î D‡jøwLZ kZ©vbymv‡i Giƒc F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
2. Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ (Irredeemable Debenture): †h FYc‡Îi UvKv cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgq D‡jøL _v‡K bv Ges FYcÎavwiMY Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë A_© `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K
Acwi‡kva¨ FYcÎ e‡j| Giƒc FYcÎ‡K wPi¯’vqx FYcÎ e‡j|
M. ZvwjKvfyw³ ev n¯ÍvšÍi myweavi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ
Classification on the basis of Registration
1. wbewÜZ FYcÎ (Registered Debenture): †h FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg †Kv¤úvwbi eB‡Z
wjwce× _v‡K Zv‡K wbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j| G ai‡bi wbeÜb c‡Î †µZvi bvg, µwgK
b¤îmn D‡jøL _v‡K| n¯ÍvšÍi `wjj m¤cÖ`vb K‡i G ai‡bi FYc‡Îi aviK mswkøó FYcÎ
†Kv¤úvwb‡K Rvwb‡q wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ (Un-Registered Debenture): †h FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg Ges Gi wewjKvix
†Kv¤úvwbi eB‡Z wjwce× _v‡K bv Zv‡K AwbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j| G FYc‡Î †µZvi bvg I KªwgK b¤î
D‡jøL _v‡K bv| G ai‡bi FYcÎ n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq bv|
N. cwieZ©b myweavi wfwË‡Z FYcÎ
Classification on the basis of conversion
1. iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (Convertible Debenture): kZ©vbymv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡i
FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY B‛Qv Ki‡j Zv‡ì FYcÎ‡K †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi
FYcÎ‡K cwieZ©bxq ev iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j|

2. AiƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (Unconvertible Debenture): †h FYcÎ‡K KLbB †kqv‡i

iƒcvšÍ i Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K AiƒcvšÍ i ‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j| †Kej A‡_© i gva¨‡g G FYc‡Îi
UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †Kv¤úvwb RM‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi FYc‡Îi eënvi e¨vcK| wewfbœ ai‡bi FYcÎ
†Kv¤úvwbi A_©vq‡b wewfbœfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-5
†kqvi I FYcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †kqvi I FYc‡Îi g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ wjL:
†kqvi FYcÎ
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5.17 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi we‡jvcmvavb
Dissolution/Winding up of the Company
we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z ¸wU‡q †djv ev wejyß Kiv ev eÜ K‡i †`qv‡K †evSvq| Avi †Kv¤úvwbi
we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z Gi Kvh©µg eÜ K‡i †`qv‡K †evSvq| †h c×wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©ÿgZvi Aemvb
N‡U Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab e‡j|
†Kv¤úvwb AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix GKwU †¯^‛Qv msMVb| AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó e‡j Gi
cwimgvwßI AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K|
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wbqg †gvZv‡eK †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh© µ g ¸wU‡q †djv‡K B
†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmvab e‡j|
AvB‡bi weavb cvj‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh© µ g ¸wU‡q †bqv hvq| Avi G i gva¨‡gB
†Kv¤úvwb nvivq Zvi Aw¯Í Z ¡ |
†Kv¤úvwb we‡jvcmvab c×wZ
Methods of Dissolution of the Company
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi KvRKg© ¸wU‡q †bqvi c×wZ‡K †Kv¤úvwbi
we‡jvcmvab e‡j| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 234(1) avivq †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi wZbwU
c×wZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab [234-1(K) aviv ]: †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi, cvIbv`vi
ev †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜ‡Ki Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z †h me Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ KZ©„K eva¨Zvg~jK
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jv n‡jv−

1. we‡kl mfvq †kqvi‡nvìviMY KZ©„K we‡jvc mva‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY;
2. wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewae× mfv Abyôvb I wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU wewae× weeiYx †c‡k e¨_©Zv;
3. wbeÜ‡bi GK eQi mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kvh©vi‡¤¢ e¨_©Zv;
4. hyw³msMZ KviY e¨ZxZ GK eQi mg‡qi †ewk Kvh©µg eÜ _vKv;
5. AvBb †gvZv‡eK †Kv¤úvwb‡Z b~¨bZg msL¨K m`m¨ bv _vKv;
6. †Kv¤úvwbi cuvP nvRvi UvKv ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_©Zv;
D‡jøwLZ †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ Aemvq‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡q GKRb wjKzBwWUi wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib, whwb †Kv¤úvwbi
me m¤úwË n‡Z cÖ_‡g Z…Zxq c‡ÿi †`bv cwi‡kva K‡i wKQy _vK‡j †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb K‡ib|
L. †¯^”Qvq we‡jvcmvab [234-1(L) aviv]:
†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi‡nvìvi ev cvIbv`viMY B‡‛Q Ki‡j wb‡RivB †Kv¤úvwbi Aemvqb
NUv‡Z cv‡ib| †m †ÿ‡Î †kqvi‡nvìvi I cvIbv`viMY cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z
Av`vj‡Zi mvnvh¨ QvovB †¯^ ‛ Qvq we‡jvcmvab NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
†hme Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi †¯^ ‛ Qvq we‡jvcmvab NUv‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv [290(1) aviv] :
i. we‡kl mfvq †kqvi‡nvìviMY I cvIbv`vie„‡›ì we‡jvcmva‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY;
ii. †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ I mg‡qi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ n‡q Zv m¤úbœ n‡j;
iii. †Kv¤úvwb FYMÖ¯Í n‡q co‡j Ges cwi‡kv‡a Aÿg n‡j;
iv. †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbv AjvfRbK n‡j BZ¨vw`|
M. Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab 234-1(M) aviv:
†Kv¤úvwbi †¯^‛Qvg~jK we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv c‡ÿi Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z Av`vj‡Zi
ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i| †hme Kvi‡Y Giƒc we‡jvcmvab N‡U| †mme n‡jv :
i. †kqvi gvwjK ev cvIbv`vi‡ì cÖZviYvi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡jvc mva‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡j;
ii. †Kv¤úvwbi m¤ú` msMÖn I weµ‡q Awbqg n‡j; BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ cš’vq †Kv¤úvwbi Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq| G¸‡jv Qvov
†h‡Kv‡bv †h․w³K Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab NUv‡Z cv‡i|
5.18 evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv

The Present Condition and Future Prospects of Company in Bangladesh
cÖvq 15 †KvwU gvby‡li †`k nIqvq G‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY evRvi †gvUvgywU eo| Z`ycwi m¯Ív Rbkw³i
Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki A‡bK eo eo eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o IVv cÖZ¨vwkZ wQj| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨
†h, G †`‡k e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb ev †Kv¤úvwb msMVb we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| Gi wcQ‡b
AšÍivqmg~n wbgœiƒc−

1. `ÿ D‡`¨v³vi Afve (Insufficiency of efficient entrepreneurs): G ai‡bi eëmvq

msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GK`j `ÿ, AwfÁ I AvšÍwiK D‡`¨v³v †kªYx Avek¨K| `ytLRbK
n‡jI mZ¨ †h, G †`‡k Zvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
2. `ÿ I †ckv`vi eë¯’vc‡Ki Afve (Insufficiency of shilled and professional
managers): †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klZ e„n`vqZb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjbv
c×wZ RwUj nIqvq Gi cwiPvjbvq GK`j `ÿ I †ckv`vi eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi eë¯’vc‡Ki h‡_ó Afve jÿYxq|
3. cwiPvjK‡ì BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei Afve (Lack of the positive mentality of
directors): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvj‡Ki eëmvq cwiPvjbvq BwZevPK
g‡bvfv‡ei h‡_÷ Afve jÿYxq| e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡q Zv cwi‡kva bv Kiv, †kqv‡ii `vg
evwo‡q wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_©wmw×, ¯^RbcÖxwZ BZ¨vw` gvbwmKZv mevB‡K nZvk K‡i|
4. cwiPvjbv e¨‡qi AvwaK¨ (Excess management expenses): cwiPvjKmn Gi D‛P
ch©v‡qi A‡bK eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ AwaK e¨q Kivi nxb gvbwmKZvI jÿYxq| †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì
cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Afve †_‡K G ai‡bi gvbwmKZvi m„wó nq, hv mevB‡K nZvk K‡i|
5. kw³ m¤ú‡ì Afve (Lack of energy): e„n`vqZb wkí KviLvbv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
eZ©gvbKv‡j kw³ m¤ú‡ì cÖvPzh©Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k M¨vm I we`y¨r Lv‡Zi `yie¯’v G
ai‡bi cÖwZôvb MV‡b D‡`¨v³v‡ì wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
6. Kvh©Ki `„óv‡šÍi Afve (Absence of effective instance): c„w_exi †`‡k †`‡k jÿYxq †h,
GKUv D‡`¨v³v MÖæc †`‡k e„n`vqZb wkí-KviLvbv cÖwZôvq †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| hv‡ì `„óvšÍ Abymi‡Y
Abïv GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k GB `„óv‡šÍi eoB Afve i‡q‡Q|
7. Kvh©Ki eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Abycw¯’wZ (Absence of effective business
environment): Avgv‡ì `yf©vM¨ n‡jv GB †h, †`‡k eëmv‡qi Kvh©Ki †Kv‡bv cwi‡ek M‡o
I‡Vwb| cvU, Pvgov BZ¨vw` wkí GK mgq G¸‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Zv ¯’vqx nqwb| miKv‡ii
RvZxqKiY bxwZI ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q mdj nqwb| †PvivKvievixI GK mgq eëmvq‡K
ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q|
8. kw³kvjx †kqvi evRv‡ii Abycw¯’wZ (Absence of sound share market): †h †Kv‡bv
†`‡kB e„n`vqZb †Kv¤úvwb msMVb cÖwZôvq †kqvi evRvi †bZ…Z¡ †`q| GB evRv‡ii Kvi‡Y ÿz`ª
wewb‡qvMKvixiv wewb‡qv‡M AvK…ó n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k †kqvi evRvi dUKvevR‡ì
Afvqvi‡Y¨ cwiYZ nIqvq Gi mydj †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv cv‡‛Q bv|
†gvUK_v evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMVb GwM‡q †bIqvi gZ cwi‡ek Kvh©Z m„wó nqwb| bvbvb cÖwZK~j
cwi‡ek `~ixKi‡Y hv‡ì D‡`¨vMx nIqvi K_v Zv‡ì f~wgKv‡Z wewb‡qvMKvixi AmšÍyó| ZvB bvbvb
cÖwZkÖæwZ Avi K_vi dzjSzwi w`‡q G mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e bv|
5.19 mv¤úªwZK eëmvq
Recent Business
evwqs nvDR eëmvq (Buying House Business):

eZ©gv‡b †`‡k †cvkvK •Zix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v cÖvq cuvP nvRvi| we‡`k †_‡K †µZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
mvavibZ mivmwi †Kv‡bv •Zix †cvkvK wk‡í cÖwZôv‡bi ms‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i bv| Zviv cY¨ wKb‡Z
Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb‡K †e‡Q †bq| `yÕc‡ÿi Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Pzw³ nq| Pzw³
†gvZv‡eK †`kxq cÖwZôvbwU †µZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbw`©ó ai‡bi cY¨ mieivn Kivi hveZxq
`vwqZ¡cvjb K‡i| GB eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KB evwqs nvDR eëmvq e‡j|
evwqs nvDR eëmvq w`‡Z n‡j jvM‡e G eëmvi •ea mb`| G Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB−
1. †UªW jvB‡mÝ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2. BGMEA Gi m`m¨c` †c‡Z Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Av‡e`bc‡Îi m‡½ †UªW jvB‡m‡Ýi Kwc, †g‡gv‡iÛvg Ae AvwU©‡Kj ev Askx`vwi `wj‡ji Kwc,
cvm‡cvU© mvB‡Ri `yB Kwc Qwe, fvovi Pyw³cÎ ev µq `wjj, U¨v· mvwU©wd‡K‡Ui Kwc, evsjv‡`k
e¨vs‡Ki cÖZ¨qbcÎ (hw` _v‡K) wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i IqvK© cvwg©U cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ c¨v‡W ¯^v ÿi mn
Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| evwqs nvD‡Ri Rb¨ wbeÜb wd 15 nvRvi UvKv| GK eQ‡ii m`m¨ wd 8 nvRvi
UvKv| me wgwj‡q Rgv w`‡Z n‡e 23 nvRvi UvKv| BGMEA Gi wba©vwiZ e¨vsK wnmve b¤^‡i G
UvKv Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| m`m¨c` bevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e mn‡hvMx m`m¨ wn‡m‡e GKeQ‡ii
Rb¨ mb` †`qv nq| d‡j GK eQi ci mb` bevqb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gv‡b †`‡k BGMEA Gi m`m¨fz³ evwqs nvD‡Ri msL¨v 911wU Ges BGBA Gi 179wU|
G `yB msMV‡bi AšÍf©~³ bq Ggb evwqs nvDR i‡q‡Q cÖvq 8 kZ| A_©vr mewgwj‡q †`‡k evwqs
nvD‡Ri msL¨v cÖvq 2 nvRvi|
†kqvievRvi ev ÷K GKª‡PÄ
Stock Exchange
÷K G·‡PÄ GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †kqvi evRvi
m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e †kqvi I evRvi m¤ú‡K©| A_©vr−
 †kqvi: †kqvi n‡‛Q gyja‡bi ÿz`Z

ª g Ask A_P mgvb GKK|

 evRvi: evRvi ej‡Z eywS †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’vb ev RvqMv ev GjvKv| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi fvlvq †Kv‡bv
¯’vb‡K evRvi ejv nq bv| evRvi ej‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cY¨‡K eySvq hvi µq-weµq wb‡q †µZv I
we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv nq Ges ì KlvKwli gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ `v‡g cY¨wU µq-weµq nq
Zv‡K eySvq| †hgb- cv‡Ui evRvi, †kqvi evRvi BZ¨vw`|
 †kqvi evRvi: DcwiD³ †kqvi I evRv‡ii msÁvwU we‡kø lY Ki‡j †kqvievRvi m¤ú‡K©
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’ v‡b †kqvi µq-weµ‡qi Rb¨ †kqvi †µZv-
we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖw Z‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq Ges ì KlvKwli gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii `vg wba©vwiZ nq
Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi e‡j|
†kqvi evRvi n‡‛Q Ggb GKwU msMwVZ gva¨wgK evRvi †hLv‡b cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ¸‡jv
†kqvi, ÷K ev wmwKDwiwU wba©vwiZ wbq‡g µq-weµq Kivi cÖwµqvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
ÿz`ª FY
Micro Credit
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b `ÿ e¨vswKs eë¯’v LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ cÖvqB evwYwR¨K e¨vsK ¸‡jv
mgv‡Ri Mwie †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY w`‡Z AcviMZv cÖKvk K‡i| Avi GB Mixe †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K FY
cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B ÿy`ª F‡Yi D™¢e|
mvavib A‡_© ÿy`ª FY ej‡Z eySvq, wewb‡qv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgv‡Ri wb¤œweË I `wi`ª †kÖYxi gvbyl‡K Aí
cwigvY FY cÖ`vb Kiv‡K eySvq| e¨vcK A‡_© ÿz`ª FY ej‡Z eySvq, mÂq, FY I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‣bwZK
cwi‡mev ev Drcv`b, hvi mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y MÖvgvÂ‡ji `wi`ª gvbyl, kni ev kniZwji gvbyl‡ì A_©‣bwZK
Ges Rxeb avi‡bi gvb Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e Avi ÿy`ª FY ms¯’v nj †mB ms¯’v hviv GB ai‡bi
Aby`vb w`‡q _v‡K|
ÿz`ª FY aviYvwU me©cÖ_g Av‡bb evsjv‡`‡ki †bv‡ej weRqx Wt †gvnv¤§` BDbym| wZwb 1976 mv‡j
me© cÖ_g Zvi wbR MÖvg Ryeivq cixÿvg~jK fv‡e GB FY Pvjy K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z GwUi mvd‡jï
Kvi‡Y 1983 mv‡j wZwb MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡ib| MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbK fv‡e
ÿz`ª F‡Yi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| ZvB ÿz`ª F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki `xN© HwZn¨ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b
800 Gi Dci ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ MÖvgxY e¨vsK I eª¨vK wek¦e¨vcx cwiwPZ|
we‡k¦i A‡bK †`k ÿz`ª FY‡K g‡Wj wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ RvwZmsN 2005 mvj‡K AvšÍR©vwZK
ÿy`ª F‡Yi eQi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡iwQj|
weKvk
Bkash

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© †gvevBj dvBb¨vwÝqvj †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb weKvk wjwg‡UW eª¨vK
e¨vs‡Ki GKwU A½ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e m¤úªwZ Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i‡Q| †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g e¨vswKs †mevi
evB‡i _vKv Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Avw_©K †mev †`qvi jÿ¨ wb‡q weKvk cÖwZwôZ nq| weKv‡ki cÖavb
myweav n‡‛Q, GwU UvKv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ wbivc`, myweavRbK GKwU gva¨g| eª¨vK e¨vsK I hy³ivóª wfwËK
cÖwZôvb gvwb Bb †gvkb Gi †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ weKv‡ki gva¨‡g eª¨vK e¨vsK †KvWe× wfmv
†UK‡bvjwR cøvUdg© eënvi K‡i, ZvB GwU A‡bK wbivc`|
weKv‡ki gva¨‡g GKRb MÖvnK AwZ `ª æZ UvKv cvVv‡Z cv‡i| GB Rb¨ weKvk c‡q‡›U wM‡q
†hLv‡b UvKv cvVv‡Z Pvq †mB †gvevBj b¤î Rvbv‡Z n‡e| Zvici weKvk c‡q›U †_‡K H †dvb
b¤^‡i †g‡m‡Ri gva¨‡g UvKv †c․‡Q hv‡e| †g‡mR cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ MÖvnK‡K UvKv cwi‡kva
Kiv nq| GBRb¨ Aek¨ wbw`©ó nv‡i PvR© w`‡Z nq|
AvDU‡mvwm©s eëmv
Outsourcing Business
AvDU‡mvwm©s Z_v wd«j¨vwÝs k‡ãi g~j A_© nj gy³ †ckv| A_©vr gy³fv‡e KvR K‡i Avq Kivi †ckv|
B›Uvi‡bU eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖwZôvb wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Kwi‡q †bq| wbR cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i Ab¨

KvD‡K w`‡q Gme KvR Kiv‡bv‡K AvDU‡mvwm©s e‡j| hviv AvDU‡mvwm©s‡qi KvR K‡i †`b Zv‡ì‡K
wd«-j¨vÝvi e‡j|
AvDU‡mvwm©s eëmv‡qi KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv _v‡K| †hgb: I‡qe †W‡fjc‡g›U, mdUIq¨vi
†W‡fjc‡g›U, †bUIqvwK©s I Z_ëë¯’v, †jLv I Abyev`, cÖkvmwbK mnvqZv, wWRvBb I gvwëwgwWqv,
MÖvnK‡mev, weµq I wecYb, eëmv‡mev BZ¨vw`| GBmKj KvR¸wj B›Uvi‡bU eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g K‡i
w`‡Z cvi‡jB AbjvB‡b Avq Kiv m¤¢e|
AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi KvR cvIqv hvq Ggb A‡bK I‡qemvBU Av‡Q| AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e cwiwPZ Ges
wbf©i‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU mvBU n‡jv- www.odesk.com, www.elance.com,
www.vworker.com BZ¨vw`|
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv

Data Entry Business
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmvq nj Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó ai‡bi WvUv GK ¯’vb/†cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Ab¨
Av‡iKwU ¯’vb/†cÖvMÖvg G cÖwZwjwc •Zwi Kiv|
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q g~jZ AbjvBb Ges AdjvBb wfwËK `ywU Dcv‡q Kv‡Ri my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| AbjvBb
wfwËK Kv‡R B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mivmwi WvUvmg~n cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AdjvB‡b cÖ`vbK…Z
WvUvmg~n wbw`©ó mgq Abyhvqx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv−
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq:
i. `ªæZ UvBc Kivi ÿgZv
ii. gvB‡µvmdU Awd‡mi Dci cwic~Y© `Lj
iii. Bs‡iwR‡Z fvj Ávb
iv. B›Uvi‡b‡U mvP© Kivi `ÿZv
v. wewfbœ ai‡bi I‡qemvBU, †dvivg, I‡qe wW‡i±wi m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv avibv
WvUv Gw›Uª eëmv‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb c~‡e©i Zzjbvq w`bw`b e„w× †c‡q P‡j‡Q| DbœZ we‡k¦I †`k¸‡jv
Zv‡Ì WvUv-Gw›Uªi KvR¸‡jv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv †_‡K Kwi‡q wb‡‛Q| Avgv‡ì †`k hw` WvUv-Gw›Uªi
wek¦ evRv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Z‡e ¯^í cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖPzi Kg©ms¯’vb Ges Avq Kiv hv‡e cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv|
Kj †m›Uvi (Call Center)
Kj †m›Uvi n‡‛Q †UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb| Kj †m›Uvi¸‡jv wewfbœ
gvwëb¨vkbvj †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ Pzw³i gva¨‡g Gme †Kv¯úvwbi my‡hvM-myweav, Kvh©µg cÖvnK‡ì
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g Rvbvq| A_©vr, †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi MÖvnK‡mev m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Rbmvavib‡K
Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZôvb‡K `vwqZ¡ †`q| Avi GB `vwqZ¡cvjbKvix cÖwZôvbB n‡‛Q Kj †m›Uvi|

Kj †m›Uv‡i KvR nq `yBfv‡e| GKwU Bb evDÛ Kj Ges Ab¨wU AvDU evDÛ Kj| Bb evDÛ K‡ji
gva¨‡g †fv³vi wbw`©ó †Kv¤úvwb welqK †h‡Kvb cÖ‡kœi mgvavb e‡j †`qv nq| Avi AvDU evDÛ K‡ji
gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨ ev †mev weµq Kiv nq| GQvov WKz‡g›U g¨v‡bR‡g›U, civgk©, WvUv‡eR
g¨v‡bR‡g›U, wnmve msiÿY, WKz‡g›U ¯‥¨vwbs, B-cvewjwks BZ¨vw` KvRI Kj †m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv
nq| Kj †m›Uvi¸‡jv †`wk A_ev we‡`wk `yÕai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi n‡qB KvR K‡i|
hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ cvjøv w`‡q gvbyl †ckv wbe©vP‡b P¨v‡jÄ wb‡‛Q| Ggwb GKwU bZzb †ckvi †ÿÎ
Kj †m›Uvi| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Uªwbs †èvi D‡`¨vMI wb‡q‡Q| m¤¢vebvgq G †ckvq
i‡q‡Q Kv‡Ri wekvj my‡hvM|
Kzwiqvi mvwf©m
Couriar Service
miKvwi WvK wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi †h gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ `ªæZ I wek¦¯Z

Í vi mv‡_ wPwV cÎ I
gvjvgvj GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b †cÖiY Kiv nq Zv‡KB Kzwiqvi mvwf©m e‡j| g~jZ WvK wefv‡Mi
e¨_©Zv I AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡bB GB eë¯’vi D™¢e|
Bs‡iwR Kywiqvi (Courier) k‡ãi A_© `ªæZ ev msevèvnK Avi mvwf©m k‡ãi A_© nj †mev| myZivs
kvwãK A‡_© Kzwiqvi mvwf©m ej‡Z msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb‡K

eySvq| e¨cKfv‡e Kzwiqvi mvwf©m ej‡Z WvK wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi Ggb cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq
hviv evnK AvB‡bi Awa‡b wPwV cÎ, `wjj `¯Ív‡eR, Riæwi WKz‡g›Um, wewfbœ gvjvgvj I Dcnvi
mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` wek¦¯ÍZvi mv‡_ `ªæZMwZ‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cu․‡Q w`‡q _v‡K|
1967 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª DHL bvgK GKwU Kywiqvi mvwf©m hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi 3
eÜz Adrin Dalsey Larry, Hilbolm I Robert Lay wg‡j `ªæZ msev` I Z_¨ Av`vb-
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ bvgK Kzwiqvi mvwf©m Pvjy K‡ib| wZb eÜzi bv‡gi A`¨vÿi wb‡q MwVZ DHL
bvgK KzwiqviwU wQj c„w_exi cÖ_g Kzwiqvi| mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q DHL bvgK G KzwiqviwU
eZ©gv‡b wbR¯^ Gqvi‡cvU© I wegv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq cÖvq 118wU †`‡k †mev cÖ`vb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
DHL Gi mv‡_B Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Q Av‡iKwU AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi Kzwiqvi mvwf©m FedEx| DbœZ
we‡k¦i b¨vq Gici evsjv‡`‡kI DHL Ges FedEx Kzwiqv‡ii cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ Kzwiqvi
†hgb Kw›U‡b›Uvj, my›ìeb Kzwiqvi, •ekvLx, cvBIwbqvi, †m›Uªvj, wWªgj¨vÛ, Wjwdb, Ki‡Zvqv
BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb AZ¨šÍ `ÿZv I wek¦¯ÍZvi mv‡_ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
Kzwiqvi¸‡jv ïay †Rjv kni, wKQz DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM mg„× _vbvq Zv‡ì Kvh©µg m‡ev©‛P 24 N›Uvq
Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `ywU Kzwiqvi mvwf©m−
my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m
Sundarban Courier Service
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Ges `ªæZ Kzwiqvi mvwf©m n‡‛Q my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m| evsjv‡`k wegvb hLb Zvi
Gqvi G·‡cÖm mvwf©m eÜ K‡i †`q ZLb 1983 mv‡j †emiKvwifv‡e my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m cÖwZwôZ
nq| my›ìeb Kzwiqvi mvwf©m n‡‛Q evsjv‡`k Kzwiqvi mvwf©m G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi cÖwZôvKvjxb m`m¨| Gi
†K›`ªxq Awdm XvKvi gwZwS‡j Aew¯’Z| GwU †`k-we‡`‡k wewfbœ ¯’v‡b `ªæZ I cv‡m©j mvwf©m cÖ`vb
K‡i _v‡K|
Kw›U‡b›Uvj Kzwiqvi mvwf©m

Continantal Courier Serive
Kw›U‡b›Uvj mvwf©m †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Ges †`‡ki evB‡i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gvby‡li wewfbœ cv‡m©j mswkøó mg‡qi
g‡a¨ †cu․‡Q w`‡q _v‡K| GwU Kw›U‡b›Uvj MÖæ‡ci GKwU A½ cÖwZôvb| 1983 mv‡j GwU Zvi evwYwR¨K
Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ K‡i| Gi G‡RÝxi msL¨v 15,000 Ges mvwf©m c‡q›U 50,000| Kw›U‡b›Uvj Kzwiqvi
mvwf©‡mi gv‡K©U †kqvi Ges †mevi ¸bv¸b Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K wfbœ| ZvB GwU‡K Kzwiqvi mvwf©‡mi
AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GwUi cÖavb Awdm XvKvi Avivgev‡M Aew¯’Z|
mdUIq¨vi Dbœqb
Software Development
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z GK¸‛Q Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg, Kg©c×wZ I eënvi wewa‡K †evSvq, hvi mvnv‡h¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| mdUIq¨vi cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi−
i. wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi:
GKwU Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gwcø‡Kkb
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ •Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ii. †cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi:
GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg A_ev G¨vwcø‡Kkb hv mdUIq¨vi DbœqbKvixiv eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb
†Kvb mdUIq¨vi •Zix, wWevM, wbqš¿Y, iÿbv‡eÿY A_ev Ab¨ †cÖvMÖvg ev Gwcø‡Kkb¸‡jv‡K
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z|
iii. Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi:
GwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi †hUv eënviKvixiv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`bv
(GK ev GKvwaK) Ki‡Z eënviKvix‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| G‡K ïay Gwcø‡Kkb ev Gc (App)
WvKv nq|
†gvevBj mvwf©wms
Mobile Servicing
evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj †dv‡bi eënvi cÖ_g w`‡K ïay abx‡ì eënv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡jI eZ©gv‡b
wewfbœ †gvevBj †mev`vZv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kg g~‡j¨ †mev`v‡bi Kvi‡Y AwZ `ªæZ nv‡i mevi nv‡ZB †c․‡Q
hv‡‛Q gy‡Vv‡dvb ev †gvevBj| abx-Mwie wb‡R‡ì mva¨vbyhvqx †gvevBj †mU eënvi Ki‡Q| †gvevBj
†dvb †mUwU eënviRwbZ wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wKsev AmveavbZvekZ bó n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ XvKv mn mviv
†`‡k K‡qK nvRvi †gvevBj mvwf©wms †m›Uvi M‡o D‡V‡Q| hvi d‡j †gvevBj †dv‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q
`ytwðšÍv A‡bKUvB K‡g †M‡Q| ax‡i ax‡i †gvevBj mvwf©wms GKwU c„_K wkí wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

wb‡R‡K ¯^vej¤^x wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi GKwU mdj Dcvq wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z nIqvq eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ¯’v‡b
†gvevBj mvwf©wms †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme cÖwkÿY †m›Uv‡i g~jZ †h †Kvb †gvevB‡ji
nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi msµvšÍ me ai‡bi mgm¨v Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© cÖwkÿY †`qv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿY †Kvm© ¸‡jv‡K kU© †Kvm©, wW‡cøvgv Ges nvqvi wW‡cøvgviƒ‡c wef³ K‡i GKRb
cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †gvevB‡j eøy-Uz‡_i gva¨‡g wis-†Uvb
Av`vb-cÖ`vb, Ggwcw_ª, wfwWI, B‡gR WvDb‡jvW, mdUIq¨vi Bb÷‡jkb, gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi
Bb÷‡jkb, †gvevB‡ji AvbjK, WvUv †Kej mgm¨v Ges nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †ÿ‡Î †iwR÷vi, K¨vcvwmUvi,
Wv‡qW UªvÝdg©, wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwK©U I †m¸‡jvi Kv‡bKkb WvqvMÖvg, wmwKDwiwU †KvW mn wewfbœ ai‡bi
nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbqš¿‡Y cÖwkÿY w`‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki µgea©gvb †UwjKg evRv‡ii w`‡K jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †ckv wn‡m‡e †gvevBj
†UKwbwkqv‡bi c`wU‡K †gv‡UI †QvU K‡i †`Lvi my‡hvM †bB| †gvevBj mvwf©wms †m›Uv‡i 3 †_‡K 10
Rb †gvevBj †UKwbwkqv‡bi PvKzwii my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k `ÿ †gvevBj †UKwbwkqv‡bi
PvKzwii h‡_ó my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| GQvov †gvevBj mvwf©wms †Uªwbs wb‡q †h †KD ¯^vaxb eëmvq wn‡m‡e ¯^í
cuywR‡Z mvwf©wms ‡m›Uvi ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Rxe‡b mdjZv Avb‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z n‡j †gvevBj
mvwf©wms †m›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq gvÎ 50 nvRvi †_‡K 1 jÿ UvKv LiP Kivi gva¨‡g| †`‡ki
µgea©gvb †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b †gvevBj mvwf©wms wk‡íi cÖmvi weivU f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| miKvwi I
e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q wewfbœ D‡`¨vM †hgb †gvevBj †dvb mvwf©wms wkí‡K AviI MwZkxj K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i,
wVK †Zgwb Gi gva¨‡g ¯^vej¤^x n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i AmsL¨ †eKvi ZiæY|
d‡UvKwc
Photocopy
eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq hvwš¿K hyM| •eÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi w_Dwi Abyhvqx Awdm Av`vj‡Zi KvR GLb
Avi KvwqK cwikÖ‡gi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z n‡e bv eis wb‡`©k Abyhvqx hš¿B mg¯Í KvR K‡i w`‡e| AvRKvj
ZvB Awd‡mi •`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡b wewfbœ wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq †h mKj hš¿cvwZ eënvi Kiv nq
d‡UvKwc ev d‡Uv÷¨vU hš¿wU Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg|
Bs‡iwR Photocopier ev Photostat k‡ã Photo k‡ãi A_© Av‡jvKwPÎ Avi stat k‡ãi A_©
Ae¯’v| A_©vr d‡Uv÷¨vU kã Øviv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wel‡qi Av‡jvKwPÎMZ Ae¯’v‡K eySvq| Awd‡m cÖwZw`b
wewfbœ ai‡bi wPwVcÎ, †iKW©cÎ, cÖwZ‡e`b, weÁvcb, weÁwß, `wjjcÎ, cÖgvbcÎ, K¨vk‡g‡gv BZ¨vw`
eëüZ nq| GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q eëüZ H mKj KvMRc‡Îi ûeû bKj Kwci cÖ‡qvRb nq| myZivs †h
†gwkb ev hš¿ Øviv e¨w³MZ ev Awdm Av`vj‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi KvMR cÖ‡Îi ûeû Abywjwc
Av‡jvKwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K d‡UvKwcqvi ev d‡Uv÷¨vU †gwkb e‡j|
G †gwk‡bi myev‡` AvRKvj A‡bK ai‡bi RvwjqvwZ eÜ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk Awdm Av`vj‡Zi
KvR K‡g©I G‡m‡Q MwZkxjZv| d‡UvKwcqvi h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Aí mg‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡qvRbxq
KvMRc‡Îi ûeû cÖwZwjwc cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi d‡UvKwc †gwkb evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| wKQz
hš¿ Av‡Q hvi Øviv Kwci mvBR B‛QvgZ †QvU eo Kiv hvq Avevi wKQz hš¿ Av‡Q hvi Øviv iwOb
d‡UvKwc Kiv hvq| AwZ m¤úªwZ Rvcvb ¯^qswµq hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Q hv eënviKvix Qvov wb‡R-
wb‡RB Kwci c„ôv Dëv‡Z mÿg|
Kw¤úDUvi
Computer
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi me Avðh©Zg Avwe®‥v‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‥vi n‡‛Q Kw¤úDUvi hv
gvby‡li Rxebaviv‡K cÖwZwbqZ cv‡ë w`‡‛Q|
AvaywbK we‡k¦ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ªæZ weKvk I eënvi mf¨Zv I mvgvwRK
Rxe‡b wb‡q Avm‡Q e¨vcK cwieZ©b| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi A‡bK mydj e‡q Avb‡Q|
Drcv`bgyLx Dbœqb n‡‛Q Z¡ivwš^Z, Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y NU‡Q bZzb avivi cÖeZ©b, MwZkxjZv evo‡Q
me©‡ÿ‡Î| Kw¤úDUvi GLb Awdm-Av`vjZ, eëmvq-evwYR¨ I M‡elYvi †`qv‡j Ave× †bB| GLb
e¨vcKfv‡e M„n‡Kv‡YI VuvB wb‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi Qvov mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ fvevB hvq bv| DcvË
cÖwµqvKiY, eëmvq-evwYR¨, eë¯’vcbv, cÖKvkbv, wkÿv, M‡elYv, wPwKrmv, †hvMv‡hvM, wkí, we‡bv`b,
ms¯‥…wZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgv‡Ri me© †ÿ‡ÎB e¨vcKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡‛Q|
gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡‛Q| e¨w³MZ Kv‡R Avi mvgvwRK Kv‡R
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Acwinvh© n‡q c‡i‡Q| †hgb e¨w³MZ Avb›`-†e`bv BZ¨vw` †kqvi
Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i we‡bv`b eë¯’v, †jLv‡jwL Kiv I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ mnRjf¨ I myjf
gva¨g •Zwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi| gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi, B›Uvi‡bU wbf©i P¨vwUs eë¯’v mvgvwRK
m¤úK© weKv‡ki gva¨g wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡‛Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi w`b w`b GZ we¯Í…Z n‡‛Q †h,
e¨w³MZ ev mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Û Gi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
gvwbMÖvg
Money gram

gvwbMÖvg we‡k¦i wØZxq e„nr A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii eëmv cÖwZôvb| GwU wek¦e¨vcx mycwiwPZ| GwU wek¦e¨vwc
cÖwZwbwa Ges wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡j Ges wewfbœ eëmv cÖwZôvb
Ges MÖvnK‡ì‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GwU cÖvq 2,75,000 cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g we‡k¦i cÖvq 197 wU
†`‡k Zvi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| gvwbMÖv‡gi †mev, eëmvqx‡ì `ÿ Ges Aí e¨‡q eëmvq cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †Kv¤úvwbwUi 82% gvwjKvbv n‡‛Q THL Ges Goldman Sachs Gi; hvi
g‡a¨ THL Gi 53% Ges Goldman Sachs Gi 29%| gvwbMÖv‡g eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 2600 Kgx©
wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| 2009 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbwU cÖvq 1.17 wewjqb Wjvi Avq K‡i| 2012 mv‡ji 9B
b‡f¤î GwU gvwbjÛvwis AvB‡b ¯^vÿi K‡i|
gvwbMÖv‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †mevmg~n:
i. gvwbMÖvg A_© ¯’vbvšÍi: gvwbMÖvg wek¦e¨vwc _vW© cvwU© G‡R›U Gi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì A_© MÖnY I
¯’vbvšÍ‡i mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| K¨vk Uz K¨vk QvovI GwU mivmwi e¨vsK wnmv‡e, GwUGg Gi
gva¨‡g, †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g, wK‡qvkKm (Kiosks) Gi gva¨‡g, K¨vk Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_©
Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
ii. gvwbMÖvg wej cwi‡kva †mev: gvwbMÖvg Zvi wej cwi‡kva †mevi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì wewfbœ Riæix wej I
wbqwgZ wej cwi‡kva K‡i _v‡K| GwU wewfbœ FY cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© iv‡L|
gv‡P©›UWvBwRs
Merchandising
hviv Mv‡g©›Um eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBwRs kãwU AwZ cwiwPZ| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs
kãwU Avm‡Q gv‡P©›UWvBR kã n‡Z| gv‡P©›UWvBR k‡ãi A_© cY¨`ªe¨‡K eySvq †h¸‡jv †Kbv ev †ePv
nq| gv‡P©›UWvBR †mB mKj Kvh©vejxi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ hv cY¨`ªe¨ LyPiv †fv³v‡ì wbKU weµ‡q
Ae`vb iv‡L| gv‡P©›UWvBwRs ej‡Z weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ `ªe¨ cªvc¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i Ges H cY¨¸‡jv
Ggb fv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i hv †µZv‡ì‡K H cY¨¸‡jv wKb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k gv‡P©›UWvBwRs eëmv‡qi e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK wkwÿZ e¨w³
gv‡P©›UWvBwRs‡K †ckv wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
gv‡P©›UWvBwRs Gi f~wgKv−
* wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix BDwbU Gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
* †µZv‡ì‡K bgybv mieivn K‡i|
* †µZv‡ì wbKU n‡Z Aby‡gv`b †bq|
* †dweª· µq K‡i|
* Avw_©K Z`šÍ m¤úv`b K‡i|
* Rvnv‡R cY¨ †cu․Qv‡bv wbwðZ K‡i|
* †µZv I Drcv`bKvixi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i|
* c‡Yï gvb wbwðZ K‡i|
* we‡`kx µq I weµ‡q mnvqZv K‡i|
* bZzb †µZv AbymÜvb K‡i|
* c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i|
1| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wbgœ m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb ?
K. 2 Rb L. 7 Rb
M. 10 Rb N. 20 Rb
2| wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †kqvi m‡e©vËg?
K. cÖeZ©K‡ì †kqvi L. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
M. mvaviY †kqvi N. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wiqv Km‡gwUKm wj. GKwU mvevb Drcv`bKvix cÖw Zôvb| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwUi Avw_©K Ae¯’v
fv‡jv bq, wKš‘ 20% evRvi †kqvi Zv‡ì `L‡j Av‡Q| GgZve¯’vq †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wj wg‡UW
cÖwZôv‡bi 55% †kqvi wK‡b †bq|
3| †kqvi wewµ n‡q hvIqvi ci wiqv Km‡gwUKm †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ n‡e?
K. †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb
L. mvewmwWqvix †Kv¤úvwb
M. we‡kl †Kv¤úvwb
N. Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤úvwb
4| †Kqv Km‡gwUKm wjwg‡UW-Gi †kqvi µq Kivi wcQ‡b cÖavb KviY wK wQj?
K. Avw_©K Ae¯’vi Dbœqb
L. evRvi `Lj Kiv
M. GK‡PwUqv evRvi cÖwZôv Kiv
N. RbM‡Yi Av¯’v e„w× Kiv


wg. AvwRg I Zvi cuvP eÜz GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK I cwiPvjK| m¤úªwZ evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi
R‡b¨ Zviv cÖwZôvbwUi MVbMZ KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb|
5| DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb?

K. cvewjK wj: L. cÖvB‡fU wj:
M. †nvwìs †Kvs N. mvewmwWqvix †Kvs
6| evRv‡i †kqvi weµ‡qi R‡b¨ cÖwZôvbwU‡K−
i. cwi‡gj wbqgvejx cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e

ii. ÷K G·‡P‡Ä ZvwjKvfz³ n‡Z n‡e
iii. wmwKDwiwU GÛ G·‡PÄ Kwgk‡bi Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z n‡e
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i,ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| ivbv ‘XYZ’†Kv¤úvwbi 2,00,000 †kqvi µq K‡i‡Qb| ‘XYZ’†Kv¤úvwb cieZ©x‡Z eëmvq

m¤úªmvi‡b AwaKZi g~ja‡bi Rb¨ bZzb †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z Pv‡‛Q| wKš‘ AvBbMZ evaëvaKZvi
Kvi‡Y cvi‡Q bv| Ab¨w`‡K ivbv AviI 1,00,000 †kqvi µq K‡i †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvq
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z B‛QzK| wKš‘ Zvi µqK…Z †kqv‡ii cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx †mUv m¤¢e bq|
K. ¯§viKwjwc Kx?
L. †Kv¤úvwbi wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. ivbv ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwbi †h †kqvi wK‡bwQ‡jb Zv †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ‘XYZ’ †Kv¤úvwb AwaKZi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
Gi †h․w³KZv we‡kølY Ki|
2| mvwnb 50 Rb mggbv †jvK wb‡q 2011 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb h_vwbq‡g
wbeÜb K‡ib| AvB‡bi evaëvaKZv _vKvq Zviv h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ †_‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi
AbygwZI MÖnY K‡i| wKšÍy 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zviv eëmvwqK KvR Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|

K. cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Kx?

L. weeib cÎ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki D‡jøwLZ eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. 2012 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi ci cÖwZôvbwUi cwiYwZ Kx n‡e? hyw³mn Dc¯’vcb Ki|

lô Aa¨vq
mgevq mwgwZ
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY
Ò`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR, nvwi wRwZ bvwn jvRÓ-G wPšÍvaviv n‡ZB mgev‡qi Rb¥, mgevq msMVb ev
mwgwZ n‡jv KwZcq e¨w³i GKwU †¯^”Qvg~jK msMVb| Gai‡bi msMV‡b m`mïv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© iÿvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb hv gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m„wó bv
n‡q m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK Kj¨vYv‡_© m„wó nq| mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡R cuywRcwZ‡ì
†kvlY n‡Z A‡cÿvK…Z `~e©j †kªwYi gvbyl‡ì Kj¨vY mvab Kiv nq|
G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie−

• mgevq mwgwZi aviYv I BwZnvm|
• mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨|
• mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjv|
• mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvwj|
• mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`|
• evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb|
• mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kivi c×wZ|
• mgev‡qi Dbœq‡b evW© I mgevq GKv‡Wwgi Kvh©µg I Ae`vb|
• evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡k weivRgvb mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|
• evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq|
• mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mdj nevi Kvwnbx|
6.01 mgevq mwgwZi aviYv

Concept of Co-operative Society
mß`k kZ‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K mgevq msMV‡bi fvebv `vbv euva‡jI wkí weí‡ei ïiæi ci G wPšÍv
ev¯Íeiƒc jvf K‡i| 1752 m‡b gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb me©cÖ_g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
mgevq msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| e„‡U‡b AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mgevq MwVZ nq 1844 mv‡j| G mg‡q e„‡U‡bi
iP‡Wj bvgK ¯’v‡bi 28 Rb ZuvZx gvÎ 28 cvDÛ cuywR mn‡hv‡M G ai‡bi eëmvq M‡o †Zv‡j| Gi
ci mgevq GK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq hvi †XD evsjv‡`‡kI G‡m †j‡M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZ
wewfbœ ai‡bi I wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g `ye©j I `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ mgev‡qi †h D‡Ïk¨ Zv ev¯Íevq‡b mgwóMZfv‡e
eûmsL¨K gvby‡li mn‡hvwMZvq Zv mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e nq, GUvB mgev‡qi g~j K_v| A_©vr gybvdv
AR©b bqÑcvi¯úvwiK Kj¨vYmvabB G mgev‡qi g~j jÿ¨|
6.02 mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨

Features of Co-operative Society
mgevq GKwU AvBb m„ó, Abb¨ •ewkó¨gwÐZ eëmvq msMVb| Gi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †ckvRxexiv D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡b Drmvn ev kw³ cvq| GwU eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU msMVb| evsjv‡`‡k mgevq
AvBb-2001 Abymv‡i mgevq msMVb MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| wb‡æ mgevq mwgwZi •ewkó¨mg~n eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv−
• `wi`ª I ga¨weË †kªwYi KwZcq †jvK †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc
msMVb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgevq AvBb Abymv‡i wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU G ai‡bi mgevq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb
Ki‡Z nq|
• ïaygvÎ †¯^”QvK…Zfv‡e KwZcq e¨w³ mgev‡qi Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q Gai‡bi cÖwZôvb MVb K‡i,
†Kv‡bv iKg evaëvaKZvi ¯’vb GLv‡b †bB|
• abZvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’vq abx‡ì Øviv `wi`ª I ga¨weË †kªwY A_©‣bwZK wb‡®úl‡Yi wkKvi nq|
mgevq †kvlK †kªwYi nvZ †_‡K †kvwlZ‡ì AvZ¥iÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

mgevq mwgwZ 115
• mgevq mwgwZi cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ 10 UvKv ev Z`ya© g~‡jï n‡Z cv‡i|
• eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv we‡kl As‡k A_©vr Drcv`b, eÈb BZ¨vw`‡Z RwoZ n‡q mw¤§wjZfv‡e Kvh© cwiPvjbvi
gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kj¨vY mvabB Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨| gybvdv AR©b Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq|
• mgevq AvBbvbymv‡i mgevq mwgwZ Aek¨B wbewÜZ n‡Z nq|
• mgev‡qi AwR©Z gybvdvi meUzKz m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb nq bv| eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Gi b~¨bZg 15%
msiwÿZ Znwe‡j Ges 5% mgevq Dbœqb Znwe‡j Pvu`v wn‡m‡e msiÿY K‡i evwK Ask mvaviY
mfvi wm×všÍµ‡g †kqvi MÖnxZv‡ì g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| [34 (1) aviv]
• evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 2001 mv‡ji mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi 8(1K) aviv †gvZv‡eK cÖv_wgK mgevq
mwgwZ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 20 Rb e¨w³ m`m¨ Ges †K›`ªxq I RvZxq mwgwZi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ
10 wU mgevq mwgwZ m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq| m`m¨ msL¨vi m‡ev©”P mxgv AvB‡b ejv nqwb |
• mgevq mwgwZ AvBb-m„ó GKwU cÖwZôvb| Gi c„_K AvBbMZ mËv I cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| GwU wbR bv‡g
cwiPvwjZ|
• mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K gvwmK mÂ‡qi gva¨‡g A_ev m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †kqvi weµq
K‡i mgev‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq|
• mgevq mwgwZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡ì `vq Zvi µqK…Z †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|
• 2001 m‡bi mgevq AvB‡bi 15(2K) aviv Abyhvqx GKRb m`m¨ mwgwZi †gvU g~ja‡bi
GK-cÂgvs‡ki (1/5) †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv †ewk †kqvi µq Ki‡j
AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii †Póv Ki‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mgevq mwgwZ AvB‡bi Aaxb MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ, c„_K mËv I mxwgZ `vq wewkó
GKwU †¯^”Qv cÖ‡Yvw`Z eëmvq msMVb| Gi m`mïv MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZ Abymi‡Y cwiPvwjZ nq hvi
g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv Gi m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv|
6.03 mgevq mwgwZi bxwZgvjv/Av`k©mg~n
Principles of Co-operative Society
bxwZgvjv kãwUi Bs‡iwR kã n‡jv Principles G‡K guidence for action ejv hvq| mgevq msMVbI
wKQy bxwZ ev Av`k© †g‡b P‡j| GKwU wfbœagx© eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb mgv‡Ri ga¨ I wbæweË,
m¤úbœ gvby‡li bvbvb mxgve×Zv wb‡q cvi¯úvwiK A_©‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| †hme
Av`k© ev bxwZgvjv †g‡b mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv wb‡æ ewY©Z n‡jv−

1| GKZv (Unity): GKZvB ej| mgv‡Ri `wi`ª e¨w³ GKZve× n‡j abxi †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi
weiæ‡× Abvqv‡m ùvov‡Z cv‡i| GKZvB g~jZ mgev‡qi mvd‡jï g~j ¯Í¤¢|
2| mZZv (Honesty): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z mZZv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡b mZZv weivRgvb n‡j
m`m¨‡ì g‡b AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq| A_©vr eëmvwqK mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j mZZv GKvšÍ
Acwinvh©|
3| †¯^”QvK…Z wgjb (Voluntary Association): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ me©vwaK e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv †`qv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖKvi ûgwK ev cÖ‡ivPbv Qvov Zviv mgev‡qi gva¨‡g †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
4| mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation): mn‡hvwMZv mgev‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg bxwZ| cvi¯úwiK Kj¨v‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ mgev‡qi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Ô`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvRÕ A_ev ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K
Avgiv c‡ii Z‡iÕ Giƒc g‡bvfve _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ mn‡hvwMZvB mvdj¨ jv‡fi
Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV|
5| MYZš¿ (Democracy): mgevq mwgwZ‡Z me©`vB MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abym„Z nq| G mwgwZi
ÔcwiPvjK KwgwUÕ m`m¨‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ nq| wm×všÍI †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g M„nxZ
nq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6| mg‡SvZv (Understanding): mgev‡qi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mg‡SvZv Acwinvh©| KviY
Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve Qvov mgevq mwgwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK
mg‡SvZv|
7| mvg¨ (Equality): mgevq mwgwZ mv‡gï Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ| Gi m`mïv mvgvwRK,
A_©‣bwZK ev cvwievwiKfv‡e hvB †nvK bv †Kb mgev‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zviv mevB mgvb
mvgvwRK gh©v`vi AwaKvix| wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Gai‡bi mvg¨ cÖw Zôv Kiv bv †M‡j mgevq
mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
8| †mev (Service): mgev‡qi g~jK_v n‡jv ÔmK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii
Z‡iÕ| G‡K Ac‡ii mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z G eëmvq cÖwZwôZ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨
GKwU mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve _vKv Avek¨K|
9| •bKU¨ (Proximity): mgevq mggbv e¨w³e‡M©i msMVb| ZvB Gi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î •bK‡Uï welqwU
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| m`mïv mggbv bv n‡j cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡Z wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z nq|
10| mg-†fvUvwaKvi (Equal right of votes): mg-†fvUvwaKvi mgevq mwgwZi Ab¨Zg
g~jbxwZ| cÖwZôv‡b †h hZ wewb‡qvM KiæK bv †Kb mevi †fvUvwaKvi mgvb| G†ÿ‡Î mK‡j GKwU
K‡i †fvU cÖ`vb K‡i Kvh©Kix KwgwU wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb|
11| wbi‡cÿZv (Secularism): mgev‡qi †ÿ‡Î ag© I ivR‣bwZK gZv`‡k©i wbi‡cÿZv eRvq
_v‡K| d‡j ag© I ivR‣bwZK gZ wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB Gi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, mgev‡q mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j D³ g~jbxwZ ev Av`k©mg~n h_vh_fv‡e
AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| Gi AwaKvskB G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Gi me¸‡jv mgvbfv‡e
AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †h mgevq D³ Av`k©mg~n hZ †ewk AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev¯Í‡e Zvi c‡ÿB ZZ
mdjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq|
mgevq mwgwZ 117
6.04 mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvwj

Formation Procedures of Co-operative Society
mgevq mwgwZ GKUv AvBb-m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvwewkó cÖwZôvb| GKvwaK e¨w³ wb‡R‡ì A_©‣bwZK
Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G msMVb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq mwgwZmg~n Òmgevq
mwgwZ 2001Ó Ges Òmgevq wewa 2004Ó e‡j MwVZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| mggbv I mg¯^v_©wewkó
Kgc‡ÿ 10 Rb m`m¨‡K mwgwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ m¤§Z n‡Z nq eqm hv‡ì 18 eQi ev Zvi D‡aŸ©|
wb‡gœ Giƒc cÖwZôvb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î AbymiYxq ch©vqµwgK c`‡ÿcmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
mgevq mwgwZi MVb D‡`¨vM MÖnY wbeÜb Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq

cÖYvwj wPÎ: mgevq ch© vq MVb cÖYvwj|ch©vq
mwgwZi
1| D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq (Stage of Taking Initiative): mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î
cÖv_wgKfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnYKvix‡ì D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GKB GjvKvi mggbv,
mg‡ckv I mg‡kªwYi Kgc‡ÿ 20 (wek) Rb D‡`¨v³v mwgwZ MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K Aek¨B cÖvß eq¯‥ I my¯’ gw¯Í®‥ m¤úbœ A_©vr Pyw³ m¤úv`‡b †hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
D‡`¨v³viv cÖ_‡gB wb‡R‡ì ga¨ n‡Z Kgc‡ÿ Qq m`m¨wewkó GKwU eë¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb
K‡i| eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi c`My‡jv wbgœiƒc−
i. †Pqvig¨vb Ñ 1 Rb
ii. fvBm †Pqvig¨vb Ñ 1 Rb
iii. †m‡µUvwi Ñ 1 Rb
iv. mvaviY m`m¨ Ñ 3 Rb
(Zb¥‡a¨ 1 Rb †Kvlva¨ÿ n‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î mvaviY m`m¨ n‡e 2 Rb)
Giƒc KwgwU mgevq mwgwZi wbeÜbmn MVb msµvšÍ hveZxq Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| KwgwUi
cÖ_g `vwqZ¡ n‡jv GKwU Lmov Dcwewa (By-laws) •Zwi Kiv| Dcwewa‡Z cÖavbZ wb‡æv³ wel‡qi
D‡jøL _v‡K−
K. mgevq mwgwZi bvg (mmxg `vqm¤úbœ mwgwZi bv‡gi †k‡l mxwgZ ev Ltd. k‡ãi D‡jøL _vK‡e);
L. wVKvbv I Kvh© GjvKv;
M. D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©µg;
N. D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I c`we;
O. m`m¨ AšÍf©yw³ I Ae¨vnwZi wbqg;
P. g~ja‡bi cwigvY I †kªwYwefvM;
Q. †kqvi g~j¨, †kªwYwefvM I †gvU †kqvi msL¨v;
R. †kqvi weµq c×wZ;
S. mwgwZ cwiPvjbv msKªvšÍ hveZxq wbqg-Kvbyb cÖf„wZ|

D‡`¨v³viv B”Qv Ki‡j Gai‡bi Dcwewa cÖ¯‘Z bv K‡iI mgevq wefvM n‡Z Qvcv‡bv Dcwewa
msMÖn K‡i D³ Dcwewa †gvZv‡eK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ch©v‡q cÖ ¯ÍvweZ mwgwZi Rb¨
mxj‡gvni cÖ ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq|
2. wbeÜb ch©vq (Stage of Registration): G ch©v‡q mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq|
†h GjvKvq mwgwZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z B”QyK †m GjvKvq miKvi wbhy³ mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm
n‡Z wbeÜb dig msMÖn Kiv nq| wbeÜb dig h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎvw` I
wd mn wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq|
Av‡e`b di‡gi mv‡_ wb‡gœv³ `wjjcÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq−
K. mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì ¯^vÿihy³ bvg I wVKvbv| G‡ÿ‡Î b~¨bZg 20 (wek) Rb cÖvß eq¯‥
m`‡mï bvg I ZvwiLmn ¯^vÿi _vK‡Z nq|
L. D‡`¨v³v‡ì ¯^vÿimn DcwewaÑ2 Kwc
M. mwgwZi wmj‡gvn‡ii bgybvÑ1 wU
N. Av‡e`b digwU AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡Z DwjøwLZ Z_¨mg~n mwVK-Gg‡g©
†m‡µUvwi I D‡`¨v³v‡ì †NvlYvcÎ 1 Kwc|
D‡jøw LZ KvMRcÎ I wba©vwiZ wd cvIqvi ci wbeÜK KvMRcÎ¸‡jv hvPvB-evQvB K‡ib Ges G
wel‡q mš‘ó n‡j Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Zv gÄyi K‡i wbeÜb cÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| 60
w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ bv Ki‡j Ges Av‡e`b cÎ M„nxZ n‡j wbeÜK wbeÜb mb` wn‡m‡e
wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib| G ch©v‡q wbeÜK mwgwZi Dcwewai 3 Kwci cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvq ¯^v ÿi I
mxjhy³ K‡i 1 Kwc wbeÜb Awd‡m msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡Lb Ges 2 Kwc D‡`¨v³v‡ì †diZ
†`b| D‡jøL¨, Av‡e`bcÎ cÖvwßi ci wbeÜK hw` †`‡Lb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev KvMRc‡Îi NvUwZ
i‡q‡Q Z‡e †m¸‡jv AbwaK 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †P‡q ev Z`šÍ K‡i wbeÜ‡bi Dchy³ Zv †`Lv nq|
Gfv‡eB mwgwZi wbeÜb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
3. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq (Stage of Commencement): wbeÜ‡bi gva¨‡g mgevq mwgwZ AvBbvbyM
cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges mwgwZi bvg I mxj‡gvni eënvi K‡i D‡`¨v³vMY I KwgwU mwgwZi
¯^vfvweK KvRKg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gici mwgwZi Kg©Kv‡Ð Avi †Kv‡bv evav _v‡K bv|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi †h, mgevq msMVb mywba©vwiZ mgev‡qi MV‡bi wbqg †g‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
GKwU wbewÜZ eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e mgevq msMVb‡K Aek¨B Gme wbqg-bxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z nq|
6.05 mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`
Types of Co-operative Society
mgevq ÔGKZvB ejÕ ev Ô`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvRÕ-G RvZxq bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡i msMwVZ nq, A_©vr
mgv‡Ri ¯^í Avq wewkó mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‣bwZK Kj¨vY agx© †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi msMVb n‡”Q mgevq
msMVb| wewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi j‡ÿ¨ bvbvag©x mgevq msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z
cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y mgv‡R wewPÎag©x mgevq msMVb †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

mgevq mwgwZ 119
wb‡gœ GKwU wPÎmn wewfbœ cÖK vi mgevq msMV‡bi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−
K. m`m¨‡ì Pvwn`v Abymv‡i
According to the Demand of Members
1. Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ (Producers co-operative society)
ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wk‡íi gvwjK I Drcv`KMY e„n`vqZb wkí¸‡jvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨
Zv‡ì ¯^í A_©‡K GKwÎZ K‡i †h mgevq MVb K‡i Zv‡K
Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| †Kv‡bv GjvKvq KwZcq kªwgK
GK‡Î wg‡j †Kv‡bv Drcv`b ïiæ Ki‡j ev KwZcq e¨w³
mgev‡qi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc Drcv`b Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ n‡j
Zv Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡e| ZuvwZ‡ì
mgevq, `y» Drcv`K mgevq, K…lK mgevq, †R‡j mgevq
BZ¨vw` G RvZxq mgevq mwgwZi D`vniY|
2. †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ
Consumers Co-operative Society
hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl c‡Yï ev KwZcq c‡Yï †fv³vMY ga¨¯’eëmvqxi gybvdvi wkKvi bv n‡q
b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ wRwbm wKb‡Z Pvb ZLb Zv‡ì Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †h mgevq cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K
†fv³v mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| G mgevq mwgwZ Drcv`bKvix, Avg`vwbKviK ev cvBKv‡ii wbKU
†_‡K cvBKvwi g~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMÖx Lwi` K‡i †mme cY¨ m`më„›` I Ab¨v‡bï wbKU b¨vh¨g~‡j¨
wewµi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ‡K eÈbKvix mgevq mwgwZ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| wkí cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK‡ì D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZôv‡bi †M‡U, eo cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì D‡`¨v‡M
cÖwZôv‡b, eo nvDwRs Kg‡cø‡·i †M‡U Gi gvwjK‡ì D‡`¨v‡M Gai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ M‡o
†Zvjv n‡Z cv‡i|
mgevq mwgwZ
m`m¨‡ì D‡Ïk¨/Kv‡h©i mvsMVwbK ¯—i `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i

cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i Abymv‡i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
1. µq mgevq 7. FY`vb mgevq

1. Drcv`K 1. cÖv_wgK mgevq 1. Amxg `vq
2. weµq mgevq 8. M„n wbg©vY mgevq
mgevq 2. †K›`ªxq mgevq mgevq
3. Avg`vwb mgevq 9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv 3. wgkª mgevq
2. †fv³v 2. mmxg- `vq
4. ißvwb mgevq 10. eûgyLx mgevq 4. RvZxq mgevq mgevq
mgevq 5. exgv mgevq
6. e¨vsK mgevq
wPÎ: mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f`|

L. D‡Ïk¨/Kv‡h©i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i

According to the objectives/nature of functions
1. µq mgevq mwgwZ (Purchasing co-operative society): wewfbœ †ckvRxex gvbyl hw`
mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g msNe×-n‡q Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvgvw` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ µq myweav MÖnY
K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K µq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|
2. weµq/wecYb mgevq mwgwZ (Marketing co-operative society): ÿz`ª Drcv`K, K…lK
BZ¨vw` †kªYxi †jvKRb Zv‡ì cY¨`ªe¨ wewµ, ¸`vgRvZKiY, cwienY BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i cvBKvwi
myweav cÖvwßi j‡ÿ¨ hw` †Kv‡bv mgevq msMVb K‡i Z‡e weµq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|
3. Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwZ (Import co-operative society): ÿz`ª Avg`vwbKviKMY Zv‡ì
bvbvwea myweav I miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K `vwe Av`v‡qi wbwg‡Ë †h mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv
Avg`vwb mgevq mwgwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
4. ißvwb mgevq mwgwZ (Export co-operative society): ÿz`ª Avg`vwbKviKMY ißvwb wel‡q
cvBKvwi myweav, mw¤§wjZ AwfÁZv I miKv‡ii wbKU n‡Z `vwe Av`v‡qi wbwg‡Ë hw` †Kv‡bv
mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv‡K ißvwb mgevq mwgwZ ejv n‡e|
5. exgv mgevq mwgwZ (Insurance co-operative society): wb‡R‡ì exgv wb‡Riv
msNe×fv‡e Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx mgevq mwgwZ cÖwZôv Ki‡j Zv‡K exgv mgevq mwgwZ
ejv nq|
6. e¨vsK mgevq mwgwZ (Bank co-operative society): ÿy`ª AvqZ‡bi wfwË‡Z m`m¨‡ì
wbKU n‡Z AvgvbZ MÖnY I Zv‡ì‡K FY`v‡bi Rb¨ †h mgevq M‡o I‡V Zv‡K e¨vsK mgevq
mwgwZ ejv nq|
7. FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ (Credit co-operative society): gnvRb ev e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi
e`‡j Kg my‡` wb‡R‡ì mÂq n‡Z FY MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ hw` †ckvRxexiv wgwjZ n‡q †Kv‡bv mgevq
MVb K‡i Zv‡K FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
8. M„nwbg©vY mgevq mwgwZ (Housing co-operative society): hw` ga¨weË I ¯^íweË †jv‡Kiv
wb‡R‡ì M„n wbg©v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv mgevq M‡o †Zv‡j Z‡e Zv‡KB M„n wbg©vY mgevq mwgwZ
ejv nq|
9. mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv (Co-operative housing society): †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b AvevwmK cøU
Lwi‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ hw` †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx GKwÎZ nq Z‡e Zv‡K mgevq AvevwmK GjvKv ev AvevwmK
GjvKvwfwËK mgevq e‡j|
10. eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ (Multi purpose co-operative society): hLb †Kv‡bv mgevq
mwgwZ wewfbœ cÖKvi eëmvwqK Kv‡R wjß nq ZLb Zv‡K eûgyLx mwgwZ e‡j| Giƒc mgevq mwgwZ
µq, weµq, M„n wbg©vY FY`vb, e¨vswKs, wegv-G ai‡bi eûgyLx Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
M. mvsMVwbK ¯Íi Abymv‡i
According to the Organisational Stage

mgevq mwgwZ 121
1. cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ (Primary co-operative society): cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ n‡”Q
†m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb hv me©w bæ ¯Íi ev cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q MwVZ nq| mgevq ej‡Z g~ jZ G
¯Í‡ii mgevq‡KB eySv‡bv nq| MÖvgxY mgevq mwgwZmg~n Gi D`vniY|
2. †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ (Central co-operative society): b~¨bZg 10wU cÖv_wgK mgevq
mwgwZi mw¤§wjZ iƒc n‡”Q †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ| MÖvgxY K…lK mgevq mwgwZmg~n wg‡j BDwbqb
ev _vbv ch©v‡q mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G RvZxq mwgwZ MwVZ nq| GwU mgev‡qi wØZxq ¯Íi| G
mwgwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
3. wgkª mgevq mwgwZ (Mixed co-operative society): GwU mgev‡qi Z…Zxq ¯Íi| e¨w³
m`‡mï cvkvcvwk cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv Gi m`m¨ n‡q _v‡K| wefvMxq (ev cÖ‡`k) ch©v‡q
mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡Yi mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i| G mgevq mwgwZi Rb¨
b~¨bZg 20 Rb m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ 12wU cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ _vK‡Z nq|
4. RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ (National co-opeative society): GwU m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii (PZy_© ¯Íi)
mgevq msMVb| RvZxq ch©v‡q †h mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq Zv‡KB RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ e‡j| 10wU
†K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ wg‡j RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ MwVZ nq|
N. `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
According to the Liabilities
1. Amxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ (Unlimited co-operative society): Amxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ
n‡”Q †m ai‡bi mgevq msMVb †hLv‡b m`m¨‡ì `vq Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqvi Øviv ev Ab¨ Dcv‡q
mxgve× _v‡K bv| mwgwZi †`bvi Rb¨ G RvZxq mwgwZi m`mïv GKKfv‡e Ges †h․_fv‡e `vqx
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k G ai‡bi mwgwZi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq bv|
2. mmxg `vq mgevq mwgwZ (Limited Co-operative society): mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì
`vq hLb Zv‡ì µqK…Z †kqv‡ii AvswkK g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _v‡K ZLb mmxg-`vq mgevq mwgwZ
e‡j| m`m¨‡ì mxwgZ `vq‡K eySvevi Rb¨ Giƒc mwgwZi bv‡gi †k‡l Õwjwg‡UWÕ ev ‘Ltd’ kã
†hvM Kiv nq| †`‡ki AwaKvsk mgevqB G †kªwYfy³|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mgevq
mwgwZ KvR Ki‡Q, ¯^í mg‡qi gvby‡li fwel¨r Dbœqb I wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z AviI bZzb bZzb
mgevq mwgwZ M‡o DV‡e GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq|
6.06 evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb

The Role of Co-operative Society in the Socio-Economic Development of Bangladesh
¯^íweË m¤ú` ev weËnxb e¨w³‡ì c‡ÿ mxwgZ mvg_©¨ eënvi K‡i GKKfv‡e eo †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| mwgwZ MV‡bi gva¨‡g Giƒc mxwgZ mvg‡_©ï gvbyl wb‡R‡ì Av_© -mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A_©‣bwZKfv‡e `ye©j gvbyl cvi¯úvwiK Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgevq
mwgwZ MVb K‡i|

wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi Ae`vb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
1. A_©‣bwZK myweav (Economic Advantages): mgevq msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡ì A_©‣bwZK
Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b bvbvfv‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb- K…lK ev Kg Av‡qi m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb,
cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^í my‡` mnR k‡Z© FY mnvqZv `vb
cÖf„wZ| d‡j mwgwZi m`mïv gnvR‡bi †`․ivZ¥¨ n‡Z wb‡R‡ì iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
2. mvgvwRK myweav (Social Advantages): mgevq MV‡bi gva¨‡g ewÂZ RbMY Avw_©K myweavi
cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK myweav †fvM K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK myweavi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv,
MYZ‡š¿i PP©v, A_©‣bwZK kw³i we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j m`m¨‡ì gh©v`v e„w× cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
3. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb (Improving Standard of Living): mgevq mwgwZ mgv‡Ri wbgœœweË
I weËnxb‡ì msMVb| mwgwZ‡Z †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì Avq e„w×, b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨ cÖvwß, FY
mnvqZv cÖvwß Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× cvq, hv Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿ
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
4. Kg eë¯’vcbv e¨q (Low Management Cost): m`m¨‡ì †¯^”Qvg~jK mn‡hvwMZv I
AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j eë¯’vcbv LiP eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq| eë¯’vcbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡ì †Kv‡bv
cÖKvi †eZbÑfvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| Zviv mwgwZ cwiPvjbvq Lye AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_B webv
cvwikªwg‡K KvR K‡i|
5. e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi myweav (Advantage of Large-scale Business): m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk
nIqvq mgevq mwgwZ AwaK mÂq msMÖn I cuywR MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv w`‡q e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi
wewfbœ myweav †hgb- e„n`vqZb µq, Drcv`b I wecYb myweav cvIqv hvq| G‡Z mwgwZi Avq
e„w× cvq|
6. †mevi D‡Ïk¨ (Service Motive): Giƒc msMVb g~jZ m`m¨‡ì †mev cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B m„wó
nq, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq| m`m¨‡ì‡K wewfbœfv‡e Avw_©K mnvqZv I b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ cY¨ ev
†mev cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM †`qv nq| mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve KvR
K‡i|
7. K‡ii Ae¨vnwZ (Tax Relief): mgevq mwgwZ MV‡b DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc msMV‡bi
Av‡qi Ici Ki avh© Kiv nq bv| d‡j m`m¨‡ì AwaK Avw_©K Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
8. miKvwi mnvqZv (Government Help): †`‡ki Av_©ÑmvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b mgevq
msMVb¸‡jv BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avi G f~wgKv‡K Av‡iv †ewk DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨
miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K mgevqx‡ì ev mwgwZ‡K Avw_©K I Abvw_©K wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
9. g‡bvej Dbœqb (Moral Development): mgevq mwgwZ KwZcq Av`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i
cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb-cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, AvZ¥mn‡hvwMZv, K‡Vvi cwikªg, wkÿv,
AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv, mÂq msMÖn cÖf„wZ| Gme Av`k© Abykxj‡bi d‡j m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
KwVb KvR Lye mn‡R m¤úbœ Kivi g‡bvej I gvbwmKZv •Zwi nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, DcwiD³ myweavi Kvi‡Y mgevq msMVb mvaviYZ wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li Kv‡Q
AZ¨šÍ Drmvne¨ÄK I AvKl©Yxq msMVb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| †gvUK_v, e¨w³K, mvgvwRK I
RvZxq A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mgevq mwgwZi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
mgevq mwgwZ 123
Kg©cÎ-1
mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖYvjx Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g eëmvq Kivi c×wZ wPwýZ Ki
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •
6.07 evW©
BARD
mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †evW© (evW©) Gi Ae`vb:
æBangladesh Academy for Rural Development” ev BARD cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb| 1959 mv‡j Kzwgjøvi †KvUevwo‡Z cÖL¨vZ mgvRKg©x Aa¨ÿ AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb G cÖwZôvb
¯’vcb K‡ib|
G GKv‡Wwgi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cjøx Z_v MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Dbœqb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ GKv‡Wwgi M„nxZ
c`‡ÿc I Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cjøx Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì cÖwkÿY, M‡elYv I
cixÿvg~jK cÖKí cwiPvjbv, cjøx Dbœq‡bi Dci †mwgbvi, Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`| cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav‡_©
GLv‡b cÖwkÿY cÖv_©x‡ì AvevwmK eë¯’v, cÖwkÿY †K›`ª, IqvK©kc, K¨vw›Ub cÖf…wZ me©vwaK my‡hvM-
myweav i‡q‡Q| evW©-Gi G eûg~Lx Ae`vb I Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ G‡K Kzwgjøv g‡Wj bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MÖvgxY A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Gi my`~icÖmvix Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
6.08 evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡k mgm¨v
Poblems of Co-operative Development in Bangladesh
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU `wi`ª †`k wn‡m‡eB evsjv‡`k mevi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ| G‡`‡k wbæweË m¤úbœ gvby‡li
msL¨v †ewk| G‡ì fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb MwZ
†c‡q‡Q, wKšÍy Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î G Av‡›`vjb mdjZvi gyL †`Lv hvqbv|

ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vj‡b †h mgm¨v jÿbxq Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1. mwVK cwiKíbvi Afve (Lack of proper planning): evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZi Dbœq‡b
†Kv‡bv myôy cwiKíbv †bB| d‡j G‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ nq ¯^í‡gqvw` Ges weKvk nq evavcÖvß|
2. cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve (Lack of training): mgev‡qi wbe©vnxM‡Yi †Kv‡bviƒc cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi
my‡hvM †bB e‡j Zviv A‡bK mgq fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq|
3. AvgjvZvwš¿K g‡bvfve (Bureaucratic attitude): G‡`‡k †KD †Kv‡bv ØvwqZ¡ I ÿgZv
†c‡jB wb‡R‡K GKRb AmvaviY e¨w³ fve‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Avi mgevq mwgwZ cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨
wbhy³ e¨w³ivI AvgjvZwš¿K g‡bvfve aviY Kivq Zviv m`m¨‡ì †mevi e`‡j A‡bK mgq
Amyweav m„wó K‡ib| d‡j mgevq mwgwZ †f‡½ hvq|
4. ¯^Rb-cÖxwZ (Nepotism): mwgwZi cwiPvjK‡ì ¯^Rb-cªxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mgevq¸‡jvi weKv‡ki
c‡_ AšÍivq| we‡kl K‡i FY`vb mgevq mwgwZ¸‡jvi FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î G mgm¨v †`Lv †`q †ewk|
5. wkÿvi Afve (Lack of education): evsjv‡`‡k AwkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨vB AwaK| G
wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wkÿv m‡PZbZv bv _vKvq Zviv mgevq cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyave‡b e¨_©
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z mgevq cÖwZôv I weKvk evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z eva¨|
6. Amg cªwZ‡hvwMZv (Un-equal competition): ÿz`vª qZb cÖK…wZi msMVb nIqvq mwgwZ‡K
ga¨g I e„n`vqZb msMV‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv KóKi n‡q c‡o|
7. mZZv I wbôvi Afve (Lack of honesty and sincerity): mgev‡qi g‡Zv †h․_ cÖ‡Póvi
mdjZv A‡bKUvB mZZv I wbôvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk e¨w³¯^v_© PwiZv_©
Ki‡Z wM‡q G `y‡UviB wemR©b w`‡Z e‡m‡Q| d‡j mgevq mwgwZi D‡ÏkÏ AvR e¨_©Zvq
ch©ewmZ n‡”Q|
8. g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv (Defeciency of Capital): mgevq `wi`ª‡ì msMVb| Zv‡ì cÖ`Ë ¯^í
cwigvY Puv`v mwgwZi Rb¨ ch©vß I cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab m„wó K‡i bv|
9. miKv‡ii mn‡hvwMZv (Co-operation of govt): mgev‡qi gva¨‡g Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi
Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| wKšÍy ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv miKv‡ii cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZv G‡ÿ‡Î Kg|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZ‡K GwM‡q †bqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡jI DcwiD³ mgm¨vi
Kvi‡Y Zv h‡_ó AMÖMwZ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB Gme mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ mswkøó meviB
gnvbyfeZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q GwM‡q Avmv cÖ‡qvRb|
6.09 evsjv‡`‡k mgevq mwgwZi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n
Ways of Removing the Problems of Co-operative Society in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨, AbMÖmiZv I Afve-AbUb †_‡K wbgœweËm¤úbœ e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K D×vi K‡i
Dbœq‡bi bZzb c_ †`Lv‡Z n‡j mgevq Av‡›`vjb †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv ejvi A‡cÿv
iv‡L bv| G j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK c~e© n‡ZB G‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡jI wKQy mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Zv
mdjZvi gyL †`L‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

mgevq mwgwZ 125
wb‡gœ G mKj mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

1. jvj wdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ n«vm (Reduction of red-tapism): jvj wdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ Z_v
AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv mgevq mwgwZi AMÖmiZvi Rb¨ Kg-†ewk `vqx| G‡ÿ‡Î MwZkxjZv Avb‡Z
n‡j mgevq gš¿Yvjq, mgevq wefvM I Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó Awd‡m `ÿ I mgev‡qi g‡š¿ Av¯’vkxj Kg©V
Rbej wb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. mgevqg~jK wkÿvi eë¯’vKiY (Arrangement of co-operative oriented
education): mgevq Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb Ki‡Z n‡j †`‡ki mgevqg~jK wkÿvi cÖPjb Ki‡Z
n‡e| Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi eë¯’v Kiv Ges cvV¨µ‡g G welqK Av‡jvPbv AšÍf©y³ K‡i mgevq wkÿv
†Rvi`vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. mgevq Dbœq‡b e„nr cwiKíbv (Master plan for development of co-
operatives): mgevq mwgwZi g~j jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©ÑmvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK I
mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek we‡ePbvq †i‡L GKwU e„nr ev¯ÍewfwËK cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv Riæwi| miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M
†K›`ªxqfv‡e M„nxZ G cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki AwkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ mvaviY RbMY‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP MÖnY (Adopting training programme): mgevq mwgwZi mv‡_
cwiPvjbvq hy³ e¨w³eM© Ges mvaviY m`m¨‡ì ¯^íKvjxb Ges KL‡bv ev `xN©Kvjxb cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi
eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z mswkøó mK‡j ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí, K…wlKvRmn wewfbœ wel‡q ev¯Íe aviYv AR©‡b
mÿg n‡e|
5. `yb©xwZ I ¯^Rb-cÖxwZ †iva (Measures to prevent corruption and nepotism) :
`yb©xwZ I ¯^Rb-cÖxwZ Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi b¨vq mgev‡qI kw³kvjx wfZ M‡o‡Q| G wfZ‡K Dc‡o †dj‡Z
n‡j wbi‡cÿfv‡e K‡Vvi cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. mgev‡qi mydj m¤úwK©Z cÖPviYv (Publicity regarding the merits of co-
operatives): mgev‡qi Kj¨vYgyLx f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© †eZvi, wUwf, msev`cÎ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ gva¨‡g
cÖPviYvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z mvaviY RbMY mgevq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e Ges G wel‡q Drmvnx
n‡q DV‡e|
7. mvaviY wkÿvi m¤cÖmviY (Expansion of general education): GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Dbœqbg~jK LvZ wn‡m‡e mgevq Av‡›`vjb RvZxqwfwËK Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ cvevi AeKvk iv‡L| G
Kvi‡Y †`‡ki RbMY‡K G wel‡q m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv ìKvi| †`‡ki `wi`ª, Am‡PZb mvaviY †jv‡Ki
g‡a¨ wkÿvi Av‡jv R¡vjv‡Z cvi‡j G wel‡q BwZevPK dj Avkv Kiv hvq|

8. cÖ‡Yv`bvi eë¯’v (Taking incentive measures): G msMV‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi

j‡ÿ¨ mgev‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó wbe©vnx, eë¯’vcK Ges m`m¨‡ì we‡kl cvi`wk©Zvi wfwË‡Z
cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K m‡e©v”P ¯Íi ch©šÍ wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †kªô‡Z¡i Rb¨
wbi‡cÿfv‡e cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
9. Kvh©Ki mgš^‡qi eë¯’v MÖnY (Taking effective measures for co-ordination):
cÖv_wgK, †K›`ªxq I RvZxq ch©v‡qi mgevq msMVbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ges mgev‡qi wewfbœ `ßi, mgevq
wefvM I mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Afve mgev‡qi Dbœq‡b GKwU eo AšÍivq| GRb¨
Gme †ÿ‡Î myôz I Kvh©Ki mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g mgev‡qi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e|
10. mnR k‡Z© FY`vb (Providing credit with simple terms & condition):
g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv mgevq mwgwZMy‡jv mPj ivLvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU eo evav| mgev‡qi m¤cÖmvi‡Y miKvi
mnR k‡Z© FY w`‡q G mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i|
11. miKvwi mn‡hvwMZv e„w× (Increasing government co-operation): G †m±‡ii
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avw_©K I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv I mn‡hvwMZv Av‡iv e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
G e¨vcv‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq welqK gš¿Yvjq Kvh©Ki I ev¯ÍewfwËK c`‡ÿc MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
12. MwZkxj Z_¨ eë¯’v (Dynamic information system): mgevq m¤ú‡K© mvaviY
RbMY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z n‡j G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’vI _vKv ìKvi| G Kvi‡Y wewfbœ
cÖKvi cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I Zvi h_vh_ weZiYmn mKj Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v myôz I MwZkxj n‡Z n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vjb‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z DcwiD³ eë¯’v `ªæZ MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| GRb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi wefvMmg~n‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| mgev‡qi DrcwË nIqv wewfbœ
mgm¨v wbim‡b miKvi I RbMY‡K ZvB GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i †h‡Z n‡e|
Kg©cÎ-2
evsjv‡`‡k mgevq weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v¸‡jv we‡kølYc~e©K Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki|
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mgevq mwgwZ 127
6.10 mgev‡qi gva¨‡g mdj nevi Kvwnbx

Success History Through Co-operative Society
Lvw`Rv †eMg Zvi w`bgRyi Ges m¤ú`nxb wcZvgvZvi GKgvÎ Kb¨v| †m Zvi evev-gvi •Zwi gvwUi N‡i
eo n‡q‡Q| gvÎ 11 eQi eq‡m GKRb †eKvi †Q‡ji mv‡_ Zvi we‡q nq| Avi weevwnZ Rxeb †evSvi
Av‡MB wZwb `ymšÍv‡bi Rbbx nb| Rxe‡bi G mgq G‡m wZwb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb wZwb Zvi ¯^vgx Ges
`ymšÍvb Zvi evev-gvi msmv‡i †evSv ¯îƒc wVK GB mgq wZwb ÒwbRaviv gwnjv mgevq mwgwZÓ bv‡g
GKwU mgevq mwgwZi bvg ïb‡jb †hwU wQj gqgbwms‡ni nvjyqvNv‡Ui Ôevsjv‡`k †ijI‡qÕ (B.R) Gi
Aaxb| c‡i wZwb G mgevq mwgwZi m`m¨ n‡jb| cÖ_‡g wZwb mgevq mwgwZ n‡Z 1000 UvKv FY
wb‡jb Ges F‡Yi eëmv ïiæ Ki‡jb| FY µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †h gybvdv n‡jv Zv w`‡q wZwb Zvi
•`bw›`b LiP wgUv‡bvi cvkvcvwk F‡Yi 1g wKw¯Íi UvKv cwi‡kva K‡ib| Zvici n‡Z DÏxcbvi gva¨‡g
Zvi msmvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb| Gfv‡e wZwb 1992 †_‡K 2006 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU 68000 UvKv FY MÖnY
K‡ib Ges `y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx jvjb-cvjb K‡ib| wZwb `y» Drcv`bKvix Mvfx µq K‡i GKwU
†WBwi dvg© Ges GKwU †cvjwUª dvg© ¯’vcb K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b Zvi Lvgv‡i AvUwU Miæ i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 2wU
we‡`wk Mvfx Ges 6wU gvSvwi mvB‡Ri Mvfx i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †m Mvfx n‡Z cÖwZw`b 30 wjUvi `ya cvq
hvi eZ©gvb evRvig~j¨ 750 UvKv| G w`‡q wZwb Lvgv‡ii me LiP Ges Zv‡ì •`bw›`b LiP wgUv‡bvi
ci 300 UvKv mÂq K‡ib| wZwb GKwU †cvjwUª dvg© M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb †hLv‡b 20wU nuvm Ges 325 wU
gyiwM jvjb cvjb K‡ib| †cvjwUª dvg© n‡Z wZwb •`bw›`b Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi ci Aewkó wWg evRv‡i wewµ
K‡ib| Zvi †gvU •`bw›`b Rgv UvKv w`‡q ¯’vbxq ÔaivÕ evRv‡ii wbK‡U 26 kZvsk Rwg µq K‡ib hvi
eZ©gvb evRvig~j¨ 3,00,000 (wZb jvL) UvKv| ÔaivÕ evRv‡i wZwb GKwU KxUbvkK Jly‡ai †`vKvi
w`‡q‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb Zvi evwo‡Z GKwU Avav cvKv Ni w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi ¯^vgx eZ©gv‡b UªvK Pvjvb|
Zvi wb‡Ri Ges Zvi ¯^vgxi Av‡q eZ©gv‡b Zvi msmvi Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Pj‡Q| GLb wZwb A‡bK ¯^”Qj|
†Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì ¯‥z‡j cvVv‡”Q| Zvi e„× evev-gvi I †`Lvïbv Ki‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb Zvi mgv‡R Ges
MÖv‡g GKRb m¤§vwbZ e¨w³| wZwb Ab¨ gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ AbyKiYxq| eZ©gv‡b wZwb LyeB myLx Ges GRb¨
wZwb mgevq mwgwZi cÖwZ K…ZÁ|
1| ÿz`ª Drcv`Kiv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© iÿvi R‡b¨ †h mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i Zv‡K Kx ai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ e‡j|
K. †fv³v mgevq L. Drcv`K mgevq
M. cÖv_wgK mgevq N. RvZxq mgevq
2| Drcv`K mgevq mwgwZi D`vniY−
i. `y» mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW
ii. ÿz`ª mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW
iii. ZuvwZ mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

3| mgevq mwgwZ KLb Kvh©vi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K. D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kivi ci L. Dcwewa mgevq wefv‡M `vwLj Kivi ci
M. Kwgkbv‡ii AbygwZ ci N. wbeÜbcÎ cvevi ci
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
iscy‡ii gvnxMÄ wbevmx KwZcq AvLPvlx wg‡j GKwU msMVb MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| Zviv ¯’vbxq
mgevq Awa`ß‡i mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎ Rgv †`q| Z‡e
`xN© wZbgvm AwZevwnZ n‡jI D³ msNVb wbeÜb nqwb| GgZve¯’vq welqwU m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
PvB‡j wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm †_‡K Dcwewai wKQz mgm¨vi K_v ejv nq|
4| DÏxc‡K †Kvb ai‡bi mwgwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv nq?
K. K…lK L. Drcv`K
M. †ckvRxex N. kÖgRxex
5| wbeÜb KZ…©K msMVbwU wbeÜb bv Kivi Rb¨ †h KviY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, G m¤ú‡K© GLb
D‡`¨v³v‡ì KiYxq Kx?
K. cybivq Dcwewa cÖ¯‘Z L. wbeÜb QvovB Kvh©vi¤¢
M. Dcwewai ms‡kvab N. msMVb MV‡bi cwiKíbv evwZj
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Uv½vB‡ji fzqvcyi _vbvi 70 Rb ZvuZx wg‡j Zv‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ GKwU mgevq
mwgwZ MVb K‡i| 2012 mvj ch©šÍ Zv‡ì AwR©Z gybvdvi cwigvY wQj wb¤œiƒc:
eQi 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
gybvdv(UvKv) 25,000 /= 32,000 /= 28,000 /= 25,000 /= 30,000 /=
Zviv b~¨bZg nv‡i Znwej msiÿY K‡i| 2013 mv‡j Zviv GKwU bZzb ZuvZ emv‡Z PvB‡Q hvi Rb¨
25,000 /= UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb| ZuvZ emv‡bvi Rb¨ Zviv Zv‡ì mwÂwZ Znwej eënvi Ki‡Z PvB‡Q|
K. mgevq Dcwewa Kx?
L. µq mgevq mwgwZ ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. mvsMVwbK wePv‡i DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi mgevq msMVb e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Zywg wK g‡b Ki ZuvZ †Kbvi mgy`q A_© mwÂwZ Znwej eënvi K‡i †Kbv m¤¢e? hyw³mn DËi `vI|
2| Kzwgjøvi wbgmv‡ii meRx Drcv`Kiv cv‡ki evRv‡i meRx weµq K‡i| G‡Z Zviv †Zgb `vg cvq
bv| †ewk meRx evRv‡i G‡j weµq Kivq `y¯‥i n‡q c‡o| ZvB Zviv GKUv mgevq mwgwZ Movi
wm×všÍ wbj| GB mwgwZ‡Z UvKv Rwg‡q Zviv GKUv wgwb UªvK wKb‡jv| Uªv‡K mgevqx‡ì gvj
GK‡Î wb‡q e‡ov evRv‡i weµq K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ mgevq Kg©KZ©v civgk© w`‡jb, Zviv XvKvq
wb‡Riv GKUv †`vKvb Ly‡j †mLv‡b meRx weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK mg‡q Zviv ZvB Ki‡jv|
K. mgev‡qi g~jgš¿ Kx?
L. †fv³v mgevq mwgwZ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki meRx Drcv`Kiv D‡Ïk¨ wePv‡i †Kvb ai‡bi mgevq M‡o Zz‡j‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. XvKvq meRxi †`vKvb †Lvjvq mgevqx‡ì Avq evo‡e-Gi e³‡eï h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki|
mßg Aa¨vq
ivóªxq eëmvq
STATE ENTERPRISE
e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv` ev Lywkg‡Zv Pj‡Z †`qvi bxwZi Kvi‡Y abev`x mgv‡R ab‣el‡gï m„wó nq I ivóªxq
wbqš¿Y wkw_j n‡q c‡o| ZvB G Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i mgvRZvwš¿K ev wgkÖ A_©bxwZ M‡o Zz‡j
Kj¨vYKi ivóª cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK †`‡kB ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev−

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv|
• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨mg~n|
• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨mg~n|
• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav|
• evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq eëmvqmg~n|
• evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv|
• evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Ae`vb|
• miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vixZ¡wfwËK eëmvq cwiPvjbvi aviYv|

7.01 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv

Concept of the State Enterprise
ivóª ev miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvax‡b MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ eëmvq‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M ev
miKvwi cÖ‡Póvq bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| Avevi, Dcw¯’Z †Kv‡bv †emiKvwi eëmvq
cÖwZôvb‡K ivóªvqË ev RvZxqKiY K‡i iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y Avbv nq| mvaviYZ †`‡ki wkívqb,
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, m¤ú`mg~‡ni mylg eÈb cÖf…wZi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges KZK¸‡jv RbKj¨vYg~jK
†ÿ‡Î ivóªxq eëmvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| ZvQvov, †`kiÿv I wbivcËvi Rb¨ A¯¿cvwZi wbg©vY wk‡íi Ici
c~Y© wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi Giƒc †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
7.02 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi •ewkó¨
Features Of State Enterpirse
†h eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Ges †`‡ki miKv‡ii Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq †m
eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gvwjKvbv _v‡K iv‡óªi nv‡Z| †mB
wn‡m‡e mvaviY e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb eëmv‡qi †P‡q G ai‡bi msMV‡bi wKQz evowZ •ewkó¨ _v‡K|
wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv−
• MVb cÖYvjx (Mode of fromation): ivóªxq eëmvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i
miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq| ivóªcwZi we‡kl Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j
A_ev †emiKvwi eëmvq RvZxqKiY Kivi gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• gvwjKvbv (Ownership): ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gvwjK n‡jv miKvi ev RbMY| Gi mKj m¤ú`
iv‡óªi Ges Gi Kg©Pvixiv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e iv‡óªi Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| Aek¨ Giƒc
eëmvq miKvwi I †emiKvwi †h․_ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• g~jab (Capital): miKvi Giƒc eëmv‡qi gvwjK nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡KB Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi
ms¯’vb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ miKvi wbR¯^ †KvlvMvi †_‡K A_ev cÖ‡qvR‡b †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ Drm †_‡K
FY msMÖn K‡i Gi g~jab msMÖn K‡i|
• D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives): ivóªxq msMV‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b bq| ZviciI wewfbœ
Kvh©K jv‡ci gva¨‡g G eëmvq gybvdv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| G gybvdv miKvwi †KvlvMv‡i Rgv
nq A_ev Rb¯^v‡_© e¨q Kiv nq|
• AvBbMZ gh©v`v (Legal status): ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb eëmvq K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ mËvi AwaKvix|
we‡kl AvBb Øviv MwVZ e‡j Gi GKwU c„_K AvBbMZ gh©v`v i‡q‡Q|
• RbKj¨vb mvab (Public Welfare): gybvdv e„w× †Kv‡bv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq|
Rb‡mev I RbKj¨vYB Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| we‡kl we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ivóªxq eëmvq MwVZ nq
Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv KZ…©Z¡ †fvM K‡i _v‡K|

ivóªxq eëmvq 131
• ¯^vqËkvmb (Autonomy): ivóªxq eëmvq msMVb K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix| d‡j G eëmvq
wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix| we‡kl AvBb ev Aa¨v‡`k e‡j ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq|
• MY-•KwdqZ (Public accountability): G eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`
miKvi‡K Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z nq|
Kg©cÎ-1
aviYv I •ewkó¨ we‡kølY K‡i evsjv‡`‡k G eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv wPwýZ Ki|
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7.03 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of State Enterprise
mgvRZvwš¿ K A_© eë¯’ v q ivóª x q Kviev‡ii cÖ P jb †ewk| abZvwš¿ K A_© eë¯’ v q ivóª x q
eëmvq cÖ v q †ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| ivóª x q eëmvq D‡Ïk¨MZ w`K †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmv‡qi †P‡q
wfbœ | Ab¨vb¨ cÖ w Zôv‡bi g‡Zv ivóª x q eëmv‡qi cÖ a vb D‡Ïk¨ gy b vdv AR© b bq| we‡kl wKQz
D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Í e vq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G eëmvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
• RbKj¨vY (Public Welfare): RbKj¨vY‡K cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e ùvo Kwi‡q ivóªxq
eëmvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| eëmvwqK Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g gybvdv AwR©Z n‡jI †m gybvdv
Avevi RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡YB LiP Kiv nq|
• wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv (Maintenance of Secrecy & Security): we‡kl wKQz
Lv‡Zi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv LyeB Riæwi| †hgb-cÖwZiÿv LvZ, †bvU Bmy¨ BZ¨vw`| Avi
wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿvi wbwi‡L H ai‡bi LvZ¸‡jv miKvwi gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ nq|
• GK‡PwUqv eëmvq †iva (Prevention of monopoly business): GK‡PwUqv eëmvq
cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ gvwjKMY hv‡Z mgv‡R Aïf cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib ev
†¯^”QvPvix nIqvi my‡hvM bv cvb Zv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡kÏ A‡bK mgq e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb
cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk ivóªxq eëmvq M‡o †Zvjv nq|

• `ªæZ wkívqb (Rapid industrialisation): `ªæZ wkívq‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM, cyuwR I SzuwK
MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv D‡`¨v³v‡ì gv‡S _vK‡Z nq| A_P Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni eëmvqx‡ì
gv‡S Gi Afve _vKvq wkívqb e¨vnZ nq| ZvB miKvi mivmwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i †`‡k `ªæZ
wkívq‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc eëmvq cÖwZôv K‡i|
• Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbqš¿Y (Control of import and export): †`‡ki Avg`vwb I
ißvwbi Dci Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡kÏ wKQz wKQz evwYwR¨K miKvwi gvwjKvbvq MVb
I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k wU.wm.we. Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU D`vniY|
• RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wkí-evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j cyuwRMZ myweavi Kvi‡Y Gi `ªæZ Dbœqb N‡U| Z`ycwi Giƒc cÖwZôv‡bi Ki
ev ivR¯^ duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv bv _vKvq mn‡RB RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|
• fvix I †g․wjK wkí cÖwZôv (Establishing basic and heavy industries ): g~jab
ms¯’v‡bi mxgve×Zv, AwaK SuywK Ges g~jab cÖZ¨veZ©‡b ev gybvdv cÖvwß‡Z wej‡¤î Kvi‡Y
e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †g․wjK I fvix wk‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvb bv| A_P wk‡íi
eywbqv` m„wói j‡ÿ¨ Giƒc Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| ZvB Gai‡bi wkí cÖwZôvi j‡ÿÏ
ivóªxq eëmvq MVb Kiv nq|
• ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK cY¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of essential drug, herbal and
harmful products): ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †flR I ÿwZKviK c‡Yï Drcv`b I e›Ub †emiKvwi
Lv‡Z Ac©Y Ki‡j Zvi Aceënv‡ii m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| †hgb-Rxeb iÿvKvix Ilya, Avwdg,
g` BZ¨vw`| ZvB hv‡Z Gme c‡Yï Ab¨vq Drcv`b I eÈb n‡Z bv cv‡i Z¾b¨ ivóªxq
gvwjKvbvq Giƒc c‡Yï eëmvq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, ivóªxqKiYK…Z A_ev ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ †h mKj wkí ev evwYwR¨K
cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbv, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e miKvwi AvIZvax‡b _v‡K Zv‡K
ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| gybvdv AR©b G eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq; g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv RbKj¨vY|
7.04 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav
Advantages of State Enterprise
ivóªxq eëmvq g~jZ miKvwi wbqg-Kvbyb cvjb K‡i miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq ivóªcwZi we‡kl
Av‡`‡k ev †`‡ki AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j A_ev †emiKvwi eëmvq RvZxqKiY Kivi
gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmvq msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡gœ G eëmv‡qi myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi (Social justice): ivóªxq eëmvq mgv‡Ri wKQzmsL¨K e¨w³i nv‡Z m¤ú`
†K›`ªxf~Z nIqvi cÖeYZv eÜ K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨bœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb wbwðZ
K‡i mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv K‡i|
2. RbKj¨vY mvab (Public welfare): Giƒc eëmvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I
cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ; †hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vwì g‡Zv
wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡k G eëmvq RbM‡Yi A‡kl DcKvi mvab K‡i|

3. AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb (More employment): G eëmvq kÖwgK-Kg©x‡ì †kvlY bv K‡i eis

Zv‡ì cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi g‡š¿ DØy× n‡q bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb I G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
msL¨K †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i AwaK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
4. mylg wkívqb (Balanced industrialization): ivóªxq eëmvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki
mKj AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| G Qvov †`‡k hv‡Z fvimvg¨c~Y© A_©vr mKj
ai‡bi wk‡íi Dbœqb N‡U Zvi cÖwZI bRi †`qv nq| d‡j †`‡ki mylg wkívqb N‡U|
5. Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgZv weavb (Balancing between demand and supply): G‡ÿ‡Î
†K›`ªxf~Z cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wkí msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj we‡klZ Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi g‡a¨ h_vh_
mgš^q I fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv hvq| d‡j ¯^í ev AwaK Drcv`‡bi m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq|
6. GK‡PwUqv cÖfve †iva (Resisting monopoly influence): e¨w³gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨
GK‡PwUqv cÖfve m„wói Amr cÖeYZv jÿYxq| GRb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq bvbvb ai‡bi Ac‡K․kj
MÖnY K‡i RbMY‡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| ivóªxq eëmvq cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Zv eÜ Kiv hvq|
7. `ybx©wZ I AcPq †iva (Resisting corruption and wastage): e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaK
gybvdvi Avkvq A‡bK mgq bvbv ai‡bi `yb©xwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| Ki duvwK †`qvi
cÖeYZvq †fv‡M| hv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î N‡U bv| GQvov G eëmvq fvimvg¨nxb
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †iva K‡i AcPq n«vm Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
8. eëmv-evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of business): †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y
_vKv Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i miKvi †`‡ki
A_© eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì mØënvi (Best utilization of natural resources): †emiKvwi
Lv‡Z †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †Q‡o †`qv n‡j e¨w³¯^v_© we‡ePbvq Zvi Aceënv‡ii
m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi Kiv n‡j †`‡ki mKj
gvbyl Gi mydj cvq|
10. g›`vRwbZ msKU †iva (Resisting problem relating to recession): A_©‣bwZK g›`vi
mgq †`‡ki †`‡ki †emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| we‡klZ Kj-KviLvbv eÜ
n‡q hvIqvi †eKvi mgm¨v cÖKU nq| Drcv`b eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j evRv‡i c‡Yï Zxeª msKU
†`Lv hvq| wKš‘ ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb eëmvq G ai‡bi msKU m„wó K‡i bv|
11. M‡elYv I Dbœqb (Research and development): ivóªxq eëmvq e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z
M‡o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fv‡jv _vKvq G‡ÿ‡Î M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM †ewk _v‡K|
DbœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i G eëmvq mn‡RB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

7.05 ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav

Disadvantages of State Enterprise
gybvdv e„w× †Kv‡bv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq| Rb‡mev I RbKj¨vYB Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| we‡kl
we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ivóªxq eëmvq MwVZ nq Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv KZ…©Z¡ †fvM
K‡i _v‡K|Gi d‡j wKQz Amyweav †`Lv †`q wb‡gœ ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav mg~n Av‡ivPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. ¯^vfvweK A_©‣bwZK weKv‡k evav (Hindrance towards normal economic
development): mivmwi gvwjKvbvq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j †emiKvwi
D‡`¨v³vMY wbiærmvwnZ nq| G‡Z †`‡ki Kvh©Kix Kvievwi cwi‡ek wecbœ nq I ¯^vfvweK
A_©‣bwZK weKvk evavMÖ¯Í nq|
2. `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Amyweav (Problem of taking quick decision): h_vmg‡q h_vh_
wm×všÍ MÖnY I Zvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Dci eëmvq mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| wKšÍy ivóªxq eëmv‡q
AvgjvZvwš¿K eë¯’vcbvi Kvi‡Y mKj wel‡q `xN©m~ÎZvi m„wó nq| hv wm×všÍ MÖnY‡K wejw¤^Z I
AKvh©Ki K‡i|
3. jvjwdZvi †`․ivZ¥¨ (Suffering of red tapisim): ivóªxq eëmv‡qi eë¯’vcK I
Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ AvgjvZvwš¿K gvbwmKZv we`¨gvb _vKvq aiveuvav wbqg-Kvby‡bi wbM‡o me KvR
MwÐe× n‡q c‡o| G‡Z jvjwdZvi †`․iv‡Z¥ï m„wó nq| A_©vr mKj Kv‡Ri MwZ AZ¨šÍ axi I
gš’i n‡q _v‡K|
4. AjvfRbK ms¯’v (Unprofitable organisation): Giƒc eëmvq AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î
AjvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges miKvwi mvnv‡h¨ wU‡K _v‡K| AbeiZ †jvKmv‡bi d‡j
Giæc eëmvq m¤ú‡K© Rbg‡b Lvivc aviYv R‡b¥ Ges RvwZi Rb¨ Zv †evSv n‡q ùvovq|
5. bgbxqZvi Afve (Lack of flexibility): Giƒc eëmvq miKvwi wbqg-bxwZi †eovRv‡j
Ave× _v‡K weavq cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©bkxj Kvievwi Ae¯’vi mv‡_ m½wZ weav‡b e¨_© nq| d‡j Zv
†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
6. `ybx©wZ I ¯^bRbcÖxwZ (Corruption and nepotism): mvaviYfv‡e G eëmv‡q
KZ©ve¨w³‡ì Avjv`v †Kvb ¯^v_© bv _vKvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨vq c‡_ ¯^v_©wmw×i e¨vcK cÖeYZv
jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j Gi Af¨šÍ‡i `ybx©wZ evmv euv‡a| G Qvov Giƒc eëmvq miKvwi Avgjv I
ivR‣bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì AvZ¥xq †cvl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cwiYZ nq|
7. bxwZi Nb Nb cwieZ©b (Frequent change of policies): miKvwi cÖkvm‡bi b¨vq Gi
cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM©‡KI Nb Nb e`wj Kiv nq| d‡j wbe©vnx e`‡ji mv‡_ bxwZiI
cwieZ©b N‡U| G Qvov miKvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_I Gi bxwZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ© b nq| Avi
Giƒc bxwZi cwieZ©b eëmv‡qi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ K‡i|
8. †MvcbxqZv cÖKvk (Expressing secrecy): AvBbmfvi we‡kl AvBbe‡j Giƒc eëmvq
cÖwZwôZ nq weavq msm‡` Gi Kvh©µg wb‡q †LvjvLywj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| G Qvov gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb miKvwi wefvMxq msMV‡bi KvR wb‡qI mivmwi Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j eëmvq
†MvcbxqZv cÖKvk n‡q c‡o|

9. we‡jv‡ci Amyweav (Problem in dissolution): miKvwi cÖwZôvb weavq Gi we‡jv‡ci

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y msm‡` I Rbmvavi‡Y¨ bvbvb K_v D‡V| kÖwgK-Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK
Av‡›`vj‡bi m„wó nq| G‡Z miKvi Rbmg_©‡bi welq we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ‡ qvRbxq wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i
bv| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡ÎI Gi we‡jvc Kiv hvq bv|
Kg©cÎ-2
ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv, •ewkó¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølY K‡i D³ eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv †ei Ki|
ivóªxq eëmv‡qi myweav / mej w`K ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Amyweav / `~e©j w`K|
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7.06 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq eëmvq

State Enterprises of Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW© (BTTB):
evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©, WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwU
1971 mv‡j cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|
evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb
†evW© g~jZ j¨vÛ‡dvb †mev
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GwUi †mev
kni AÂj, Dckni Ges
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e we¯Í…Z| hwÌ
miKvi †emiKvwi †ÿ‡Î
†Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Q Z_vwc j¨vÛ‡dv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î GwU GL‡bv GK‡PwUqv cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i P‡j‡Q| GwU kyay j¨vÛ †dv‡bi †mevB cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K Zv bq, GwU Avgv‡ì 64 †Rjvq B›Uvi‡bU †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

1998 mv‡j GKwU Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g GwU‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡Z iƒcvšÍ i Kiv
nq| MÖ v nK‡ì AviI Dbœ Z †mev cÖ ` vb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ 2004 mv‡j Ò†UwjUKÓ bv‡gi Avjv`v
GKwU †Kv¤úvwb †Lv‡j †hwU eZ© g v‡b †gvevBj †mev cÖ ` vb Ki‡Q| †UwjUK n‡”Q †`‡ki
GKgvÎ cvewjK †gvevBj Acv‡iUi| 2012 mv‡j †UwjUK 3G cÖ h y w ³ hy ³ K‡i †gvevBj
†ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ© b mvab K‡i| G cÖ h y w ³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ© g v‡b †gvevBj MÖ v nKiv K_v ejvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ hvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q Zvi QweI †`L‡Z cvi‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ †Uwjwfkb
P¨v‡b‡ji Aby ô vbI †`L‡Z cv‡”Q| Av‡iv bZz b bZz b cÖ h y w ³ hy ³ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Zvi I
†Uwj‡dvb †evW© cÖ w ZwbqZ KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v (BRTC):
evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v (weAviwUwm) GKwU ivóªvqË cwienb ms¯’v| GwU 1961 mv‡ji 4 †deªæqvwi
1961 mv‡ji 7bs miKvwi Aa¨v‡`k Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZvi ci GwU eZ©gvb bvg
avib K‡i|
weAviwUwm †hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU Avav ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| GwUi MfwY© sewWi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM gš¿x, †hvMv‡hvM mwPe, cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Awdmvi hv‡ì Øviv miKvi
KZ…©K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
weAviwUwm hvÎx‡mev Ges cY¨ cwienb †mev `y‡UvB cÖ`vb K‡i| weAviwUwm wZbwU AvšÍR©vwZK evmiæU
i‡q‡Q; G¸‡jv n‡”Q XvKv-KjKvZv, XvKv-AvMiZjv I XvKv-wkwj¸wo| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ GwU PUªMÖvg,
e¸ov, Kzwgjøv, cvebv, iscyi, ewikvj, wm‡jU, XvKv evm wW‡cv †_‡K AvšÍt‡Rjv evm †mev w`‡q _v‡K|
eZ©gv‡b XvKvi hvbhU wbim‡b weAviwUwm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| cÖwZwbqZ weAviwUwmi en‡i
bZyb bZzb evm †hvM n‡”Q| Rvbyqvwi 2012 mvj ch©šÍ weAviwUwmi †gvU ev‡mi msL¨v wQj 1116wU|
cieZ©x‡Z 2012 mv‡j Av‡iv wKQy †`vZvjv evm Avg`vwb Kiv nq| weAviwUwmi me‡P‡q AvaywbK
ms‡hvRb n‡”Q AvwU©Kz‡j‡UW ev †Rvov evm †hwU 2013 mv‡j D‡™¢vab Kiv nq| wewfbœ Drme ev
Abyôv‡bi mgq weAviwUwm †¯úkvj mvwf©m Pvjy K‡i; †hgb C` †¯úkvj mvwf©m|
evm QvovI cY¨ cwien‡bi myweavi Rb¨ weAviwUwm UªvK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| weAviwUwm mvaviYZ
wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi Lv`¨, mvi, KvMR Ges Rxeb iÿvKvix Jla cwien‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
ZvQvov wewfbœ `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Îvb cwien‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 171 wU UªvK weAviwUwm
en‡i i‡q‡Q|

evm I UªvK †mev QvovI weAviwUwm PvjK‡ì‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GwUi cÖavb PvjK
cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Aew¯’Z MvwRcy‡ii Rq‡ècyi| GQvovI XvKv, PUªMÖvg, e¸ov, Lyjbv, wSbvB`v‡nI
cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Ges mvwf©wms †m›Uvi i‡q‡Q| weAviwUwmi cÖavb IqvK©kc XvKvi †ZRMuvI G Aew¯’Z|
evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v
Bangladesh Sugar and food Industry Corporation
evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v (BSFIC) GKK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq c‡njv RyjvB
1976 mv‡j| GwU 1972 mv‡ji 26 gvP© ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`k 1972 Gi 26 bs AW©v‡ii wfwË‡Z
`ywU cÖwZôvb h_v evsjv‡`k wPwbKj wgj K‡c©v‡ikb (BSMC) Ges evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Ges mnvqK
wkí K‡c©v‡ikb (BFAIC) GwKf~Z n‡q cÖwZwôZ nq| evsjv‡`k wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí ms¯’v Lv`¨
gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU cÖwZôvb| GwUi mvaviY cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewj Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ Gi gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ nq| Ò†evW© Ae wW‡i±imÓ G _v‡K GKRb †Pqvig¨vb Ges 5 Rb cwiPvjK hvi g‡a¨
_v‡K GKRb A_©vqb, GKRb wecYb, GKRb Drcv`b I cÖ‡K․kjx, GKRb cwiKíbv I Dbœqb
Ges GKRb AvL Dbœqb I M‡elYv|
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (Goal & Objective)
• wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g DbœZgv‡bi wPwb Drcv`b Kiv|
• wPwbKj¸‡jvi mÿgZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wPwbi Drcv`b e„w× K‡i •e‡`wkK g~`vª iÿv Kiv|
• `ÿ wecY‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wPwbi `vg w¯’wZkxj ivLv|
• wPwb‡Z AvZ¥-wbf©ikxjZv AR©b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ eZ©gvb wPwbKj¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w× Kiv Ges bZzb
wPwbKj ¯’vcb Kiv|
evsjv‡`k wPwb I wkí ms¯’vi Aax‡b wPwbKj ¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
µwgK cÖwZôv‡bi bvg Ae¯’vb
1 cÂMo wPwbKj wj. cÂMo
2 †LZveMÄ wPwbKj wj. †LZveMÄ, w`bvRcyi
3 VvKziMuv wPwbKj wj. VvKziMuv
4 k¨vgcyi wPwbKj wj. k¨vgcyi, iscyi
5 RqcyinvU wPwbKj wj. RqcyinvU
6 bv‡Uvi wPwbKj wj. bv‡Uvi
7 DËie½ wPwbKj wj. †Mvcvjcyi, bv‡Uvi
8 ivRkvnx wPwbKj wj. ivRkvnx
9 Kzwóqv wPwbKj wj. Kzwóqv
10 †gveviKMÄ wPwbKj wj. wSbvB`n
11 †Kiæ GÛ †Kv¤úvwb wj. `k©bv, PzqvWv½v
12 dwi`cyi wPwbKj wj. gayLvwj, dwi`cyi
13 cvebv wPwbKj wj. cvebv
14 wSj-evsjv wPwbKj wj. †ÌqvbMÄ, Rvgvjcyi
15 iscyi wPwbKj wj. gwngvMÄ, MvBevÜv

Iqvmv
Wasa-Water and Swearage Authority
cvwb mieivn Ges b`©gv eë¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ GKwU Avav

¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb| 1963 mv‡j Iqvmv cÖwZwôZ nq| ¯’vbxq
miKvi I cjøx Dbœqb gš¿bvj‡qi Aax‡b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i
_v‡K|
evsjv‡`k imvqb wkí ms¯’v (BCIC)

evsjv‡`‡k ivmvqwbK wk‡íi Dbœqb I weKvk mva‡b BCIC AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
1972 mv‡j BCIC cÖwZwôZ nq| Z‡e †m mgq GwU (1) evsjv‡`k mvi,
imvqb I †flR wkí ms¯’v (2) evsjv‡`k KvMR †evW© (3) evsjv‡`k
†UbvwiR K‡c©v‡ikb G wZbwU ms¯’vq wef³ wQj| cieZ©x‡Z G wZbwU
ms¯’v‡K GKwÎZ K‡i BCIC cÖwZôv Kiv nq| BCIC evsjv‡`‡ki
Pvgov wkí, KvMR wkí, †flR †c‡Uªvwjqvg, ivmvqwbK mvi cÖf„wZ wel‡q
M‡elYv, gv‡bvbœqb, msiÿY, evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw` Kvh©vewj cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Gi Aax‡b 30wU wkí BDwbU i‡q‡Q| we‡`‡ki mv‡_I G ms¯’vi ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k
wkí gš¿bvj‡qi Aax‡b BCIC cwiPvwjZ nq|
evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb (BPC)
cÖvK…wZK †m․›`‡h©i jxjvfywg evsjv‡`‡k ch©Ub wkí GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| ch©Ub
wk‡íi DbœZ cÖmvi I weKv‡k miKvi 1977 mv‡j evsjv‡`k
ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb MVb K‡i‡Q|
G K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖavb jÿ¨ I Kg©m~wP n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖvK…wZK AvKl©Yxq ¯’vb mg~n wPwýZ Kiv Ges cÖK…wZ †cÖwgK
ch©UK‡ì Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ †m¸‡jvi ms¯‥vi, Dbœqb,
mg‡qvc‡hvMx †hvMv‡hvM I wbivcËv BZ¨vwì eë¯’v Kiv|
ch©UK‡ì AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv, †cv÷vi, ¯úUmg~‡ni
cwiwPwZg~jK n¨vÛwej, cwÎKvq weÁvcb BZ¨vw` cÖKvk
Kivi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ XvKvq Gi †K›`ªxq `ßi cÖwZwôZ n‡jI K·evRvi,
ivOvgvwU, Kywgjøv, iscyi, wm‡jU wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Gi kvLv †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯úU
¸‡jv‡Z AwfRvZ †nv‡Uj, †i‡¯Íviv I µxov‡K›`ªI ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ik‡bi D‡`¨v‡M|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ch©Ub ¯úU¸‡jv n‡jv K·evRvi, KzqvKvUv, my›ìeb, Rvdjs, ivOvgvwU,
wm‡jU, ev‡MinvU, Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ, w`bvRcyi|

WvK †hvMv‡hvM (Postal Communication)

gvbe mf¨Zvi GK we‡kl Ae`vb n‡”Q WvK eë¯’v| cÖwZwU †`‡kB WvK eë¯’v Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k WvK
wefvM MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
gš¿bvj‡qi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM| Gi kvLv evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-
M‡Ä me©Î Qwo‡q Av‡Q| e¯‘Z evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM Zvi cÖvq 8000
†cv÷ Awd‡mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡bi Aweivg †mev K‡i
hv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi ivRavbxi mv‡_ mKj †Rjv mì Ges
†Rjv m`‡ii mv‡_ mKj _vbv m`‡i WvK †hvMv‡hvM Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi
eë¯’v wb‡q‡Qb| G Rb¨ XvKv †_‡K mKj †Rjv mì I †Rjv mì
†_‡K _vbv m`‡i mivmwi †gBj e¨vM cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g b~b¨Zg mg‡q
WvK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM †ekwKQz mvwf©m ev †mev cÖ`vb K‡i:
1. mvaviY wPwV: evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM 3 UvKv wd wb‡q mvaviY wPwV evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍi
cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cu․‡Q †`q|
2. cv‡m©j: cv‡m©‡ji gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwigv‡ci cY¨ GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cvVv‡bv hvq|
cv‡m©j †iwRw÷ªK…Z Ges wegv Kiv hvq|
3. gvwb AW©vi: gvwb AW©v‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡k-we‡`‡k †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b UvKv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| †`‡ki
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b PvKwiRxwe‡ì Rb¨ GwU LyeB mvnvh¨Kvix|
4. †cv÷vj AW©vi: A_© n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ WvK wefv‡M †cv÷vj AW©vi weµq Ges fvOv‡bvi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q|
5. †UwjMÖvd: WvK wefv‡Mi cyivZb GKwU †mev n‡”Q †UwjMÖvd| eZ©gv‡b Aek¨ †UwjMÖvd eënvi Kg n‡q _v‡K|
6. WvKNi mÂqcÎ: WvK Ni mÂqc‡Îi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki UvKv wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì wfwË‡Z Rgv †i‡L my`
cÖ`vb K‡i|
7. ÷¨v¤ú: Rwg, d¬¨vU, †`vKvb µq-weµq, Pzw³ BZ¨vw` Kv‡R `wjj wjL‡b ÷¨v¤ú eëüZ nq,
WvK wefvM GwU weµq K‡i _v‡K|
8. cÖvBReÛ µq-weµq: wewfbœ Dcnvi Ges wbw`©ó mgqv‡šÍ Wª-Gi gva¨‡g RbmvaviY‡K mÂqx
g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ WvK wefv‡M cÖvBReÛ µq I weµ‡qi eë¯’v Av‡Q|
evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q (BR)
evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc‡_i cwigvY Aí n‡jI Zv G‡`‡ki A_© b xwZ‡Z AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ c ~ Y © f~ w gKv
cvjb K‡i| †ijc_ †`‡ki cÖ a vi kni,
e›ì, evwYR¨ I wkí †K‡›`ª i m‡½
†`‡ki cÖ Z ¨šÍ AÂ‡ji ms‡hvM iÿv
K‡i| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡qi BwZnvm
AZ¨šÍ c~ i vZb| GwUi hvÎv ïiæ nq
15B b‡f¤^ i 1862 mv‡j| †ijI‡q
GKwU ¯^ v qZ¡ k vwmZ cÖ w Zôvb| GwU
evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q gš¿ b vj‡qi Aaxb| Avi †Uª b cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb gnvcwiPvjK|

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wZb ai‡bi †ijc_ Pvjy Av‡Q| c_¸‡jv n‡”Q-wgUvi‡MR †ijc_, eªW‡MR †ijc_
I Wz‡qj‡MR †ijc_| hgybv b`xi c~e©vs‡k wgUvi‡MR I Wz‡qj‡MR Ges cwðgvs‡k eªW‡MR †ijc_
Pvjy Av‡Q| hgybv †mZz Pvjyi c~‡e© †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ wQj 2768 wK.wg.| eZ©gv‡b †ijc‡_i •`N©¨ 2855
wK.wg. Ges cÖvq 34,168 Rb Kg©iZ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 660 wK.wg. eªW‡MR (†ewkifvM cwðgvÂj),
1830 wK.wg. wgUvi‡MR (†ewkifvM †K›`ªxq Ges c~ev©Â‡j Aew¯’Z) Ges 365 wK.wg. Wz‡qj †MR|
1998 mv‡j hgybv †mZz Pvjy nIqvi ci c~‡e© wew”Qbœ c~e©-cwðg AÂ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq|
DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ †ijc_‡K `ywU AÂ‡j fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-c~e©vÂj Ges cwðg AÂj|
`ywU AÂ‡j `yRb eë¯’vcK _v‡Kb whwb gnvcwiPvj‡Ki wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb| cÖ‡Z¨K AÂ‡j `y wU
IqvK©mc Av‡Q; GKwU cvnvoZjx Ges Ab¨wU •mq`cy‡i Aew¯’Z| †ijI‡qi wbR¯^ cÖwkÿ‡YiI
eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨
mvUj †Uªb †mev †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hvÎx †mev Ges cY¨ cwien‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| GZ †mev
cÖ`vb Kivi c‡iI †ij GL‡bv jvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b iƒcvšÍi n‡Z cv‡i bvB| GL‡bv miKvi‡K G
Lv‡Z fZ©~Kx w`‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc_ eûwea mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡qi cÖavb mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡jv; µzwUc~Y© eë¯’vcbv, µzwUc~Y© ms‡KZ c×wZ, BwÄb I ewMi
AcÖZyjZv, BwÄb WªvBfvi msKU, IqvMb ¯^íZv, `yN©Ubv, †ijI‡q w¯øcvi, †ijI‡q cv_‡ii
Ach©vßZv, `yb©xwZ BZ¨vw`|
Z‡e Avkvi K_v eZ©gv‡b miKvi G Lv‡Z we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| wKQz wKQz †ijc_ †h¸‡jv eÜ
wQj Zv ms¯‥v‡ii eë¯’v K‡i‡Q| bZzb jvBb ¯’vc‡bi c`‡ÿc wb‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ fviZ †_‡K bZzb
†KvP Avg`vwb K‡i‡Q Ges RvBKvi mv‡_ †g‡Uªv †i‡ji Pzw³ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤úvw`Z n‡j evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡q Zvi mgm¨v A‡bKvs‡k mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7.07 evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv

Appropriateness of State Business in Bangladesh
†h eëmvq cÖwZôvbmg~n iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Ges †`‡ki miKv‡ii Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq †m eëmvq
cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †h․w³KZv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
• ivóªxq eëmvq mgv‡Ri wKQzmsL¨K e¨w³i nv‡Z m¤ú` †K›`ªxf~Z nIqvi cÖeYZv eÜ K‡i Ges
RbM‡Yi fv‡M¨bœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb wbwðZ K‡i mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv K‡i|
• G eëmvq kÖ w gK-Kg© x ‡ì †kvlY bv K‡i eis Zv‡ì cÖ w Z `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi g‡š¿ DØy ×
n‡q bZz b eëmvq cÖ w Zôvb MVb I G‡Z cÖ ‡ qvRbxq msL¨K †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i AwaK
Kg© m s¯’ v ‡bi my ‡ hvM m„ w ó K‡i|
• e¨w³gvwjKMY AwaK gybvdvi Avkvq A‡bK mgq bvbv ai‡bi `yb©xwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| Ki
duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZvq †fv‡M| hv ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î N‡U bv| GQvov G eëmvq fvimvg¨nxb
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †iva K‡i AcPq n«vm Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

• †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi
DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vsK, exgv BZ¨vw`
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i miKvi †`‡ki A_© eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• ivóªxq eëmvq e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z M‡o DVvq Ges Avi Avw_©K mvg_©¨ fv‡jv _vKvq G‡ÿ‡Î
M‡elYv I Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM †ewk _v‡K| DbœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi K‡i G eëmvq mn‡RB Dbœqb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• Giƒc eëmvq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B g~jZ MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| RbKj¨vYgyLx wewfbœ LvZ;
†hgb-Iqvmv, †ijI‡q, WvK I Zvi BZ¨vwì g‡Zv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡k
G eëmvq RbM‡Yi A‡kl DcKvi mvab K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq G eëmvq
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi h_v_Zv i‡q‡Q|
7.08 evsjv‡`‡k Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ivóªxq eëmv‡qi Ae`vb

Contribution of State Enterprise in Social Economic Development of Bangladesh
mgvRZvwš¿K A_© eë¯’vq ivóªxq Kviev‡ii cÖPjb †ewk| abZvwš¿K A_© eë¯’vq ivóªxq eëmvq cÖvq
†ÿ‡ÎB e¨_© nq| Zvi c‡iI ivóªxq eëmvq †`‡ki wkívqb I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb, Kg©ms¯’vb
,m¤ú`mg~‡ni mØënvi I mylg e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î Awcwimxg Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| ivóªxq eëmvq wb‡¤œv³fv‡e
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
• cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì mØënvi (Best utilization of natural resources): †emiKvwi

Lv‡Z †`‡ki cÖ v K… w ZK m¤ú` †Q‡o †`qv n‡j e¨w³¯^ v _© we‡ePbvq Zvi Aceënv‡ii
m¤¢ v ebv †ewk _v‡K| ivóª x q gvwjKvbvq cÖ v K… w ZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi Kiv n‡j †`‡ki
mKj gvby l Gi my d j cvq|
• RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): miKvwi gvwjKvbvq wkí-evwYR¨
cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j cyuwRMZ myweavi Kvi‡Y Gi `ªæZ Dbœqb N‡U| Z`ycwi Giæc cÖwZôv‡bi Ki
ev ivR¯^ duvwK †`qvi cÖeYZv bv _vKvq mn‡RB RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|
• A_©‣bwZK eë¯’vi cwieZ©b (Change of economic system): e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv` ev
Lywkg‡Zv Pj‡Z †`qvi bxwZi Kvi‡Y abev`x mgv‡R ab‣el‡gï m„wó nq I ivóªxq wbqš¿Y wkw_j
n‡q c‡o| ZvB G Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i mvgvRZvwš¿K ev wgkÖ A_©bxwZ M‡o Zz‡j Kj¨vYKi ivóª
cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ A‡bK †`‡kB ivóªxq eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
• eëmvq-evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y (Control of business): †`‡ki wkí-evwY‡Rï Dci miKv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv DwPZ| †`‡ki Avg`vwb-ißvwbi DciI miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqš¿Y _vKv
Avek¨K| ivóªxqfv‡e wKQz evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g miKvi G‡ÿ‡Î h_vh_ wbqš¿Y
eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|

• Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creating of employment opportunity): †`‡k AwaK

Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó I †eKviZ¡ n«v‡mi cÖ‡Póv‡ZI A‡bK mgq ivóªxq eëmvq M‡o †Zvjv
nq| M.C. Sukla G m¤ú‡K©B e‡j‡Qb Òivóªxq gvwjKvbvq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K wkí cÖwZwôZ
n‡j Gi gva¨‡g e¨vcK wewb‡qvM Kg©m~wP `xN©‡gqv‡` MÖnY Kiv hvq| hv †`‡ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
†ÿ‡Î AwbwðZ Ae¯’v Gov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|Ó
• M‡elYv I D™¢veb (Research and development): †fv³vi µgea©gvb Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq bZzb bZzb c‡Yï| Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb M‡elYvi| M‡elYvg~jK KvR
memgq e¨qeûj| miKvi wbqwš¿Z †Kv‡bv eëmvq cÖwZôvb mn‡RB evRvi M‡elYv I bZzb cY¨
D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
miKvix †emiKvix Askx`vixZ¡ wfwËK eëmv
Public Private Partnership Business
miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK eëmvq (PPP) evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ bZzb bq| beŸB `k‡Ki
gvSvgvwS‡Z cÖvq 50 wU cÖKí GB eëmv‡qi
gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq hvi g‡a¨ wQj
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, e›ì wbg©vY Ges AeKvVv‡gv
Dbœqb| miKviI Zv‡ì ev‡RU cwiKíbvq
miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK
eëmv‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK (PPP)
eëmv ej‡Z †Kvb miKvwi †mev ev
†emiKvwi eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hwU
A_©vqb I cwiKíbv K‡i miKvi Ges GK Qwe: hvÎvevox d¬vBIfvi|
ev GKvwaK cÖvB‡fU eëmvq cÖwZôvb| miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËK eëmvq ej‡Z eySvq
cvewjK KZ…©cÿ Ges cÖvB‡fU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU Pzw³ †hLv‡b †emiKvwi cÿ †Kvb cvewjK
†mev †`q ev cÖK‡íi hveZxq Avw_©K Ges KvwiMix SuywK enb K‡i| wKQz wKQy miKvix †emiKvix
Askx`vwiZ¡ wfwËK eëmv‡q †mev eënv‡ii e¨q ïa~gvÎ Gi eënviKvixiv enb K‡i †Kvb Ki
cÖ`vbKvix enb K‡i bv| Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi-†emiKvwi Askx`vwiZ¡ eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii mv‡_ Pzw³
Abyhvqx g~jab wewb‡qvM †emiKvwi cÿ enb K‡i Ges †mev mieiv‡ni e¨q m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK miKvi
enb K‡i| A‡bK mgq miKvi †emiKvwi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K DØyØ Kivi Rb¨ GKKvjxb Aby`vb
cÖ`vb K‡i g~jab fZ©~Kx wnmv‡e| Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î miKvi gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx cÖ`vb K‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i
_v‡K| gybvdv RvZxq fZ©yKx ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgq Ki myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq| miKvi 2021 mv‡ji
g‡a¨ GDP Gi jÿ gvÎv wba©viY K‡i‡Q 8% − 10%|

G jÿ AR©‡bi Rb¨ miKvi kw³ Drcv`b, R¡vjvwb, e›ì, †hvMv‡hvM, Lvevi cvwb, eR© eë¯’vcbv,
wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨ †ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvMKvix LyuR‡Q| KviY G cÖKí¸‡jv AZ¨waK e¨qeûj| G¸‡jv miKv‡ii
GKvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| ZvB miKvwi-†emiKvwiwfwËK (PPP) eëmvq cÖ‡qvRb|
1| RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ eëmvq msMV‡bi bvg Kx?
K. †Kv¤úvwb L. mgevq mwgwZ
M. ivóªxq eëmvq N. †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M eëmvq
2| ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g †kÖwY •elg¨ `yixf~Z n‡Z cv‡i−
i. m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub K‡i
ii. AÂ‡ji mylg Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g
iii. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i
evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q `xN©w`b a‡i †jvKmvb w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| G K_v ïbvi ci Rxe‡bi g‡b cÖkœ
Rv‡M †jvKmvb n‡j G eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kivi ìKvi Kx? G e¨cv‡i †m Zvi eo fvB‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j
†m e‡j G eëmvq †jvKmvb Ki‡jI mvaviY RbM‡Yi A‡bK Kj¨vY K‡i|
3| evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q †Kvb ai‡bi msMVb?
K. GKgvwjKvbv L. ivóªxq
M. Askx`vwi N. †h․_ g~jabx
4| †jvKmvb n‡jI G eëmvq RbKj¨vY K‡i−
i. m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub K‡i
ii. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i
iii. RbM‡Yi Ki e„w× K‡i

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| kvnvbv ev‡m K‡i DËiv †_‡K gwZwSj hv‡”Q| nVvr K‡i †m jÿ¨ Kij ev‡mi g‡a¨ †jLv
ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú`, ZvB GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ| kvnvbv AevK n‡q
fve‡Z jvM‡jv GwU µ‡qi Rb¨ †Zv †m †Kv‡bv UvKv †`qwb, Zvn‡j GwU Zvi m¤ú` n‡jv
wKfv‡e? Avi GwUi iÿYv‡eÿbI †m wKfv‡e Ki‡e?
K. evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡c©v‡ikb KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
L. miKvwi †emiKvwi Askx`vixZ¡ wfwËK eëmvq ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ evmwU †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq msMV‡bi AšÍf©y³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒGwU Avcbvi m¤ú` GwU iÿYv‡eÿ‡bi `vwqZ¡I AvcbviÓ−evm KZ…©c‡ÿi G Dw³i mv‡_
Zywg Kx GKgZ? K_vwUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki|
2| eëmvq-evwYR¨ mvaviYfv‡e miKvwi I †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvi wbqš¿bvax‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡q
_v‡K| wKšÍy RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYmvab I ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ KwZcq †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki miKvi‡K
eëmvqx Kvh©Kjv‡c RwoZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Gme eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k
moK cwienb ms¯’v, evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡dvb †evW©, evsjv‡`k ch©Ub K‡cv©‡ikb, evsjv‡`k
†ijI‡q BZ¨vw`| GQvovI †`‡ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi j‡ÿ wKQz wKQz eëmvq i‡q‡Q hv miKvix
Ges †emiKvix gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
K. Iqvmv KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

L. WvK‡hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi †Kvb ai‡bi eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib Zv−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K miKvix I †emiKvix gvwjKvbv †h eëmvq M‡o D‡V‡Q †m eëmv‡qi aiY wKiyc?
Bnv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Kx ai‡Yi f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki|

Aóg Aa¨vq
eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS
eëmvwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b iwPZ AvBb‡KB GK K_vq eëmvq AvBb e‡j| eëmvq nj cY¨ Drcv`bI e›Ub
mswkøó Kvh©vewji mgwó| cY¨ Drcv`b Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU †c․uQv‡bv
ch©šÍ bvbvwea cÖZ¨ÿ I mn‡hvMx Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| eZ©gvb RwUj eëmv-evwY‡Rï
RM‡Z G mKj Kvh©vewji mwVK cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ mywbw`ó AvBb AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB AvB‡bi †h
Ask Giƒc cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq Zv‡K eëmvwqK AvBb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

• eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBbMZw`Kmg~n|
• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© AvB‡bi aviYv|
• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© Gi myweav|
• †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© †iwRw÷ª Kivi c×wZ|
• KwcivBU AvB‡bi aviYv|
• KwcivBU wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ|
• KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiYwZ|
• wegvi aviYv I ¸iæZ¡mg~n|
• eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b wegv Kivi cÖwµqv|
• eëmvq I cwi‡ek AvB‡bi m¤ú‡K© aviYv|
• eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY I djvdj|
• eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~lY‡iv‡a KiYxq|
• AvB Gm I (ISO) aviYv I ¸iæZ¡mg~n|
• we Gm wU AvB aviYv I Kvh©vewjmg~n|
8.01 eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBbMZ w`K

Legeal Aspects of Business
eZ©gv‡b gvbe mf¨Zvq †h mKj KvR m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zvi g‡a¨ eëmvq msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gv‡b Gi e¨vcKZv Ggb ch©v‡q †cu․‡Q‡Q †h, mgMÖ wek¦B †h‡bv AvR GKK evRv‡i cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| eëmvq †jb‡`b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb e¨wZ‡i‡K e¨vsK, wegv, cwienY wkí, weÁvcwb
ms¯’v BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi evB‡iI †PK, wej, ûwÛ, cÖZ¨qcÎ (L.C)
BZ¨vw` bvbv ai‡bi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wj‡ji eënvi Pj‡Q| G mKj Kvh©µ‡gi myôz cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿Y I
GZ`msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbim‡bi Rb¨ eëmvq AvB‡bi Avek¨KZv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ cÿmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi †jb‡`b
myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbv I GZ`msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbi‡mi Rb¨ †`‡ki mve©‡f․g ivR‣bwZK KZ…©cÿ KZ©„K
M„nxZ I cÖhy³ AvBb‡K eëmvq AvBb e‡j|
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eëmvq D‡`¨vM wel‡qi GKRb wkÿ‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ nq Ges wZwb
GwU evRviRvZ K‡ib| GB wel‡qi wkÿv_x©iv eBwU nv‡Z cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv KiwQj| d‡j 3q
ms¯‥i‡Y Qvcv‡bv eBwU 8000 Kwc AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewµ n‡q hvq| 4_© ms¯‥i‡Y †jLK 4000
Kwc eB Qvwc‡q evRv‡i Qv‡ob wKš‘ eBwUi weµq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq| †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †Mj,
evRv‡i bKj eB G‡m †M‡Q hvi `vg A‡cÿvK…Z Kg| eBwUi †jLK DcvqvšÍi bv †`‡L wbKUeZx© _vbvq
†M‡jb| _vbv KZ©©cÿ eBwUi KwcivBU wbewÜZ Av‡Q wKbv Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb| hwÌ wbeÜ‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© †jLK AeMZ wQ‡jb, wKš‘ G wel‡qi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q KwcivBU Kiv †_‡K
weiZ wQ‡jb| _vbv KZ…©cÿ G K_v †R‡b †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AcviM e‡j `ytL cÖKvk K‡i| cwiYv‡g
†jLK Avw_©Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡jb Ges cieZx©‡Z eBwU cybtcÖKv‡ki AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡jb|
Dc‡ivD³ MíwU cvV K‡i †Zvgiv Kx eyS‡j?
†jLK hw` KwcivBU mswkøó KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q eBwUi KwcivBU wbeÜb K‡i ivL‡Zb nvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv ÿwZi
m¤§yLxb n‡Zb bv| eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì wKQz eyw×e„wËK m¤ú` _v‡K †hgb KwcivBU, †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK© BZ¨vw`|
G¸‡jv eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi M‡elYvi dmj Ges e¨mv‡qi AwZg~jëvb m¤ú`| Gme m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ me
†`‡kB AvBbMZ wewa weavb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖv_wgK Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| AvBb-
Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© aviYv eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ mgm¨v †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
8.02 †c‡U›U I †UªWgvK© AvBb
Patent and Trademark Act
†c‡U›U AvBb (Patent Act): †c‡U›U kãwU Avm‡Q Patent †_‡K hvi A_©- †Lvjv wPwV (Open
letter) †c‡U›U ej‡Z Ggb wKQz we‡kl AwaKv‡ii
mgwó‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b mve©‡f․g †Kvb †`k †Kvb e¨w³‡K
†Kvb wKQz Avwe®‥v‡ii ev D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, hv‡Z
RbMb D³ Avwe®‥vi / D™¢veb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
D™¢veb ej‡Z †Kvb cb¨ ev cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq hv we‡kl †Kvb
cÖhyw³MZ mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i| †c‡U›U †K ejv nq eyw×e„wËK m¤úwË (Intelectual Property)|
eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 147
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b we`¨gvb †c‡U›U AvBb n‡jv 1911 mv‡ji †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb G¨v± (P & A)
Ges †c‡U›U G¨vÛ wWRvBb iæjm| GKwU D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ †c‡U›U G wb‡gœv³ •ewkó¨¸‡jv _vKv DwPr|
i. D™¢veb Aek¨B Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e|
ii. D™¢ve‡bi aib Aek¨B Awfbe ev Ac~e© wew`Z n‡Z n‡e|
iii. GwU Aek¨B D™¢veb †K․kjZvi dj n‡Z n‡e|
iv. GwUi Aek¨B Dc‡hvwMZv (Utility) _vK‡Z n‡e|
v. GwU AvBb ev •bwZKZvwe‡ivax n‡e bv|
P&A KZ…©K †c‡U›U ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvifz³ GjvKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
eZ©gvb †c‡U›U, TRIPS c×wZ Pzw³i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bq|
†UªWgvK© AvBb (Trademark Law):
†UªWgvK© n‡”Q `„wó‡MvPi cÖZxK †hwU †Kvb c‡Yï Mv‡q jvMv‡bv _v‡K; hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv c‡Yï DrcwË
m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡bv ev cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì cY¨ ev †mev‡K Avjv`v Kiv| mvavibZ †Kvb kã,
mvRm¾vi bKkv ev †j‡ej †UªWgvK© Gi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó
†UªWgvK© eënvi Ki‡j ïaygvÎ wZwbB H †UªWgvK© eënvi Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k 2009 mv‡ji †UªWgvK© AvBb cÖPwjZ| G AvB‡bi 2(23) avivq wPý (Mark) ej‡Z †evSvq
†Kvb mvRmv¾vi bKkv, eªvÛ, †j‡ewjs, wUwKU, bvg, ¯^vÿi, kã, eY©, msL¨v ev G‡ì mgwš^Z iƒc|
GB AvB‡bi 2(8) avivq †UªWgvK©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q:
K. †Kvb eënviKvixi ev †Kvb wP‡ýi gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi wPwýZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †iwRw÷ªK…Z
eëmvwqK wPý ev †Kvb cÖZxK c‡Y¨ eënvi Kiv nq|
L. †Kvb †mevi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖZxK †hwUi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv eënviKvix ev gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi
wPwýZ Kiv|
AvaywbK †UªWgv‡K©i 4wU KvR| h_v−
1. GwU cY¨ Ges Gi DrcwË wPwýZ K‡i| A_©vr GUv Øviv mn‡RB Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
2. GwU ¸Y AcwieZ©bxq-Gi wbðqZv †`q|
3. GwU c‡Yï weÁvcb †`q|
4. GwU c‡Yï fveg~wZ© Zy‡j a‡i|
DËg †UªWgv‡K©i •ewkó¨
1. hw` cÖZxKwU †Kvb kã nq Zvn‡j GwU Aek¨B mn‡R D”PviY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
2. GwU Aek¨B mn‡R evbvb Kiv hvq A_ev cov hvq|
3. GwU eY©bvg~jK n‡e bv eis ¸‡Yi cÖ¯vÍ ebv _vK‡e|
4. GwU mswÿß n‡e|
5. GwU mn‡R `„wó‡MvPi n‡e|
6. GwU †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi mKj cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~iY K‡i|
7. †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi †h cÖZxK¸‡jv eënvi Kiv wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv eënvi bv Kiv|

8.03 †c‡U›U I †UªWgvK© AvB‡bi myweav

Benefits of Patent and Trademark Law
†c‡U›U AvB‡bi myweav (Benefits of Patent Law):
GKwU †c‡U›U D™¢vebKvix‡K mvg_© †`q / AwaKvi †`q AvBbMZ eë¯’v wb‡Z hw` †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb c~e©
AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kvb Avwe®‥vi ev D™¢veb bKj, Drcv`b, wewµ ev Avg`vwb Ki‡j| †c‡U›U wb‡RB
Ab¨‡ì‡K Zvi D™¢veb aŸs‡mi †Póvi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| GwU wb‡R eÜ bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j D™¢vebKvix
wb‡RB Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g AvBbMZ eë¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AvBbMZ eë¯’v †bIqv e¨qeûj| G‡Z
civgk©K wb‡qvM w`‡Z nq| AvBbx jovB G wRZ‡j Aek¨ hveZxq e¨‡qi A_© †diZ cv‡e|
†c‡U›U Av‡iv wKQz myweav cÖ`vb K‡i h_v−
* D™¢veb Ges eyw×`xß m¤úwË wewµi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|
* †Kvb e¨w³‡K Avwe®‥v‡ii jvB‡mÝ †Ìqv hvq wKš‘ mKj AvB. wc (IP) AwaKvi we`¨gvb
D™¢vebKvixi wbKUB _v‡K|
* D™¢ve‡bi wfwË‡Z †Kvb eë¯’v Avi¤¢ Kivi Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|
* †c‡U›U †_‡K RbMYI DcK…Z nq|
* †c‡U›U Gi Kvi‡Y Avgiv DbœZ gv‡bi cb¨ †c‡q _vwK|
* hw` †KD D™¢ve‡bi †c‡U›U bv K‡i Zvn‡j †h †KD H D™¢veb eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wewµ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †c‡U›U D™¢vebKvix‡K Gi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
†UªWgvK© AvB‡bi myweav
Benefits of Trade Mark Act
†UªWgv‡K©i AwaKvi †fvM Kivi Rb¨ †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªkb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| wKš‘ hw` †UªWgvK© AvBb
Abyhvqx †iwR‡÷ªkbK…Z nq Zvn‡j †mwU wb‡¤œv³ myweav¸‡jv †c‡q _v‡K−
• GwU RbM‡Yi wbKU †bvwUk wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges gvwjKvbv wPwýZ K‡i|
• GwU •ea I AvBbMZfv‡e gvwjKvbv wPwýZ K‡i Ges wek¦e¨vcx c‡Yï cwiwPwZ Zz‡j a‡i|
• hw` †Kvb cÖwZôvb GKUvbv 5eQi †Kvb †UªWgvK© eënvi K‡i Zvn‡j GwU AKv‡Uï gh©v`v jvf
K‡i| Zvn‡j †KD Awf‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †h H †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi †UªWgvK©
eënvi Ki‡Q|
• hw` †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi †UªWgvK©, Ò†UªWgvK© AvBbÓ Abyhvqx †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i Zvn‡j Ab¨ †Kvb
†Kv¤úvwb GUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb MÖnY Ki‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ
eë¯’v †bIqv hv‡e|
• †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi myweav A‡bK G‡Z c‡Yï gv‡K©U f¨vjy A‡bK †e‡o hvq|

8.04 †c‡U›U I †UªW gvK© †iwRw÷ª Kivi c×wZ

The Registration Method of Patent and Trademark
†c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb c×wZ: hw` †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb †c‡U›U †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K wb‡gœv³
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
1. Av‡e`b (Application): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ GKK fv‡e ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_
†h․_fv‡e Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡e`bwU Aek¨B wba©vwiZ d‡g© •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ
wbqgKvbyb †g‡b †c‡U›U Awd‡m Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvixi GKwU
†NvlYvcÎ _vK‡Z n‡e †h wZwb wb‡RB D³ welqe¯‘ D™¢vebKvix| Avi hw` †h․_ Av‡e`bKvix nq
Zvn‡j Av‡e`bKvixi g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKRb‡K †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e D™¢ve‡bi `vex mZ¨|
2. welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv/mywbw`©ó KiY (Full Description): D™¢vebxq e¯‘ m¤ú‡K©
cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D™¢ve‡bi aib Ges GwU wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e Zv wbiæcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| mywbw`©ó KiY Avi¤¢ n‡e wk‡ivbv‡gi (Title) Gi gva¨‡g Avi mywbw`©ó KiY †kl n‡e
Avwe®‥v‡ii `vex m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ NUbv, gZvgZ wel‡q wee„wZi gva¨‡g bKkv ev A¼b, Av‡e`b M„nxZ
nIqvi Av‡M †h‡Kvb mgq Rgv †Ìqv hvh Z‡e Uªvwms †ccvi wcÖ›U Kivi c~‡e©B A¼b
(Drawing) wU Rgv †Ìqv fvj|
3. Kb‡fbk‡b we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex (Consider in Convention): evsjv‡`k c¨vwim
Kb‡fbkb (The paris convention for the protection of industrial property of march
20, 1883) Gi GKwU m`m¨ †`k| †Kvb welq †c‡U›U †c‡Z we‡ewPZ n‡Z n‡j m`m¨ †`‡ki
g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g whwb Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb Zvi Av‡e`‡bi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
PCT Av‡e`bKvixi KvQ †_‡K we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi
†ÿ‡Î Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mvwU©dvBW Kwc Aek¨B Rgv w`‡Z n‡e hvi
wfwË‡Z wZwb we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vex †ck Ki‡eb|
4. Av‡e`‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY (Filing Requirement): †c‡U›U Gi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kivi
mgq wb‡gœv³ DcKiY¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e:
K. D™¢vebKvixi bvg (Av‡e`bKvix)
L. Av‡e`bKvixi wVKvbv I RvZxqZv
M. mywbw`©ó Ki‡Yi `yB Kwc Ges Uªvwms †ccv‡ii Dci WªBs (Av‡jvK wP‡Î) GK Kwc|
N. GmvBb‡g›U Gi 1 Kwc AvBbMZ `wjj (hw` _v‡K)
O. cvIqvi Ae GUwb© (dig-31)
P. we‡`kx †c‡U›U Gi mZ¨vwqZ Kwc (we‡ewPZ nIqvi `vexi †ÿ‡Î)
5. Av‡e`b MÖn‡Yi weÁvcb cÖ`vb (Advertisement on Acceptane of application):
hLb †Kvb Av‡e`b MÖnb Kiv nq ZLb wbqš¿Kvix‡K Aek¨B Av‡e`bKvix‡K †bvwUk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
nq Ges RbM‡bi AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ WªBsmn weÁvcb w`‡Z nq|

hw` †Kvb c‡ÿi †c‡U›U m¤ú‡K© †Kvb AvcwË _v‡K Zvn‡j Av‡e`b MÖn ‡bi weÁvcb
†Ìqvi Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ c¨v‡U›U Awd‡m †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e| we‡ivaxZv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvb Aek¨B Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. †c‡U›U Gi ¯^ËvwaKvi cÖvwß (Getting Patent certificate): hw` †Kvb AvcwË bv Av‡m
Zvn‡j †c‡U›U KZ…©cÿ wmjmn wbeÜb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Gi Uvg©wU Gi ZvwiL n‡Z 16 eQi _v‡K
Ges c‡bi eQi ch©šÍ 4 eQi AšÍi AšÍi bevqb Ki‡Z nq|
8.05 KwcivBU Kx? KwcivBU AvB‡bi avibv
What is Copyright? Concept of Copyright Law
Bs‡iRx Copy Right kãwUi A_© †Kvb GKwU we‡kl avibvi cÖKvk ev Z_¨ eënv‡ii
wbqš¿YKvix we‡kl wKQz AwaKv‡ii mgwó| GwU AvB‡bi avibv| mvavibZ †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi
GB avibvi ev¯Íevqb K‡i| KwcivBU ej‡Z †Kvb Kv‡Ri g~j m„wóKZ©vi †mB KvRwUi Dci
GKK, Abb¨ AwaKvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq| KwcivBU mvavibZ GKwU mxwgZ †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Kvh©Ki
nq| H †gqv‡ì ci KvRwU cvewjK †Wv‡gB‡bi AšÍM©Z n‡q hvq|
m„wókxj gvbyl `y ai‡bi m¤ú` wb‡q Rxebhvcb K‡i; cÖ_ gZ e¯‘MZ m¤ú`, RvqMv-Rwg, Mvwo-
evwo, UvKv-cqmv, eëmvq-evwYR¨, wkí-KviLvbv BZ¨vw` I bvbv iKg cÖvZ¨wnK eënvh© `ªe¨vw`
Ges wØZxqZ KwcivBU ev Intellectual Property Gi AvIZvq Av‡Q mvwnZ¨Kg©, bvU¨Kg©,
wkíKg©, d‡UvMÖvd, fv®‥h©K g©, m¤úªPvi Kg© BZ¨vw`|
gvby‡li e¯‘MZ m¤ú` gvwjK e¨wZZ Ab¨ †KD cÖK…Z gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva Qvov †fvM ev
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Copy Right kãwU we‡kølY Ki‡j A_© `vovq Copy Kivi AwaKvi| A_©vr
mKj ai‡bi m„wókxj Kg©B, K‡g©i kÖóv ev iPwqZvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc Kiv, Abyev` Kiv, Dc‡hvMx
Kiv, iƒcvšÍi Kiv ev Awf‡hvRb Kiv Zv evwYwR¨K ev e¨w³MZ †h ch©v‡qB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv KwcivBU
avibv, AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³, †`kxq AvBb, •bwZKZv I BwZevPK‡ev‡ai Pig cwicš’x|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b KwcivBU AvBb 2000 cÖPwjZ|
8.06 KwcivBU wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ
Registration Method of Copyright
†Kvb K‡g©i cÖ‡YZv, cÖKvkK ev KwcivB‡Ui ¯^Z ¡vwaKvix ev Dnv‡Z ¯^v_© Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³
KwcivB‡Ui †iwRóv‡i Kg©w Ui weeiY AšÍf©~³ Kievi Rb¨ †iwRóv‡ii wbKU wba©vwiZ d‡g© Ges
wba©vwiZ wd mn‡hv‡M ìLv¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
KwcivBU wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡¯’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e Ges wbeÜb eB‡Z AšÍf©~³
KwcivBU weeiY cwieZ©‡bi welq wbeÜ‡bi cÖwZwU Av‡e`b dg© wZb cÖ‡¯’ Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| GKwU
wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ GKwU dg© c~iY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ D³ Kv‡Ri weeiwYmn wbw`©ó wd Rgv
w`‡Z n‡e| wbeÜb wewai AvIZvq Av‡e`bKvix‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi Kv‡Ri KwcivBU ¯^‡Z¡i mv‡_
¯^v_©mswkøó wbeÜb Awd‡mi mKj e¨w³i wbKU Av‡e`bc‡Îi Kwc †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbeÜb Awd‡mi †iwRóªvi mvavibZ Av‡e`b cÖvwßi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡q
AšÍf©~³ K‡ib| Z‡e wbeÜb AvB‡bi Dc-wewa (4) Gi Aaxb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ ‡iwRóªvi hw` H
wbeÜ‡bi wel‡q †Kvb AvcwË cvb, A_ev hw` Av‡e`‡b ewY©Z weei‡Yi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© mš‘ó n‡Z bv
cv‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb ïay Dchy³ weeiYmg~n wbeÜb eB‡Z AšÍf©~³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avevi wbeÜb
AvB‡bi aviv 58 Abyhvqx, †iwR÷ªvi wbR D‡`¨v‡M A_ev ¯^v_©mswkøó †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡e`‡bi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wbeÜb ewn‡Z ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ms‡kvwaZ ev cwieZ©xZ Ask
mswkøó mKj‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb|
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h †Kvb e¨w³ wbw`©ó wd cÖ`vb K‡i †iwRóªvi Awdm n‡Z †iwRóªv‡ii Aby‡gv`‡bi
gva¨‡g wbeÜb eB‡Z iwÿZ weeiYvwì m~wPmg~n ev Askwe‡k‡li Kwc msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
8.07 KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiYwZ

Consequences of Violatiing Copyright
(aviv 82) KwcivBU ev Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi j•NbRwbZ Aciva:
1. †h e¨w³, Pjw”PÎ e¨wZ‡i‡K, †Kvb K‡g©i KwcivBU ev GB AvB‡bi aviv 23 Gi Aaxb
Awc©Z AwaKvi e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb AwaKvi B”QvK…Z fv‡e j•Nb K‡ib ev Ki‡Z mnvqZv
K‡ib, wZwb AbyaŸ© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨ b Qq gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`Û Ges AbyaŸ© `yB jÿ
UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b cÂvk nvRvi UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `Ûbxq n‡eb:
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Bnv Av`vj‡Z mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, j•NbwU eëmvwqK ev evwYwR¨K
Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ msNwUZ nq bvB, †mB †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Qq gv‡mi Kg †gqv‡ì
Kviv`Ð Ges 50,000 UvKvi Kg cwigvY Rwigvbvi `Ð Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. †h e¨w³ Pjw”P‡Îi KwcivB‡Ui AwaKvi ev GB AvB‡b ewY©Z Ab¨ †Kvb AwaKvi B”QvK…Zfv‡e
j•Nb K‡ib ev Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib, wZwb Ab~a© cuvP ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK ermi †gqv‡ì
Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a© cuvP jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `wÛZ n‡eb|
(aviv 83) wØZxq ev cieZ©x Aciv‡ai ewa©Z kvw¯Í:
†h e¨w³ aviv 82 Gi Aax‡b `wÐZ n‡q cybivq Abyiƒc †Kvb Aciv‡a `wÐZ n‡j wZwb wØZxq ev
cieZ©x cÖ‡Z¨K Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Ab~a© wZb ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gv‡mi Kviv`Ð Ges Ab~a© wZb jÿ
UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKv A_©`‡Ð `Ðbxq n‡eb|

Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Bnv Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, aviv 82 Gi Dc-aviv (1) G ewY©Z
j•NbwU eëmvwqK Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdvi D‡Ï‡k¨ msNwUZ nq bvB, †mB †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ Qq gv‡mi
Kg †gqv‡ì Kviv`Ð Ges 1 jÿ UvKvi Kg cwigvY Rwigvbvi `Ð Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Av‡iv kZ© _v‡K †h, GB avivi D‡Ïk¨ c~iYK‡í GB AvBb cÖewZ©Z nIqvi c~‡e© cÖ`Ë †Kvb kvw¯Í‡K
Avg‡j †bqv n‡e bv|
(aviv 84) Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc cÖKvk, eënvi, BZ¨vwì Aciva:
hw` †Kvb e¨w³−
K. †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc Abywjwc K‡i ‡h †Kvb gva¨‡g cÖKvk, weµq ev GKvwaK
Kwc weZiY K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~a©
Pvi jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_©`‡Ð `ÐYxq n‡eb;
L. Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb jw•NZ Kwc eënvi K‡ib, Zvnv nB‡j wZwb Ab~aÿ© wZb ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b Qq
gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`‡Ð A_ev Ab~aÿ© Ab~aÿ© wZb jÿ UvKv wKš‘ Ab~¨b GK jÿ UvKvi A_© `‡Ð
`wÐZ n‡eb:
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, hw` Av`vj‡Zi mš‘wóg‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq ‡h, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgwU eëmvwqK ev
ewYwR¨K Kvh©µ‡gi avivq gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ jw•NZ nq bvB, Zvnv n‡j Ab~¨b wZb gvm †gqv‡ì
Kviv`‡Ð Ges Ab~¨b cuwPk nvRvi UvKvi A_©`Ð Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e|
(aviv 85) AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cøU `L‡j ivLv:
†Kvb e¨w³, whwb B”QvK…Zfv‡e KwcivBU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb K‡g©i AwaKvi j•NbKvix Abywjwc •Zwi
Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb †cøU •Zwi K‡ib ev `L‡j iv‡Lb, ev KwcivB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K
B”QvK…Zfv‡e Ges Zvnvi e¨w³MZ jv‡fi Rb¨ Hiƒc †Kvb K‡g©i Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤úv`‡bi KviY NUvb,
Zvn‡j wZwb Ab~a© `yB erm‡ii Kviv`Ð ev AbyaŸ© cÂvk nvRvi UvKv A_©`‡Ð ev Dfq `‡Ð `Ðbxq n‡eb|
8.08 wegvi aviYv
Concept of Insurance
gvbyl m„wói †miv Rxe Avevi giYkxj| ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ci‡Z ci‡Z i‡q‡Q AwbðqZvi
nvZQvwb| gvby‡li mf¨Zvi weKvk cÖRb¥ †_‡K
cÖR‡b¥ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB †m c„w_ex
‡_‡K P‡j †M‡jI Zvi Kg© Avi Ae`vb †kªôZ¡
eRvq iv‡L fwel¨‡Zi c„w_exi Kv‡Q| GRb¨ †m
Zvi c„w_ex‡K evm‡hvM¨ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
gvby‡li Rb¨, eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ gvwjK fve‡Z
nq| eZ©gvb Avi fwel¨‡Zi mv‡_ Av‡ó c„‡ô Rwo‡q
Av‡Q SzuwK| eëmv‡qi RM‡Z m„ó Gme SzuwK, ÿwZ,
k~Y¨Zv‡K c~i‡Y wKQy eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb hviv wegv cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ, Zviv KvR K‡i _v‡K wegv
Pzw³i gva¨‡g m¤úK© •Zix K‡i| wegvKvix I wegvMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨
wbw`©ó cÖwZ`v‡bi wecix‡Z †h Pzw³MZ m¤úK© •Zix nq Zv‡K wegv Pzw³ e‡j|
GK mgq mgy‡`ª PjvPjKvix bvweKiv G welq wb‡qB fve‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj| `yN©Ubv, So, R‡jv”Q¡vm ev
Ab¨‡Kvbfv‡e gvbyl AvnZ ev wbnZ n‡j ev m¤ú` webó n‡j Zvi ÿwZ c~i‡Yi †K․kj wn‡m‡eB wegvi
Avwef©ve| MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`v I welqe¯Íy wewfbœZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wegvi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq|
†hgb: Rxebwegv, †b․-wegv, AwMœ wegv, `yN©Ubv wegv, km¨wegv, ißvwbwegv BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e wegv e¨w³
ev cÖwZôv‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mvwe©K AwaK ÿwZi SzuwK n‡Z gyw³ †`q|
wegv eë¯’vi Avw` BwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi gZ Lye ¯^”Q bq| wegv eë¯’vi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi BwZnvm
†_‡K Rvbv hvq me©cÖ_g †b․-wegv †_‡K wegvi cÖPjb ïiæ| cieZ©x‡Z AwMœwegv I Rxebwegvi cÖPjb
nq| Avevi cÖvPxbKv‡j f~-ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j we‡kl K‡i BZvwj‡K †K›`ª K‡i PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z
BD‡iv‡c eëmvq evwY‡Rï D™¢e nq Ges G‡K wN‡iB wegv eë¯’vi †Mvov cËb nq e‡j A‡b‡Ki
aviYv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K wewea wegvi Kvh©Kg cwijwÿZ nq|
wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb

Essential Elements of Insurance Contract
wegvMÖnxZv GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv` AšÍi wbw`©ó cwigvY wcÖwgqvg wegvKvix‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq|
Aciw`‡K wegvKvix I wegvMÖnxZv‡K D³ wcÖwgqvg h_vwbq‡g cÖvwß mv‡c‡ÿ wbw`©ó SuywK †_‡K ÿwZc~iY
cÖ`v‡b eva¨ _v‡K| wegvPyw³ MV‡bi Rb¨ wKQy Acwinvh© Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb, †h mKj Dcv`vb Qvov wegv
Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq bv †mme Dcv`vbmg~n‡K GK‡Î wegv Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb e‡j|
wb‡P GB Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
K. AvBbMZ Dcv`vb
Legal Elements
1. cÿ (Party): wegv Pzw³‡Z `ywU cÿ _vK‡e| GKcÿ n‡e wegvKvix (Insurer) Acicÿ n‡e
wegv MÖnxZv (Policy Holder) wegvKvix n‡”Q BwÝI‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb wegv MÖnxZv n‡”Q Kvógvi|
2. cÖ¯vÍ e I ¯^xK…wZ (Offer and accceptances): GK cÿ KZ©„K AvBbMZ cÖ ¯Íve Ges Aci
cÿ KZ©„K AvBbMZ ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g wegv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| wbw`©ó dig c~ib K‡i cÖ ¯Íve
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges wegv †Kv¤úvwb Dnv MÖn Y Kivi gva¨‡g Pzw³ Kvh©K i nq| myZ ivs †`Lv
hvq cÖ ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ wegv Pyw³i g~j Dcv`vb|
3. AvBbMZ m¤úK© (Legal Relation Ship): Pzw³i d‡j †h m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq Zv‡K AvBbMZ
m¤úK© e‡j| †h †Kn G m¤úK© f½ Ki‡j, ÿwZMÖ¯’ cÿ AvB‡bi e‡j ÿwZc~iY `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv (Capacity): 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv Abyhvqx wegv
MªnxZvi Pzw&³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| bvevjK, †`Dwjqv, weK…Z gw¯Í®‥ e¨w³ Pzw&³
m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨ b‡n|

5. •ea cÖwZ`vb I D‡Ïk¨ (Lawful consider and objects): wegv Pz w ³i D‡Ïk¨ I

cÖ w Z`vb Aek¨B •ea n‡Z n‡e| A‣ea eëmv ev cY¨ Avg`vwb-ißvwbi †ÿ‡Î Pz w ³ I
cÖ w Z`vb wVK _vK‡jI Pz w ³ •ea n‡e bv|
6. wbw`©óZv (Certainty): wegv Pzw³i 29 aviv Abymv‡i †Kvb m¤§wZi welqe¯Íy mywbw`©ó bv n‡j Zv
evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e cwjwmi †gqv`, wcÖwgqv‡gi nvi, mgq, wegvi AsK, `vex cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ
mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jL _vK‡Z n‡e|
7. wjwLZ Pzw³ (Written contract): Pzw³ †g․wLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ BZ¨vw` iKg n‡Z cv‡i,
wKšÍy wegv Pzw³ Aek¨B wjwLZ n‡Z n‡e|
L. we‡kl Dcv`vb
Special Elements
1. wegv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© (Insurable Interest) : wegvi welqe¯Íy‡Z wegv MÖnxZvi †h ¯^v_© _v‡K Zv‡K
wegv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© e‡j| wegv Pzw³‡Z Aek¨B wegv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. wcÖwgqvg (Premium): wegvKvix cÖwZôvb SzuwK MÖnY K‡i, wegvK…Z Rvb-gv‡ji ÿwZ n‡j
ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z wegvKvix eva¨, ZvB wegv MÖnxZv‡K SzuwKi Rb¨ avh©K…Z wcÖwgqvg w`‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖZ¨ÿ KviY (Causa proxima): wK wK Kvi‡Y ÿwZ n‡j, ÿwZc~iY cvIqv hv‡e Zv ÔwegvÕ
Pzw³‡Z my¯úófv‡e D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e| Gi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y ÿwZ n‡j wegvKvix ÿwZc~iY
w`‡Z eva¨ b‡n| Pink ebve Fleming GK weL¨vZ gvgjvi weeiY n‡Z Rvbv hvq, GKwU RvnvR
msNl© ev av°vRwbZ Kvi‡Y ÿwZi Rb¨ wegv Kiv n‡qwQj| RvnvRwU av°v †j‡M P‡i AvUKv c‡o
Ges G‡Z evwnZ Kgjv cu‡P bó n‡q hvq| ÿwZc~iY gvgjvq ejv nq av°vRwbZ Kvi‡Y m¤ú‡ì
ÿwZ nq wb wej‡¤î Rb¨ ÿwZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB ÿwZMÖ¯’ cÿ ÿwZc~iY †c‡Z cv‡i bv|
4. Avw_©K ÿwZc~iY (Propotional compensation): exgvPzw³ ÿwZc~i‡Yi Pzw³| we‡klZ
†b․exgv I AwMœ wegvi Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î wegvK…Z cwiw¯’wZ ev NUbvi Kvi‡Y welqe¯Íy ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡j
wegvKvix ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨| wKšÍy wegvK…Z e¯Íy ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv n‡j wegv †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb ÿwZc~iY
w`‡e bv| Avevi wegvK…Z welqe¯Íy hZUzKz ÿwZ n‡e wegvKvix ZZUzKz ÿwZB c~iY Ki‡e Z‡e
Rxeb wegv‡K ÿwZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq bv|
5. wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© (Faithful relation): wegvKvix I wegv MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ cig wek¦v‡mi
m¤úK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Dfq cÿ †Kvb cÖKvi Z_¨ †Mvcb Ki‡eb bv| Z_¨ †Mvcb cÖZ viYv
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i Ges ÿwZc~iY bvI cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i,ZvB ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ wek¦vm
wegv Pzw³i GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
6. cÖwZ¯’vcb (Subrogation): wegv †Kv¤úvwb †Kvb WyešÍ Rvnv‡Ri m¤ú~Y© ÿwZc~iY cÖ`vb Ki‡j,
H WyešÍ Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK wegv †Kv¤úvwb n‡e| wegvMÖnxZv Avi gvwjK _vK‡e bv| GUv gvwjKvbvi
cÖwZ¯’vcb ev ¯’jvwfwl³KiY|

7. g‡bvbqb (Nomination): Rxeb wegvq wegvK…Z e¨w³i AeZ©gv‡b †K wegv `vwe ev ¯^Z¡ MÖnY
Ki‡e, Zv Pzw³i mgq wVK Ki‡Z nq| wegvK…‡Zi AeZ©gv‡b myweav cÖvc‡Ki bvg AšÍf©y³ Kiv‡K
g‡bvbqb ejv nq| g‡bvbxZ e¨w³B wegvMÖwnZvi AeZ©gv‡b `vwe MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. AwaKvi Ac©Y (Assignment): wegv Pzw³‡Z wegvMÖwnZv wegvc‡Îi ¯^Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv †h KvD‡K
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Rxeb wegv I †b․-wegvq G KvRwU mnR n‡jI AwMœwegv I `yN©Ubv wegvi
†ÿ‡Î wegvKvixi AbygwZ ev c~e© kZ© Qvov AwaKvi Ac©Y Kiv hvq bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wegv Pzw³‡Z e¨³ ev Ae¨³ Dcv`vb ev kZ©¸‡jv G‡K mvaviY Pzw³ n‡Z c„_K mËv
w`‡q‡Q| Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Acwinvh©Zv Ggbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ †h, †Kv‡bvwUB ev` w`‡q wegv Pzw³ m¤úbœ nq bv|
evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of Insurance in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k| GLv‡b gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤úwËi SzuwK DbœZ wek¦ A‡cÿv A‡bK
†ewk| ZvB exgvi ¸iæZ¡ †h GLv‡b AZ¨waK Zv ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv|
evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. g~jab MVb I wewb‡qvM e„w× (Formation of capital and increase of
investment):
exgv †Kv¤úvwbmg~n wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e †h UvKv msMÖn K‡i Zv G‡`‡ki RvZxq g~jab MV‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y © f~w gKv iv‡L| Giƒc g~jab wewfbœ Lv‡Z `xN©‡gqv‡` wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j †`‡ki
mvgwMÖK Drcv`‡bi cwigvb e„w × cvq|
2. mÂq e„w× (Increase of savings): G‡`‡ki gvby‡li gv_vwcQy Avq AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ nIqvq
mÂ‡qi nvi Kg| Rxeb exgv G‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q| exgvMÖnxZv G‡ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó
mgqv‡šÍ exgv wKw¯Í cwi‡kva K‡i hv †_‡K eva¨Zvg~jK mÂ‡qi m„wó nq| d‡j e¨w³K I RvZxq
mÂ‡qi cwigvb e„w× cvq|
3. SuywKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv n«vm (Reduce of hindrance of risk): eëmvq RM‡Z cY¨
Drcv`b I eÈ‡b bvbvb ai‡bi Sz u w K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avgv‡ì †`k Aby b oeZ weavq
Giƒc Sz u w Ki gvÎv AviI †ewk| †b․, AwMœ , `y N © U bv BZ¨vw` exgvi my e v‡ ` Avgv‡ì
eëmvqxMY wbwðZ I ¯^ v ”Q›`¨gq Kvh© µ g cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. RvZxq m¤ú` iÿv (Maintenance of national wealth): exgv m¤úwËi wec‡ÿ
ïaygvÎ Avw_©K wbivcËvB eë¯’v K‡i bv †mB mv‡_ mnvq-m¤ú` hv‡Z `yN©Ubvi wkKvi bv
nq Z¾bÏ wewfbœ wbivcËvgyjK eë¯’v MÖn ‡Y mevB‡K DØy× K‡i| G‡Z RvZxq m¤ú‡ì
wbivcËv wbwðZ nq|

5. m‡PZbZv e„w× (Increase of awarness): Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl AwaKvskB AwkwÿZ

nIqvi Kvi‡Y fwelr Rxeb Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î KiYxq eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bq| exgv eëmvq
wewfbœgyLx cÖPvi eë¯’v I Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g e¨vcK MYm‡PZbZvi m„wó K‡i| hv mgvR Dbœq‡b
f~wgKv iv‡L|
6. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Increase of employment facilities): exgv eëmvq G‡`‡ki
wkí-evwY‡R¨ A_©ms¯’vb K‡i Gi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| G‡Z cÖPzi †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó nq|
GQvov Giƒc eëmv‡q cÖ Z ¨ÿfv‡eI cÖ Pz i †jvK KvR cvq| hv †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v
mgvav‡b f~w gKv iv‡L|
7. A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): exgv eëmvq m¤¢ve¨ SzuwKi wec‡ÿ
wbivcËv eë¯’v wbwðZ K‡i †`‡ki K…wl I wkí-evwY‡Rï wewfbœ LvZ‡K mnvqZv K‡i| exgvi
AvIZvq †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ SzuwKc~Y© wkí-evwYR¨ cÖwZôvbI M‡o I‡V| G‡Z †`‡ki
A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ nq|
8. mvgvwRK ¯^w¯Í cÖwZôv (Brings social security): exgv gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤úwËi SzuwK
Kwg‡q mvgvwRK ¯^w ¯Í wdwi‡q Av‡b| hv mgv‡Ri gvbyl¸‡jv‡K Dboeq‡b †cÖiYv †hvMvq|
Avgv‡ì †`‡kI exgv e¨w³ Rxe‡b Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Dbœq b I ¯^w ¯Í cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡q‡Q|
9. RvZxq Avq e„w× (Increasing national income): evsjv‡`‡k exgv eëmv‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ
Ae`vb RvZxq Drcv`b we‡ePbvq gvÎ 0.37% n‡jI mvwe©K wePv‡i Zv Kg bq| G‡Z Kg©iZ
Rbkw³ Ges Gi A_©vq‡b cÖwZwôZ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Rbkw³i Avq RvZxq Avq e„w×‡Z
f~wgKv iv‡L|
10. A`„k¨ ißvwb Avq e„w× (Increasing invisible export): exgv eëmvq †`‡ki A`„k¨ ißvwb
Avq e„w×‡ZI f~wgKv iv‡L| Avgv‡ì ißvwbK…Z cY¨ †cÖi‡Y Zv †`kxq exgv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z
exgv Kiv nq| hvi LiP we‡`wk Avg`vwbKviK cÖ`vb K‡i| hv cY¨g~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q A`„k¨
ißvwb Avq evovq|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, exgv eëmvq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡ZB ïay bq e¨w³ I mvgvwRK
Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y © f~w gKv ivL‡Q|

8.09 eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b wegv Kivi cÖwµqv

Process of Formation of Insurance for Business
wegv n‡”Q GKwU Pzw³| GB Pzw³ wegvKvix I wegvMÖwnZvi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z nq| wegv Pyw³ KZ¸‡jv
avivevwnK c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| wb‡gœœ c`‡ÿc mg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖv_wgK AvbyôvwbKZv (Primary formalities): wegvKvix cÖwZôvb wegv Pzw³ Kievi Rb¨
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bvbvfv‡e cÖPvi K‡ib| cÖPvi Pvjvevi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj wegv cÖwZwbwa RbM‡Yi
N‡i N‡i wM‡q wegvi mydj eY©bv K‡i| Gi d‡j AvMÖnvwš^Z e¨w³eM© wegv Lyjevi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb|
2. cª¯Íve cÖ`vb (Making proposal): †h e¨w³ wegvcÎ Ki‡Z B”QyK Ggb e¨w³‡K me©cÖ_g
†Kv¤úvwbi Awdm n‡Z A_ev †Kvb wegv cÖwZwbwai KvQ †_‡K webv g~‡j¨ cÖ¯Ívebv cÎ (Proposal
form) msMÖn Ki‡Z ev wb‡Z nq| msM„nxZ digwU c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g wegv Awd‡m Rgv w`‡jB cÖ¯Íve
`vb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|
3. cÖ¯vÍ ebv cÎ we‡ePbv (Consideration of Proposal): c~iY Kiv cÖ¯Ívebv cÎ wegv Awd‡m
Rgv †Ìqvi ci wegvKvix D³ cÖ¯Ívebv c‡Î wegv MÖnxZv KZ…©K †`q DËimg~n h_vh_ I wbf©~j wKbv Zv
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †`‡Lb| G welq¸‡jv wegvc‡Îi cÖv_wgK g~j¨ I †gqv‡ì mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|
Gi ci cÖ¯vÍ ewU †Kgb ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Zv wbY©q Kiv nq| hw` cÖ`Ë Z_¨vw` h_v_© I mZ¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
nq Z‡eB wegvKvix SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq Ges cieZ©x c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
4. wegv cÖwZwbwa‡ì wi‡cvU© msMÖn (Collection of reports from insurance agent):
wegv cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g hw` wegvcÎ mieivn Kiv nq †m †ÿ‡Î wegv cÖwZwbwai cªwZ‡e`b †ck
Ki‡Z nq|
5. cÖ¯Íve wbe©vPb (Selection of proposal): cÖ¯vÍ eKvixi Av‡e`bcÎ, Ab¨vb¨ wi‡cvU©mg~n Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq I msMÖn‡hvM¨ mKj KvMRcÎ wegv Awd‡m G‡m †cu․Q‡j Zv cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klÁMY
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i cÖ¯vÍ e wbe©vPb K‡ib |
6. cÖ¯Íve MÖnY (Accceptance of proposal): cÖ¯vÍ e wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kivi wm×všÍ
†bqv nq Ges cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Z_v ¯^xK…wZcÎ w`‡q Rvwb‡q †`qv nq|
7. wegvcÎ cÖ`vb (Issuance of insurance policy): me wKQz wVKVvK _vK‡j wegvKvix
wegvMÖnxZvi `vwe cwi‡kva K‡i †`q| DcwiD³ c`‡ÿc mg~n Rxeb wegv Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqv
avivevwnKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Pzw³ m¤úv`b cÖwµqvi ¯^v_©KZv wegvKvix I wegv MÖwnZv mZZvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i|

8.10 eëmvq I cwi‡ek AvB‡bi m¤ú‡K© aviYv

Concept of Business and Envrionment Law
wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki `ªæZ AebwZ n‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k MZ K‡qK `k‡K G AebwZ n‡q‡Q AviI `ªæZ| evsjv‡`‡k
1995 mv‡j eëmvq cwi‡ek AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebvÂ‡ji Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I
cwienb wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Afv‡ei ìæY †`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek GK RwUj Ae¯’vi w`‡K †cu․Qv‡Z hv‡”Q|
ZvQvov 1997 mv‡ji cwi‡ek I eb msiÿY AvBb Abyhvqx nvmcvZvj wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges miKvi wba©vwiZ
wKQz cÖwZôvb †_‡K 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ bxie GjvKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| Gme RvqMvq †gvUi Mvwoi nY© evRv‡bv ev
gvBwKs Kiv m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| Giæc RvqMvq Mvwoi nY© ev jvDW w¯úKv‡ii gva¨‡g kã `~lYKvixi K‡Vvi
kvw¯Íi weavb _vKv ìKvi| KviLvbv ev wkí ms¯’v KZ©„K ewR©Z kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ A‡cÿv DbœZ
cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ Ges Kg kã Drcv`bKvix hš¿cvwZ w`‡q kã wbqš¿b Kiv hvq| Gme hš¿cvwZ‡K kã Acwievnx
e¯¿ w`‡q †X‡K kã `~lY Kgv‡bv hvq|
ZvQvov miKvi †`‡ki cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yj j‡ÿ¨, cwi‡ek msiÿY †kÖwY wej 2002 Ges cwi‡ek
Av`vjZ (ms‡Kvjb) wej 2002 bv‡g `ywU AvBb cvm K‡i‡Q|
8.11 eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY I djvdj

The Pollution Created by Business and its Results
kã `~lY (Sound Polution)
µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq evowZ hvbevnb I Ab¨vb¨ KjKviLvbv| Gme Mvwo
KjKviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z †avqv cwi‡ek‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ K‡i| kã `~lY cwi‡e‡ki `~l‡Yi
Ab¨Zg KviY| KviLvbv I Mvwo †Nvov QvovI gvBK, jvDW w¯úKvi, †iwWI, wUwf cÖK…wZi AvIqvR
kã `~l‡Yi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z K‡i gvby‡li kªeY kw³ †jvc cvq| i³Pvc e„w× cvq, KLbI †`Lv hvq
gvbwmK wech©q| GQvov KjKviLvbv Av‡k cv‡ki ¯’vqx evwm›`v‡ì wkï mšÍvbiv Kg †ewk ewai n‡Z
†`Lv hvq|
evqy `~lY I Zvi djvdj (Air Polution & its Effect)

Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Ab¨Zg m¤¢vi n‡jv evqy| †mB evqy AvR `~w lZ n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o| evqy
`~l‡Yi g~‡j Av‡Q KjKviLvbv, †gvUi Mvwo, †Uªb, NievwoI eëmv evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi DËvc
m„wói hš¿cvwZ Ges bvbv AveR©bv| eëmv cÖwZôv‡b Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb A_©vr †Zj, Kqjv BZ¨vw`
cywo‡q Kve©b -WvB A·vBW evZv‡m Qwo‡q †Ìqv †K¬v‡ivd¬z ‡ivwg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW, Av‡jvK
ivmvqwbK †avqvkv BZ¨vw` me¸‡jv evqy `~l‡Yi cÖavb DcKiY|
wewfbœ A·vBW evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®úi m‡½ wg‡k •Zwi K‡i mvjdvi Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi A¤ø| GB A¤ø
c‡i wb‡P †b‡g G‡m cvwb I gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k hvq| GiB bvg ÔGwmW †iBbÕ A¤ø el©Y|
evqy `~l‡Yi Dr‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q B‡Ui fvUv, mvi Kvi Lvbv, wPwb, KvMR, cvU I e¯¿ KviLvbv, myZvKj,
Pvgov wkí, †cvkvK wkí, we¯‥zU •Zwii KviLvbv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, wMÖj I
ìRv-Rvbvjv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, IqvK© kc BZ¨vw`| Drm †_‡K cÖ Pzi
cwigv‡Y †avqv, ev®ú, M¨vm I aywjKYv BZ¨vw` evZv‡m wg‡k †auvqv m„wó K‡i| d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
evqy `~l‡bi d‡j k¦vmKô, nvcvwb, `xN©¯’vqx dzmdzm K¨vÝvi GRvZxq `yl‡Yi dj|
cvwb `~lY I Zvi djvdj

Water Polution & Its Effect
eZ©gv‡b wkí I †c․i eR©¨ b`x I Rjvkq‡K `ywlZ K‡i‡Q| cwi‡ek Awa`ßi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h
PÆMÖv‡g wUGmwc mvi KviLvbv †_‡K mvjwdDwiK I dmdwiK GwmW Ges P›`ª‡Nvbvi KY©dzwj KvM‡Ri
wgj, wm‡jU KvMR wgj, `k©bvi †Kiy A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcBqvW©I gvQ cÖwµqvKiY KviLvbv,
XvKvi Awjw¤úK I Kv‡`wiqv †U·UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ †Mjb Zij eR©¨ cvk¦eZx© b`x I Rjvk‡q
wb‡ÿc K‡i cvwb `~lY NUv‡”Q| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q mg„× Rbc` kni cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q AvaywbK
PUKj, KvcoKj, wPwbKj, KvM‡Ri Kj, †flR †Zj BZ¨vw`| GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR©bv
cÖwZwbqZ cvwb `ywlZ Ki‡Q|
`ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ †`‡ki cvwb mieiv‡ni Ges AveR©bv wb‡ÿ‡ci mgm¨v‡K µgk RwUj K‡i
Zzj‡Q| Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv w`‡”Q M„nKv‡h© eëüZ †bvsiv cvwb‡K †kvab K‡i cybivq
Zv eënvi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wKš‘ cÖwikÖyZKiY eë¯’vq mvgvb¨ Zg ÎæwU _vK‡j G
†_‡K jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¸iæZi iK‡gi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|
gvwU `~lY I Zvi djvdj (Soil Polution & Effect)

g„wËKv I gvwU f~Z¡‡Ki Dcwifv‡Mi GKwU cvZjv AveiY| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y g„wËKv `~lY N‡U †hgb−f~wg
ÿq, evqy cÖevn m„wó, MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgZ ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi Kiv
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gvwUi ¸bMZ gvb bó n‡q hvq d‡j gvwU `~lY N‡U|
GQvov KxUbvkK eënv‡i Avgv‡ì gvwU `~wlZ n‡”Q| evowZ dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ dmj‡K KxU
cZ‡½i AvµgY †_‡K iÿv Kivi ZvwM‡` †h ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` I mvi eënvi Kiv nq, Zv gvwUi Ici
weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j gvwU `~wlZ n‡q _v‡K|

8.12 eëmvq cÖwZôvb KZ…©K cwi‡ek `~lY‡iv‡a KiYxq cÖwZKvi

Prevent Environment Pollution by Business Organization
cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Kivi Rb¨ mvivwek¦ m‡PZb n‡q D‡V‡Q| cwi‡ek `yl‡Yi d‡j we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b
wei”c cÖwZwµqv †`Lv wM‡qwQj Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z `ylY †iva Kivi cÖ‡Póv P‡j| ZvB cwi‡ek `ylY
cÖwZ‡iva Kievi Rb¨ †MvUv wek¦evmx‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| AbwZwej‡¤^ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e cÖK…wZi
fvimvg¨ iÿvq h_v_© Dcvq|
†h me hš¿ ev Mvwo †_‡K ÿwZKi †auvqv ev M¨vm‡ei nq Zvi eënvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk
weKí kw³i eënvi eë¯’v †hgb cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, †m․ikw³ cÖK…wZ wbf©i h‡š¿i eënvi e„w× cwi‡ek‡K
A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^vfvweK ivL‡Z n‡e| wbwe©Pv‡i hv‡Z MvQ KuvUv‡bv nq †mw`‡K cy‡iv wek¦evmx‡K bRi w`‡Z
n‡e Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi ev e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M ebvqb ev e„ÿ †ivcb‡K mvgvwRK Av‡›`vj‡b
cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki cwie‡Z© •Re mv‡ii eënvi e„w× cwi‡e‡ki my¯’Zv iÿv mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
8.13 AvBGmI
ISO
AvBGmI (ISO) Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q International Organization for Standardization
(AvšÍR©vwZK gvb Dbœqb ms¯’v)| GwU
we‡k¦i gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
GwU GKwU ¯^vaxb, †emiKvix cÖwZôvb
†hwU cÖvq 162 †`‡ki RvZxq gvb Dbœqb
KwgwU (National Standard
bodies) Øviv MwVZ| GwU 1947
mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m cÖwZwôZ nq|
GwUi mì `ßi †R‡bfv, myBRvij¨v‡Û
Aew¯’Z| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ 162wU †`k Ges cÖvq 3368 KvwiMix †evW© (Technical
body) gvb Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i| Gi mì `ß‡i cÖvq 150 Rb †jvK c~Y©Kvjxb Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| ISO
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©`ÿZv e„w× K‡i| ISO Gi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k c‡Yï ¸Yv¸b m¤ú‡K©
wbwðZ nq, hvi Kvi‡b AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï †h evav Av‡Q Zv `~i nq| ISO me©‡ÿ‡ÎB AvšÍR©vwZK
gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Lv`¨ wbivcËv †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi, K…wl †_‡K ¯^v¯’¨‡mev ISO
me©‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q|

AvBGmI Gi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of ISO)

AvšÍR©vwZK eëmvq evwYR¨ Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b AvBGmI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
AvBGmI ïaygvÎ MÖvnK‡ì‡K DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ mieiv‡ni wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i bv; GwU AvšÍR©vwZK
evwY‡Rï evav `~i K‡i eëmvq evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ AvBGmI Gi ¸iæZ¡
mswÿßfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
• AvBGmI (ISO) wbwðZ K‡i †h cY¨ ev †mev wbivc`, wek¦¯Í Ges fvj gv‡bi| Gi d‡j MÖvnKiv
eyS‡Z cv‡i cY¨wU wbivc`| hvi Kvi‡Y MÖvnKiv †fRvj c‡Yï nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvq|
• eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î AvBGmI GKwU †K․kjMZ hš¿ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| AvBGmI Gi Kvi‡Y
eëmv‡qi †gvU e¨q n«vm cvq| AvBGmI Gi Kvi‡Y eëmvq-cÖwZôv‡bi AcPq Ges fzj µzwU n«vm
cvq Ges Drcv`b ÿgZv e„w× cvq|
• AvBGmI eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K bZzb bZzb gv‡K©‡U XzK‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki
Rb¨ mylg evRvi (Playing field) ‣Zwi K‡i| hvi Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj †`k I mgfv‡e bZyb bZzb
evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• AvBGmI, gy³ Ges b¨vh¨ wek¦ eëmvq m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
• †µZv mš‘wó Ges †µZv a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
• wbixÿvi cwigvb Kgvq|
• Bnv Kg©x‡ì †cÖlbv, m‡PZbZv Ges •bwZKZv e„w× K‡i|
• GwU eëmv‡qi gybvdv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
• AcPq †iva K‡i Ges Drcv`b e„w× K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡b Ges AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ AvBGmI
¸iæZ¡ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
8.14 evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb

Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi †`kxq cY¨-mvgMÖxi gvb cixÿvi Rb¨ 1956 mv‡j XvKvq Ô †m›Uªvj †Uw÷s
j¨ve‡iUwiRÕ cÖwZôv K‡i| cieZx©‡Z 1963 mv‡j
Chamber of Commerce & Industries Gi
D‡`¨v‡M Zv Standard Institution G iæcvšÍwiZ nq
Ges ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1971 mv‡j Bangladesh
Standards Institution bvg aviY K‡i| cieZx©‡Z
1985 mv‡j ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZi Av‡`k bs 37 e‡j
``The Bangladesh Standards & Testing
Institution” bvg w`‡q K‡c©v‡iU ewW‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| GB cÖwZôvb †`wkq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb
wVK †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Ges •e‡`wkK evRvi a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|

ZvQvov A`ëwa G cÖwZôvbwU †`wkq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿Y I cixÿvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKvI †i‡L P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k GwUB GKgvÎ gvb wbaviYx cÖwZôvb| GB cÖwZôvb †`‡k Drcvw`Z
†h †Kv‡bv cY¨, c×wZ ev †mevi gvb wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| 1989 mv‡j Special Regulatory
Order Gi AvIZvq miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi ci †Kv‡bv c‡Yï Rb¨ BSTI Gi Aby‡gv`b I c‡Y¨
BSTI mxj cÖ`vb‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq|
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î RvZxq gvb wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î we.Gm.wU.AvB G ch©šÍ 6wU wWwfkbvj KvDwÝj MVb
K‡i‡Q| G ¸‡jv n‡jv−
1. K…wl I Lv`¨;
2. †KwgK¨vjm
3. B‡jKUªwb·
4. cvU I e¯¿
5. wewìs I wewìs miÄvgvw`
Dc‡iv³ 6wU wWwfkb Avevi 70wU †mKkbvj KwgwU MVb K‡i wZb gvm ci ci ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cÖwZ
gv‡m mfv K‡i Ges wewfbœ gvb •Zwi K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
evsjv‡`‡k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDU Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡¤œ †Ìqv nj−
1. cY¨-`ªe¨ I cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wba©vwiZ gvb •Zwi Kiv|
2. RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q G mKj gv‡bi eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|
3. wkí I evwY‡R¨ cÖwgZKiY I gvb wbqš¿‡Yi DbœwZ mvab Kiv|
4. c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡b Drcv`K I eënviKvix‡ì cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv|
5. cY¨-`ªe¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbwPý (Brand) wbeÜ‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi Kvh©vewj

Functions of Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution
evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb Gi Kvh©vewj wb‡gœœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍRv©wZKfv‡e KuvPvgvj,cY¨, KvVv‡gv Ges †mevi gvb, AvKvi-AvK…wZ
wba©viY Ges RbM‡Yi Kv‡R Zv‡ì mvaviY MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wVKKiY|
2. c‡Yï •`N©¨, IRb, cwigvY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi gvb wVK Kiv Ges miKv‡ii Kv‡Q G wel‡q
mycvwik Kiv|
3. c‡Yï gvb Dbœqb,gvb wbqš¿Y Ges wkí I evwY‡Rï †ÿÎ mnRxKiY|
4. cY¨, cb¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqv Ges Kvh©µg cwi`k©b, cixÿY BZ¨vw` eë¯’vKiY|
5. ¯’vbxq †fv³v, Avg`vwbKviK ev ißvwbKviK‡ì Rb¨ cY¨, KuvPvgvj Ges †mevi gvb m¤ú‡K©
mb`cÎ cÖ`vb|
6. KuvPvgvj, cY¨, Kvh©vewji gvb Ges Kvh©cÖwµqvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`K I †fv³v‡ì g‡a¨
m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUv‡bvi eë¯’v Kiv, hv‡Z Drcv`‡bi cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi AcPq n«vm cvq|
7. evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW© †¯úwmwd‡KkÝ (Bangladesh Standard Specifications) KZ…©K
wba©vwiZ cY¨ ev Kvh©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© wba©vwiZ cš’vmg~‡ni ev¯Íevqb Ges cÖPvi|
8. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ab¨‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K wba©vwiZ ev AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v KZ…©K wba©viZ
cY¨ gvb cixÿvKiY, MÖnY Ges cwiwPwZKiY|
9. G‡`kxq c‡Yï gvb wb‡`©k K‡i Ggb c‡Yï Dci gvb wPý (Standard Mark) cÖ`vb| G
gvb wPý Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark
wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
10. c~‡e© cÖ`Ë gvb wPý bevqb, mvgwqK evwZj ev ¯’vqxfv‡e evwZjKiY|
11. BSTI KZ…©K cÖ`Ë gvb wPý m¤^wjZ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ¯’vb cwi`k©b, bgybv msMÖn, cixÿY Ges
cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbMZ eë¯’v MÖnY|
12. BSTI Gi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© KvR K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,ms¯’v, ev
AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
1| KviLvbv AvBb KZ mv‡ji?
K. 1925 L. 1932
M. 1961 N. 1965
2. †c‡U›U ej‡Z wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡K †evSvq?
K. we‡kl AwaKv‡ii mgwó‡K L. mvRm¾vi bKkv‡K
M. †gavmËv‡K N. SuywK I AwbðqZv wbimbK‡í
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
Z †Kv¤úvwb GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb| Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ
†c‡Z Pvq| G Rb¨ Zviv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mb` †bqvi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q|
hviv c‡Yï gvb I †mev m¤ú‡K© mb` cÖ`vb K‡i|
3| DÏxc‡K AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z ej‡Z †Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. ISO L. BSTI
M. BIMSTEC N. ASEAN

4| Z †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨wU AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡j wb‡¤œi †Kvb myweav¸‡jv cv‡e?

i. MÖvnK mš‘wó AR©b
ii. bZzb bZzb evRv‡i cÖ‡ek
iii. gybvdv e„w×
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Aveyj Lv‡qi GKRb M‡elK| wZwb M‡elYv K‡i †m․ikw³ PvwjZ we`y¨r mieivn hš¿ Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib Ges Zv evRviRvZ K‡ib| Zvi GB hš¿wU ¯’vbxq MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡i| wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb Zvi G hš¿ bKj K‡i evRviRvZ Kiv
ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ wZwb H †Kv¤úvwbi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡iI AvBbMZ †Kvb eë¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ibwb|
K. wegv Kx?
L. ISO m¤ú‡K© aviYv `vI?
M. Aveyj Lv‡q‡ii we`y¨r mieivn hš¿wU †Kvb ai‡bi m¤ú‡ì AšÍf©~³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Aveyj Lv‡qi †Kvb AvBwb mnvqZv bv cvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki|
2| cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ e¨vcK ggZ¡‡eva †_‡K wg. AvRv` Ô÷vi Mv‡g©›UmÕ-Gi GKRb Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ AwMœwegv Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z Pvb| wegv †Kv¤úvbx Zvi cÖ¯ÍvewU cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|
Ae‡k‡l Zvi Aby‡iv‡a Mv‡g©›Um gvwjK 1 †KvwU UvKvi AwMwœegv K‡ib| AwMœKv‡Û 20 jÿ
UvKvi gvjvgvj ÿwZM¯Í nq| D³ UvKv ÿwZc~i‡Yi ci ÿwZM¯Í gvjvgvj weµq K‡i 50 nvRvi
UvKv cvIqv hvq Ges D³ UvKvi gvwjKvbv wb‡q Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv †`q|
K. g~j¨vwqZ wegvcÎ Kx?

L. AvRxeb wegvcÎ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. wegv Pzw³i †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Afv‡e wg. AvRv` D³ cÖwZôv‡bi wegv Ki‡Z e¨_© nb Zv e¨vL¨v
Ki|
N. wegv Pzw³i Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K weµqK…Z gvjvgv‡ji cÖvcK †K n‡eb? Zv DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K
we‡kølY Ki|

beg Aa¨vq
eëmvq mnvqK †mev
ASSISTANCE SERVICE OF BUSINESS
eëmvq eZ©gv‡b Ab¨Zg †ckv wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| Z‡e eëmvq cÖwZôvb †h †Kv‡bv ai‡YiB †nvK bv
†Kb Zvi MVb, cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôv‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ mn‡hvwMZv| Avevi GmKj mvnvh¨ n‡Z cv‡i-Avw_©K, gvbwmK, cÖ‡K․kjMZ,
AvBbMZ, cÖPviMZ, AwfÁZvj× BZ¨vw`| G mKj mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv GKRb eëmvwq‡K A_ev
D‡`¨v³v‡K GKw`‡K †hgb bZzb eëmvq cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î Drmvn †hvMvq †Zgwb cieZx©‡Z be¨ cÖwZwôZ
eëmvq‡K cwiPvjbv Ges Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| ZvB †h †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Giƒc mvnvh¨-
mn‡hvwMZv AZ¨šÍ Riæix|

• mnvqK †mevi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f`|
• evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• GmGgB dvB‡Ûkb (SME) †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• †emiKvwi ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• wkí I ewYK mwgwZ Ges wewRGgBG †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv
• eëmv‡q mnvqZv`vbKvwi AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vmg~n|

9.01 mnvqK †mevi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f`

Concept of Assistance Service and its Type
†`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKw`‡K †hgb wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb bZzb D‡`¨v³v
m„wó I Zv a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| G
cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvI avivevwnKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| A_©vr
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb GK‡Î c‡o bv, G¸‡jvi GKwU c~iY n‡j
Av‡iKwUi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| cÖ‡qvR‡bi aib Abyhvqx wk‡ív‡`¨vM mvnvh¨‡K †gvUvgywU wZb fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vM mnvqZv‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
wk‡ív‡`¨vM mnvqZv
DÏxcbvg~jK mg_©bg~jK msi¶Yg~jK
K. DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv
Stimulation assistance
DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv ej‡Z GKRb m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K wkí ¯’vc‡b Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡Z mÿg
Ggb ai‡bi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I Kg© ZrciZv‡K eySvq|
1. gvby‡li gv‡S D‡`¨v³vm~jf ¯ú„nv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii
eë¯’vKiY|
2. wk‡ív‡`¨vMg~jK ev wewb‡qvM my‡hvM-myweavi cwiKwíZ cÖPviYv|
3. weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³v mbv³KiY|
4. bZzb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb|
5. cY¨ wbe©vPb Ges cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡b D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ I w`K-wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb|
6. KvwiMwi I A_©‣bwZK Z_¨ Ges cY¨ weµqRwbZ Kvh©vewj †_‡K cÖvß gybvdvi cwigvY Rvbv‡bvi
eë¯’vKiY|
7. ¯’vbxqfv‡e Dchy³ bZzb cY¨ Ges Drcv`b cÖwµqvi D‡b¥‡li eë¯’vKiY|
8. wkí‡`¨vMg~jK civgk© Ges wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b cÖwkÿY cÖvß ¯’vbxq civgk©K‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi
Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZKiY|
9. wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq †dvivg MV‡bi eë¯’vKiY|

eëmvq mnvqK †mev 167
L. mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv
Supporting assistance
†h mKj mvnvh¨-mnvqZv m¤¢vebvgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ges cwiPvjbvq mÿg
K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡ì‡KB mvgwMÖKfv‡e mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv e‡j|
wb‡gœ mg_©bg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−

1. eëmvq ev wkí cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq myweav cÖ`vb|
2. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©vq‡bi eë¯’vKiY|
3. f~wg, `vjvb, kw³ I cvwb m¤ú` cÖvwßi eë¯’v Kiv|
4. hš¿cvwZ wbe©vPb Ges msMÖ‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb|
5. `y®úÖvc¨ KuvPvgvj msMÖ‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv `vb|
6. Avg`vwb jvB‡mÝmn Ab¨vb¨ jvB‡mÝ cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv `vb|
7. Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY myweavw` cÖ`vb Kiv|
8. Ki †iqvZ ev Ab¨vb¨ fZ©ywK cÖ`vb|
9. eë¯’vcKxq civgk© cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’vKiY|
10. cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv|
M. msiÿYg~jK mnvqZv
Sustaining Assistance
wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~n GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K eëmv‡qi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n
KvwU‡q mdjfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkí ¯’vc‡bi ci wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv
I mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v Gme cÖwZeÜKZv I mgm¨vw`
`~i Ki‡Z mÿg nb| wb‡gœ msiÿYg~jK mnvqZvmg~‡ni eY©bv †`qv n‡jv−
1. KviLvbv AvaywbKxKi‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
2. c‡Yï •ewPÎKiY, KviLvbvi m¤úªmviY I weKí c‡Yï Drcv`‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
3. cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w×Ki‡Y mnvqZv|
4. mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I wkíxq cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb|
5. Drcv`b cÖwZôvb msµvšÍ AvBbvbyM bxwZ cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvR‡b we`¨gvb bxwZi cwieZ©b|
6. c‡Yï ¸Yv¸Y cixÿv Ges †mevi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
7. cÖ‡qvRb wfwËK mvaviY myweavw` cÖ`vb †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv|

9.02 mnvqK †mevi Drm

Sources of Assistance Service
c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kI eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY I ¯’vc‡b mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ miKvwi-
†emiKvwi cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q| H mKj cÖwZôvb
†`‡k eëmvq ev wkí ¯’vc‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY, wkí ¯’vcb I cY¨-`ª‡eï MÖn‡Y mnvqK wewfbœ w`K D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q hv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KywUi wkí ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv−
evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v (wewmK) †`‡k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí
Dbœqb I weKv‡k wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi cÖwZôvb| G ms¯’vi cÖavb KvR
n‡jv G wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© civgk©`vb|
G ms¯’vi Ab¨vb¨ Kg©¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. wkí msµvšÍ Z_¨mieivn
2. D‡`¨v³v kbv³KiY,
3. mvnvh¨g~jK †mev
4. wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb
5. cÖKí wbe©vPb
6. cÖKí g~j¨vqb
7. m¤¢ve¨Zv cixÿv
8. FY eë¯’vcbv I ZË¡veavb
9. wkí BDwbU Aby‡gv`b cÖKí ev¯Íevqb
10. AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb
11. eë¯’vcbv I `ÿZv Dbœqb
12. cY¨ wWRvBb
13. †cÖv‡UvUvBc Dbœqb I Zvi weZiY
14. KuvPvgvj mieiv‡n mvnvh¨
15. Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi wecY‡b mnvqZv
16. DcwVKv`vwii eë¯’v Kiv
17. M‡elYv I Dbœqb
18. h‡_vchy³ Drcv`b cÖwµqv wba©viY I gvb wbqš¿Y
19. c‡Yï evRvi mgxÿv
20. ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Dci cÖKvkbv cÖf…wZ|
†ÿÎ we‡k‡l G ms¯’ v evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~ ‡ ni mv‡_ †h․_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖ ‡ qvRbxq F‡Yi eë¯’ v
K‡i _v‡K| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì Kv‡Q ms¯’ v i mvnvh¨mg~ n †cu ․ ‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ G ms¯’ v †`‡ki
wewfbœ ¯’ v ‡b kvLv ¯’ v cb K‡i‡Q|

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from Commercial Bank
†`‡ki PviwU ivóªvqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK (†mvbvjx, RbZv, AMÖYx I iƒcvjx e¨vsK) Ges evsjv‡`k K…wl
e¨vsK mviv †`‡k weivRgvb Zv‡ì kvLv¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wkí I eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb
K‡i Avm‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wbweo kÖgNb I Kg©ms¯’vbg~Lx A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi,
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|
eëmvq ev cÖK‡íi aib Abyhvqx FYmxgv me©wbgœ 50 nvRvi †_‡K m‡e©v”P 10 †KvwU UvKv| F‡Yi
†gqv` eëmvq ev cÖK‡íi Dci wbf©i K‡i wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e PjwZ g~ja‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1 ermi Ges
†gqvw` F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 3−7 eQi ch©šÍ we‡ewPZ nq|
G mKj †ÿ‡Î FY cÖvwßi †hvM¨Zv wbgœiƒc:
• FYcÖv_x© D‡`¨v³v‡K b~¨bZg 2 eQ‡ii eëmvwqK AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e|

• D‡`¨v³v‡K my¯’, wkwÿZ Ges eqm 18 †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e|
• FY‡Ljvcx, †`Dwjqv, Db¥v` I Roeyw×m¤úbœ e¨w³ F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
• D‡`¨v³v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|
• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv n‡e|

GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb
SME Foundation
ÿz`ª I gvSvix wkí weKv‡k Ges gvb Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| ÿz`ª Ges gvSvix wkí D‡`¨v³v Ges we‡kl K‡i bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ GwU mswkøó wel‡q
wewfbœ cÖwkÿYg~jK Kg©myPx Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki ÿz`ª Ges gvSvix wkí hv‡Z †`‡ki `vwi`ªZv
wbim‡b Ges A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b eo Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb GKwU ¯^vaxb Ges AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb| GwU evwYR¨ gš¿bvjq †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb
cvq 12 b‡f¤î 2006 mv‡j Ges 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwb †_‡K
†iwR‡÷ªkb cvq| Avi GwU AvbyôvwbK fv‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 2007 mv‡ji 30 †g|
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb n‡Z cÖvß mnvqZvmg~n

Assistances from SME Foundation
evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí Dbœq‡b GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ
GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZvmg~n ms‡ÿ‡c D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
 evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GmGgB cwjwm‡K ev¯Íevqb Kiv;
 GmGgB dvD‡Ûk‡bi mnR cwjwm¸‡jv MÖ n Y Ki‡Z miKv‡ii wefbœ gš¿ Y vjq Ges
G‡RwÝ‡K Aby ‡ iva Kiv;
 ÿz`ª I gvSvix wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î eëmvwqK mv‡cvU© cÖ`vb Kiv;
 bZzb GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Ges MvBW jvBb cÖ`vb Kiv;
 wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvix Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì wewfbœ †gqv`x F‡Yi
eë¯’v Kiv;
 GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì `ÿZv Avbq‡b wewfbœ cÖwkÿY Kg©m~Px Av‡qvRb Kiv;
 GmGgB eëmvqx‡ì Zv‡ì cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y mnvqZv Kiv;

 bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖ_g mvwi‡Z wb‡q Avmv Ges Zv‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i
GmGgB eëmv‡q AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;
 bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì GmGgB eëmv‡q wewfbœ F‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv;
 GmGgB eëmv‡q Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU mn wbZ¨bZzb cÖhyw³i mw¤§jb NUv‡bv;
 GmGgB eëmv‡q we‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡ì AvK…ó Kiv|
†emiKvix ms¯’v †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistances from Private Organization
D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi †¯^”Qv‡mex mvnvh¨ ms¯’v¸‡jvi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Z‡e G ms¯’v¸‡jv
g~jZ MÖvgxY weËnxb‡ì D‡`¨vMx nevi e¨vcv‡i mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b K‡qKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯’vi Kvh©µg eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q−
MÖvgxY e¨vsK
Grameen Bank
ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ MÖvgxY fywgnxb I `y t¯’ Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Avw_©K FY`vbKvix GKwU we‡klvwqZ
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb| G e¨vsK †Kv‡bviƒc RvgvbZ QvovB FY cÖ`vb K‡i| G e¨wZµgag©x e¨vs‡Ki
cÖwZôvZv n‡jb kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi weRqx W. gynv¤§` BDbym| MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g
wZwb ïaygvÎ wb‡RB GB cyi®‥vi cvbwb Zuvi cÖwZwôZ GB e¨vsKwUI GKB m¤§v‡b f~wlZ n‡q‡Q
Ges †mB mv‡_ e‡q G‡b‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ weij m¤§vb| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej weRqx MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki
hvÎv ïiæ 1976 mv‡j PUªMÖvg †Rjvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖKíÕ wn‡m‡e| †Rveiv cÖK‡íi
mvd‡jï Kvi‡Y 1979 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m Uv½vBj †Rjv‡Z G cÖKí ewa©Z Kiv nq| 1983
mv‡ji 2 A‡±vei miKvi MÖvgxY e¨vsK Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i G cÖKí‡K ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ bv‡g GKwU
¯^Zš¿ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e iƒc`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwU GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ we‡kl A_©jwMœKvix cÖwZôvvb
wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G e¨vs‡Ki gvwjKvbv 93 kZvsk f~wgnxb‡ì nv‡Z, Aewkó 7 kZvs‡ki
gvwjK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi|

2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 50 †KvwU UvKv Ges
cwi‡kvwaZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj 31.8 †KvwU UvKv|
MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K 13 m`m¨wewkó cwiPvjKgÛjx|
cwiPvjKgÛjxi mfvcwZ, eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I 2 Rb m`m¨ miKvi KZ…©K wbhy³ nb| Aewkó 9 Rb
m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb f~wgnxb †kqvi gvwjKMY KZ…©K| 2007 mv‡ji 31 gvP© Zvwi‡L XvKv, PUªMÖvg,
Uv½vBj, iscyi, cUzqvLvjx, e¸ov, wm‡jU, iRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, gqgbwmsn, bvivqYMÄ,
Lyjbv, †bvqvLvjx †gvU 15wU †Rvb-G MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki †gvU 2400wU kvLv Awdm wQj| 2006 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ 74,462wU MÖv‡g G e¨vsK Zv‡ì Kvh©µg m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q|
MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj:
MÖvgxY e¨vsK mvaviYZ wb‡gœœv³ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K−
1. weËnxb I `yt¯’ bvix I cyiæl‡ì msMwVZ K‡i MÖæc-dv‡Ûi gva¨‡g mÂq m„wó Kiv|
2. G e¨vsK `yt¯’ I `wi`ª bvix I cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ webv Rvgvb‡Z FY`vb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e G
F‡Yi 80% gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨ ewÈZ nq|
3. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wnmv‡e G e¨vs‡Ki KvR n‡jv FY Av`vq Kiv|
G e¨vsK m`m¨‡ì M„n wbg©vY, grm Pvl, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi •Zwi, KzwUi wkí cÖf…wZ cÖKí •Zwi‡Z
mvnvh¨ I A_©vqb K‡i|
eª¨vK
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
eª¨vK me©e„nr †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms¯’v| ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j ÎvY I cybe©vm‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z
wb‡q ms¯’vwU ¯’vwcZ nq| wKš‘ Gici †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY I `wi`ª RbMY‡K ÿgZvq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G
ms¯’v wewfbœ Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q|
D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ eª¨vK †h Kvh©µg¸‡jv nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q−
 ÿz`ª wkí Dbœqb Kvh©µg:
Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kvco eybb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, AvmevecÎ, •Zj Drcv`b, ¸o, `wo, euvk I
†e‡Zi mvgMÖx •Zwi, avb fvbv cÖf…wZ|
 mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb Dbœqb:

G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq f~wgnxb †jvK‡ì‡K cÖKí cÖYqb, ev¯Íevqb, eë¯’vcbv, wecYb cÖf…wZ
Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g msMwVZ Kiv nq| †hgb, BU •Zwi cÖKí|
 Drcv`b †K›`ª Dbœqb:
AvaywbK wWRvBb I cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g MÖvgxY wkíRvZ mvgMÖxi gvb Dbœqb I Drcv`b e„w× Kiv nq|
HwZn¨MZ Kviæwk‡íi Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wmé, Rvg`vwb, bKwkKuv_v cÖf…wZ|
wkí I ewYK mwgwZ

Chembar of Commerce and Industry
ewYK mfv †Kvb wbw`©ó kni, AÂj ev †`‡ki eëmvqx, wkícwZ, †ckvRxwe cÖf…wZ †kÖY xi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix GKwU AevwYwR¨K Hw”QK msMVb|
GwU mxgve× `vqwewkó †h․_g~jabx †Kv¤úvbx
wn‡m‡e wbewÜZ| †Kv¤úvbx AvB‡b wbewÜZ n‡jI
ewYK mfv cÖZ ¨ÿfv‡e †Kvb wkí I evwYwR¨K
Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K‡i bv| Z‡e †`‡ki wkí I
evwYwR¨K Kvh©µ‡gi myôz m¤úv`b, m¤úªmviY I
Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
wb‡gœ †`‡ki wkí I evwY‡Rï mvgwMÖ K Dbœ q b Ges m¤úª m vi‡Y ewYK mfvi
¸iæZ¡ / cÖ ‡ qvRYxqZv/ f~ w gKv cÖ ` Ë nB‡jv−
1. wkíbxwZ I evwYR¨bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqZv;
2. eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb;
3. Kvievwi msev`, Z_¨ I civgk© `vb;
4. MVbg~jK eëmvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I mn‡hvwMZvi D‡b¥l;
5. cY¨ I †mevi gv‡bvbœqb;
6. gvbe m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb;
7. we‡iva wb®úwË;
8. cÖfe‡jL Bmy¨;
9. evRvi m¤úªmviY;
10. eëmvq Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z cwÎKv I mvgwqKx cÖKvk|

wewRGgBG †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from BGMEA
BGMEA-Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †`‡k •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘Z I ißvwb K‡i †`‡k •e‡`wkK gy`ªvi
µgea©gvb Avq I cÖe„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ Gi m`m¨‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv I w`K-wb‡`k©bv
cÖ`vb| G j‡ÿ¨ wewRGgBG •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKviK, ißvwbKviK I Avg`vwbKviK‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU
Nwbô I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvq cwi‡ek m„wói cÖqvm Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q Ges miKvwi wewfbœ
bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©fv‡e •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKviK I ißvwiKviK‡ì‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q
Avm‡Q| wb‡gœ wewRGgBG KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv−
1. we‡`kx †µZv, eëmvq msN Ges ewYK mfvmg~‡ni mv‡_ wewfbœ Pzw³ m¤úv`b I Dbœqb|
2. AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i †cvlv‡Ki evwYR¨ Ges evwYR¨ †gjvmg~n Z`viwK Kiv| hy³ivóª Ges
BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ Ab-jvBb WvUv †mvm© †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Kw¤úDUvi
†bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨vewj wewfbœ c‡ÿi gv‡S weZiY Kiv|
3. •Zwi †cvlvK cÖ¯‘ZKvix, •Zwi †cvlvK Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ wkí Ges •Zwi †cvlvK
ißvwb‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wewfbœ wkí, †Kv¤úvbx Ges dvg©mg~‡ni AvšÍtmn‡hvwMZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
4. Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ e¨w³ Ges Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó cÿmg~‡ni gv‡S mvabZv I
m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡ÿ¨ Pjgvb eëmvq welqK wewfbœ †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
5. gvwK©b hy³ivóª I KvbvWvi mv‡_ †KvUv wba©viY Ges msiÿ‡Y miKvwi cÖ‡Póv‡K mnvqZv Kiv|
6. wewfbœ Mv‡g©›Um wkí KviLvbv KZ…©K Avg`vwbK…Z AvUKvcov gRyZ Kvco ¯’vbxq evRv‡i weµ‡q mvnvh¨ Kiv|
7. †cvlvK •Zwi KviLvbvmg~‡n m¤¢ve¨ AwMœKvÛ wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ wbivcËv Kg©m~Px MÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|

ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv †_‡K cÖvß mnvqZv

Assistance from Export Promotion Bureau
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k ißvbx Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi ¸iæZ¡ ev f~wgKv Acwimxg| G ms¯’v †`‡ki
kxl©¯’vbxq eëmvq mnvqK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ißvwb Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e mnvqK n‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi ¸iæZ¡ ev f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
K. Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi f~wgKv:

1. ißvwb‡hvM¨ DØ„Ë m„wói Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b e„w×‡Z Drmvn cÖ`vb I mn‡hvwMZv `vb|
2. ißvwb c‡Yï e¨vcK Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ wkíKviLvbv ¯’vc‡b mn‡hvwMZv Ges cÖvmw½K c‡Yï
Drcv`bKvix‡ì ¯^v_© iÿv‡_© miKvwi bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb|
3. ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï mywbw`©ó gvb I ¸Yv¸Y eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K
civgk© I mnvqZv `vb|
4. ißvwb c‡Yï gvb wba©viY †kÖYxweb¨vm, wWRvBb, †gvowKKiY BZ¨vw` Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv `vb|
5. ¯^í cyuwRi ißvwbKviK‡ì‡K ißvwb FY I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb|
6. ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï DbœZ cwienb I wkwcs myweav cÖvwß‡Z mnvqZv|
7. ißvwb c‡Yï Drcv`K, ißvwbKviK I ißvwb Kg©KZ©v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
L. AvšÍRv© wZK †ÿ‡Î ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi f~wgKv:
1. we‡`‡k evwYwR¨K cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY, evRvi AbymÜvb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g ißvwb evRvi Dbœqb I
m¤úmviY|
2. evsjv‡`kx ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï Rb¨ fvj kZ© wba©viY|
3. ÿz`ª ißvwbKvi‡K‡ì Rb¨ evwYwR¨K åg‡Yi eë¯’vKiY|
4. wewfbœ †`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨ †gjv Ges cÖ`k©bx‡Z AskMÖnY|
5. we‡`‡k evsjv‡`k wgkbmg~n cÖ`k©b I weµq‡K›`ª †Lvjv I cwiPvjbv Kiv|

6. ißvwb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK †dviv‡gi mnvqZv MÖnY|

7. we‡k¦i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kni¸‡jv‡Z evwYR¨ †K›`ª †Lvjv|
8. we‡`‡k m¤¢ve¨ evRvi GjvKvq evsjv‡`kxq ißvwb‡hvM¨ c‡Yï weeiY, cÖKvkbv, cÖPviYv, cY¨
MvBW BZ¨vw` mieivn †`qv|
9. ißvwbKviK I ißvwb Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K we‡`‡k cÖwkÿY, AvšÍR©vwZK †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg
BZ¨vw`‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM `vb BZ¨vw`|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki ivßvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b, †`‡ki ißvwb e„w×i Rb¨ evRvi Dbœqb
I m¤úªmviY Ges •e‡`wkK gy`vª AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î ißvwb ey¨‡iv AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
9.03 eëmv‡q mnvqZv`vbKvix AvÂwjK I AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v

The Regional and International Organization for Assisting Business
mvcUv (Sapta)
`wÿY Gkxq mvZwU †`k †hgb, evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, †bcvj, f~Uvb, kÖxj¼v I gvjØx‡ci g‡a¨
AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ mv‡K©i (South
Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation-SAARC) Aax‡b GKwU evwYR¨ Pyw³|
mvcUv g~jZ `wÿY Gkxq G mvZwU †`‡ki g‡a¨
AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z eëmvq I evwYwR¨K mn‡hvwMZv
e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k ev
AÂ‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ wewfbœ Pzw³ ev ms¯’v †hgb:
bvdUv, I‡cK, BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb, b¨v‡Uv, BZ¨vwì
g‡ZvB mvK©f~³ †`kmg~n wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K mn‡hvwMZv e„w× I m¤úªmvi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ `wÿY Gkxq
AMÖvwaKvi wfwËK evwYR¨ Pzw³-mvcUv (South Asian Preferental Trade Agreement)
m¤úv`b K‡i| 1985 mv‡j XvKvq AbywôZ cÖ_g mvK© kxl© m‡¤§j‡bi ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ
m‡¤§j‡b GZ` AÂ‡ji †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍtevwYR¨ e„w× msµvšÍ bvbv Av‡jvPbv nq| cieZx©‡Z
kÖxjsKvi ivRavbx Kj‡¤^v‡Z mv‡K©i lô m‡¤§j‡b mvcUv Pzw³i cÖv_wgK wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| 1993
mv‡j XvKvq mv‡K©i mßg m‡¤§j‡b mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ïé welqK wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZvi
AcmviY, AvšÍt‡`kxq evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb wewawb‡la Ges m‡e©vcwi ïé †iqv‡Zi gva¨‡g evwYR¨
D`vwiKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ mvcUv Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| cieZx©‡Z 1995 mv‡ji †g gv‡m fvi‡Zi bqv w`jøx‡Z
AbywôZ mv‡K©i Aóg m‡¤§j‡bi mvcUv Pzw³ ev¯Íevq‡bi wm×všÍ nq Ges 1995 mv‡ji 8B wW‡m¤î
†_‡K mvcUv Kvh©Ki nq| GPzw³ Kvh©Ki nIqvi d‡j mvK©f~³ mvZwU †`k AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×, m¤úªmviY Ges GZ` j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb AvšÍ: †`kxq evwYR¨
welqK ïémn wewfbœ wewa wb‡la Acmvi‡Yi eë¯’v M„nxZ nq|
mvcUvi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of SAPTA
mvcUv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨vewj wbgœiƒc−
1. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍt †`kxq evwYR¨ ïé nvi n«vm K‡i ev †ÿÎ we‡k‡l AcmviY K‡i
GZ` AÂ‡j GKwU gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv (Free Trade Area) ¯’vcb Kiv| Gj‡ÿ¨ 1997 mv‡ji
†g gv‡m gvjØx‡ci ivRavbx gv‡j‡Z AbywôZ mv‡K©i beg m‡¤§j‡b mvK©f~³ †`kmg~n 2001
mv‡ji g‡a¨ G AÂ‡j Aeva I gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv cÖwZôvi wel‡q HK¨g‡Z †c․Qvq|
2. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍt†`kxq evwY‡Rï m¤úªmviY I m¤úv`‡b †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv|
3. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡n we`¨gvb e¨vcK evwYwR¨K •elg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †Rvi`vi Kiv|
4. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni gv‡S cY¨ PjvP‡j mKj cÖKvi wewa wb‡la AcmviY K‡i AMÖvwaKv‡ii
wfwË‡Z GK †`‡ki cY¨ Ab¨ †`‡k AbycÖ‡e‡ki eë¯’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|
Avwmqvb
ASEAN
AvÂwjK, ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK wewfbœ wel‡q cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I Aeva evwYR¨ eë¯’v M‡o
†Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ 1967 mv‡ji 8B AvMó `wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi
K‡qKwU †`‡ki mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m `wÿY-c~e© Gkxq ivóªmg~‡ni
ms¯’v ms‡ÿ‡c Avwmqvb (Association of South East
Asian Nations /ASEAN) MwVZ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j `wÿY
c~e© Gwkqvi cuvPwU ivóª h_v, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv,
wdwjcvBb, wm½vcyi Ges _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivR‣bwZK ev ciivóª
gš¿xMY _vBj¨v‡Ûi ivRavbx e¨vsK‡K AbywôZ GK •eV‡K
Avwmqvb MV‡bi †NvlYvcÎ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| GwU e¨vsKK †NvlYv
bv‡g cwiwPZ| cieZ©x‡Z e¨vsKK †NvlYvi wfwË‡Z 1976
mv‡ji 24 †deªæqvwi‡Z Avwmqvb MVb msµvšÍ P~ovšÍ `wjj •Zwi K‡i cuvPwU †`‡ki ivóª cÖavbMY
B‡›`v‡bwkqvi evwj‡Z D³ `wj‡j ¯^vÿi K‡ib| Gici 1984 mv‡j lô m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eªæbvB, 1995
mv‡j mßg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wf‡qZbvg, 1997 mv‡j Aóg I beg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wgqvbgvi I jvIm Ges
AwZ m¤úªwZ `kg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e K‡¤^vwWqv G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v `k|
mvsMVwbK iƒc:
Avwmqvb Gi cÖavb Kvh©¨vjq B‡›`v‡bwkqvq Aew¯’Z| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ iv‡óª Gi GKwU K‡i kvLv
Kvh¨©vjq i‡q‡Q| Avwmqv‡bi bxwZ wba©viY I Gi Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ mswkøó ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki
ciivóªgš¿x Ges Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ iv‡óªi ¯^vMwZK †`‡k wb‡qvwRZ ivóª`~ZM‡Yi mgš^‡q GKwU ÷vwÛs
KwgwU i‡q‡Q| GQvovI we‡klÁ Kg©KZ©v‡ì mgš^‡q wewfbœ KwgwU wewfbœ wel‡q KvR K‡i| we‡kl
cÖ‡qvR‡b m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivóª cÖavb‡ì AskMÖn‡Y kxl© •eVKI n‡q _v‡K|

Avwmqv‡bi D‡Ïk¨:
`wÿY c~e© Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Îi weKvk I
Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨B g~jZ Avwmqvb MVb Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ Gi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni ivR‣bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b, A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b, mvgvwRK AMªMwZ I
mvs¯‥…wZK weKvk mvab Kiv|
2. m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni mb` Abyhvqx AvÂwjK kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv|
3. wkÿv, cÖwkÿY Ges M‡elYvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× K‡i|
4. m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYR¨ e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni mgš^‡q Aeva evwYR¨ GjvKv ¯’vcb|
Gj‡ÿ¨ 1993 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m Avwmqvbf~³ †`kmg~n ASEAN Free Trade Area
(AFTA) MVb K‡i‡Q|
5. ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v‡ì DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges cÖZ¨ÿ •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM AvK…ó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq
A_©‣bwZK eë¯’vq miKvix n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci gvÎv n«vm Kivi wel‡q m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡n HK¨gZ ¯’vcb|
6. c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ kw³kvjx evwYR¨ ms¯’v; †hgb- EU, NAFTA BZ¨vwì cÖe„w×i wel‡q
iÿYvZ¥K g‡bvfve †cvlY Kiv|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO)

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci wek¦e¨vcx A_©‣bwZK wech©‡qi †h m~Pbv N‡U wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y Zv Av‡iv
fqven n‡q D‡V| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci we‡k¦i
DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni A_©‣bwZK g›`ve¯’vi D‡ËviY,
we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k bZzb bZyb evRvi m„wó Ges
wek¦ A_©bxwZi MwZ cÖK…wZi Dci wbqš¿Y eë¯’v
cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ General Agreement on
Tarriffs and Trade ev ms‡ÿ‡c GATT
cÖwZôvi Kvh©µ‡gi m~Pbv N‡U| Giƒc GKwU
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 1948 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvix wKDevi
ivRavbx nvfvbvq 23wU cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K
†`‡ki ivóª cÖavbM‡Yi GK m‡¤§j‡b GATT Gi AvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| cÖwZôvKv‡j Gi m`m¨
msL¨v 23 n‡jI cieZx©‡Z Zv e„w× †c‡q 132-G DbœxZ nq|
M¨vU Pzw³i Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj wek¦ evwYR¨ eë¯’vq mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦ evwY‡R¨
MwZkxjZv wdwi‡q Avbv, we‡k¦ gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zvjv Ges AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj
†`kmg~‡ni ißvbx evwY‡Rï cwiwa e„w× K‡i|

1944 mv‡j †eªUb DW&m Kbdv‡i‡Ý wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd-Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ ms¯’v
(AvBwUI) MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z wek¦ e¨vsK Ges AvBGgGd cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡jI gvwK©b
Ks‡MÖ‡mi Aby‡gv`b bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y AvBwUI MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| AvBwUI ev¯ÍevwqZ bv
nIqvq AvBwUI Gi cwie‡Z© 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq we‡k¦i 23wU †`‡ki AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ mfvq GATT
Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| 1947 mv‡j †R‡bfvq AbywôZ •eVKwUB wQj GATT Gi cÖ_g mfv ev •eVK|
GATT Gi mfv ev •eVK‡K Round wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| 1947 mv‡ji †R‡bfv Round †_‡K
G ch©šÍ GATT Gi AvU Round •eVK AbywôZ nq Ges m`m¨ msL¨v 23 †_‡K 132 G DbœxZ nq|
1986 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤î †_‡K Diæ¸‡q‡Z ïiæ nq GATT-Gi me‡P‡q `xN© I AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ivDÛ| 74wU †`‡ki evwYR¨ gš¿xiv G ivD‡Û Ask †bb| K‡qK eQi Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi ci 1994 mv‡ji
15 GwcÖj gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivev‡Z 128wU †`‡ki M¨vU Pzw³‡K Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g †kl nq Diæ¸‡q
ivDÛ| GPzw³i DËimyix wn‡m‡e 1995 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq World Trade Organisation (WTO) ev
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v Ges H eQ‡ii 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K WTO Zvi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi D‡Ïk¨vewj
Objectives of WTO
GATT-Gi b¨vq wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ †`‡k ewntevwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivwcZ
RwUj wewa-wb‡la AcmviY c~e©K wek¦e¨vwc myôz, mvejxj I evav-weNœnxb Aeva I gy³ evwY‡Rï
m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv| g~jZ wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v cÖwZôvi ci GATT-Gi D‡Ïk¨vewj
AR©‡bi `vwqZ¡ WTO-Gi DciB Ac©Y Kiv nq|
wb‡gœœ WTO Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D‡Ïk¨vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. `ÿ I Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavq cY¨ Drcv`b‡K wek¦e¨vcx DrmvwnZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© wek¦e¨vwc Aeva I
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv|
2. wek¦e¨vcx Aeva I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evwYwR¨K cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g wewfbœ †`‡k we`¨gvb U¨vwid, †KvUv I Ab¨vb¨ wewa wb‡la Acmvi‡Y Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bqvi
civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv|
3. RvZxqZv wbwe©‡k‡l †h †Kvb †`k‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡ek I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AskMÖn‡Y
mnvqZv Kiv|
4. wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z •e‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î A‣elg¨g~jK bxwZgvjv cÖeZ©‡b Kvh©Ki
f~wgKv ivLv| G j‡ÿ¨ Most fovoured Nation (MFN) bxwZi Abymi‡Y m`m¨ ivóªmg~n‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiv| MFN bxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv †Kvb we‡kl †`k hw` Zv‡ì †`‡k cY¨ ißvbx‡Z
Ab¨ †Kvb †`k‡K †Kvb AMÖvwaKvig~jK myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Z‡e Zv mKj †`k‡KB †fvM Kivi
myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|
5. wek¦ e¨vcx Zzjbvg~jK e¨q myweavi wfwË‡Z cY¨ Drcv`b c~e©K Zv Aev‡a weµq K‡i wek¦e¨vwc
gvbyl‡K Zzjbvg~jK ¯^í g~‡j¨ cY¨ mvgMÖx eënv‡ii my‡hvM w`‡q gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb
NUv‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
6. wek¦ e¨vcx DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj wewfbœ †`‡k cY¨ Drcv`b e„w×‡Z mnvqZv I Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MªnY
Kiv|

BD‡ivwcq BDwbqb
European Union
BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GwU MwVZ nq| GwU we‡k¦i
me‡P‡q eo A_©‣bwZK †RvU| Gi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cvi¯úwiK ¯^v‡_© ïé nvi
n«v‡mi gva¨‡g c‡Yï evRvi cÖwZôv| GwU
1993 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi
eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 27 Ges Zzi¯‥
G‡mvwm‡qU m`m¨ †`k| Gi mì `ßi
†ejwRqv‡gi eªv‡mjm G Aew¯’Z| hwÌ
GwU 1993 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq wKš‘ GwUi
MV‡bi BwZnvm A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv| 1957
mv‡ji 25 gvP© BD‡iv‡ci 6wU †`k-d«vÝ,
†ejwRqvg, jy‡·gevM©, †b`vij¨vÛ, cwðg Rvg©vwb I BUvwji g‡a¨ †iv‡g GK Pyw ³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| Pzw³
Abyhvqx 1 RvbyqvwiÕ 58, BBwm AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z weª‡Ub, †WbgvK©, Avqvij¨vÛ, †¯úb,
cZ©yMvj G ms¯’vq †hvM †`q| 1 b‡f¤î 1993 mv‡j BBD bvgKiY Kiv nq| 1992 mv‡j GwU GKK
BD‡ivcxqvb evRvi cÖwZôvi jÿ¨ AR©b K‡i Ges 1999 mv‡j m`m¨f~³ †`kmg~‡n GKK gy`vª
ÒBD‡ivÓ Pvjyi eë¯’v K‡i|
BBD-Gi A½msMVb
A Eight Associate Organization of EU
1. BD‡ivcxq cvj© v ‡g›U: mì `ßi ÷ª v mevM© (d« v Ý)| m`m¨ eZ© g v‡b 76, wjmeb Pz w ³
Kvh© K i n‡j m`m¨ n‡e 751|
2. KvDwÝj Ae BD‡ivc: cÖw ZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| m`m¨ †`‡ki ciivóª g š¿x iv Gi
cÖw ZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
3. BD‡ivcxq Kwgkb: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|
4. `¨v †KvU© Ae Rvw÷m Ae `¨v BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU : cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|
5. BD‡ivcxqvb Bb‡f÷‡g›U e¨vsK: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨| GwU Kgb gv‡K©U MVb, wkí
msK‡U mvnvh¨ `vb Ges AbybœZ AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡b fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i _v‡K|
6. B‡KvbwgK GÛ †mvm¨vj KwgwU: cÖwZwbwa 222 Rb|
7. KwgwU Ae wiRbm: cÖwZwbwa 222 Rb|
8. BD‡ivcxqvb †KvU© Ae GwWUim: cÖwZwU m`m¨ †`k Gi m`m¨|
wegm‡UK
BIMSTEC
wegm‡UK (BIMSTEC) GKwU A_©‣bwZK msMVb| hvi c~Y© bvg Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Co-operation| GwU 1997 mv‡ji 6B Ryb cÖwZôv
jvf K‡i| ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kÖxjsKv I
_vBj¨vÛ wb‡q MVb Kiv nq evsjv‡`k-BwÛqv,
kÖxjsKv-_vBj¨vÛ B‡Kv‡bvwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb
(BISTEC)| 1997 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i wgqvbgvi
‡hvM`vb Ki‡j ÒM” hy³ n‡q BIMSTEC
bvgKiY Kiv nq| 2003 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K †bcvj
I fyUvb wegm‡U‡K †hvM`vb Ki‡j Gi mgm¨ msL¨v
†e‡o ùvovq 7| 2004 mv‡ji kxl© m‡¤§j‡b Gi bvg
cwieZ©b Kiv nq| wegm‡U‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv m`m¨
†`k¸‡jvi A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k, BwÛqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wgqvbgvi,
kÖxjsKv, †bcvj I fzUvb GB 7wU †`k BIMSTEC Gi m`m¨| Gi A¯’vqx Kvh©¨vjq _vBj¨v‡Ûi
e¨vsK‡K| Gi ¯’vqx mì `ßi ¯’vwcZ n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvq|
eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ:
1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU Kx ai‡bi cÖwµqv ?
K. GKv_©K L. mvgwqK
M. avivevwnK N. AavivevwnK
2| GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †Kgb cÖwZôvb ?
K. ¯^vaxb I AjvfRbK L. ¯^vaxb I jvfRbK
M. ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ I AjvfRbK N. ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ I jvfRbK
3| †h j‡ÿ¨ mvcUv Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq, Zv n‡jv−
i. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ïé AcmviY
ii. AvšÍt‡`kxq evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î wewawb‡la `~ixKiY
iii. mvK©f~³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K ‣elg¨ `~ixKiY
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi wkí cÖwZôvb mwVK I my›ìfv‡e cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB Kvi‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì mnvqZvi Rb¨ miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq wewfbœ cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv
n‡q‡Q| cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e wkí cwiPvjbvq GmKj cÖwZôvb e¨cK mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
4| †Kvb ms¯’v wkí †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i?
K. evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v L. GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb
M. evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms¯’v N. wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v
5| †`‡ki ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi eë¯’vcbv I `ÿZv Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb †KvbwU?
K. BGMEA L. SME
M. BKMEA N. BISIC
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| eëmvq GKwU m„Rbkxj, RwUj I SuywKc~Y© KvR| ZvB cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq wg.dviæK eëmv‡q
Avm‡Z Pvbwb| cieZ©x‡Z Rbve Avj‡gi cÖ`Ë wkí ¯’vc‡b Aby‡cÖiYv, cÖhyw³MZ I A_©‣bwZK
Z_¨ mieivn civgk© †c‡q wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡jb|
cieZ©x‡Z eëmv‡qi AvaywbKxKiY, c‡Yï •ewPÎKi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K FY †bqvi wm×všÍ
†bb| wZwb fve‡Qb e¨vsK hw` cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w× KiZ Zvn‡j Zvi FY
cwi‡kva myweav n‡Zv|
K. MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôvZv †K?
L. wegm‡UK ej‡Z Kx eyS?
M. wg. Avjg, wg. dviæK‡K eëmvq Kivi Rb¨ †h Aby‡cÖiYv w`‡jb, Zv †Kvb ai‡bi mnvqZv? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. cÖK…Z FY I my` cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` e„w × Ki‡j Zvi c‡ÿ FY cwi‡kv‡a myw eav n‡e|
wg.dviæ‡Ki GB fvebvi †h․w³KZv g~j¨vqb Ki|
2| weMZ K‡qK eQi Mv‡g©›Um wk‡í evsjv‡`k †ek GwM‡q †M‡Q| Mv‡g©›Um Lv‡Zi GB Dbœq‡bi
welqwU bR‡i Avmvq gvmy` mv‡ne mvfvi GjvKvq GKwU Mv‡g©›Um wkí ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb •Zix
†cvkvK hy³iv‡óª ißvwb K‡ib| •Zix †cvkvK ißvwb LvZ‡K DbœZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi bvbvwea
bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| GmKj mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvmy` mv‡ne Ggb GKwU
msMV‡bi m`m¨ n‡q‡Qb †mwU miKv‡ii GB bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevq‡b mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i
Avm‡Q| m¤úªwZ wZwb hy³iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 5wU kn‡i evwYR¨ †K›`ª †Lvjvi wPšÍv fvebv Ki‡Qb|
K. mvcUv (SAPTA) Gi c~Y© bvg Kx?
L. GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. gvmy` mv‡ne †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ n‡q‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. hy³iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kn‡i evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvmy` mv‡ne miKvix †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi
mn‡hvwMZv cv‡eb e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki|

`kg Aa¨vq
eëmvq D‡`¨vM
BUSINESS ENTREPRENEURSHIP
D‡`¨vM ej‡Z bZzb wKQz ïiæ Kiv‡K eySvq| bZzb wKQz ïiæ‡Z SzuwK †hgwb †ewk _v‡K †Zgwb G‡ÿ‡Î
mKj ai‡bi cÖvwßi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K AZ¨waK| AwaK cÖvwßi cÖZ¨vkv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl‡K bZzb
bZzb D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| ÿz`ª GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡b
e„n`vqZb I wek¦we¯Í…Z eëmv‡qi DrcwËi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q gvby‡li nvRv‡iv cÖqvm-cÖ‡Póv I D‡`¨v‡Mi
`xN© weeZ©‡bi BwZnvm|

• D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv I µgweKvk|
• eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨ I Kvh©vewj|
• mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj|
• AvZ¥we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj mbv³KiY|
• eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK~j cwi‡ek|
• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨v‡Mi m¤úK©|
• Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb|
• evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v Ges Zv `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n|
• evsjv‡`‡ki mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì mswÿß cwiwPwZ|
• evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì miKvi cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav|
• evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dbœq‡b wKQz mycvwikgvjv|

10.1 D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv I µgweKvk

Evolution & Concept of Entrepreneurship
bZzb eëmvq ïiæ A_ev bZzb cY¨ aviYv, cÖhyw³ ev evRvi, D™¢veb Ges Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gybvdv
AR©‡bi D‡`¨vM eëmvq D‡`¨vM bv‡g cwiwPwZ| eëmvq n‡jv gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨-mvgMÖx
Drcv`b, e›Ub I Gi mv‡_ mswkøó mKj KvR| Drcv`‡bi KvR wk‡íi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| wkí gvwjK
ïaygvÎ Drcv`b ev cÖwµqvRvZKiYB K‡i bv, †m GKw`‡K KuvPvgvj, kÖg I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY µq K‡i
cY¨-mvgMÖx Drcv`b ev Ab¨w`‡K Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx evRv‡i weµq K‡i| ZvB gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
µq, Drcv`b, weµq, cÖwµqvRvZKiYmn mswkøó †Kvb bZzb D™¢vebx wPšÍvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi
cÖqvm‡KB eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev wk‡ív‡`¨vM ejv nq|
wb‡gœœ eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYvi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm Zz‡j aiv n‡jv−
1. cÖvPxb hyM (Earliest period): wewfbœ mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L eëmvq D‡`¨vM
mvaviY wbq‡g bZzb MwZ jvf Ki‡jI Ôeëmvq D‡`¨vMÕ ev Ôwk‡ív‡`¨vMÕ aviYv †h cÖvPxb hy‡M
cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwb Zv wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq|
2. ga¨ hyM (Middle age): GKv`k I Øv`k kZ‡K BUvjx‡Z eëmv-evwYR¨ bZzbfv‡e weKvk jvf
K‡i| e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| wnmve-msiÿY c×wZi Dbœqb N‡U| mß`k kZ‡K G‡m BD‡iv‡c
AviI wKQz †`k eëmv‡q DbœwZ jvf Ki‡j •e‡`wkK eëmv‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j
eëmvq ev wkí-evwYR¨ A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V| Gi myev‡` eëmvq D‡`¨vM aviYv gvby‡li
g‡b ¯’vb wb‡jI Zv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ nqwb|
3. AvaywbK hyM (Modern stage): AvaywbK hyM ej‡Z Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wkí wecøe ïiæi
mgmvgwqK Kvj‡K eySvq| hvwš¿K kw³i D‡b¥l G mg‡q wkí wecø‡e g~L¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| GB hvwš¿K
kw³i D™¢e wQj †mB mg‡qi GK Acwinvh© `vwe| KviY KvwqK kÖg Ges cïkw³ wbf©i Drcv`b
eë¯’v eëmvq Dbœq‡bi ZrKvjxb MwZavivi mv‡_ m½wZ weav‡b mÿg wQj bv| evRv‡i c‡Yï
Pvwn`v e„w×i Zzjbvq Drcv`b e„w× bv cvIqvq bZzb bZzb eëmvq M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi
†Póv P‡j| d‡j eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev bZzb eëmvq Movi fvebv mgv‡R e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv cvq| G
†cÖwÿ‡ZB Ôeëmvq D‡`¨vMÕ ev Ôwk‡ív‡`¨vMÕ aviYv Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íy‡Z cwiYZ nq|
eëmvq D‡`¨vM/wk‡ív‡`¨vM Gi msÁv
Defination of Business Entrepreneurship
evsjv fvlvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z †Kvb KvR ïiæ Kiv, Kv‡Ri Av‡qvRb Kiv, bZzb fvebv Kv‡R iæcvq‡bi eë¯’v
Kiv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| Bs‡iwR Èntrepreneurship’ kãwU divmx Entrepreneur’ kãwUi evsjv
cÖwZkã n‡jv D‡`¨v³v ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v whwb ev huviv wkí ev eëmvq MVb cwiPvjbvq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Avi
wkí D‡`¨v³vi D‡`¨vMg~jK Kvh©vewji mgwó‡K wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev eëmvq D‡`¨vM e‡j|
eëmvq D‡`¨vM 185
10.2 eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨

Features of Business Entrepreneurship
• eëmvq ¯’vcb msµvšÍ mKj Kg©KvÛ mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z eëmvq D‡`¨vM mnvqZv K‡i|
• eëmvq D‡`¨vM D‡`¨v³v‡K fwel¨Z mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ ¯^xq Kg© m¤úv`‡b AvšÍwiK K‡i †Zv‡j|
• eëmvq D‡`¨vM MZvbyMwZK aviv cwinvi K‡i bZzb wPšÍv ev aviYvi D™¢veb K‡i D‡`¨v³v‡K
eªZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
• ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi gvbwmK kw³B n‡jv D`¨g| D‡`¨vM
D‡`¨v³v‡K †h †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Z¡wir Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
• eëmvq D‡`¨vM gvwj‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb Gi cvkvcvwk Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m„wó K‡i|
• D‡`¨vM bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b ev bZzb Kg©m~w P ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq
mKj Dcvq-DcKiY myôzfv‡e msMÖn, msnZ I h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖvwZôvwbK
mdjZv AR©‡bi mvnvh¨ K‡i|
• eëmvq D‡`¨vM D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AYycÖvwYZ K‡i|
D‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj
Functions of Entrepreneur
GKUv bZzb D‡`¨vM wPšÍvi ev¯Íe iƒcvq‡b hv hv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi meB Ki‡Z nq|
G Kvi‡Y wZwb ¯^cœ`óª v, D™¢veK, A_©ms¯’vbKvix, msMVK, †bZv, cwiPvjK I wbqš¿K| DbœZ we‡k¦
D‡`¨vM cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Kvh©Ki f~wgKv jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡jI Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Zvi
h‡_ó Afve cwijwÿZ nq| d‡j GLvbKvi D‡`¨v³v‡ì A‡bK Kó I SzuwK ¯^xKvi K‡i Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY (Taking initiative): cÖ_gZ GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³i wPšÍv-†PZbvq bZzb †Kvb
eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi aviYvwU Av‡m| AZtci G D‡`¨v³v ev D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ w`K wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i
wb‡R ev wb‡Riv G‡K GKwU m¤¢vebvgq I ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| AZtci
wb‡RB GB D‡`¨vM‡K GwM‡q †bqvi wm×všÍ †bb|
2. aviYv D™¢veb I DbœqY (Initiating and developing idea): GKUv D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi ci
Zv iƒcvq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ aviYvi D™¢veb I Dbœqb Ki‡Z nq| GKUv grm Lvgvi
Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡j Zv †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e Kiv n‡e, wK ai‡bi gvQ Pvl Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` bvbvb
wel‡q aviYv m„wó Ges m¤¢ve¨ †LuvR-Le‡ii Av‡jv‡K Zvi Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
3. msMVb cÖwZôv (Establishing organization): cÖvwZôvwbK eëmvq D‡`¨vM ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ_g
ch©v‡qB GKwU cÖwZôvb ev msMVb cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb MV‡b Pzw³cÎ Ges
†Kv¤úvwb †ejvq msN¯§viK I msNwewa •Zwi Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq h_vwbq‡g Zv wbeÜb K‡i
mvsMVwbK Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Awdm ev Kvh©vjq G ch©v‡qB Lyj‡Z nq|

4. SzuwK MÖnY (Risk taking): †h †Kvb bZzb D‡`¨v‡MB A‡bK †ewk SzuwK _v‡K| D‡`¨v³vMY‡KB
G SzuwK wb‡Z nq| cÖK‡íi mdjZv I wedjZv `vqI Zvi Dci e‡Z©| cÖwZôvb‡K jvfRbK
Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ cÖwZ c‡` c‡` bvbvb SzuwK D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
mKj Ae¯’vq wbtm‡¼v‡P SzuwK MÖnY D‡`¨v³v‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|
5. A_©ms¯’vb (Financing): †h †Kvb bZzb eëmvq D‡`¨v‡M cyuw R ms¯’v‡bi welqwU LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y ©| D‡`¨v³vMY mvg_©¨gvwdK wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K A_© ms¯’vb K‡ib,
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ B‡gR‡K Kvh©Z eÜK †i‡L wewfbœ
A_© jwMœKvix cÖw Zôvb †_‡K FY †bb| msM„n xZ A‡_©i iÿYv‡eÿY, wewb‡qvM, cwiPvjbvmn
wewfbœ KvR wZwbB m¤úv`b K‡ib|
6. Kgx©ms¯’vb (Staffing): bZzb D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j Drmvnx, †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ,
m¤¢vebvgqKgx© wb‡qvM`vb Acwinvh©| e¨w³MZ cQ‡›ì E‡aŸ© D‡V cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v‡_©
h‡_vchy³ Drm †Z‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbej D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡KB msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b
GKUz Av‡M †jvK wb‡qvM w`‡q Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖw kÿ‡Yi eë¯’vc~e©K Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K
†hvM¨Kgx© msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
7. cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbv (Directing and manageing): D‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y © KvR n‡jv
wPšÍv I D‡`¨v‡Mi mydj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbvq †bZ…Z¡ `vb Kiv| G
Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, DcKiYvw` msMÖnKiY, wb‡`©kbv, ZË¡veavb, mgš^q , wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`
Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB ejv nq †h, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v wb:m‡›`‡n DËg
cwiPvjK, eë¯’vcK I †bZv|
8. evRviRvZKiY (Marketing): Drcvw`Z ev msM„nxZ cb¨ hv‡Z GKRb †µZv mš‘wó
mn‡hv‡M cY¨ ev †mev msMÖ n Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ KivB D‡`¨v³vi evRviRvZKiYg~jK
KvR| Pvwn`v gvwdK cY¨ Drcv`b, e›Ub cÖY vjx wba©viY, g~j¨ wba©viY, †mev myw eav
wbwðZKiY BZ¨vw` Gi AšÍfz©³ |
9. †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv (Maintaining communication and relation): wewfbœ
c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv KivI D‡`¨v³vi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GKUv
bZzb D‡`¨vM GwM‡q †bqvi †ÿ‡Î Ggwb‡ZB bvbvb mgm¨v _v‡K| ZvB Zv KvwU‡q GwM‡q
hvIqvi Rb¨ bvbvb c‡ÿi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© iÿv Ki‡Z nq, hv Ab¨‡ì wbKU
†_‡K mn‡hvwMZv jv‡f I KvR Av`v‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y © e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
10. Dbœqb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb (Implimentation of developing program): GKRb
D‡`¨v³v Zvi bZzb eëmvq D‡`¨vM Kvh©Z ïb¨ †_‡K ïiæ K‡ib| GRb¨ cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡K A‡bK
mgq KZK¸‡jv ch©v‡q fvM Kiv nq| ZvB D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi KvR n‡jv GKwU ch©v‡qi mdj
cwimgvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb ch©vq ev¯Íevq‡b D‡`¨vMx nIqv| G‡Z mK‡ji ¯^ZtùzZ© mn‡hvwMZv
I mvdj¨vR©b m¤¢e nq|

Kg©cÎ-1
wb‡¤œi †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi •ewkó¨ Ges †KvbwU D‡`¨v‡Mi KvR wPwýZKi|
1. mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv
2. Aa¨vemvq
3. D‡`¨vM MÖnY
4. D`¨g
5. djvdj cixÿv I g~j¨vqY
6. mgqvbyewZ©Zv
7. m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB
8. bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb
10.3 mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj

Qualities of a Good Entrepreneur
SzuwKc~Y© I Abygvb wbf©i AwbwðZ c_hvÎvq †h D‡`¨v³v Zvi bZzb eëmvq wPšÍvi ev¯Íe cÖwZdjb
NwU‡q mvdj¨ AR©‡b mÿg nb Zv‡KB mdj D‡`¨v³v e‡j| mdj D‡`¨v³v wb:m‡›`‡n GKRb
m„Rbkxj D™¢veK, DËg msMVK, †hvM¨ cwiPvjK I mdj †bZv|
GKRb D‡`¨v³vi cÖavb cÖavb ¸Y¸‡jv n‡jv−
• mvdj¨vR©‡bi ¯ú„nv (Need for achievement): GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª
AvKv•Lv I Avkvev`x gb wb‡q c_ P‡j| †m Zvi D‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póv‡K Zvi wb‡Ri Rxe‡b mvdj¨
jv‡fi Dcvq ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges mKj cÖ‡Póvq Zvi G ¯ú„nvi cÖwZdjb N‡U|
• m„Rbkxj gvbwmKZv (Creative mentality): GKRb fvj D‡`¨v³v bZzb wKQz m„wó Kivi gZ
m„wókxj I MVbg~jK g‡bi AwaKvix nb| GQvovI bZzb m„wó wPšÍv‡K ev¯Í‡e iæcvwqZ Kivi Rb¨
bZzb Dcvq-c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi mvg_©¨ _vK‡Z nq|
• `~i`„wó ev cÖÁv (Foresightness): `~i`„wó ev cÖÁv GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi GKUv eo ¸Y|
Giæc ¸‡Yi Øviv wZwb m¤¢vebvi bZzb †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡ib| fwel¨Z mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv Abygvb K‡i
mvd‡jï m¤¢vebv‡K my`„p K‡ib Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wePÿYZvi cwiPq †`b|
• Aa¨vemvq (Punctual) Aa¨vemvq ej‡Z •ah©¨ a‡i µgvMZ †Póv Pvwj‡q hvIqv‡K eySvq|
GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi cÖ‡Póvq GKev‡iB mdj n‡eb ev µgvMZ mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡eb, GUv KLbB
cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB cÖwZUv c`‡ÿ‡c djvdj we‡ePbv c~e©K bZzb c`‡ÿ‡c GwM‡q hvIqv
D‡`¨v³vi eo ¸Y|

• SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv (Risk taking mentality) GKRb D‡`¨v³vi SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv
GKwU eo ¸Y| PvKwiRxwe I MZvbyMwZK eëmvqx‡ì mvaviYZ G ai‡bi gvbwmKZv _v‡K bv|
GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi mgq, kÖg I cyuwR‡K mgwš^Z K‡i Ges wewfbœ `v‡qi †evSv gv_vq wb‡q
D‡`¨vM‡K GwM‡q †bb|
• mvnm I eyw×gËv (Bravity and intallectual): SzuwKc~Y©, Abygvb wbf©i I A‡Pbv c‡_ Kvh©Z
Rxeb‡K evwR †i‡L GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zvi D‡`¨vM wPšÍv‡K ev¯Íevqb K‡ib| G Rb¨ GKRb
D‡`¨v³v‡K h‡_ó mvnmx n‡Z nq| Zvi G mvnm Aek¨B eyw×gËv Øviv mylgvgwÛZ n‡q _v‡K|
• wkÿv I AwfÁZv (Education and experience) : eZ©gvb RwUj eëmvq RM‡Z †h †Kvb
eëmvq D‡`¨vM‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ c‡ÿi ¯^Z:ù~Z© ¯^xK„wZ I mg_©b Acwinvh©| Avi
G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³vi wkÿv I AwfÁZv Ab¨Zg ¸Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| mwVK c~e©vbygvb, Kvh©Ki
†hvMv‡hvM, h_vh_ Kvh©eë¯’v MÖnY BZ¨vwì mewKQzB GLb D‡`¨v³vi e¨w³MZ wkÿv I AwfÁZvi
Dci wbf©ikxj|
• †ckvMZ I cÖhyw³MZ Ávb (Knowledge about profession and technology):
eëmvq D‡`¨v‡M mdjZv AR©‡b D‡`¨v³vi †ckv`vwi g‡bvfve Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ckvMZ I
cÖhyw³MZ Ávb _vKv Acwinvh©| †KD hw` †U·UvBj wkí Mo‡Z Pvq Z‡e Giæc wkí mswkøó
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb Zvi _vKv ìKvi, hv Zv‡K mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
• wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mvg_¨© (Ability to take decision): h_vmg‡q h_vh_ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨
GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi eo ¸Y| †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q
nvRv‡iv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v, my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vwì h_vh_ g~j¨vqb
K‡iB G mKj wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wej¤^ ev `ye©jZv cy‡iv D‡`¨vM‡KB
ÿwZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• bgbxqZv (Flexibility): bgbxqZv ej‡Z cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ m½wZ weavb K‡i Pjvi
mvg_©¨‡K eySvq| GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wb:m‡›`‡n Giæc ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| Abygvb wbf©i ARvbv
D‡`¨v‡M bvbvb cÖwZK~jZv †`Lv †`qv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| ZvB c~e© wm×všÍ Abyhvqx me©Î Pjv m¤¢e nq
bv| bgbxqZv ¸Y G‡ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K ev¯Íe Kg©cš’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póvq cw_K„‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Zvi be
be D‡`¨vM †hgwb †`‡ki eëmvq Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L †Zgwb bZzb D‡`¨v³v m„wó‡ZI Zv
LyeB mnvqK nq| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î Dc‡iv³ ¸YvewjB Zv‡K mdjZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10.4 AvZ¥we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj mbv³KiY
Methods of Assessing self Entrepreneurial Qualities
eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦ eëmvq GKwU m¤§vbRbK †ckv wn‡m‡e me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| Z‡e eëmvq‡K mevB †ckv
wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, eëmvq GKw`‡K †hgb SzuwKc~Y© Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb eëmv‡qi wcQ‡b
†h cwigvY, kÖg, g~jab I eyw×gËv e¨q Ki‡Z nq Zv A‡b‡KiB †bB| Z‡e eëmvq SzuwKc~Y© n‡jI G
†_‡K Avq DcvR©‡bi m¤¢vebvI mxgvnxb| ZvB †ckv wn‡m‡e eëmvq‡K MÖnY Kivi c~‡e© GKRb
eëmvqx ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv‡K A_©vr ¸Yvewj‡K wewfbœfv‡e hvPvB-evQvB Ki‡Z
nq|
wb‡gœ GKRb D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj we‡køl‡Yi K‡qKwU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
avc-1 : K…wZZ¡vR©b Pvwn`v:
GKRb D‡`¨v³v wbR¯^ ¸Yvejxi we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †h welqwU hvPvB Ki‡eb Zv n‡jv-Zvi g‡a¨
K…wZZ¡vR©b Pvwn`v wK cwigv‡Y Av‡Q| A_©vr K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v n‡jv fv‡jv wKQz Kivi AvKv•Lv, ¯^xq
Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g K…wZ‡Z¡i Af¨všÍixY Abyf~wZ AR©b| D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v wK
cwigvY Av‡Q Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv Avek¨K|
1. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avwg e¨w³MZfv‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cQ›` Kwi wK bv?
2. Avwg wK `ÿZvi mv‡_ †Lj‡Z cQ›` Kwi, bv wK my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i _vwK?
3. wbqwš¿Z SzuwK wb‡Z cQ›` Kwi, bvwK Zvi †P‡q Kg ev †ekx SzuwK wb‡Z cQ›` Kwi?
4. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi djvdj Rvb‡Z PvB wKbv?
5. cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb n‡j Avwg wb‡R‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi wKbv?
6. Avwg wK Kg©e¨¯Í _vK‡Z PvB?
7. AvwK wK D`¨gx n‡Z cQ›` Kwi?
8. Avwg wK mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi?
Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv‡Z hw` ÔbvÕ A‡cÿv Ônu¨vÕ †ekx nq, Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Avgvi g‡a¨
D”PgvÎvi K…wZZ¡vR©‡bi Pvwn`v we`¨gvb| G‡ÿ‡Î Avwg Ryqvwo bB; GKRb wbqwš¿Z SzuwK MÖnYKvix Ges
Ab¨vb¨ welq¸‡jv wVK _vK‡j Avgvi Rb¨ GKRb fvj D‡`¨v³v nIqv Am¤¢e bq|
avc-2: wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wKQz gb¯ÍvwZ¡K cÖ‡kœi DËi I g~j¨vqb:
wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© wKQz cÖkœ •Zwi K‡i †m¸‡jvi mywPwšÍZ DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖkœ¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. Avwg wK AweiZ evwR a‡i _vwK?
2. Avwg wK Aweivg my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i _vwK?
3. Avgvi mKj wPšÍv Ges Kíbv †Kvb eo Rq‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nq wK bv?
4. Avwg hLb nvi‡Z _vwK, ZLb wK AbeiZ †Póv Ki‡Z _vwK?
5. GKevi Rqjvf Ki‡j Avwg wK †_‡g _vK‡Z cvwi?
6. Avwg wK me wKQz †kl †Póv wn‡m‡e SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z cÖjy× nB?
GLv‡b ÔbvÕ DË‡ii †P‡q Ôn¨vÕ DËi †ewk n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Avwg Ryqvwo bB, GKRb wbqwš¿Z SzuwK
MÖnYKvix|
avc-3 mdjZvi Rb¨ `ÿZv I wb‡Ri gv‡S we`¨gvb `ye©jZv m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b:
G‡ÿ‡Î eëmv‡q mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj `ÿZv I ¸Yvewj me‡P‡q †ekx cÖ‡qvRb
†m¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Kwi Ges G mKj `ÿZv I ¸Yvewj Avgvi g‡a¨ wK cwigvY Av‡Q
†m m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Kwi|

avc-4: cÖwZwôZ D‡`¨v³vi mv‡_ gZ wewbgq:

G ch©v‡q ¯’vbxq GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mv‡_ gZwewbgq Kwi| gZ wewbgq Kv‡j c~‡e© •ZwiK…Z
cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøwLZ cÖwZwU welq m¤ú‡K© cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e we‡kølY Kwi| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
1. Avgvi aviYv Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi aviYvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY;
2. †h mKj wel‡q Avwg GKgZ Ges †h mKj wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY Kwi, †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Kwi;
3. †h mKj wel‡q Avgvi `ye©jZv Av‡Q, †m¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Dchy³ Dcvq wbiæcY Kwi;
4. mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv •Zwi Kwi;
5. †Kvb we‡kl `ye©jZv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ KZ mgq jvM‡e Ges KZ LiP n‡Z Zv wbiæcY K‡i
Kvh©µg •Zwi Kwi|
avc-5: cÖwkÿY MÖnY I cÖwkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ MÖnY:
Gch©v‡q Avgiv wk‡ív‡`¨vM ¸Yvewj hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbKU n‡Z GKwU cÖkœgvjv msMÖn Kwi|
cÖkœgvjvwU g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i c‡o Avgvi GmKj ¸Y Av‡Q wKbv Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Póv Kwi| cieZx©‡Z
Avgvi m¤ú‡K© cÖwkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ Rvb‡Z †Póv Kwi|
wb‡gœ msM„nxZ cÖkœgvjvwUi bgybv †`qv n‡jv:
1. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ wK wK `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| eëmv‡qi
Rb¨ cÖavb wZbwU `ÿZv wK wK?
2. `ÿZvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`K eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Zvi eY©bv|
3. m„Rbkxj nIqvi †ÿ‡Î evavmg~n wK wK?
4. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ wK wK welq mswkøó?
5. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wbR¯^ ÿgZv Ges mvg_©¨ g~j¨vqb| D`vniY w`‡q †`LvI eëmvq Kivi †ÿ‡Î
G `ÿZv Kvh©Kixfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
GLb Avwg Avgvi wbR¯^ ¸Yvewj g~j¨vqb K‡i †`wL, G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KZUzKz Avgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avi
KZUzKz †kLv hv‡e| †Kvb we‡kl KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ evB‡ii we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb wK bv?
GmKj Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`wL Avwg wk‡ív‡`¨vM nIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z wK bv?
10.5 eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK~j cwi‡ek

Favourable Environment for Developing Business Entrepreneurship
DËg cwi‡ek wewb‡qv‡Mi c~e©kZ©| wk‡ív‡`¨vM cwi‡ek ej‡Z cwi‡e‡ki Ggb me Dcv`vb ev kw³i
mgwó‡K eySvq hv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| cwi‡e‡ki G mKj
Dcv`vb wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kvh©µg Z_v eëmvq msMV‡bi MVb, cwiPvjbv, wm×všÍ, `ÿZv, djcÖ`Zv Ges
m‡e©vcwi Gi mdjZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ AbyK~j cwi‡ek _vKv DwPZ−
• cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek: gvby‡li Pvicv‡k †h mKj cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v †hgb- †f․MwjK Ae¯’vb, f~-
cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, b`-b`x, cvnvo-ce©Z, g„wËKv, Dw™¢` RMr, LwbR m¤ú`, Rb‡Mvwô BZ¨vw` Av‡Q Zv
wb‡q cÖvK…wZK ev †f․MwjK cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| c„w_exi †h †`k ev AÂj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` hZ mg„×
†m †`k ev AÂj wkí I eëmv-evwY‡R¨ ZZ‡ewk DbœwZ K‡i‡Q|
• mvgvwRK cwi‡ek: mvgvwRK cwi‡ek wewb‡qvM cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
gvby‡li Af¨vm, AvPvi-AvPiY, wek¦vm-Awek¦vm, cQ›`, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi
mgš^‡q mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ nq| †Kvb AÂ‡j wk‡ív‡`¨vM M‡o DVv ev bv DVvi `vwqZ¡
H AÂ‡ji mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai DciI eZ©vq| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k gvbyl mvaviYZ fv‡M¨
wek¦vmx nq Ges Zviv †Kvb wKQzi AR©b‡K fv‡Mï cÖmbœZv Ges e¨_©Zv‡K fv‡Mï wech©q wnmv‡e g‡b
K‡i| G welqwUI wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
• A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek: A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb AÂ‡ji gvby‡li Avq, mÂq, RxebvhvÎvi
gvb BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| †h †`‡ki gvby‡li Avq I mÂq †ewk †m †`‡ki gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb
DbœZgv‡bi nIqvq †mLv‡b wk‡ív‡`¨vM jvfRbK nq| wk‡ív‡`¨vM GKwU A_©‣bwZK Kg©cÖqvm| ZvB
A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dci †`‡ki wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póv, eëmv‡qi Dbœqb I cÖe„w×
wbf©ikxj| GK K_vq wZwbB ¯^v_©K D‡`¨v³v whwb A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ PjK‡K †K․k‡j Kv‡R
jvwM‡q we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
• ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek: †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY ivR‣bwZK cwi‡ek wewb‡qvM cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvivZ¥K
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| miKv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv, ivR‣bwZK `jmg~‡ni msL¨v, ivR‣bwZK gZv`k©, `„wófw½,
RbM‡Yi ivR‣bwZK fvebv BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q ivR‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK
cwi‡ek wkí ¯’vcb, cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcKxq wm×všÍ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| AbyK~j ivR‣bwZK cÖkª‡q †Kvb
eëmvq ev wk‡ív‡`¨vM †hgb mn‡RB kÖxe„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i, †miæcfv‡e cÖwZK~j ivR‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki
g‡a¨ wbcwZZ n‡q AwZ kÖxNªB GKwU cÖwZwôZ eëmvq D‡`¨vM aŸsmI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †`‡k
wewb‡qvM‡K Drmvn †Ìqvi Rb¨ Aek¨B wewb‡qvM evÜe ivR‣bwZK Ae¯’v m„wó Kiv Riæwi|
• cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek: wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `ÿZvm¤§bœ Kgx©, DbœZ
hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³| ZvB eZ©gvb wkí I evwYwR¨K Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡ki
f~wgKv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq, †h †`k weÁvb PP©v I cÖhyw³‡Z hZ‡ewk AMªm i,
wk‡ív‡`¨vM I eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Zviv ZZ †ewk AMÖMvgx|
• AvBbMZ cwi‡ek: miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ, Avg`vwb-ißvbx bxwZ,
evwYR¨ bxwZmn Askx`vwi AvBb, †Kv¤úvwb AvBb, mgevq AvBb, cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb BZ¨vw`
mgš^‡q AvBbMZ cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| †`‡ki cÖwZwôZ AvBb-Kvbyb Øviv wk‡ív‡`¨vM e¨vcKfv‡e
cÖfvweZ nq| D‡`¨v³v ev eëmvq‡ì‡K ïaygvÎ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb I AvBbMZ cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©
Iqv‡Kenvj _v‡KjB Pj‡e bv eis eëmvq cwiPvjbvq G mKj AvB‡bi f~wgKv ev cÖfveB ev wK ZvI
Dcjw× Ki‡Z nq|

• AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ek: eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi DÌvb,
A_©‣bwZK I eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvZ¥wbf©ikxj, wØcvwÿK I eûcvwÿK evwYR¨ Pzw³, A_©‣bwZK
†RvU BZ¨vwì †cÖÿvcU wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kg©cÖqvmI †`‡ki mxgvbv †cwi‡q AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j we¯Í…wZ
jvf K‡i‡Q| ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ek Ges Z`w¯’Z wewfbœ ms¯’v, Pzw³, Kg©m~wP BZ¨vw` wk‡ív‡`¨vM Kg©
Ges Gi cwiPvjbv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-2
†Zvgvi GjvKvq eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb †Kvb cwi‡ek Abyiƒc Ges †Kvb †Kvb
cwi‡ek cÖwZK~j i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki|
cwi‡ek AbyK~j / cÖwZK~j KviY

AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb
miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv
Av_©-mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv
AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ
ch©vß cyuwRi cÖvc¨Zv
cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM
Ab¨vb¨
10.6 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨v‡Mi m¤úK©

Relationship Between Self Employment and Entrepreneurship
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb
Self employment
wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb e‡j| AviI GKUz ¯úó K‡i ejv hvq †h, wbR¯^
A_ev FY Kiv ¯^í m¤ú`, wbR¯^ wPšÍv, Ávb, eyw ×gËv I `ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q b~¨bZg SzuwK
wb‡q AvZ¥cÖ‡Póvq RxweKv AR©‡bi eë¯’v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ejv nq| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q gRywi
/ †eZbwfwËK PvKwii weKí †ckvi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb †ckv ej‡Z eySvq hLb
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ ¯^xq `ÿZv ev ¸Yvewji e‡j †mev `v‡bi wewbg‡q A_© DcvR©b K‡i RxweKv Pvjvq|
D`vnviY¯^ iƒc ejv hvq †h, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q hLb GKRb KvV wgw¯¿ GKwU Kv‡Vi dv‡g©
†eZ‡bi wewbg‡q DcvR©b bv K‡i wb‡RB Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Ges G †_‡K †h Avq nq
Zv Øviv RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| ej‡Z †M‡j GKwU †`‡ki Kg© ÿg RbmsL¨vi wmsnfvMB
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v ‡b wb‡qvwRZ|
eëmvq D‡`¨vM
Business entrepreneurship
mvaviYZ D‡`¨vM n‡”Q SuywK Av‡Q †R‡bI jv‡fi Avkvq Kómva¨ Kv‡R nvZ †`qv| Avi wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev
eëmvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z eySvq jvfevb nIqvi Avkvq †jvKmv‡bi m¤¢vebv †R‡bI SzuwK wb‡q wkí ev
eëmvq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ `„pfv‡e GwM‡q hvIqv| D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³v kã `ywU GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_
Ggbfv‡e RwoZ †h, GKwUi e¨vL¨v Ab¨wU‡K ev` w`‡q Kiv m¤¢e bq| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, hvi D‡`¨vM
Av‡Q wZwbB D‡`¨v³v|
AZGe eëmvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi Kvh©µg‡K eySvq, Avi
whwb G D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib Zv‡K ejv hvq D‡`¨v³v|
10.7 Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb

Contribution of Business Entrepreneurship in Economic Development
eëmvq D‡`¨vM A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿÎ; †hgb-eëmv-evwYR¨, Drcv`b-e›Ub, Avq-wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw` mewKQz‡KB
cÖfvweZ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvg MÖæc, AvwKR MÖæc, ¯‥qvi MÖæc BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †h f~wgKv
†i‡L P‡j‡Q Zv †_‡KB Gi cÖgvY †g‡j| eëmvq D‡`¨vM wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b
Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i−
• wk‡ívbœqb: †QvU, gvSvwi I eo mKj ai‡bi D‡`¨v³v Zv‡ì wPšÍv I Kg©cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g bZzb
wkí cÖwZôvb MVb K‡ib| Zv‡ì wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbB bvbvb mn‡hvMx wkí M‡o I‡V| Zv‡ì †`Lv‡`wL
A‡b‡KB wkí cÖwZôvq GwM‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e D‡`¨vM †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
• evwY‡Rï Dbœqb: D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ LyPiv, cvBKvwi, Avg`vwb, ißvwb BZ¨vw` bvbvb ai‡bi
cÖwZôvb mdjfv‡e MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G QvovI e¨vsK, exgv, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, †gvoKxKiY
BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb Zv‡ìB cÖ‡Póvq M‡o D‡V| wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖ‡Póvi djkÖæwZ‡ZI evwY‡Rï wewfbœ kvLv-
cÖkvLv m¤úªmvwiZ nq|
• evRvi m¤úªmviY: D‡`¨v³vMY bZzb eëmvqB ïay cÖwZôv K‡ib bv, bZzb bZzb evRviI m„wó
K‡ib| Avi Giæc evRvi †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| Avgv‡ì †`‡k
Mv‡g©›Um Ges Rbkw³ ißvwbKviK †m±‡ii eëmvqxMY bZzb bZzb evRvi Ly u‡R Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi
†Póv Pvjv‡”Qb| hv wbtm‡›`‡n †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mydj w`‡”Q|
• wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b e„w×: wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ| D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ Drm
†_‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i Zv h_vh_fv‡e wewb‡qvM K‡ib| GB wewb‡qvM Drcv`b AvKv‡i wd‡i Av‡m I
DØ„‡Ëi m„wó K‡i| g~jabx hš¿cvwZ msMÖ‡ni d‡j RvZxq m¤úÌ e„w× cvq| RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×i
d‡j A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿ‡Î Zvi BwZevPK cÖfve c‡o|

• m¤ú‡ì mØënvi: D‡`¨v³vMY AeëüZ I Kg g~jëvb m¤ú`‡K eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì gybvdv
evov‡bvi †Póv Pvjvq| G‡Z m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ nq I A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb N‡U evsjv‡`‡k
d¨vkb nvDR¸‡jv MÖv‡gi †g‡q‡ì Kv‡R jvwM‡q my›ì Kvco evbv‡”Q| Gfv‡e euv‡ki KvR, †e‡Zi
KvR, †cvovgvwUi KvR BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|
• Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó: †h †Kvb †`‡kB Kg©ms¯’v‡b †emiKvwi D‡`¨v³v †kÖYxi f~wgKv
jÿYxq| D‡`¨v³v †h ai‡biB †nvK bv †Kb †m wb‡Ri QvovI Kg- †ewk wKQz †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| ZvB mKj †`‡kB Kg©ms¯’v‡bi bZzb bZzb †ÿÎ m„wó‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vi
cvkvcvwk D‡`¨v³vMY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
• miKv‡ii ivR¯^ e„w×: †h †Kvb †`‡kB miKvi ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~j PvwjKv kw³| miKv‡ii
Avw_©K Ae¯’v m‡šÍvlRbK bv n‡j KLbB †`‡ki kvwšÍ I AMÖMwZ cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq bv| D‡`¨v³vMY
eëmv‡qi AMªMwZ mvab K‡i miKvi‡K AwaK nv‡i f¨vU, U¨v·, ïé BZ¨vw` Av`v‡qi c_ myMg K‡i|
hv †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
• e¨w³MZ I RvZxq Avq e„w×: D‡`¨v³vMY wk‡íi †bZv wn‡m‡e bZzb wkí ev eëmvq cÖwZôvi
g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Zv‡ì †`Lv‡`wL A‡b‡KB bZzb wkí ev eëmvq cÖwZôvq GwM‡q Av‡m|
G‡Z wewfbœ mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V| d‡j gvwjK, Kg©Pvix I mswkøó meviB e¨w³MZ Av‡qi
my‡hvM m„wó nq| eëmvq Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB Avq e„w×| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z RvZxq Avq ev‡o|
10.8 evsjv‡`‡k eëmv D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v Ges `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq
Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh
K. evsjv‡`‡k eëmv D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mgm¨v:

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Z‡e wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨vMx gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb wk‡ív‡`¨vM cwi‡e‡ki| evsjv‡`k GKwU
Dbœqbkxj †`k| Dbœqbkxj †`k wn‡m‡e A_©bxwZi mKj †ÿ‡Îi b¨vq wk‡ív‡`¨v‡MI A‡bK mgm¨v
†`Lv hvq|
wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
• RbM‡Yi ¯^í Avq: Avgv‡ì †`‡k RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQz Avq Kg| Kg Avq nIqvi Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ GKUv nZvkv KvR K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ bZzb wKQz m„wó Kiv ev SzuwK MÖnY Kivi gZ gvbwmKZv
M‡o D‡V bv|
• Kg mÂq: Avq Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki gvby‡li mÂq AZ¨šÍ Kg| Av‡qi mv‡_ mÂ‡qi
aYvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨gvb| evsjv‡`ki gvby‡li Av‡qi Zzjbvq RxebgvÎvi e¨q A‡bK †ekx| d‡j
RbM‡Yi mÂq G‡Kev‡iB †bB| Avi Kg mÂq eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cÖwZK~j cÖfve †d‡j|
• g~ja‡bi Afve: eëmvq ev wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv ch©vß g~ja‡bi eë¯’vKiY|
Kg mÂq nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯^ g~jab _v‡K bv, Avevi D‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i
ÿz`ª D‡`¨v³vi g~jab mieiv‡n e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| Giæc Ae¯’v
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi me‡P‡q eo evav|
• wkÿv I m‡PZbZvi Afve: wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Rb¥MZ fv‡eB wk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jI wkÿv I G m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZbZv mwZ¨Kv‡ii wk‡ív‡`¨v³vq cwiYZ K‡i| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì we‡kl K‡i
ÿz`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì †Zgb †Kvb cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv _v‡K bv ev G m¤ú‡K© miKvi ev GbwRI¸‡jv
†Zgb f~wgKv iv‡L bv| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve cwijwÿZ nq|
• miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi Afve: evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj miKvwi mvnvh¨-
mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zvi Afve jÿŸxq| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i bZzb wk‡ív‡`¨v³MY
miKv‡ii †KvbB my‡hvM-myweav cvq bv| miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi cÖwZôvbI G e¨vcv‡i †Zgb
AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨vM evavMÖ¯’ nq|
• AbybœZ cÖhyw³i eënvi: AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi †`kxq wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| wKš‘
Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkí KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z GLbI cyivZb I †m‡K‡j cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| Giæc
cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y GLbI G‡`‡k ÿz`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb DbœwZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|
• evRviRvZKi‡Y mgm¨v: cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk Zvi evRviRvZKiY Kiv Acwinvh©| wKš‘
Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl K‡i ÿz`ª wk‡íi gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î evRviRvZKi‡Y
e¨vcK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| d‡j wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY G e¨vcv‡i AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j|
• eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvMZ mgm¨v: †h †Kvb mvd‡jï wcQ‡b DËg eë¯’vcbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI Zvi e¨wZµg nq bv| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k eë¯’vcbv ZZ DbœZ gv‡bi bq| ZvQvov ÿz`ª
D‡`¨v³v‡ì G m¤úK© †Kvb aviYvI _v‡K bv| d‡j †ewki fvM D‡`¨vM Kvh©µg mvd‡jï Øvi cÖv‡šÍ †c․Qv‡Z
cv‡i bv|
• cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve: wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡ì
†`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi †Zgb eë¯’v †bB| miKvwifv‡e gv‡S g‡a¨ ÿz`ª I gvSvix
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv n‡jI Zv eoKZ©v‡ì c‡KU fvwi Kivi GKwU gva¨g wnmv‡eB
mxgve× _v‡K| †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖK…Z D‡`¨v³vMY †Zgb DcK…Z nq bv|
L. evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq
Ways to Overcome the Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœ q ‡bi GKwU m¤¢ v ebvgq †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡ I eZ© g v‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v /
ÿz ` ª wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœ q ‡b †ek wKQz mgm¨v †`Lv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡K `~ i Kivi † ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œ v ³
welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1. RbM‡Yi Avq e„w×g~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY: Avgv‡ì †`‡k RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQz Avq Kg nIqvq
Zv‡ì D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi gZ gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V bv| ZvB RbM‡Yi Avq e„w×i Rb¨ e¨vcK Kvh©µg
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. g~jab mieivn: Kg mÂq nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKw`‡K †hgb D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯^ g~jab _v‡K bv,
Avevi D‡`¨v³v we‡kl K‡i ÿz`ª D‡`¨v³vi g~jab mieiv‡n e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| Giæc Ae¯’v wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi me‡P‡q eo evav| ZvB miKvimn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb‡K
g~jab mieiv‡n GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

3. miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv e„w×: evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj miKvwi mvnvh¨-

mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zvi Afve jÿŸxq| ZvB cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î hv‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY miKvwi
mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cvq †m w`‡K miKvi‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
4. AvBbMZ RwUjZv n«vm: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖKí †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zv ev¯Íevqb ch©šÍ
wewfbœ ch©v‡q GKRb D‡`¨v³v AvBbMZ RwUjZvi m¤§~Lxb nq| Giyc AvBbMZ RwUjZv `~i Kivi
Rb¨ miKvi‡K AZ¨vwaK AvbyôvwbKZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkí KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z GLbI cyivZb I †m‡K‡j
cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| Giæc cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y G‡`‡k ÿz`ª wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb DbœwZ jÿ¨
Kiv hvq bv| ZvB G †ÿ‡Î AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi Kiv Acwinvh©|
6. D‡`¨vM evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó: Avgv‡ì †`‡k D‡`¨vM evÜe cwi‡ek bv _vKvq D‡`¨vM Kvh©µg
gvivZ¥K fv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
7. cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’vKiY: Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡Ì cÖw kÿ‡Yi †Zgb eë¯’v †bB|
wKšÍy wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖw kÿY cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G Kvi‡Y wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡Ì
ch©vß cÖw kÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M †h mKj mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³
welq¸‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î miKvi I RbMYmn D‡`¨v³v‡KI
mgvbfv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
10.9 evsjv‡`‡ki mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì mswÿß cwiwPwZ
Short Description of Successful Entrepreneur in Bangladesh
K. RvZxq ch©v‡q mdj D‡`¨v³v:
−iY`v cÖmv` mvnv
Avgiv Uv½vBj †Rjvi wgR©vcy‡ii Kzgyw`bx nvmcvZvj, fvi‡Zk¦ix †nvgm&, Kzgyw`bx nvmcvZv‡ji ¯‥zj
Ae bvwm©s, Uv½vB‡ji Kzgyw`bx K‡jR, Gm. †K. nvB ¯‥zj,
gvwbKM‡Äi †`‡e›`ª K‡j‡Ri bvg ï‡bwQ| G mKj cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖwZôvZv GKRb gvÎ e¨w³| G wn‣Zlx e¨w³i bvg ib`v cÖmv`
mvnv| wZwb wKš‘ Lye abx †jv‡Ki N‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ibwb| ¯^xq
D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póve‡j wZwb eo n‡qwQ‡jb|
evsjv‡`‡k GKwU mvaviY cwiev‡i 1898 mv‡j Zuvi Rb¥| •cZ…K
wbevm Uv½vB‡ji wgR©vcy‡i| Zuvi wcZv †`‡e›`ª †cvÏvi †QvU
eëmvqx wQ‡jb| ZLbKvi w`‡b mvnv ev †cvÏvi cwiev‡ii
†Q‡j‡ì †ewk †jLvcov wkÿv †Ìqv nZ bv- cv‡Q eëmv‡qi cÖwZ Qwe: iY`v cÖmv` mvnv
hw` Zv‡ì Abvmw³ R‡b¥ †m Avk¼vq| ib`v cÖmv` cvVkvjvq wbgœœ cÖvBgvwii AwaK wkÿv cvbwb|
1914 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j evwo †_‡K cjvqb K‡i wZwb hy‡× bvg wjLvb Ges Ô †e½j G¤^y‡jÝ
†Kv‡iÕ cyiæl bvm© wn‡m‡e Kv‡R †hvM †`b| wZwb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ wQ‡jb cÖw ZkÖywZe×| ¯^xq cÖ‡Póvq wZwb
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi (BivK) hy× †ÿ‡Îi AvnZ A‡bK •mwb‡Ki cÖvY iÿv K‡ib| Gi ¯^xK…wZ¯îæc hy×
†k‡l Bsj¨v‡Ûi mgªv‡Ui m‡½ Zuvi †`Lv Kivi †m․fvM¨ N‡U| cieZx©‡Z †`‡k †divi ci hy‡×i †fUvY©
(cÖexY †hv×v) wn‡m‡e Zuv‡K †i‡ji wUwKU Kv‡j±‡ii PvKwi †Ìqv nq| 1932 mv‡j wZwb PvKwi †Q‡o
†`b| PvKwi Rxe‡bi Aemv‡bi ci wZwb †QvU GKwU Kqjvi eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| G mgq wZwb
†`L‡jb, R‣bK jÂ gvwjK †ek wKQzw`b a‡i Zvu‡K Kqjvi `vg cwi‡kva Ki‡Q bv| Kg©Pvix‡ì
wRÁvmv Ki‡j Zviv DËi w`j, Zvi eëmvq fvj Pj‡Q bv| G Kvi‡Y †m jÂ wewµ Kivi Rb¨ LwiÏvi
LyuR‡Q| ib`v G my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi Ki‡jb| wZwb cvIbv UvKv Av`vq I ¯^í g~‡j¨ jÂwU µq Ki‡jb|
jÂwU wQj cyivZb| ZvB †givg‡Zi Rb¨ cÖvqB WKBqv‡W© cÖPzi UvKv w`‡Z nZ| wZwb wPšÍv Ki‡jb hw`
WKBqvW© evbv‡bv hvq, Zvn‡j Zuvi jÂ †givgZ e¨q n«vm cv‡e| m‡½ m‡½ Ab¨ jÂ gvwjK‡ì KvR
K‡iI A_© DcvR©b Kiv hv‡e| Gfv‡e wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ Kqjv n‡Z jÂ Ges jÂ n‡Z WKBqvW© G‡K
Zvi eëmv‡qi AšÍf~©³ nj| Z‡e G eëmv‡q †h cwigvY UvKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv Zvi wQj bv| ZvB, wZwb
K‡qKRb weËkvjx Askx`vi wb‡q Ò†e½j wifvi mvwf©m †Kv¤úvwbÓ Pvjy K‡ib| G †Kv¤úvwbi Askx`vi
wQ‡jb g‡novi Rwg`vi b„‡c›`ªbv_ ivq †P․ayix, Wv. weavb P›`ª ivq, abcwZ I ivRbxwZwe` bwjbx iÄb
miKvi Ges Rvw÷K †K. Gb. gRyg`vi| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq wZwb G †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKRb mn‡hvMx wQ‡jb|
c‡i Abïv SzuwK wb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i eëmvq †Q‡o w`‡j wZwb Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ A_© cwi‡kva K‡i wb‡RB G
†Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK nb| Zvi wQj SzuwK †bIqvi AmvaviY mvnm I A`g¨ gvbwmK `„pZv|
wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nj| Rvg©vwbiv eªþ‡`k (wgqvbgvi) `Lj K‡i wbj| eªÿ‡`kB wQj PvD‡ji Rb¨
Bs‡iR‡ì cÖavb fimv| ZvB, eªþ‡`k nvZ Qvov nIqvi ci Zviv mvgwiK evwnbx I †emvgwiK
cÖkvm‡bi LvwZ‡i cÖPzi PvDj †Kbvi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| ZrKvjxb Lv`¨gš¿x †nv‡mb knx`
†mvnivIqv`x© mv‡n‡ei mv‡_ ib`v mvnvi cwiPq wQj| miKvi PvDj µ‡qi Rb¨ PviRb G‡R›U wb‡qvM
Kij| ib`v mvnvi bvg Gi g‡a¨ AšÍf~©³ nj| G eëmv‡q ib`v A‡bK jvfevb n‡jb Ges 1944
mv‡j ib`vi AwR©Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY jÿ UvKvq ùvovj| ejvevûj¨ ZLb jÿ UvKv GLbKvi K‡qK
†KvwU UvKvi mgvb| wKš‘, G UvKv Zvi g‡b GK fvevšÍi m„wó Kij| wb‡Ri evj¨Kv‡j webv wPwKrmvq
gvZvi g„Zz¨, hy×Kv‡j •mb¨‡ì `ytmn Ae¯’v ¯§iY K‡i Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wZwb GK A™¢~Z †PZbv Abyfe
Ki‡jb| 1944 mv‡j ib`v mvnv wgR©vcy‡ii fzZz‡o Lvj e‡j cwiwPZ GjvKvq 50 †e‡Wi nvmcvZvj
I GKwU `vZe¨ wWm‡cÝvwi ¯’vcb K‡ib| G mg‡q bvivqYM‡Äi AwZ cÖvPxb cvU eëmvqx cÖwZôvb
RR© GÛvimb †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì cvU eëmvq Zz‡j †Ìqvi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡j ib`v mvnv G my‡hvM MÖnY
K‡ib Ges RR© GÛvim‡bi cv‡Ui ¸`vg Ges GKwU WKBqvW© Pvjy Ki‡jb| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói c~e© gyû‡Z©
Zvi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY ùvovj `yÕ‡KvwU UvKvi gZ| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q wZwb Zvi m¤ú~Y©
eëmvq †_‡K †h Avq nZ Zv Øviv GKwU `vZe¨ Uªv÷ MVb K‡ib| GUvB Kzgyw`bx I‡qj‡dqvi Uªv÷
bv‡g L¨vZ| cÖ_‡gB Avgiv Zvi ¯’vwcZ Rb‡mevg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL K‡iwQ| G mKj
cÖwZôvb G Uªv‡÷i jf¨vsk n‡ZB cwiPvwjZ nZ| wb‡Ri fiY- †cvl‡Yi e¨q Qvov Avi wKQz wZwb G
Uªv‡÷i jf¨vsk n‡Z MÖnY Ki‡Zb bv| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK abx eëmvqx eëmvq K‡i †M‡Qb| wKš‘,

wb‡Ri me©¯^ gvbeZvi †mevq Gfv‡e `vb Kivi `„óvšÍ weij| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci weËkvjx wn›`yiv
A‡b‡KB fvi‡Z P‡j hvb| wKš‘, ib`v mvnv Zuvi gvZ…f~wg Z¨vM K‡ibwb| GgbwK 1971 hLb
evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv hy× ïiæ nq ZLbI wZwb G‡`‡k †_‡KB gvZ…f~wgi †mev Kivi cÖwZÁv K‡ib| dj
nj AZ¨šÍ `~f©vM¨RbK| 1971 mv‡ji 7B †g ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb †mbviv Zuv‡K Ges Zuvi
Kwbô cyÎ fevbx mvnv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i wb‡q hvq| c‡i Zv‡ì Avi †Kv‡bv mÜvb †g‡jwb D‡`¨v³v
wn‡m‡e ib`v mvnvi Pwi‡Î †hme ¸Y wQj Zb¥‡a¨ msMVb †hvM¨Zv, SzuwK †bqvi mvnm, fwel¨r †`Lvi
ÿgZv, AvZ¥wek¦vm Ges my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi Ab¨Zg| e¨w³Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb eÜzermj, `vbkxj Ges
Abb¨ mgvR‡mex| wZwb wQ‡jb wkÿv AbyivMx| AvZ©gvbeZvi †mevq wb‡ew`Z| wZwb †h Av`k©
Avgv‡ì mvg‡b †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv G †`kevmx wPiw`b K…ZÁZvf‡i ¯§iY ivL‡e|
†nvm‡b Aviv †eMg-wU Gg Gm Gm (Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha):
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Ges wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b †h mKj bvix D‡`¨v³v KvR Ki‡Q
Zvi g‡a¨ W. †nvm‡b Aviv †eMg Ab¨Zg| †nvm‡b Aviv †eM‡gi
GKRb hyeK Ges hyeZx gwnjvi Df‡qi AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q| †nvm‡b
Aviv †eMg 1953 mv‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i Ges GKRb cyiæl wn‡m‡e eo
n‡Z _v‡K Ges GKRb †Q‡j wn‡m‡e †m ¯^vfvweK myweav cvIqvi K_v
Zv meB wZwb †c‡q‡Qb| cieZx©‡Z 1975 mv‡j wZwb cyiæl †_‡K
gwnjv‡Z iƒcvšÍwi nb| hvi Kvi‡Y Zvi my‡hvM n‡qwQj mgvR‡K cyiæl
Ges gwnjv Df‡qi `„wó †`Lvi| GB Kvi‡Y †nvm‡b Aviv †eM‡gi g‡a¨
GKwU cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq Ges ïaygvÎ wj½ wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li
g‡a¨ †h •elg¨ Zv wZwb †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| Qwe: †nvm‡b Aviv †eMg
†nvm‡b Aviv Zvi K¨vwiqvi ïiæ K‡iwQj GKRb weÁvbx wn‡m‡e| wZwb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq n‡Z
Dw™¢` we`¨vq Gg Gm wm wWMÖx AR©b K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl M‡elYvi Dci cÖKvwkZ Rvb©vj
B.compustrees G Zvi æBiounedical Jenetres” bvgK w_wmm cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb K…wl Pvlvev` Ges
Lv`¨ Drcv`b evov‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ RvZ cixÿv wbixÿvq mdjZv AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi
Rb¨ K…wl gš¿bvjq n‡Z ¯^xK…wZ cvb|
1978 mv‡j wZwb ¯’vbxq GKwU K‡j‡R cÖfvlK c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb wkÿKZvi
cvkvcvwk TMSS cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b wZwb webv †eZ‡b LÛKvjxb cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e KvR
Avi¤¢ K‡ib| GB cÖwZôv‡bi mvd‡jï Kvi‡Y wZwb cÖwZôv‡b c~Y©K vjxb KvR Kivi cª‡qvRbxqZv
AYyfe K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb 1991 mv‡j K‡j‡Ri PvKixUv †Q‡o †`b Ges TMSS G c~Y©Kvjxb
Gw·wKDwUf wW‡i±i wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges Avkv K‡ib cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j gwnjv‡ì wb‡q Z…bg~j
ch©v‡q bvix‡ì Dbœq‡b wZwb KvR Ki‡Qb| ¯’vbxq gwnjv‡ì cÖwkÿYB †Ìqvi Rb¨ wZwb †Kvb
we‡klÁ e¨w³‡K fvov bv K‡i MÖv‡gi m¤¢ve¨ gwnjv‡ì Lyu‡R †ei K‡ib Ges †m Zv‡ì †bZ…Z¡ `vb
evovb| GwU ¯’vbxq †bZ…Z¡ m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

†nvm‡b Aviv eZ©gv‡b Ae‡nwjZ Ges myweav ewÂZ gwnjv‡ì DØy× Kivi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb|
GB mKj gwnjviv †QvU GKUv m`m¨ MÖæc •Zwi K‡i Ges mÂq cÖKí Avi¤¢ K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K mfvq
gwnjviv gywóPvj wb‡q Av‡m Ges G¸‡jv wewµ K‡i †QvU LvU F‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i| GLvb †_‡K m`mïv
FY wb‡q wewfbœ †QvU LvU eëmv K‡i| GB ÿz`ª eëmvq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i eZ©gv‡b †nvm‡b Aviv A‡bK
†g¤^vi wkc msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b 75 Gi Dci †¯^”Qv kÖwgK KvR K‡i Ges Gi cÖvq
400 kvLv i‡q‡Q|
†nvm‡b Aviv †eMg cwievi cwiKíbv KvR wb‡q Me© K‡ib| wZwb cwievi cwiKíbvq AskMÖnY
cyiæl‡ì `vwq‡Z¡i Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q|
TMSS Gi gva¨‡g †nvm‡b Aviv wb‡¤œv³ †mev mg~n cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|
`wi`ª Amnvq gvbyl, f~wgnxb K…lK, wfÿzK BZ¨vw` gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ KvR
Ki‡Q| GB j‡ÿ¨ Zv‡ì‡K wkÿv cÖ`vb, cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb ¯^v¯’¨ I †mwb‡Ukb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv e„w×
Ges †cÖlYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j m¤cÖ`v‡qi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb Ges mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡c~Y©
cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡Q|
†nvm‡b Aviv †eMg ¯^cœ †`‡Lb GKw`b cyiæl Ges gwnjv mg Askx`v‡ii wfwË‡Z GK‡Î KvR Ki‡e
`vwqZ¡ fvMvfvwM K‡i| Avi GB j‡ÿ¨B wZwb KvR Ki‡Qb|
L. AvÂwjK ch©v‡qi mdj D‡`¨v³vi Kvwnbx:

i. bvmv©wi: dj Pv‡li GK mdj wecø‡ei bvqK mvBdzj−
Pvwiw`‡K †hw`‡KB †PvL hv‡e, †mw`‡KB ïay mdj wecø‡ei wPý| Z‡e GB wecøe divmx ev Ab¨ †Kvb
wecøe bq| ixwZgZ djR e„‡ÿi Pvl K‡i wSbvB`‡n bZzb K‡i GB •ecøweK mdjZvi Kvwnbx GjvKvi
mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q w`‡q‡Qb wSbvB`‡ni K…wZ mšÍvb mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj| ¯^í RvqMvq
djR wewfbœ d‡ji Pvl K‡i mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj wSbvB`‡ni K…wZ mšÍvb mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj ¯^í
RvqMvq djR wewfbœ d‡ji Pvl K‡i mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj wSbvB`‡ni Pvlx‡ì Kv‡Q GLb GKRb
g‡Wj K…lK| Z‡e RvZ K…lK bv n‡jI Zvi gvwU I djR e„‡ÿi cÖwZ GB Uvb AvK…ó Ki‡Q GjvKvi
A‡bK Pvlx‡ì| g~jZ wZwb †ckvq ißvbx‡hvM¨ cY¨ •Zwi †cvkvK wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ| `xN© 24 eQi
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ißvbx‡hvM¨ cY¨ •Zwi †cvkvK wkí I bxU Mv‡g©›U‡mi GKRb mdj cvBIwbqvi
D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k ågY K‡i‡Qb mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj| GB my‡hv‡M †`‡ki evB‡i
dj Pv‡li Drcv`b I ¸bv¸b m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi ci dj Pv‡li cÖwZ AvK…ó nb| cÖ_‡g mivmwi dj Pv‡l
AvmvUv Rb¨ ixwZgZ GUv‡K P¨v‡jÄ n‡q `vovq| ZviciI _g‡K bv `vwo‡q wZwb gqgbwmsn K…wl
wek¦we`¨v‡qi cÖ‡dmi I evDKz‡ji RbK W. Gg. G. iwn‡gi ZË¡veav‡b ïiæ K‡ib dj Pvl| eZ©gv‡b
wSbvB`‡ni GBP. Gm. Gm mo‡Ki kvn wfjvi •cZ…K evox‡Z wZwb †ivcY †ivcY K‡i‡Qb wKQz djR
MvQ| K‡qK eQi Av‡M evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq I kvn bvm©vix †h․_ fv‡e evDKzj -2 (†kvn Kzj)
Avwe®‥vi K‡i|

2007 bv‡ji cÖ_‡g wSbvB`vn kni †_‡K 6 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i nwiYvKzÐI Dc‡Rjvi bMe½v b`xi
ZxieZx© g‡bvig cwi‡e‡k cvig_yivcyi MÖv‡g cÖvq 5 GKi Rwg‡Z cÖwZôv K‡ib kvn bvm©vix mvBdzj
Bmjvg| GLv‡b wZwb evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Drcv`b Ki‡Qb cÖvq 40 Rv‡Zi †`kx I we‡`kx dj| ¯^í
RvqMvq dj Pvl K‡i GjvKvi gvbyl‡K ZvK jvwM‡q w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| Gme djR e„ ÿ cwiPh©vi Rb¨
wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb 15 Rb kÖwgK| PjwZ eQi wZwb GB dj evMvb †_‡K mg¯Í LiP ev` w`‡q cÖvq 20
jvL UvKv jvf Ki‡eb e‡j Avkv cÖKvk K‡ib| mvBdzj Bmjvg 2009 mv‡j e½eÜz K…wl c`K
†c‡q‡Qb| fviZ, Rvg©vbx, myBRvij¨vÛ, †¯úb, BUvjx, Av‡gwiKv myB‡Wb, wdbj¨vÛ, †WbgvK© , biI‡q
BD‡K, †b`vij¨vÛ, I KvbvWvmn cÖvq 30wU †`k Ny‡i wZwb msMÖn K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ we‡`kx d‡ji Pviv|
Zvici wZwb †mB Pviv kvn& bvm©vix‡Z †ivcb K‡i wbweo ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g dwj‡q‡Qb dj| mvBdzj
Bmjvg evey‡ji bvm©vix‡Z Drcvw`Z †`kx-we‡`kx dj¸‡jv n‡jv-óª‡eix, gvëv, ev‡ivgvmx Kgjv‡jey,
KvbvWxq KvgivOv, evDKzj-1, evDKzj-2, Av‡cjKzj, ZvBIqvbKzj, PvqYv-3 wjPz, †e‡`bv wjPz,
jUKb, †Mvjvcx _vB Av‡cj Rvgiæj, ev‡ivgvmx KvMwR †jey, Avg Av¤ªcwj, Avg gwjøKv, _vB
ev‡ivgvmx Avgov, m‡d`v, _vB Avg, evD Avg, _vB nvwbwWD Avg, _vB †cqviv, cybvB Avg, evD
†cqviv, RvevwUKv, bvkcvwZ, jsMb, G¨vfv‡KvWv wbDBq©K Avgov I wgk‡ii †LRyi| kvn& bvm©vixi Pviv
†`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgvÂ‡j djR wecøe Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`bB †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j hv‡”Q GB
bvm©vixi Pviv| djR e„ÿ I Zvi m¤¢vebv wb‡q K_v ej‡j mvBdzj Bmjvg eveyj Rvbvb, Lv`¨ cywói
Rb¨ Rb¨ gvby‡li cÖwZw`b 120 MÖvg dj LvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI 30 MÖvg dj Lvq| Lv`¨ NvUwZ I
cywónxbZvq cÖwZ N›Uvq 10 Rb K‡i gviv hvq| wZwb Rvbvb, Avgv‡ì †`‡k A‡bK cwZZ Rwg Rwg
i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki 60−70 fvM gvbyl `wi`ª Ges Zviv MÖv‡g emevm K‡i| cÖwZwU cwievi evwoi
AvwObvq 4wU djR MvQ †ivcY Ki‡j IB cwiev‡ii cywó Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e| wZwb AviI
e‡jb, †mB mv‡_ K…wl wkí mnvqK K…wl I †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g mvaviY
Pvlx‡ì ¯^vfvweK dm‡ji cvkvcvwk dj Pvl Ki‡Z DØy×Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g †`‡ki cywó Pvwn`v wgwU‡q
evKx dj we‡`‡k ißvbx Kiv m¤¢e| m‡PZbZvi Rb¨ d‡ji cywó ¸Yv¸Y D‡jøLc~e©K dj evRviRvZ
Kiv n‡j †`‡ki cywó Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvmn †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b-djR wecøe Qwo‡q †`qv m¤¢e e‡j
wZwb g‡b K‡ib|
ii. K…wl I grm¨ Lvgv‡i mvd‡jï Mí
Puv`cyi-j²xcyi AvÂwjK gnvmo‡Ki cv‡k WvKvwZqv b`xi cv‡i cÖvq 100 GKi Rwgi Ici M‡o
D‡V‡Q GKwU Lvgvi| bvg LvRv Avn¤§w`qv eûgyLx K„wl I grm¨ Lvgvi| G cÖK‡íi AvIZvq i‡q‡Q
K‡qKwU cyKzi I w`wN, hv‡Z Pvl n‡”Q wewfbœ cÖRvwZi gvQ| evMv‡b bvbv Rv‡Zi kvK-mewRi
mgv‡ivn| Avg, KuvVvj Avi bvwi‡Kj-mycvwii mvwi mvwi Mv‡Qi mvRv‡bv evMvb|
cwiKwíZfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv cÖKíwUi D‡`¨v³v I ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix LvRv Avn¤§`| wZwb wbR bv‡gB M‡o
Zzj‡Qb eûgyLx K…wl I grm¨ LvgviwU| Puv`cyi mì Dc‡Rjvi evMv`x BDwbq‡bi MvQZjv MÖv‡g
2000 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i cÖKíwU| Aí mg‡qi eëav‡bB cÖKíwU Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ `„óvšÍ n‡q
ùvwo‡q‡Q| cjøxi meyR-k¨vgjxgvq K…wl I grm¨ Pv‡l wZwb A‡bKUv wecøe NwU‡q‡Qb|

m‡iRwg‡b wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, LvRv Avn¤§w`qv eûgyLx K…wl I grm¨ Lvgv‡ii c~e© cÖv‡šÍ i‡q‡Q wekvj
AvKv‡ii GKwU w`wN| Avi †MvUv Lvgv‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q eo AvKv‡ii QqwU cyKzi|
Lvgv‡ii Gme Rjvk‡q iæB, KvZj, g„‡Mj, we‡MÖW, MÖvm Kvc©, e¨vK Kvc©, †Zjvwcqv, micuywU, •K, wks
cÖRvwZi gvQ Pvl n‡”Q| Aíw`‡bi eëav‡bB gvQ Pv‡l e¨vcK mvdj¨ G‡m‡Q- Ggb Z_¨ Rvbvb
Lvgv‡ii eë¯’vcK AvjnvR nv‡dR nvmvb Lvb| wZwb Rvbvb, m¤cÖwZ ïay gvQ wewµ K‡iB cÖvq 20
jvL UvKv Avq n‡q‡Q|
`k GKi Rwg‡Z i‡q‡Q AvUwU c„_K Av‡gi evMvb| MZ eQi †_‡K ïiæ nIqv evMv‡b i‡q‡Q Avgªcwj,
ÿximvcvZ I dRwj Av‡gi nvRvi nvRvi Pviv| PjwZ eQ‡i GB Avg evMv‡bi mvwii duv‡K Avev` K‡i Avjy
Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q 10 U‡bi †ewk| Avjy Pv‡li ci Gevi †mLv‡b †e¸‡bi Pviv †ivcY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avg evMv‡bi cwiPh©vi Rb¨ e‡i›`ª AÂj †_‡K †ek K‡qKRb AwfÁ †jvK Avbv n‡q‡Q| Lvgv‡ii gvwU
A‡bKUv e‡i›`ª AÂ‡ji g‡ZvB| ZvB Avg Pv‡li Rb¨ †ek Dc‡hvMx| MZ KvwZ©K gv‡m †hme Pviv †ivcY
Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡Z GLb Avg a‡i‡Q| AvMvgx eQi †_‡K cy‡iv`‡g Av‡gi djb Avkv Ki‡Qb Zuviv|
Ab¨ K‡qKwU evMvb I cyKzicv‡i i‡q‡Q mvwi mvwi bvwi‡Kj, †LRyi, KuvVvj, Zvj, mycvwi, PvjZv,
†ZuZzj, RjcvB, †ej, wbg, AR©yb, Kvgiv½v, †cqviv, Rvgiæj, †gnMwb, kvj, Mvgvwi, †è`viæmn †ek
K‡qKwU euvkSvo| Gme †_‡K dj, dzj Avi †m․i‡fi cvkvcvwk cvIqv hv‡e wecyj KvV|
cÖKíwUi cwðg-DËi cv‡k i‡q‡Q A‡bK eo GKwU †jey evMvb| mvwie×fv‡e †ivcY Kiv MvQ¸‡jv‡Z
†_vKvq †_vKvq Szj‡Q wewfbœ cÖRvwZi ARmª †jey|
LvRv Avn¤§` e‡jb Ô`xN©w`‡bi ¯^cœ wQj Ggb GKwU Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjvi| cÖv_wgKfv‡e †P‡qwQjvg
GKwU ißvwbgyLx wkí-KviLvbv Moe| Zv‡Z GjvKvi †eKvi Rb‡Mvôxi eo GKUv As‡ki Kg©ms¯’vb
n‡e| c‡i †f‡e †`Ljvg, wkí-KviLvbv Mo‡j cjøxi GB cwi‡e‡k †bwZevPK cÖfve co‡e| hvwš¿KZv
MÖvm Ki‡e mybmvb bxie GB Rbc`‡K| nvwi‡q hv‡e MÖv‡gi wPi‡Pbv cwi‡ek| ZvB wm×všÍ cv‡ë
eûgyLx Lvgvi Movi gbw¯’i Kwi| Avi †mB cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b AvR wZwb A‡bKUvB mdj|
ÔPuv`cyi †Rjvq GZ eo GjvKv wb‡q eûgyLx K…wl I grm¨ Pvl wØZxqwU †bB| GB Lvgv‡i `„wób›`b I
AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z K…wl I grm¨ Pvl cÖKíwU Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ `„óvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|Õ
iii. †WBwi:
†gvt kwn`yj Bmjv‡gi Rb¥ cvebv †Rjvi AvU Nwiqv Dc‡Rjvi †P․wKevox MÖv‡g| GK mgq Zvi m¤^j
wQj emZ wfUv Avi wKQz Pvl †hvM¨ Rwg| wKš‘ Pvl †hvM¨ Rwg‡Z †Zgb dmj bv nIqvq weKí wPšÍv
ïiæ Kij| GB fvebv †_‡K wZwb cÖ_‡g `yBUv Mvfx wb‡q GKUv Lvgvi w`‡jb| cieZx©‡Z GBUvi
mvd‡j¨ wZwb evwYwR¨K fv‡e Mvfx cvjb ïiæ Ki‡jb Ges LvgviwUi bvg w`‡jb ÒmvMi •WBix dvg©Ó|
fvj exR, fvj djb| G K_v‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ÒmvMi †WBix dvg©Õ| mKj mgq fvj Rv‡Zi
Mvfx wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K| Rbve Bmjv‡gi msM„nxZ Mvfxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A‡óªwjqvb, wdwRqvb Ges wewfbœ
ksKi Rv‡Zi| Rbve Bmjvg Zvi cï‡ì Lv‡`ï e¨vcv‡i LyeB mZK©| wZwb Zvi Mevw` cï‡ì‡K
mylg Lv`¨ mieivn K‡ib| G mKj Lv‡`ï †Kvb †KvbwU wZwb wb‡R mieivn K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b DbœZ
Rv‡Zi Nvm Pvl K‡ib hv Zvi dv‡g©i cÖavb cï Lv`¨ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| ZvQvov Mvfxi Lv‡`ï K_v
wPšÍv K‡i wZwb GKwU PvDj Kj cwiPvjbv K‡ib †hLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq PvD‡ji Kzov msMÖn K‡ib|

Rbve Bmjv‡gi dv‡g© †h `ya Drcv`b nq ¯’vbxq cvBKvi wbqwgZ G‡m wb‡q hvq| ZvQvov wZwb Zvi
Kg©Pvix‡ì gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq LyPiv evRv‡i I wewµ K‡i _v‡K| Gi d‡j Zvi †Kvb `ya AwewµZ _v‡K bv|
wZwb †Kvb eKbv evQzi wewµ K‡ib bv| hvi d‡j G¸‡jv n‡Z bZzb Mvfx nq| gv‡S gv‡S Gu‡o evQzi wewµ
K‡i †`b|
ÒmvMi †WBix dvg©Ó G •`wbK †h †Mvei cvIqv hvq Zv w`‡q Rbve Bmjvg GKwU ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U
¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G cøv‡›U Drcvw`Z M¨vm ivbœv-evbœvi Kv‡R wZwb mviv eQi eënvi K‡ib d‡j
R¡vjvbxi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡K Avi weKí wPšÍv fvebv Ki‡Z nq bv| ev‡qvM¨vm cøv‡›U †Mvei eënvi Kivi
ci •Re mvi wn‡m‡e Zv ¯’vbxq K…lK‡ì wbKU wewµ K‡ib Ges KLb I KLbI Zv wb‡Ri K…wl
Rwg‡ZI eënvi K‡ib|
†WBix dvg© ¯’ v c‡bi gva¨‡g Rbve kwn`y j Bmjvg ïay gvÎ wb‡Ri Avw_© K Ae¯’ v iB Dbœ w Z
K‡iwb eis Zvi gy b vdv I e„ w × K‡i‡Q| eZ© g v‡b Zvi cwiwPwZ Dc‡Rjvi meLv‡b| A‡bK‡K
Zv‡K †`‡L D™¢ y × n‡”Q Ges bZz b bZz b †WBix dvg© ¯’ v cb Ki‡Q|
10.10 bvix D‡`¨v³vi aviYv
Concept of Women Entrepreneur
hw` †Kvb bvix e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^Z¡vwaKvix nb wKsev Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb ev R‡q›U
÷K †Kv¤úvwb‡Z wbewÜZ cÖvB‡fU †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK ev †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ab~¨b 51%
(kZKiv GKvbœ fvM) As‡ki gvwjK nb Zvn‡j wZwb bvix wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 50 kZvskB bvix| RbmsL¨vi G KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y †UKmB
A_©‣bwZK cÖe„w×i Rb¨ A_©bxwZi g~j †mªv‡Z bvix‡ì AskMÖnY GKvšÍfv‡eB Acwinvh©| Avgv‡ì bvix
mgv‡Ri wbôv, AvMÖn, D™¢veb kw³ I kÖg wbcyYZv i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i gvB‡µv †µwWU Kvh©µg I
†cvkvK wk‡í bvix‡ì Ae¨vnZ AskMÖnY wkívq‡b e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
mdjZvi Kvwnbx
jyrdv mvbwR`v:
e›ìbMix PUªMÖv‡gi nvwjkn‡ii Awb›`¨ eywUK Ges cvj©v‡ii gvwjK jyrdv mvbwR`v whwb gvÎ 15
nvRvi UvKv w`‡q eëmvq ïiæ K‡i AvR †KvwUcwZi ZvwjKvq bvg wjwL‡q‡Qb| wZ‡j wZ‡j M‡o
Zy‡j‡Qb eywUK I cvj©vi| msMÖvgB Zvi Rxe‡bi g~jgš¿| Aweivg †Póv bv _vK‡j AvR‡Ki Ae¯’vq
Avmv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| hLbB †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q ZLbB •ah© I cwikÖg w`‡q Zv
AwZµg K‡i‡Q| 1988 mv‡j hLb Zvi GmGmwm cixÿv ‡`qvi mgq, msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡K
cvU©UvBg PvKwi Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| jyrdv wkï‡ì †cvkvK I cvÄvwe •Zwi K‡i ¯’vbxq evRv‡ii †`vKv‡b
mieivn Ki‡Zb| GK KvwR‡bi wbKU †_‡K 30 nvRvi UvKv avi wb‡q 1989 mv‡j wZwb PKwfD
gv‡K©‡U GKwU †kviæg w`‡qwQ‡jb| †mwUB wQj Zvi Rxe‡bi Ny‡i ùvov‡bvi mgq| ïiæ †_‡KB
†`vKvbwU‡Z †ePv‡Kbv fv‡jv n‡Zv| 1995 mv‡j wZwb PUªMÖv‡gi gvBWvm †_‡K 50 nvRvi UvKv FY
wb‡q wPUvMvs kwcs Kg‡cø‡· Av‡iKwU †kviæg †`b| eëmv R‡g D‡V| cwiev‡i m”QjZv Avm‡Z
_v‡K| 2004 mv‡j wZwb GKwU weDwU cvj©vi †`b| Zvi cÖwZôvb Awb›`¨ Ges Gi m‡½ mswkøó
Kg©Pvix‡ì kÖg Ges †µZvi ¯^Ztù~Z© c`PviYvB Zv‡K mvnm RywM‡q‡Q memgq|
wZwb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri `ytLx gvby‡li cv‡k ùvov‡Z †Póv K‡ib| cÖwZeÜx
bvix, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v I wbh©vwZZv bvix‡ì webvg~‡j¨ cÖwkÿY w`‡q Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡ib|
Zvi cÖwZwôZ Awb›`¨ I Av‡iv wKQy Kivi ¯^cœ‡K m½x K‡i wZwb GwM‡q hv‡eb eû`yi|
Av‡bvqviv †eMg:
evsjv‡`‡ki †h KÕRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v AwZ mvaviY Ae¯’v n‡Z wbR ¸‡Y mdj D‡`¨v³v n‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡ì
g‡a¨ gwnjv‡ì msL¨v GKvšÍB bMY¨| m¤¢eZ mviv c„w_ex‡Z wkí cÖwZôvq gwnjv‡ì mvd‡jï D`vniY
we‡kl †bB| G w`K w`‡q Av‡bvqviv †eMg Awfbe‡Ë¡i `vwe`vi| wZwb wbR cwikÖg, GKvMÖZv, A`g¨
mvnm BZ¨vw` w`‡q `wi`ª‡K `~i K‡i G‡`‡k mdj bvix D‡`¨v³v wnmv‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡bvqviv †eMg wÎ‡ki `k‡K cvebv †Rjvi (eZ©gvb wmivRMÄ) †P․nvwj _vbvq †NvovRvb MÖv‡g
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg myRv‡qZ Avjx wgqv gv‡qi bvg Rwgjv LvZzb| Pvi fvB-†ev‡bi g‡a¨
Av‡bvqviv †eMg wQ‡jb eo| evev wQ‡jb cywj‡ki mve BÝ‡c±i| evevi G miKvwi PvKywi Kivi myev‡`
wZwb wewfbœ RvqMvq Ny‡i‡Qb| Z‡e `v`v-`v`xi cÖwZ cÖPÐ fvjevmv _vKvq wZwb MÖv‡gB _vK‡Z cQ›`
Ki‡Zb| mvZ eQi eq‡m wZwb wmivRMÄ kn‡ii DcK‡É mv‡jnv BmnvK evwjKv we`¨vjq 1g †kÖYx‡Z
fwZ© nb Ges 3q †kÖYx ch©šÍ cov‡kvbv K‡ib| kvixwiKfv‡e GKUz j¤^v nIqvq cwiev‡ii gyiæeŸx‡ì
AbvMÖ‡n GLv‡bB Zvi wkÿv Rxe‡bi BwZ N‡U|
eëmvq m¤ú‡K© Zuvi AvMÖn wKfv‡e nq G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i Av‡bvqviv †eMg e‡jb, †mKv‡j MÖv‡g _vK‡Z
wZwb †e‡`bx‡ì †`‡L‡Qb evwo‡Z evwo‡Z Pzwo, `yj BZ¨vw` wewµ Ki‡Z| Zv‡ì wRÁvmv Ki‡Zb G
mKj `ªe¨ Zviv †Kv_vq n‡Z msMÖn K‡ib Ges †Kgb jvf nq| †e‡`bxiv G cÖ ‡kœi DËi wVKgZ w`Z
bv, d‡j Zuvi g‡a¨ †K․Zznj †_‡K †hZ| wcZvi PvKwii myev‡` hLbB wcZvi mv‡_ kn‡i _vKvi ci
MÖv‡g †h‡Zb ZLbB kni †_‡K `yj, Pzwo BZ¨vw` wK‡b w`‡Zb| Z‡e Zv‡ì mv‡_ kZ© _vZK †h G¸‡jv
wewµ K‡i hv jvf n‡e Zvi A‡a©i Zv‡K w`‡Z n‡e|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq wcZvi Kg©¯’j KjKvZv †Q‡o A‡bK w`b MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z _vK‡Z nq| d‡j wZwb
Zuvi Rgv‡bv wKQz cyuwR w`‡q k‡Li e‡m †g․mygx cY¨ †hgb avb, KvjvB, wPbv BZ¨vw` µq K‡ib Ges
G‡Z †ekwKQz jvf nq| Z‡e G jvf wZwb a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| KviY H mgq Afv‡ei msmv‡i gv
cÖvqB Zuvi gRyZK…Z cY¨ msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi K‡i †dj‡Zb|
gvÎ c‡bi eQi eq‡m Av‡bvqviv †eM‡gi KjKvZvi Avãyj nvwg` bv‡g AvUPwjøk eQi eq¯‥ GK
D`~©fvlx †jv‡Ki mv‡_ we‡q nq| ¯^vgx GKvbœeZx© cwievi nIqvq cÖPzi ab-m¤úwË wQj| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z
GKvbœeZx© cwievi †f‡½ hvIqv, ¯^vgxi †ewn‡m‡e LiP Kivi cÖeYZv, †im †Ljvi †bkv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y
msmv‡i KiæY `kvi m„wó nq| ZLb Av‡bvqviv †eMg Zuvi `yÕKb¨v mšÍvbmn evevi MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z P‡j
Av‡mb| G evwo‡Z wZwb cÖPzi cwikÖg Ki‡Zb| G‡Kev‡i Kv‡Ri †g‡q‡ì gZ| KviY Zuvi B”Qv wQj,
†h †Kvb Dcv‡q wb‡Ri †g‡q `yÕwU‡K gvbyl Ki‡Z n‡e| G mg‡q PvPv‡Zv †evb I `yjvfvB‡qi civg‡k©
XvKvi cvZjv Lvb †j‡b Zv‡ì evmvq Av‡bvqviv †eMg `yÕ†g‡q‡K wb‡q P‡j Av‡mb|

XvKvq evmv n‡q‡Q G Lei †c‡q Zuvi ¯^vgx KjKvZv †_‡K XvKvq P‡j Av‡mb| Ges Zuvi mv‡_ emevm
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Ges †m mg‡q Zuv‡ì N‡i Av‡iv `ywU mšÍvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| 1954−55 mv‡ji w`‡K Zuvi
eëmvqx‡K cyuwRi cwigvY ùvovq wZb nvRvi UvKv Ges cÖwZ gv‡m mKj LiP ev` w`‡q jvf n‡Zv
cuvPkZ UvKv| eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi K_v wPšÍv K‡i H mg‡qi bZzb XvKv wRbœvn GwfwbD‡q (eZ©gvb
bvg e½eÜz GwfwbD) Zuvi Jl‡ai †`vKvbwU ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges bvg †`b ÔKwig WªvM nvDmÕ| hv
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg Jla †Kv¤úvwb †KwWGBP (KDH) bv‡g L¨vZ| 1958 mv‡j wZwb
Jl‡ai cvBKvix eëmvq, Avg`vwb I wWw÷ªweDU‡ii KvR ïiæ K‡ib| Hmgq cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii
Jl‡ai †emiKvwi bxwZi AvIZvq wZwb Jl‡ai KviLvbv †Ìqvi wPšÍv-fvebv ïiæ K‡ib| G Kv‡R
Zuv‡K cvebvi GWiæK Jla KviLvbvi gvwjK Rbve nvwg` mv‡ne †ek mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb|
1959 mv‡j wZwb Bb‡RKkb evbv‡bvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii jvB‡bÝ †bqvi kZ© c~i‡Yi Rb¨ g~j XvKv kni
†_‡K A‡bK `~‡i eZ©gv‡b avbgwÛi mvZgmwR` †iv‡W Pvi nvRvi UvKvq GK weNv wbPz Rwg wK‡b
†mLv‡b Jla •Zwii cÖg_ KviLvbv •Zwi K‡ib|
`xN©v½x, D¾¡j k¨vgeY©v, myVvg †`‡ni AwaKvwiYx Av‡bvqviv †eMg evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^í msL¨K mdj wkí
D‡`v³v‡ì g‡a¨ wb‡Ri ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb AwZ mvgvb¨ Ae¯’v n‡Z Ges AmvaviY Amy weavRbK
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z|
kvwn`v †eMg M„nea~ †_‡K D‡`¨v³v:

ewikv‡j wje©vwU †R›Um †UBjv‡m©i ¯^Z¡vwaKvix kvwn`v †eMg kL ev cwiKíbv K‡i bq, wbZvšÍ
cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| KLbI fv‡ebwb GiKg wKQz Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi †Kv‡bv
AwfÁZvB wQj bv| hLb ïiæ Ki‡jb ZLb bvbv evav-wecwËi g‡a¨ c‡owQ‡jb| wKš‘ `„p g‡bvej I
cwikÖgB Zv‡K G‡b w`‡q‡Q mvdj¨ I m¤§vb| cyiæl‡ì †cvkvK •Zwii KvR ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
KL‡bv Ki‡Qb| kvwn`v †eMg evm K‡ib ewikvj kn‡i| ¯^vgxi †UBjvwis eëmvq Avi Pvi †g‡q wb‡q
Zvi w`b¸‡jv fv‡jvB PjwQj| wKš‘ nVvr K‡iB Zvi ¯^vgx Amy¯’ nb| 1997 mv‡j Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡ì
mevB‡K †i‡L P‡j hvb cicv‡i| kvwn`v †hb †Pv‡L AÜKvi †`‡Lb| Kxfv‡e Pj‡e mvg‡bi w`bMy‡jv?
†g‡q‡ì fwel¨Z Kx n‡e? Ni msmv‡ii KvR Qvov wZwb wKQzB Rvb‡Zb bv GgbwK eëmvqI †ev‡Sb
bv| ewikvj mì nvmcvZv‡ji Kv‡Q Zvi ¯^vgxi †R›Um †UBjvm©wUi Ae¯’vI ZLb fv‡jv wQj bv| ¯^vgx
A‡bKw`b Amy¯’ _vKvq mg¯Í mÂqI †kl n‡qwQj| kvwn`vi mvgvb¨ MnbvB m¤^j wQj| Mnbv wewµ
K‡i cÂvk nvRvi UvKv w`‡qB eëmvqwU ïiæ K‡ib| †`vKv‡bi Kg©Pvix ZLb wQj 2 Rb| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q
†UBjvwis †k‡Lb| ïiæ K‡ib KvR|
ïiæ‡Z cyiæl †µZv, cwiev‡ii †jvKRb, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb †KD G KvRwU‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †bbwb| wKš‘ wZwb
nvj †Q‡o †`bwb| AvZ¥wek¦vm I KwVb g‡bvej wb‡q wZwb cy‡iv cwiw¯’wZ mvg‡j wb‡q GKwU AvaywbK
†R›Um †UBjvm© M‡o †Zv‡jb| Gfv‡eB wZwb mvaviY M„neay †_‡K cy‡ivcywi eëmvqx n‡q D‡Vb| wZwb
2008 mv‡j mdj bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e GmGgB dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K cyi¯‥vi †c‡q‡Qb|

miKvi cÖ`Ë mnvqZv: miKvi bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ Avjv`v cwjwm MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| miKvi cÖ`Ë myweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv:
• GKwU myôz Ges †UKmB wkíbxwZ K‡i‡Q hv bvix Ges cyiæ‡li mgZv `vb K‡i‡Q|
• bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl c¨v‡KR †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|
• gwnjv‡ì mn‡R evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki eë¯’v K‡i‡Q|
• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì `ÿZv e„w×i eë¯’v Ki‡Q|
• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì mn‡R evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki eë¯’v Ki‡Q|
• †hme †ÿ‡Î gwnjv D‡`¨v³v i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ M‡elYv Kvh©µg nv‡Z
wb‡q‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv g~j¨vq‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
• gwnjv‡ì A_©‣bwZK AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
• †h mKj bvix D‡`¨v³v mdj n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K miKvwifv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| Gi d‡j Ab¨
bvix D‡`¨v³viv DrmvwnZ nq|
• A‡bK mgq bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î bvix
D‡`¨v³v‡ì Ki †iqvZ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
10.11 evsjv‡`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dbœq‡b wKQz mycvwikgvjv

Some Recommendations for Development of Women Entreprenures
• miKvi bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ mnRk‡Z© I webvmy‡` FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• bZzb bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
• eëmvq evwYR¨ cwiPvjbv mnR Ki‡Z bvix‡ì Rb¨ mnR MYcwienb eë¯’v Pvjy KiY|
• bvix‡ì wbivcËv eë¯’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|
• bvix‡ì cÖwZ mg`„wófw½ w`‡Z n‡e|
• ïé †iqvZmn wewfbœ ai‡bi myweav †Ìqv|
1| eëmvq D‡`¨vM Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?
K. Business Entrepreneurship L. Business Entrepreneur
M. Business Enterpreneur N. Business Enterpreneurship
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi •ewkó¨ bq?
K. AvZ¥wek¦vm L. D™¢vebx ÿgZv
M. cyuwR msMÖ‡ni `ÿZv N. SzuwK Gov‡bvi gvbwmKZv

3| wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †ÿÎ?

K. Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ •Zwi L. †cvkvK wkí
M. e¯¿ wkí N. RvnvR •Zwi
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
wg. ivwd hye Dbœqb †_‡K cÖwkÿY †k‡l Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vs‡Ki mnvqZvq Zvi wbR GjvKvq GKwU `y» Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi
gva¨‡g Zvi Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi mwVK cwiKíbvi Kvi‡Y wZwb cieZ©x‡Z mdjZv jvf K‡i‡Qb|
4| eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyKzj cwi‡ek †KvbwU?
K. cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM L. Aby`vb M. b`xbvjv N. Rjevqy
5| wg. ivwd eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î eëmv‡qi †Kvb †Kvb AbyK~j cwi‡e‡ki myweav †fvM
K‡i‡Qb?
i. cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM
ii. ch©vß cywRi cÖvc¨Zv
iii. cwiKíbv
K. i I iii L. ii I iii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| 10 Rwni †jLvcovq Kivi mgq †_‡KB fveZ bZzb wKQz Kivi| †jLvcov †kl K‡i PvKwi bv
Luy‡R †m GKwU †WBwi dvg© Kivi wm×všÍ wbj| Rwni Zvi evevi KvQ †_‡K wKQz UvKv wb‡q Zv‡ì
MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z cwiKíbv Abyhvqx GKwU dvg© cÖwZôv Kij Ges AvZœwek¦vm, mvnm I Aa¨vemvq
Zv‡K mvdj¨ G‡b w`j|
K. TMSS Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
L. Aa¨vemvq •ewkó¨wU D‡`¨v³vi _vKv Avek¨K †Kb?
M. Rwni Zvi dvg©wU MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. evsjv‡`‡k A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡b Rwn‡ii D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki |
2| Avwid, kvgxg I nvmvb wZb eÜz m¤úªwZ we.Kg. cvm K‡i‡Q| Zviv Zv‡ì fwel¨r cwiKíbv
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQj| Avwid I kvgxg Gg.Kg G fwZ©i wPšÍv Ki‡Q| nvmvb GLbI wm×všÍ
P~ovšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY Zvi evevi B”Qv †m ga¨cÖv‡Pï †Kvb †`‡k P‡j hvK| wKšÍy †gavex
nvmvb Pvq †`‡kB wKQz Ki‡Z| GRb¨ †m Miæ QvMj cvj‡bi Dci `yÕgv‡mi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i|
G‡Z Zvi g‡bvej †e‡o hvq| we‡`k hvevi UvKv w`‡q †m evwo‡Z Miæ, QvMj Lvgvi cÖwZôv
K‡i| cÖwkÿYj× Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡RB †Póvq AvR †m ¯^vej¤^x|
K. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Kx?
L. eëmvq D‡`¨v³v ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. nvmvb Miæ-QvMj Lvgvi cÖwZôv †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri AšÍfz©³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ¯êj¤^x nevi †cQ‡b †Kvb ¸YwU nvmvb‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| we‡kølY Ki|
GKv`k Aa¨vq
eëmvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi
USES OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS
eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i hyM| GwU Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ewa©Z iæc| GwU n‡”Q
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kw¤úDUvi I mdUIq¨vi, Z_¨ msiÿY, AwWI wfRy¨qvj-Gi mgwš^Z iæc hvi
gva¨‡g eënviKvixiv mn‡RB Z‡_¨ Abyc‡Ö ek Ges Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ ej‡Z H ai‡bi cY¨‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv mn‡RB Z_¨ msiÿY, D×vi, wbcyYfv‡e cwiPvjbv
ev eënvi Kiv Ges wWwRUvj d‡g© Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i|

• eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|
• eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi|
• AbjvBb eëmvq aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I c×wZ|
• B-Kgvm© Gi aviYv I c×wZ|
• B-weR‡bm aviYv I c×wZ|
• B-gv‡K©wUs aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I c×wZ|
• B -wi‡UBwjs aviYv, c×wZ I myweav|
• B- e¨vswKs aviYv, c×wZ I myweav|
• †WweU I †µwWU KvW© aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|
• †gvevBj e¨vswKs aviYv Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡|

11.1. eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

Concept of Use of Information and Communication Technology
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ej‡Z H ai‡bi cb¨‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv mn‡RB Z_¨ msiÿY, D×vi,
wbcyYfv‡e cwiPvjbv ev eënvi Kiv Ges wWwRUvj d‡g© Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i|
Z_¨ msMÖn, msiÿY, cÖwµqvRvZKiY I weZi‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³ I eë¯’v‡K GK K_vq ejv nq
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev Bbdi‡gkb A¨vÛ KwgwbDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bv‡jvR (AvBwmwU)| eëmvwqK
Kvi‡Y `ªæZ wm×všÍ †bIqvi Rb¨ A_ev `ÿ Z_¨ eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ Z_¨ AvniY, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY I
weZiY A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvBwmwUi e¨vcK DbœwZi d‡j gvbyl c„w_ex‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq Avb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y gvbyl me mgq Bbdi‡gkb mycvi nvBI‡qi mv‡_ mshy³ _vK‡Z cvi‡Q| AvR‡K
eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` Qvov †h‡bv †Kvb wKQzB Kíbv Kiv
hvq bv|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v−
1. cÖPwjZ Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i cÖhyw³|
2. AvaywbK wWwRUvj †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³|
11.2 eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv/¸iæZ¡
Importance of Information and Communication Technology in Business
Kv‡Ri `ÿZv evov‡bv (Increase efficiency)
Kv‡Ri `ÿZv ej‡Z KvR‡K `ªæZ I Kg mg‡q mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv eySvq| Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU av‡ci
ch©vß Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡j KvR `ÿZvi mv‡_ Kiv hvq| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qv‡M ev¯ÍevwqZ
Bbdi‡gkb wm‡óg eënv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv Kv‡Ri `ÿZv evov‡bv|
KvR djcÖ` Kiv (Make the Work Effective): Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Avi GKUv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv KvR‡K djcÖ` Kiv| Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU av‡c mwVK wm×všÍ †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ †c‡jB KvR‡K djcÖ` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
DbœZ MÖvnK †mev (Develop Customer Service): Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_
wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi MªvnK †mevi gv‡bvbœqb Ki‡Q| KviY, †h cÖwZôvb hZ †ewk MÖvnK †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e, †m
cÖwZôvbB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z mÿg n‡e| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GB MÖvnK †mevi gvb
DbœZ Kiv hvq|
cY¨ •Zwi I Dbœqb (Producing Product and its Development): A‡bK cÖwZôvb †hgb
e¨vsK, exgv, A_©vqb †mev, ch©Ub ms¯’v BZ¨vw` Zv‡ì eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨‡K cÖavb kw³ wn‡m‡e
eënvi K‡i wewfbœ cY¨ •Zwi K‡i wKsev Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb DbœqY K‡i| eB Drcvw`Z cb¨‡K
Bbdi‡gkb Bb‡Ubwmf cY¨ e‡j| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi mn‡hvwMZvi Z‡_ï cÖK…wZi Ici wfwË K‡i
Drcbœ cb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

eëmv‡qi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi 209
c‡Yï wecbb (Marketing of Products): Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ïay gvÎ DbœZ cY¨ •Zwi
Ki‡ZB mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K bv; c‡Yï wecb‡b I mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
eëmvq-my‡hvM kbv³ Kiv I Kv‡R jvMv‡bv (Identify business opportunities and apply
it): c„w_ex e`‡j hv‡”Q| †mB mv‡_ e`‡j hv‡”Q gvby‡li iæwP, Pvwn`v Ges RxeYavib cÖYvjx| d‡j
eëmv‡qi †ÿÎ I aiY cv‡ë hv‡”Q| GB Ae¯’vq Z_¨ eë¯’v evRvi Z‡_ï mgš^q K‡i Gi mvnv‡h¨
eëmv‡qi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi KZ `ªæZ Ges Kx Kx welq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e, Z_¨
eë¯’v Zv mn‡R wbY©q Ki‡Z †`q|
MÖvnK a‡i ivLv I cÖwZ‡hvMx‡K `~‡i ivLv (Keep the customers and avoid
competitors): eëmvq-cÖwZôvb Ges MÖvnK cÖ‡Z¨KB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g jvfevb
n‡Z cv‡i| eëmvq-cÖwZôvb MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`v Abyhvqx my‡hvM myweav evov‡bvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡ì a‡i
ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôvb‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ eë¯’vi mnvqZvq MÖvnK‡ì Ges
cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôv‡bi ch©vß Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g `ªæZ mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡q MÖvnK a‡i ivLv hvq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi eZ©gvb hy‡M wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
Dci Aek¨B ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
11.3 eëmv‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi

Use of Information and Communication Technology
†gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Banking): 1997 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Ûi †gwiUv e¨vsK me©cÖ_g †gvevBj
e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| e¨vswKs Kg©cwiPvjbvq eëüZ †gvevBj †dvb ev Ab¨vb¨ †gvevBj
wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g †h †mev †Ìqv nq †mwU †gvevBj e¨vswKs bv‡g cwiwPZ| 31†k gvP©, 2012 Zvwi‡L
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k ïiæ nq| †emiKvix Lv‡Zi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK
†`‡ki `yB †gvevBj †dvb cÖwZôvb evsjvwjsK I wmwU‡m‡ji mnvqZvq G †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ
K‡i| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK c~Y©v½ †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ 18 wU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K Aby‡gv`b
w`‡q‡Q|

†gvevBj e¨vswKs‡q cÖvß †mev:

UvKv Rgv †`qv I D‡Ëvjb, cY¨ ev †mev µ‡qi g~j¨ cwi‡kva, wewfbœ a‡i‡bi wej cwi‡kva, †eZb
fvZv weZiY, GwUGg †_‡K A_© D‡Ëvjb, dvÛ UªvÝdvi BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ bv‡g †gvevBj e¨vswKs: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡K †gvevBj e¨vswKs wewfbœ bv‡g AwfwnZ|
†gvevBj e¨vswKs - WvP-evsjv e¨vsK
Gg-†c - gv‡K©›UvBj e¨vsK
G·‡cÖm K¨vk - e¨vsK Gwkqv
BwR K¨vk - cÖvBg e¨vsK
BD AvB Gm wm †_‡K †gvevBj e¨vswKs (UISC To Mobile Banking):
e¨vswKs myweavi evB‡i _vKv wekvj Rb‡Mvôx‡K e¨vswKs myweavi AvIZvq Avb‡Z KvR Ki‡Q BDwbqb
Z_¨ I †mev†K›`ª| BDwbqb Z_¨ I †mev‡K›`ª (BD AvB Gm wm) †_‡K wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki †gvevBj
e¨vswKs‡qi gva¨‡g MÖvgxb Rbc‡ì gvbyl‡K G myweav †`qv n‡”Q|
WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs †iwR‡÷ªkb:
evsjv‡`‡k †h KqwU e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy K‡i‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ WvP& evsjv e¨vsK Ab¨Zg| GB
e¨vs‡Ki †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg eZ©gv‡b †ek RbwcÖq|
cÖ_‡gB wbw`©ó G‡R›U †`vKvb ev wWwewej †gvevBj e¨vswKs kvLv †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi
Rb¨ cª‡qvRb n‡e 2 Kwc Qwe, b¨vkbvj/‡fvUvi AvBwW Kv‡W©i d‡UvKwc Avi †gvevBj †dvb| wWwewej
†gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi Rb¨ 100 UvKv jvM‡e, hv GKvD›U Rgv n‡e| hw` ‡gvevBj b¤î
01814035158 nq Ges †PK wWwRU 6 nq Z‡e Zvi GKvD›U b¤î n‡e 01818035156| Gi ci
†gvevB‡j GKwU Kj Avm‡e †hLv‡b Pvi wWwR‡Ui †Mvcb wcb b¤î/cvmIqvW© w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici
GKwU wbwðZKiY GmGgGm Avm‡e| †iwR‡÷ªkb Kiv hv‡e †h †Kvb †bUIqv‡K©|
†jb‡`b: GKvD‡›U UvKv Rgv w`‡Z G‡R›U c‡q‡›U wM‡q GKvD›U b¤î I UvKv w`‡j G‡R›U cÖwµqv
m¤úbœ K‡i †`‡e, †gvevB‡j GKwU wbwðZKiY GmGgGm Avm‡e| ATM ey_ †_‡KI UvKv D‡Ëvjb
Kiv hv‡e| e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv I D‡Ëvjb `y‡UvB m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
B-Kgvm© (E-Commerce)
B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cY¨ I †mev mvgMªx µq I weµ‡qi cÖwµqv‡K B-Kgvm© e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z we‡µZviv
Zv‡ì cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx B‡j±ªwbK c×wZ‡Z †µZv‡ì
wbKU Dc¯’vcb K‡i| †µZviv Z_¨ AbymÜvb K‡i, Zviv Kx
Pvq Zv wPwýZ K‡i Ges †µwWU KvW© ev Ab¨ B‡j±ªwbK
cwi‡kva c×wZ eënvi K‡i AW©vi cÖ`vb K‡i| B-Kgv‡m©i
gva¨‡g GKRb †µZv †hgb we‡k¦i †h †Kvb †`‡ki cY¨ µq
Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb GKRb we‡µZv we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb †`‡ki
we‡µZvi Kv‡Q Zvi cY¨ weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi GUv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi e„w×i Kvi‡Y |
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cY¨mvgMÖx
µq-weµ‡qi cÖwµqv‡K B‡jK±ªwbK Kgvm© e‡j|
B-weR‡bm (E-Business)
B-weR‡bm Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK weR‡bm A_ev B›Uvi‡bU weR‡bm| eëmv‡qi mKj Kvh©µg‡K
mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ hLb Z_¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (IT)
eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm e‡j| B-weR‡bm
ej‡Z eySvq Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i wkí,
evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b Kiv| B-weR‡bm
†Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixb Ges ewnt¯’ Z‡_ï mv‡_ m¤úK©
¯’vcb K‡i wewfbœ mieivnKvix Ges Askx`vi‡ì mv‡_
KvR K‡i Ges †µZv I ‡fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖZ¨vkv c~iY
K‡i _v‡K| B-weR‡bm, B-Kgvm© †_‡K Avjv`v| B-
weR‡bm memgq †mBme Kvh©vejxi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡i †h¸‡jv B‡j±ªwbK mÿgZvi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq| Avi B-Kgvm© n‡jv B-weR‡bm Gi GKwU
Dc‡mU (Sub set) ev Ask| B-weR‡bm m¤ú~Y© †fjy †PBb (Value Chain) Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Kw¤úDUvi ev B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i hLb Drcv`b, e›Ub ev Drcv`b e›Ub
mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K B-weR‡bm ev B‡jKUªwbK weR‡bm ejv nq|
B-gv‡K©wUs (E-Marketing)
B-gv‡K©wUs Gi c~Y© iƒc n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK gv‡K©wUs| B-gv‡K©wUs A‡bK mgq B›Uvi‡bU gv‡K©wUs ev AbjvBb
gv‡K©wUs Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
mvaviY A‡_© B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z gv‡K©wUs G bxwZgvjv
Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK gva¨g ev B›Uvi‡bU Gi
gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Kiv‡K eySvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, B-
gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z †evSvq B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †Kvb
eªv‡Ûi evRviRvZKiY| GUvi g‡a¨ mivmwi
evRviRvZKiY ev c‡ivÿ evRviRvZKiY DfqB i‡q‡Q
Ges GLv‡b eëmvq Ges †µZv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b
e¨vcK nv‡i cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv nq|
B-gv‡K©wUs Gi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wb‡gœv³ •ewkó¨¸‡jv †`L‡Z cvB:
i. B-gv‡K©wUs n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi gva¨‡g B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hvM
ii. Gi gva¨‡g we‡µZv mn‡R †µZv‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i
iii. Gi gva¨‡g †µZv‡ì mv‡_ `xN©‡gqvw` m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv hvq
iv. gv‡K©wUs Gi bxwZgvjv Ges Kjv‡KŠkj B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, B-gv‡K©wUs ej‡Z H mKj Kvhv©ejx‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv nq World
Wide Web (Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe) Gi gva¨‡g hvi jÿ¨ n‡”Q bZzb eëmvq‡K AvKl©Y Kiv, eZ©gvb
eëmvq‡K a‡i ivLv Ges GwUi eªv‡Ûi cwiwPwZ e„w× Kiv|

Kg©cÎ-1
B-weR‡bm I B-gv‡K©wUs Gi aviYv †_‡K G‡ì g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R †ei Ki|
B-weR‡bm B-gv‡K©wUs
• •
• •
• •
B-wi‡UBwjs (E-Retailing)
B-wi‡UBwjs Gi c~Y© A_© n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK wi‡UBwjs (Electronic Retailing)| B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv weR‡bm
Uz KbRygvi ev eëmvq †_‡K †fv³v (B2C) ‡jb‡`‡bi cÖwZkã|
mvaviYfv‡e LyPiv cY¨ `ªe¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewµ Kiv‡K B-
wi‡UBwjs e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_© B-wi‡UBwjs n‡jv we‡µZv KZ…©K mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU ev
I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì Kv‡Q cY¨ `ªe¨ wewµ Kiv|
†KD †KD Bnv‡K B-mc, B-‡÷vi, B›Uvi‡bU mc, AbjvBb †÷vi,
I‡qe †÷vi BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i| c„w_exi weL¨vZ `yBwU B-
wi‡UBwjs n‡jv AvgvRb WU Kg (Amazon.com) Ges B-‡e
(e-Bay)| evsjv‡`‡ki weµq WU Kg (bikroy.com) GKwU B-
wi‡UBwjs Gi D`vniY|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, hLb †Kvb cÖwZôvb mivmwi cY¨ `ªe¨ †`vKv‡b bv mvwR‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
gva¨‡g wewfbœ K¨vUvj‡M cY¨ mvwR‡q iv‡L Ges †µZviv mivmwi †`vKv‡b bv G‡m AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g
cY¨ `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K e‡j B-wi‡UBwjs|
AbjvBb eëmvq (Online Business)
wecYb cY¨ I cwi‡mev B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g †h eëmvq Kiv nq Zv‡K
AbjvBb eëmvq e‡j| AbjvBb eëmv‡q GKwU
cÖwZôvb Zvi mKj cY¨-`ªe¨ m¤ú‡K© hveZxq mKj
wKQz AbjvBb K¨vUvj‡M w`‡q iv‡L| †h †KD H
K¨vUvjM ‡`L‡Z cv‡i I cY¨ cQ›` K‡i AbjvB‡bB
c‡Yï digv‡qk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB digv‡q‡ki
gva¨‡gB we‡µZv Zvi cY¨ mieiv‡ni eë¯’v K‡i|
GB ai‡bi c‡Yï g~j¨ AbjvB‡bB cwi‡kva Ki‡Z
nq| AbjvBb eëmv‡qi cÖavb gva¨g wn‡m‡e
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kiv nq|
B›Uvi‡bU nvRvi nvRvi MÖvnK‡K cY¨ m¤ú‡K© Lye mn‡RB Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡i, hvi gva¨‡g MÖvnKiv cY¨
m¤ú‡K© AvK…ó nq Ges cY¨ µ‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq| Z‡e AbjvBb eëmv‡q wek¦vm Ges mZZv LyeB
Riæix| GwU bv _vK‡j G eëmv‡q mdj nIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e|

B-e¨vswKs / B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs Gi aviYv

Concept of E-Banking/Electronic Banking
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs c×wZ n‡jv e¨vswKs †mev myweav cÖ`v‡bi AvaywbK †KŠkj ev c×wZ| GwU Ggb
GK ai‡bi e¨vswKs †mev c×wZ †hLv‡b DbœZ B‡jKUªwbK
cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf©yj Ges e¨vcK we¯Í…Z †mev
cÖ`vb m¤¢e| G ai‡bi e¨vswKs c×wZ mbvZb, KvwqK kªgwbf©i,
mxwgZ †mevm¤^wjZ, gš’i, KvMR I bw_i RgvK…Z ¯Íy‡ci
†m‡K‡j e¨vswKs c×wZi Aemvb NwU‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖL¨vZ e¨vsK welqK †jLK Wt G Avi Lvb G
m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒB‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs n‡jv DbœZ cÖhyw³wbf©i
AvaywbKZg Zworevnx ev DcMÖn wbf©i Kw¤úDUvivwqZ
cÖwµqvmg~n hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK `ªæZZv I wbf©yjZv wbwðZc~e©K MÖvnK‡ì‡K Kvg¨ †mev cÖ`vbmn
cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM ms¯’vc‡b mÿg nq|
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs c×wZmg~n (Methods Of E-Banking)

 †nvg e¨vswKs (Home Banking):
†nvg e¨vswKs n‡jv Ggb e¨vswKs eë¯’v, †hLv‡b e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq bv wM‡q N‡i e‡mB e¨vswKs Kvh©vejx
m¤úv`b Kiv‡K †evSvq| †nvg
e¨vswKs mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dvb ev
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ m¤úv`b Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| hwÌ †nvg e¨vswKs
1980 mv‡j ïiæ nq Z_vwc
1990 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS‡Z GwU
RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i _v‡K|
e¨vswKs Gi RbwcÖqZvi Kvi‡Y
eZ©gv‡b e¨vswKs eë¯’vq e¨vcK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
 weµq we›`y †mev (Point of sale (POS):
POS ej‡Z Ggb ¯’vb‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b LyPiv †jb‡`b m¤úv`b nq| GUv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c‡qÈ
†hLv‡b cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨ eëmvqx‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avi cY¨ ev †mevi g~j¨ wba©viY Kivi Rb¨
GLv‡b ¯‹¨vbvi ev B‡jKUªwbK †gwkb eënvi Kiv nq|

 ¯^qsµxq MYbv hš¿ (ATM):

gbyl¨wenxb ¯^q sµxqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ A_© †jb‡`b eë¯’v‡KB GwUGg e‡j| A‡Uv‡g‡UW †Ujvi
†gwkb (GwUGg) eZ©gvb mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ Ges RbwcÖq †mev cÖ`vbKvix Abyl½| GwU
GKwU cøvw÷K KvW©, hv bM` Rgv Ges D‡Ëvj‡bi Kv‡R PweŸk N›Uv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU
Ggb GKwU ¯^qswµq hš¿ hv cÖw Zôv‡bi jwe‡Z, GcvU©‡g›U Kg‡cø·, evwYwR¨K GjvKv, kwcs
†m›Uvi, KviLvbv GjvKv BZ¨vw` †h †Kvb GjvKvq ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨vsK¸‡jv
Zv‡ì wewfbœ LyPiv †mev¸‡jv MÖvnK‡ì AwZ mwbœK ‡U †cuŠ ‡Q w`‡Z †c‡i‡Q| mviv †`‡k cÖvq
cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ ey‡_i cvkvcvwk †kqviW ey_I i‡q‡Q| G‡Z myweav n‡jv †hg b-(K)
†PK cÖ‡qvRb nq bv (L) ¯^v ÿi wgj-Awg‡ji †Kvb mskq †bB (M) 365 w`‡bi †h †Kvb mg‡q
†mev cÖvwßi myw eav (N) KvD›Uv‡i hš¿Yv`vqK wf‡oi g‡a¨ c‡o _vK‡Z nq bv (O) mn‡R
enb‡hvM¨ (P) mKj c‡ÿi mgq I A_© mvkÖq BZ¨vw`|
 †µwWU KvW© (Credit Card):
Ôd«v¼wjb b¨vkbvj e¨vsKÕ 1951 mv‡j me©cÖ_g †µwWU Kv‡W©i cÖPjb K‡i| 1966 mv‡j Ôe¨vsK Ae
Av‡gwiKvÕ Zvi †µwWU ¯‹xg Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki me©vwaK
e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K G jvB‡mÝ †`q| G cÖwµqvq e¨vsK KZ©„K MÖvnK‡K e¨vs‡Ki UvKv eënv‡ii GKwU wjwgU
†`qv nq| MÖvnK Zvi GKvD‡›U UvKv bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G KvW© w`‡q UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev
wewfbœ kwcs cÖwZôvb †_‡K †KbvKvUv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †µwWU Kv‡W© LiP Kivi Rb¨ KvW©
Bmy¨Kvix cÖwZôvb Zvi MÖvnK‡ì cÖvqk GKwU AbyMÖn mgq w`‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z me©vwaK
cÖPwjZ †µwWU KvW©¸‡jv n‡jv wfmv, G‡g·, gv÷vi, Av‡gwiKvb G·‡cÖm, †Mvì KvW© BZ¨vw`|
 GmGgGm e¨vsK (SMS Bank):
e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq †gvevBj b¤î †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i GmGgGm e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy Ki‡Z nq| †h †Kvb mgq
GKvD›U e¨v‡jÝ I †÷U‡g›U †c‡Z GmGgGm e¨vswKs †mev AZzjbxq| G †mev m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g
kvLvi MÖvnK‡mevi gvb DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e| †h mKj MÖvnK ïaygvÎ GKvD›U e¨v‡jÝ Rvbvi Rb¨ kvLvq
Av‡mb GmGgGm e¨vswKs Pvjy Ki‡j e¨v‡jÝ Rvbvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì kvLvq Avmvi ìKvi n‡e bv| G‡Z
e¨vsKvi I MÖvn‡Ki mgq, kÖg I A_© mvkÖq nq|
 evsjv‡`k A‡Uv‡g‡UW wK¬qvwis nvDR (BACH):
evsjv‡`‡k wK¬qvwis RM‡Z Av‡jvob m„wóKvix GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k A‡Uv‡g‡UW wK¬qvwis nvDR
(weGwmGBP)| GB †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq GLb †K›`ªxqfv‡e evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vj‡q wK¬qvwis
m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z MÖvnKiv GKw`‡bB Zvi †PK Zvi e¨vs‡Ki †h †Kvb kvLvi gva¨‡g wK¬qvwis
Kwi‡q A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb, hv Av‡M †ÿÎ we‡k‡l GK mßvnI †j‡M †hZ| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej
†P‡Ki B‡gR cvVv‡Z nq, c~‡e©i gZ g~j †PK cvVv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G eë¯’v e¨vswKs-G cÖf~Z
AMÖMwZ I ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avbqb K‡i‡Q|
 †gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Bankig):

†gvevBj e¨vswKs Ggb GKwU kvLvwenxb wWwRUvj e¨vswKs wm‡÷g hvi gva¨‡g ¯^í Li‡P `ÿZvi mv‡_
e¨vswKs myweavewÂZ gvby‡li wbKU †cuŠQv‡bv hvq| G c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖK…Z Ab-jvBb myweav cvIqv
hvq| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g †gvevB‡j UvKv wiPvR© Kiv hvq| GwU
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbx AwZ Kvw•ÿZ GKwU †mev| wcÖ-†cÖBW c¨v‡K‡R 10 UvKv †_‡K 1000 UvKv
ch©šÍ w`‡b m‡e©v”P cuvPevi wiPvR©‡hvM¨| †cv÷‡cBW c¨v‡K‡R 50 UvKv †_‡K 5000 UvKv ch© šÍ w`‡b
m‡e©v”P cuvPevi wiPvR©‡hvM¨| G‡Z †Kvb PvR© cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| w`‡b 24 N›Uv, mßv‡n 7 w`b I eQ‡i 365
w`b e¨vswKs myweav| G c×wZ‡Z we‡`k †_‡K A_© †cÖiY I MÖnY, bM` UvKv Rgv/D‡Ëvjb, GK
GKvD›U n‡Z Ab¨ GKvD‡›U A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, GKvD‡›Ui e¨v‡jÝ Rvbv, †eZb/fvZv †cÖiY I MÖnY,
†gvevBj Uc-Avc (wiPvR©), cY¨ µq-weµq, †h †Kvb †gvevBj †dvb I wmg eënvi K‡i GB myweav
MÖnY, gvÎ 20 UvKv Rgv w`‡q GKvD›U †Lvjvmn Av‡iv A‡bK myweav MÖnY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k
me©cÖ_g WvPevsjv e¨vsK †gvevBj e¨vswKs mvwf©m Pvjy K‡i| ÔGg e¨vswKsÕ bv‡g Bmjvgx e¨vsKI G
†mev Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
 †WweU KvW© (Debit Card):
†WweU KvW© B‡j±ªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ, hv ÔK¨vkKvW©Õ ev ÔG‡mU KvW©Õ wn‡m‡e
eûj cÖPwjZ| GwU e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb KZ©„K AvgvbZKvix‡K cÖ`Ë Pzw³wfwËK mvs‡KwZK
b¤îhy³ GK ai‡bi we‡kl cøvw÷K KvW©| Gi gva¨‡g B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q Znwej ¯’vbvšÍi I AvgvbZ
wnmve †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq| KvW©wU bM` UvKv, †PK ev †µwWU Kv‡W©i weKí wn‡m‡e eëüZ
nq| m”Qj †jvK‡ì wbKU G Kv‡W©i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †ewk|
 AbjvbB e¨vswKs (Online banking):
AbjvBb e¨vswKs n‡jv †Kvb GKK e¨vs‡Ki GKvwaK kvLv ev GKvwaK e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ kvLvi g‡a¨
Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³wbf©i GKUv †bUIqvK© eë¯’v| G‡ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb e¨vs‡Ki †h †Kvb kvLvq
wM‡q GKRb MÖvnK Zvi e¨vsK wnmv‡ei myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i D³ wnmve
†ei K‡i †jb‡`b m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_© Rgv`vb, A_© msMÖn, †P‡Ki A_© msMÖn, wej cÖ`vb
BZ¨vw` bvbvb Kv‡R AbjvBb e¨vswKs †mev Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| Giƒc e¨vswKs GKUv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b
MwÐe× mxwgZ †jb‡`b eë¯’v‡K MwÐi evB‡i G‡b e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q Ges bM` A_©
en‡bi ev WªvdU K‡i wb‡q Zv fv½v‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb `~i K‡i‡Q|
 B-e¨vswKs Gi myweav (Benefits of E-Banking):
B-e¨vswKs †_‡K †µZv, e¨vsK wkí Ges mvaviY A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ myweav †c‡q _v‡K| wb‡gœ B-e¨vswKs
Gi myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
 †µZvi myweav (Benefits to customar):
†µZviv AbjvBb wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g mn‡RB w`b ivZ 24 N›Uv UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges
†ÿÎwe‡k‡l RgvI w`‡Z cv‡i|

* bM` UvKv D‡Ëvjb QvovI e¨v‡jÝ AbymÜvb I wgwb e¨vsK †÷U‡g›U †c‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
* Bs-e¨vswKs Gi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©gv‡b mn‡RB BDwUwjwU wej cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi N›Uvi
ci N›Uv jvB‡b ùvwo‡q _vK‡Z nq bv|
* GKUv GKK I‡qe mvBU Gi gva¨‡g e¨vs‡Ki hveZxq Kvh©vewj I myweav m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
* †µwWU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †h‡Kvb †`k †_‡K cb¨ †Kbv hvq| Gi Rb¨ Avi †ccvi †bvU enb Ki‡Z
nq bv|
* †WweU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ †`‡ki †h †Kvb kvLv †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hv‡e|
 e¨vs‡Ki myweav (Benefits to Bank):

B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y †µZvi cvkvcvwk e¨vsK BÛvw÷ª I A‡bK myweav †c‡q _v‡K hvi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
* B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y e¨vs‡Ki A‡bK cwiPvjbv e¨q Ges Dcwi e¨q n«vm cvq|
* A‡bK KvR AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g Kivq Kgx©‡ì `ÿZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZv e„w×
†c‡q‡Q|
* B-e¨vswKs Gi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †e‡o‡Q, me e¨vsK GLb Av‡iv DbœZ †mev
cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Ki‡Q hv e¨vsK eë¯’v Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
* B-e¨vswKs mn‡RB Zv‡ì †jb‡`b¸‡iv WKz‡g›U AvKv‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
* kvLv †bUIqv‡K©i Zzjbvq Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© `ªæZ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†µZv Ges e¨vswKs BÛvw÷ªR Gi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvaviY A_©bxwZ‡ZI B-e¨vswKs ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q ZvB w`b w`b B-e¨vswKs Gi eënvi evo‡Q|
Kg©cÎ-2
GwUGg KvW© eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y mbvZb c×wZ A‡cÿv †h myweav¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv
•Zwi Ki|
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •

1| me©cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j?
K. 1932 L. 1934
M. 1994 N. 1997
2| B-Kgvm© ej‡Z wb‡gœi †KvbwU‡K eySvq?
K. B‡j±ªwbK Dcv‡q cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx µq-weµq
L. eëmv‡qi mKj Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv
M. B›Uvi‡bU gva¨g cÖ‡qvM Kiv
N. e¨vswKs Kg© cwiPvjbv Kiv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
wg. †iRv Ggb GKwU e¨vs‡K wnmve Ly‡j‡Qb †hLv‡b DbœZZi cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i AwZ`ªæZ, wbf©~j
Ges e¨vcK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvovI e¨vsK Zv‡K wewfbœ AvaywbK †mev myweavI Advi Ki‡Q|
3| wg. †iRvi e¨vsK eë¯’vi aibwU †Kgb?
K. B-e¨vswKs
L. wgkÖ e¨vswKs
M. †PBb e¨vswKs
N. MÖæc e¨vswKs
4| e¨vsK wg. †iRv‡K †h mKj AvayywbK myweav Advi Ki‡Q Zv n‡Z cv‡i−
i. †WweU KvW©
ii. †µwWU KvW©
iii. jKvi fvov


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| Rvwid XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi n‡j _v‡K| Zvi evev †MvcvjMÄ m`‡i WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †_‡K
†Q‡ji Rb¨ UvKv cvVvb| DbœZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g cuvP wgwbU ciB Rvwid XvKvi WvP-evsjv e¨vsK,
avbgwÛ kvLv †_‡K UvKv DVvq| e¨vsKwU eZ©gv‡b AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ †mev †hgb−UvKv Rgv
I D‡Ëvjb, cY¨ I †mev µ‡qi g~j¨ cwi‡kva, wewfbœ ai‡bi wej cwi‡kva, †eZb-fvZv BZ¨vw`
my‡hvM-myweavi †ÿ‡Î GK avc GwM‡q Av‡Q|
K. B-wi‡UBwjs Kx?
L. B-weR‡bm ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vswKs e¨ve¯’vi myev‡` Rvwid `ªæZ UvKv DVv‡Z †c‡i‡Q−e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki AviI AvaywbK cÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx ai‡bi cÖhyw³i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|
2| iv‡mj I gvmy` `yB eÜz| iv‡mj PvKyix K‡i Ges gvmy` eëmv K‡i| iv‡mj •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡b
wewfbœ mg‡q Zvi wnmve †_‡K ATM ey_ GK ai‡bi Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K gvmy` Zvi e¨vs‡K wnmve bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡kl Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb I
†KbvKvUv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡q my`mn A_© †diZ w`‡Z nq|
K. B-Kgvm© Kx?
L. †gvevBj e¨vswKs ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. iv‡mj †h Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g A_© D‡Ëvjb K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. gvmy‡ì eëüZ KvW©wU Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? GB ai‡bi KvW© eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Ki|

Øv`k Aa¨vq
eëmvq •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv
ETHICS IN BUSINESS & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b ZeyI eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi
welqwU †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| eëmvq m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡K g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZv
m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK `„wófw½ cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev−

• eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi aviYv|
• eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|
• eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv|
• eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vq×Zvi ¸iæZ¡mg~n|
• mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZKiY|
• eëmvwqK Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve|
• cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZ / eëmvq msMVbmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡mg~n|
• mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi M„wnZ Kvh©µg|
• Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jvi ÿwZKi w`K mbv³KiY|
• ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z Lv‡`ï ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv|
• ÿwZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv|
• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡i mZK©Zv I KiYxq w`K¸‡jv|

12. 1 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi aviYv

Concept of Business Values and Ethics
•bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva eëmvq RM‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| g~j¨‡eva n‡jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I
Kg©cÖwµqvi mgwó, hv gvbyl‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i| g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZv‡eva gvbyl‡K b¨vq-
Ab¨vq, wVK-†ewVK, fv‡jv-g‡›ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mvaviY gvbyl AvRI
mrfv‡e Rxebhvcb K‡i RxweKvi ms¯’vb Ki‡Z Pvq Ges mgv‡R GLbI wKQy msL¨K eëmvqx Av‡Qb
hviv mr eëmvqx wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Qb| eëmv‡q •bwZKZvi weKvk I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M AvBb-Kvbyb cÖeZ©b †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvI
Acwinvh©| cvðv‡Zï †`k¸‡jv‡Z eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †ÿ‡Î †h g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi gvb cÖwZôv jvf
K‡i‡Q Zv GKw`‡b nqwb Ges ïay ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡MI nqwb| DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi e„n`vqZb eëmvq
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z •bwZKZv wewa-weavb cÖYqb I Abymi‡Yi Ici †hfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq
Avgv‡ì †`‡kI Zv Ki‡Z n‡e| GK_v wVK †h, eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvBbKvbyb LyeB Ach©vß| wKš‘ †h mxwgZ msL¨K AvBbKvbyb G‡`‡k Av‡Q †m¸‡jviI
myôz ev¯Íevqb †bB| eëmv‡q g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ivóª I mgvR- Dfq‡K GwM‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dbœqb NU‡e e‡j Avkv
Kiv hvq|
12.2 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva
Business Values
g~ j ¨‡eva n‡jv Ggb me AvPvi-AvPiY I Kg© c Ö w µqvi mgwó, hv gvby l ‡K wbqš¿ Y I cwiPvjbv
K‡i| mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv, wkóvPvi, k„ • Ljv,
†m․Rb¨, mnbkxjZv, mngwg© Z v BZ¨vw` gvbweK
¸Yvewj n‡”Q g~ j ¨‡ev‡ai Dcv`vb| g~ j ¨‡eva
gvby l ‡K Zvi Kg© K v‡Ûi fv‡jv-g›` w`K Aby a veb
Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K eëmvwqK
g~ j ¨‡eva ej‡Z Ggb GKwU gvb`Û‡K ey S vq hvi
Dci wfwË K‡i eëmvwqK ixwZ-bxwZ, wPšÍ v -
†PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv Z_v eëmvwqK Kg© K vÛ
cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
eëmvq RM‡Z †hme g~j¨‡eva me©Rb ¯^xK…wZ jvf Ki‡Q Zv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
1. m‡e©v”P †fv³v mš‘wó wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB gybvdvi m‡e©v”PKiY m¤¢e| ZvB MÖvnK mšÍywó
weav‡b m¤¢e mewKQz Kiv DwPZ|
2. cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Rbkw³i Kvh© mšÍywói Dci cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj| ZvB Zv‡ì mš‘wó
AR©‡b Avw_©K I Abvw_©K mKj ai‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bv †`qv DwPZ|
eëmvq •bwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv 221
3. mswkøó mK‡ji mv‡_ DËg †hvMv‡hvM I fv‡jv m¤úK© eëmvwqK Dbœq‡bi PvweKvwV| ZvB m¤úK©
m„wó, m¤úK© iÿv Ges wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM eëmvwqK mg„w× AR©‡bi nvwZqvi|
4. MÖvnK‡ì mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© ¯’vcb ev mivmwi Av‡e`b m„wói gva¨‡gB evRv‡i Ae¯’v mymsnZ Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
5. mgvR m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb †_‡K eëmvq‡K GwM‡q †bqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB h_vm¤¢e mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡cvj‡b m‡Pó nIqv ìKvi|
6. mybvg eëmv‡qi eo m¤ú`| hv mZZv, AvšÍwiKZv, †hvM¨Zv I cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g
M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|
12.3 eëmvq •bwZKZv ev eëmvqx wkóvPvi
Business Ethics
†hme mvgvwRK wKsev AvBbMZ ixwZ-bxwZ AbymiY K‡i eëmvqx‡K Zvi eëmvq Kh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K eëmvq •bwZKZv ejv hvq| •bwZKZv gvbyl‡K mr I mwVK Kv‡Ri c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i,
gvby‡li g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡eva RvMÖZ K‡i|
Encyclopedia America -†Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò •bwZKZv n‡”Q `k©‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv, hvi gva¨‡g
gvbyl †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Kvh©µg ev AvPvi-AvPiY m¤ú‡K© mwVK
g~j¨vqb I wm×všÍ Mªn‡Y m‡Pó nq|Ó
eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †h •bwZKZv ev wkóvPvi mKj mgv‡RB ¯^xK…wZ
jvf K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
• mKj †ÿ‡Î mZZv eRvq ivLv I wbf©iZvi ¸Y AR©b
Kiv|
• †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖZviYv, kVZv I †avKvevwRi AvkÖq MÖnY
bv Kiv|
• evRv‡i K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i cY¨g~j¨ e„w× bv Kiv|
• miKvwi wbqg-ixwZ †g‡b Pjv|
• cwi‡ek iÿvq mva¨ g‡Zv f~wgKv ivLv|
• ÿwZKi I †eAvBwb cY¨ Drcv`b ev weµq bv Kiv|
12.4 eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Necessity of Business Values and Ethics
evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq •bwZKZvi cÖ‡qvM A‡bK †ÿ‡Î m‡šÍvlRbK bq| A_©‣bwZK `yie¯’v I nxbgb¨Zv †eva
M‡o D‡V‡Q| wkÿvi Afv‡e gvby‡li gv‡S MZvbyMwZK wPšÍv I fveaviv we`¨gvb| Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨ †fRvj,
wbgœgv‡bi cY¨ •Zwi, IR‡b Kg, digvwjbhy³ gvQ I djg~j, Jl‡a †fRvj, PjvP‡ji A‡hvM¨ hvbevn‡b
iv¯Ívq PjvPj eëmv‡q A‣bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci D`vniY| Giƒc Ae¯’vq mgv‡R •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

• eëmvqxiv Zv‡ì cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i RxebaviY K‡i| Zv‡ì •bwZK `vwqZ¡
n‡jv mwVK mg‡q gvbm¤§Z cY¨ ev †mev mieivn Kiv|
• eëmv‡qi g~j jÿ¨ gybvdv AR©b n‡jI eëmvqx‡ì g‡b ivLv DwPZ mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zv‡ì
A‡bK `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q Ges G Kv‡R Ae‡njv ev Abxnv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi bq|
• •bwZKZv ev wkóvPv‡ii mKj bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡j eëmvqx‡ì wm×všÍ MÖnY mwVK n‡e|
• eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii gvby‡li fv‡jv-g›`, Kj¨vY †`Lv GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡|
• †`kxq I AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b K‡i eëmvqx‡ì eëmvq MVb I cwiPvjbv Kiv
DwPZ|
• Lv‡`¨ †fRvj I Jlac‡Î †fRv‡ji Kvi‡Y gvbyl RwUj †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡”Q| •bwZKZv I
g~j¨‡evaB cv‡i G fqven cwiYwZ n‡Z iÿv Ki‡Z|
• mgv‡Ri m¤§vb I kÖ×v †c‡Z n‡j eëmvq •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva Aej¤^‡bi weKí †bB|
Kg©cÎ-1
†Zvgvi GjvKvq Ggb 3wU cÖwZôvb wbe©vPb Ki hviv •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i Ges 3wU cÖwZôvb
wbe©vPb Ki hviv •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i bv|
•bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i •bwZKZvi mv‡_ eëmv K‡i bv

• •
• •
• •
12.5 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv

Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility
eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb Kvh©‡K †evSvq hv mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki
Dbœqb, mgm¨v `~ixKiY Ges DbœZ cwi‡ek I mgvR M‡o †Zvjvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| eëmv‡qi
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki Dci eëmv‡qi cÖfve DbœZ Kiv| mvgvwRK
`vqe×Zv †Kvb AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv Ges cwi‡ekev`x‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi evB‡i m„wó nq| GwU‡K
K‡c©v‡iU wmwU‡Rb (Corporate Citizen) bv‡g A‡b‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb †hUv
e¨q Ki‡e Zv ZrÿbvZ wd‡i cv‡e bv| wKšÍy GwU mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avb‡e|
†hgb WvPevsjv e¨vsK `wi`ª wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ 102 †KvwU UvKvi wkÿve„wË w`‡q‡Q| G‡Z wkÿvi nvi
†e‡o‡Q| cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi, eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z eëmv‡qi A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb I
•bwZK AvPi‡Yi GKwU Pjgvb A½xKvi‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b Kgx©‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb, ¯’vbxq
Awaevmx Ges m‡e©vcwi mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi KvR nq|
12.6 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vq×Zvi ¸iæZ¡mg~n

Importance of Social Responsibilities of Business
GKUv mgq wQj hLb eëmvq cÖwZôvb †h‡Kvb Dcv‡q A_© DcvR©‡bi †Póv KiZ| ZLb eëmv‡qi
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv e‡j wKQz wQjbv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †fv³v ev bvMwiKiv AwaK m‡PZb| hvi Kvi‡Y
w`b w`b eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv evo‡Q|
wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi ¸iæZ¡ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
1. e¨vÛ B‡gR I L¨vwZ e„ w ×: eëmvq mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡j

gvby l Rb D³ cÖ w Zôvb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| hvi d‡j cÖ w Zôv‡bi eª v Û B‡gR Ges
L¨vwZ e„ w × cvq|
2. weµq e„w×: cÖwZôv‡bi hLb ÿwZ ev‡o Ges RbMY D³ cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Rv‡b ZLb cÖwZôv‡bi
weµq e„w× cvq| ZvQvov eZ©gvb †µZv‡ì‡K I a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nq|
3. Drcv`b I c‡bï ¸bv¸Y e„w×: GKwU cÖwZôvb hLb mwVKfv‡e Zvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv cvjb
K‡i ZLb †m me mgq c‡Yï ¸Yv¸b e„w×i †Póv K‡i| G‡Z c‡bï ¸bv¸b e„w× cvq Ges
Drcv`b I ev‡o|
4. bZzb Kgx‡ì AvKl©Y Kiv Ges eZ©gvb Kg©x‡ì a‡i ivLv: mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖwZôv‡bi B‡gR ev‡o| G‡Z bZzb bZzb Kgx©iv D³ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq| wVK
GKBfv‡e eZ©gvb Kg©xiv I D³ cÖwZôvb †Q‡o †h‡Z Pvq bv|
5. c‡bï wbivcËv e„w× Ges `vq n«vm: mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Kvi‡Y Drcv`K DbœZgv‡bi cY¨
Drcv`‡bi †Póv K‡i| Avwi cY¨ hv‡Z mn‡R bó bv nq †m Rb¨ me mgq c‡Yï wbivcËvi
Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| c‡Yï wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y cY¨ bó n‡j †h SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z nq
Zvi cwigvY n«vm cvq|
6. m¤cÖ ` vq I mvavib gvby ‡ li Kj¨vY: A‡bK mgq eëmv cÖ w Zôv Zvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv
wn‡m‡e ¯’ v bxq gvby l ‡ì‡K †Wv‡bkb cÖ ` vb K‡i, Mixe wkÿv_x© ‡ ì‡K wkÿv DcKiY
cÖ ` vb K‡i, iv¯Í v Nv‡Ui Dbœ q ‡b KvR K‡i| G‡Z ¯’ v bxq m¤cÖ ` vq I mvaviY gvby ‡ li
Kj¨vY nq|

12.7 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡

Social Responsibilities of Business
AZx‡Z gybvdv AR©bB wQj eëmv‡qi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨| wKš‘ eZ©gvb me©Rb ¯^xK…Z †h, †Kej gybvdv
AR©bB eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡K mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡I cvjb Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ej‡Z eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó
mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv‡K eySvq| eëmv‡qi mv‡_
RwoZ wewfbœ cÿmg~n †hgb, †µZv,
kªwgKÑKg©x, wewb‡qvMKvix, mieivnKvix,
cvIbv`vi, miKvi, Ges mgv‡Ri RbMY-
G‡ì cÖwZ eëmvq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e
A‡bK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó Kg©x, mgv‡Ri mvaviY RbMY I miKv‡ii cÖwZ
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK ev cwiPvjKMY ev D‡`¨v³vMY‡K †h `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K
eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ejv hvq|
12.8 eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi †ÿÎmg~n

The Area of Corporate Social Responsibilities
eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| wewb‡qvMKvix, †µZv, kªwgK-Kgx©, cvIbv`vi, miKvi, mvaviY
RbMY, KvuPvgvj mieivnKvix BZ¨vw` mK‡jB mgv‡Ri A½| gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡ì cÖwZ
eëmv‡qi A‡bK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswkó mgv‡Ri wewfbœ c‡ÿi cÖwZ
eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eY©bv Kiv nj|
kªwgK-Kg©x‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv
Responsibility to Employees
kªwgK-Kg©x eëmv‡qi g~j kw³| Zviv eëmv‡qi mKj ¯Í‡i wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K
cwiPvwjZ K‡i Gi Afxó jÿ¨ AR©‡b
mnvqZv K‡i| Zv‡ì cÖwZ eëmv‡qi
`vwqZ¡ n‡”QÑ
K. Zv‡ì‡K b¨vh¨ cvwikªwgK cÖ`vb
Kiv ;
L. Zv‡ì mv‡_ fvj eënvi Kiv ;
M. Zv‡ì Rb¨ myôz Kvh© cwi‡ek M‡o
†Zvjv ;
N. Zv‡ì Ges Zv‡ì ¯¿x-mšÍvb‡ì
Rb¨ wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Kiv|
O. Zv‡ì mšÍvb-mšÍywZi wkÿvi eë¯’v Kiv ;

P. Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ •bcyY¨ e„w×i Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwkÿY I Dbœq‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
Q. kªwgK-Kg©x‡ì PvKwii wbivcËv weavb Kiv ;
R. Zv‡ì gbmšÍywó weav‡bi Rb¨ we‡bv`bg~jK my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’v Kiv ;
S. PvKwi †k‡l Zv‡ì AemiKvjxb †cbk‡bi eë¯’v Kiv BZ¨vw`|
†µZvM‡Yi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv
Responsibility to Customers
mgv‡Ri †fvMKvix †µZvMYB eëmvq cwiPvjbvi jÿ¨we›`y| Zuviv cY¨mvgMÖx µq Ki‡j Drcv`b
Ae¨vnZ MwZ‡Z P‡j Ges eëmvwqK Kvh©µg m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| †Kbbv cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv nq
†µZvmvavi‡Yi Pvwn`v I Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨; wKš‘ †µZvi Afv‡e eëmv‡qi G D‡Ïk¨ cÛ n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs mgv‡Ri †fvMKvix †µZvmvavi‡Yi cÖwZ eëmv‡qi wbæewY©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq−
K. †µZvM‡Yi Afve †gvP‡bi Rb¨ Pvwn`vbyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevKg©vw` mieivn Kiv;
L. wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b I wba©vwiZ mg‡q b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ ch©vß cwigv‡Y cY¨mvgMÖx mieivn Kiv;
M. †µZv‡ì mš‘wó weav‡b c‡Yï ¸YMZ gvb DbœZ Kiv;
N. mieivnK…Z cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZvmvavi‡Yi wbKU †_‡K †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM G‡j Zv h_vh_
we‡ePbvq G‡b ÎæwU-wePy¨wZi cÖwZweav‡bi eë¯’v Kiv;
O. bZzb bZzb cY¨ Avwe®‥v‡ii gva¨‡g †µZv‡ì AZ…ß evmbv PwiZv_© K‡i Zv‡ì myL -
¯^v”Q›`¨ e„w× Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Kg©cÎ-2
†Zvgv‡ì K‡j‡Ri K¨vw›UbwU †µZv‡ì cÖwZ †h `vwqZ¡¸‡jv Av‡Q Zvi †KvbwU cvjb Ki‡Q Avi Ki‡Q
bv Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q bv;
• •
• •
• •
• •
• •

wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv

Responsibility to Investors
wewb‡qvMKvix A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i g~jZ: Avq e„w×i cÖZ¨vkvq| myZivs, hviv eëmv‡q A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i, Zviv
hv‡Z wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq †mB j‡ÿ¨ eëmv‡qi
`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q−
K. wewb‡qv‡Mi Ici b¨vh¨ nv‡i Avq cÖvwßi myweav
cÖ`vb Kiv ;
L. wewb‡qvMKvixi wewb‡qvMK…Z A‡_©i wbivcËv
weavb Kiv ;
M. wewb‡qvwRZ A‡_©i mØeënvi Kiv ;
N. Zuv‡ì‡K eëmv‡hi cªK…Z Ae¯’v AewnZ Kiv
BZ¨vw`|
mieivnKvix I cvIbv`vi ev FY`vZvi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv
Responsibility to Suppliers and Creditors
eëmv‡qi Drcv`b Kvh©‡K Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Ges eëmvwqK Kvh©µg‡K mvejxj MwZ‡Z Pvjy ivLvi
†ÿ‡Î KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix I FY`vZv‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡ì cÖwZI eëmv‡qi
KwZcq `vwqZ¡ _v‡K| †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc−
K. mieivnKvix KZ©„K mieivnK…Z KuvPvgv‡ji
Dchy³ g~j¨ cÖ`vb Kiv ;
L. FY`vZv‡ì F‡Yi Ici wbqwgZ my` cÖ`vb
Kiv ;
M. F‡Yi UvKv mgqgZ cwi‡kva Kiv BZ¨vw`|
miKv‡ii cÖwZ `vqe×Zv
Responsibility to Government
miKvi ev iv‡óªi mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡j eëmvq mg„w× AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ; Ggb wK eëmv‡qi
Aw¯ÍZ¡B wejxb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eëmvqx‡K ZvB me mgqB miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ A_©‣bwZK I
ivR‣bwZK wbðqZv jvf Ki‡Z nq Ges Gi wewbg‡q eëmvqx‡K miKv‡ii cÖwZ wb‡æv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Z nq−
K. miKvwi AvBb-Kvbyb, ixwZ-bxwZ I wewa cÖ`vb Kiv ;
L. miKvi‡K wbqwgZ b¨vqm½Z Ki cÖ`vb Kiv ;
M. ivóªwe‡ivax Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K weiZ _vKv ;
N. RvZxq m¤ú‡ì mØënvi Kiv ;
O e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv BZ¨vw`|
GjvKvi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv

Responsibility to Community
eëmvq †h ¯’v‡b cÖwZwôZ nq †mLv‡b Kj-KviLvbvi †auvqv, AveR©bv BZ¨vwì Rb¨ cvwb, gvwU,
AvenvIqv Ges cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z ¯’vbxq Awaevmx‡ì hv‡Z ¯^v¯’¨nvwb bv N‡U †mRb¨
eëmvq‡K wKQy `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq; Zv wbæiƒc−
K. cwi‡e‡ki my¯’Zv eRvq ivLv;
L. GjvKvi iv¯ÍvNvU Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb;
M. GjvKvevmxi Kj¨v‡Y ¯‥zj-K‡j‡R, gmwR`-gw›ì, nvmcvZvj, cvVvMvi BZ¨vw` ¯’vc‡b mwµq
mn‡hvwMZv Kiv;
N. GjvKvi ÿwZMÖ¯Í RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ÎvY I cybe©vm‡bi Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kiv BZ¨vw`|
mgv‡Ri mvaviY RbM‡Yi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv
Responsibility to General People of the Society
mgv‡Ri Avcvgi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ eëmv‡qi eûgywL `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ KwZcq D‡jL‡hvM¨ `vwqZ¡
wb‡æ Zz‡j aiv nj−
K. RbM‡Yi wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Kiv ;
L. RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ÿwZKviK Ggb me †fRvj I `~wlZ cY¨mvgMÖx mieivn bv Kiv ;
M. mgv‡Ri RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv ;
N. `ªe¨g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLv ;
O. AwkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ I Aÿg e¨w³‡ì wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g DcvR©bÿg K‡i †Zvjv ;
P. RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©iÿv Ges wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZi Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb ;
Q. eëmv‡qi gybvdvi wKq`sk mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Kiv ;
R. mgv‡Ri mvwe©K jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Kiv|
12.9 eëmvwqK Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi cÖfve

The Impact of Pollution Created by Business
wek¦ cwi‡e‡ki `ªæZ AebwZ n‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡k MZ K‡qK `k‡K G AebwZ n‡q‡Q AviI `ª æZ|
evsjv‡`‡k 1995 mv‡j eëmvq cwi‡ek AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rbwe‡ùviY, ebvÂ‡ji
Aeÿq I NvUwZ Ges wkí I cwienb wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Afv‡ei ìæY †`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek
GK RwUj Ae¯’vi w`‡K †cu․Qv‡Z hv‡”Q|

kã `~lY
Sound Pollution
µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq evowZ hvbevnb I Ab¨vb¨ KjKviLvbv| Gme Mvwo
KjKviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z †avqv cwi‡ek‡K
gvivZ¥K fv‡e `~wlZ K‡i| kã `~lY I cwi‡e‡ki
`~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY| KviLvbv I Mvwo-†Nvov
Qvov I gvBK, jvDW w¯úKvi, †iwWI, wUwf
cÖK…wZi AvIqvR kã`~l‡Yi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z K‡i
gvby‡li GKK kw³ †jvc cvq| i³Pvc e„w× cvq,
KLbI †`Lv hvq gvbwmK wech©q| GQvov
KjKviLvbv Av‡k cv‡ki ¯’vqx evwm›`v‡ì wkï
mšÍvbiv Kg †ewk ewai n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
evqy `~lY I Zvi djvdj

Air Pollution and Its Consequences
Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Ab¨Zg m¤¢vi n‡jv evqy| evqy `~l‡Yi g~‡j Av‡Q KjKviLvbv, †gvUi Mvwo,
†Uªb, Nievwo I eëmv evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi DËvc
m„wói hš¿cvwZ Ges bvbv AveR©bv| eëmv
cÖwZôv‡b Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb A_©vr †Zj, Kqjv
BZ¨vw` cywo‡q Kve©b-WvB A·vB evZv‡m Qwo‡q
†Ìqv †K¬v‡ivd¬z‡ivwg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW,
Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK BZ¨vw` me¸‡jv evqy `~l‡Yi
cÖavb DcKiY|
wewfbœ A·vBW evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®úi m‡½
wg‡k •Zwi K‡i mvjdvi Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi
A¤ø| GB A¤ø wb‡P †b‡g G‡m cvwb I
gvwUim‡½ wg‡k hvq| GiB bvg ÔGwmW †iBbÕ
A¤ø el©Y|
evqy `~l‡Yi Dr‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q B‡Ui fvUv|
mvi Kvi Lvbv, wPwb, KvMR, cvU I e¯¿ KviLvbv, Pvgov wkí, †cvkvK wkí, we¯‥zU •Zwi‡Z KviLvbv,
ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U Drcv`b, wMÖj I ìRv-Rvbvjv, ivmvqwbK Jla •Zwi wkí, wm‡g›U
Drcv`b, wMÖj I ìRv Rvbvjvi IqvK© kc BZ¨vw`| Drm †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †avqv, ev®ú, M¨vm I
aywjKYv BZ¨vw` evZv‡m wg‡k †auvqv m„wó K‡i d‡j cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
evqy `~l‡Yi d‡j k¦vmKô, nvcvwb, `xN© ¯’vqx eªsKvBwUm, dzmdzm K¨vÝvi G RvZxq `~l‡Yi dj|

cvwb `~lY I Zvi djvdj

Water Pollution and Its Consequences
eZ©gv‡b wk‡íi eR©¨ b`x I Rjvkq‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q| cwi‡ek Awa`ßi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h PÆMÖv‡g
wUGmwc mvi KviLvbv †_‡K mvjwdDwiK I
dmdwiK GwmW Ges P›`ª‡Nvbvi KY©dzwj
KvM‡Ri wgj, wm‡jU KvMR wgj, `k©bvi
†Kiæ A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, Lyjbvi wkcBqvW© I
gvQ cÖwµqvKiY KviLvbv, XvKvi Awjw¤úK I
Kv‡`wiqv †U·UvBj wgjm jÿ jÿ †Mjb
Zij eR©¨ cvk¦eZx© b`x I Rjvk‡q wb‡ÿc
K‡i cvwb `~lY NUv‡”Q| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o
D‡V‡Q mg„× Rbc` kn‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q
AvaywbK PUKj, KvcoKj, wPwbKj, KvM‡Ri
Kj, †flR †Zj BZ¨vw`| GB me KjKviLvbvi AveR©bv cÖwZwbqZ cvwb‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q|
`ªæZ wkívqb wewfbœ †`‡ki cvwb mieiv‡ni Ges AveR©bv wb‡ÿ‡ci mgm¨v‡K µgk RwUj K‡i
Zzj‡Q| Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv w`‡”Q M„nKv‡h© eëüZ †bvsiv cvwb‡K †kvab K‡i cybivq
Zv eënvi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wKš‘ cvwb‡kvab eë¯’vq mvgvb¨Zg ÎæwU _vK‡j G †_‡K
jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¸iæZi iK‡gi msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|
gvwU `~lY I Zvi djvdj
Soil Pollution and Its Consenquences
g„wËKv ev gvwU f~Z¡‡Ki Dcwifv‡Mi GKwU cvZjv AveiY| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y g„wËKv `~lY N‡U| †hgb
f~wgÿq, evqy cÖevn m„„wó| MvQKvUv, eb DRvo, Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ev wbqwgZ ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi Kiv
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gvwUi ¸bMZ gvb bó n‡q hvq, d‡j gvwU `~lY N‡U|

GQvov KxUbvkK eënv‡i Avgv‡ì gvwU `~wlZ n‡”Q| evowZ dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ dmj‡K KxU cZ‡½i AvµgY
†_‡K iÿv Kivi ZvwM‡` †h ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` I mvi eënvi Kiv nq, Zv gvwUi Ici weiæc cÖfve †d‡j gvwU
`~wlZ K‡i _v‡K|
12.10 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZ
The Role of Chamber of Commerce Protecting Environment
cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Rb¨ †ewkifvM mgq `vqx wewfbœ iKg eëmvq cÖwZôvb| eëmvq cÖwZôvb hw` Zv‡ì
`~lY Kwg‡q †`q Zvn‡j mn‡RB cwi‡ek msiÿY Ki‡Z mÿg nq| Avi eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi AwffveK
wn‡m‡e ewYK mwgwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GB Rb¨ cÖvqB ewYK mwgwZ wewfbœ iKg
†mwgbvi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K †hLv‡b `~l‡Yi KviY Ges `~l‡Yi ÿwZKi cÖfve Zz‡j a‡i †Kvb eëmvq
cÖwZôvb hw` AvBb f½ K‡i Zvn‡j ewYK mwgwZ Zv‡ì weiæ‡× c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| A‡bK mgq ewbK
mwgwZ AbymÜvb K‡i †Kvb cÖwZôvb cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Q wKbv| hw` †Kvb cÖwZôvb AvBb f½
K‡i Zvn‡j A‡bK mgq Zv‡ì m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ K‡i| cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ ewYK mwgwZ wbZ¨ bZzb
wbqg K‡i _v‡K Ges m`m¨‡ì‡K Zv cvj‡b DØy× K‡i _v‡K|
12.11 mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi M„nxZ Kvh©µg
The Functions of Different Organization as a Corporate Social Responsibility
eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eûhyM a‡i Ae‡nwjZ n‡q Avm‡jI eZ©gv‡b †`‡k-we‡`‡k A‡bK cÖwZôvb
mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wewfbœ e¨vsK I †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì mvavib eëmvq
Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q|
WvP-evsjv e¨vsK, cÖvBg e¨vsK, Bmjvwg e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj †emiKvix e¨vsK
Ges wewfbœ †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤úvwb †hgb-†UwjUK, MÖvgxb †dvb, iwe, evsjv wjsK, wmwU‡mj,
Gqvi‡Uj Ges wewfbœ gvwëb¨vkbvj I b¨vkbvj †Kv¤úvwb e¨vcK nv‡i mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY
Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `vwi`ª we‡gvPb, †gavex wkÿv_©xi
cov‡kvbvi LiP enb, e„wË cÖ`vb, †Ljva~jvi Dbœq‡b Avw_©K c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb, mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b
Ae`vb, GwmW ÿwZMÖ¯’‡ì mnvqZv `vb I Gi weiæ‡× mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×, MÖvgxY †gwW‡Kj †mev
cÖ`vb, wewfbœ `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb, cÖwZewÜ‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb, wewfbœ nvmcvZv‡j
G¨v¤^y‡jÝ cÖ`vb, we‡kl wèm Dcj‡ÿ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv Kiv, Aÿg wkï‡ì mnvqZv
Kiv, n‡R¡i Rb¨ AvMZ nvRx‡ì mnvqZv cÖ`vb, B‡¯Ígvq AvMZ gymwjø‡ì Rb¨ wd« wPwKrmv cÖ`vb,
wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b webvg~‡j¨ j¨vcUc cÖ`vb, webvg~‡j¨ Pÿz †mev cÖ`vb, cwi‡ek cwi”QbœZv
Kvh©µg BZ¨vw`|
wKQz wKQz eëmv cÖwZôvb ZiæY mgv‡Ri cÖwZfv AbymÜvb I weKv‡k GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
eëmvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖeYZv †ewk w`‡bi bq| Avkv Kiv hvq, Avgv‡ì
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v †kÖYx gybvdvgyLx eëmvq cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b
Av‡iv GwM‡q Avm‡e|
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖwZôv‡bi M„nxZ Kvh©µ‡gi weeiY †`qv n‡jv:
evsjvwjsK Gi M„nxZ c`‡ÿc−
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
evsjvwjsK G †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ `„p cÖwZÁ| GRb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK
Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| evsjvwjs‡Ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿç‡jv n‡jv:
 K·evRvi mx weP cwi®‥vi cÖKí Ges AvšÍRv© wZK mg~`ªK~j cwi®‥vi wèm cvjb: 2005 mvj
†_‡K evsjvwjsK we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mg~`ª •mKZ K·evRv‡ii cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ eQ‡i 263 w`b 26 Rb gwnjv Kg©x 2 wmd‡U wZb wK.wg `xN© mg~`ª •mKZwU
cwi®‥vi K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Av‡iv 7Rb cyiæl Kg©x i‡q‡Q hviv fvix AveR©bv Acmvi‡b
wb‡qvwRZ hv mg~`ª Zxi‡K `~lY †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Q| GQvovI evsjvwjsK AvšÍR©vwZK mg~`ª Zxi
cwi”Qbœ wèm cvjb K‡i †hLv‡b 500 ZiæY-ZiæYx †¯^”Qv kÖ‡gi gva¨‡g cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi
KvR K‡i _v‡K|
 GwZg‡ì K¤^j cÖ`vb: 2009 mvj †_‡K evsjvwjsK GwZg‡ì K¤^j cÖ`v‡bi Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q|
GB j‡ÿ MZeQi (2012) mv‡j Zviv 101 wU GwZgLvbvq cÖvq 5000 Rb GwZg‡K webvg~‡j¨ K¤^j
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
 nvRxK¨v‡¤ú AvMZ nvRx‡ì we‡kl eë¯’v: 2009 mvj †_‡K evsjvwjsK n‡R¡ AvMZ nvRx‡ì
we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv nvRx‡ì Rb¨ kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z ev‡mi
eë¯’vKiY, cvwb eÈb AÂj ¯’vcb, webvg~‡j¨ †dvb K‡ji eë¯’vKiY, webvg~‡j¨ †gvevBj
Pv‡h©i eë¯’vKiY, Uªwji eë¯’vKib, n‡R¡i MvBWjvBb cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`|
 igRv‡bi mgq GwZg‡ì †LRyi I BdZvi cÖ`vb: 2009 mvj n‡Z evsjvwjsK GB Kvh©µg
MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gi AvIZvq 2011 mv‡j evsjvwjsK 85,000 †ivRv`vi‡K BdZvi Kivq hvi
g‡a¨ wQj †`‡ki 123wU GwZgLvbvi cÖvq 12,000 GwZg|

 `wi`ª wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K ICT ‡mev cÖ`vb: mgvR †_‡K wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K
AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ Kivi j‡ÿ evsjvwjsK 2011 mv‡j cÖvq 270wU Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve
¯’vcb K‡i w`‡q‡Q hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Ae¯’vb n‡”Q †`‡ki myweav ewÂZ ¯‥zj¸‡jv‡Z| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
j¨v‡e evsjvwjsK j¨vcUc, B›Uvi‡bU g‡Wg Ges gvwëwgwWqv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e MÖvgxY‡dv‡bi c`‡ÿc
MÖvgxY‡dvb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e †h c`‡ÿç‡jv MÖnY K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wZbwU cÖavb fv‡M
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
1. ¯^v¯’¨ 2. wkÿv 3. cwi‡ek|
MÖvgxY‡dv‡bi M„wnZ cÖavb cÖavb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Kvh©µg¸‡jv n‡”Q:
 `wi`ª gv I wkï‡ì Rb¨ cÖvq 1.7 wgwjqb cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
 cÖvq 28,700 Rb e¨w³‡K webvg~‡j¨ Pÿz‡mev cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ cÖvq 3,458 Rb AÜ
e¨w³‡K `„wókw³ wdwi‡q †`qvi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q|
 wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK Bmy¨ †hgb GBWm& wel‡q RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ m‡PZbZvg~jK
Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K|
 MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 4,00,000Rb †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡K A_©‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZv G‡b w`‡q‡Q|
 MÖvgxY‡dvb cÖvq 500 KwgDwbwU Z_¨‡K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q
 GwmW AvµvšÍ‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’vKiY
 `wi`ª †gavex QvÎ‡ì e„wË cÖ`vb
 `wi`ª _¨vjvwmgv †iv‡M AµvšÍ †ivMx‡ì webvg~‡j¨ i³ mieivn
 cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq Riæix Îv‡bi eë¯’vKib BZ¨vw`|
WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e M„wnZ c`‡ÿc
†`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b WvP-evsjv e¨vs‡Ki M„nxZ c`‡ÿc‡K mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi cw_K…r ejv nq|
mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †h c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv:
 wkÿve„wË cÖ`vb : wewfbœ ¯Í‡i †gavex wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K WvP-evsjv e¨vsK|
GB j‡ÿ 2012 mv‡j Zviv 102 †KvwU UvKvi wkÿv e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
 nvmcvZv‡j mnvqZv: WvP-evsjv e¨vsK cÖvq 9,36,00,000 UvKv Beªvnxg KwW©qvK
nvmcvZvj‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q j¨ve ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨|
 †ivMx‡ì wPwKrmv: wewfbœ mgq WvP-evsjv e¨vsK †VvU KvUv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì webvg~‡j¨
Acv‡ik‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
 GwmW AµvšÍ‡ì mnvqZv: 2000 mvj †_‡K WvP-evsjv e¨vsK GwmW wel‡q MYm‡PZbZv
e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g weÁvcb cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q| GwmW AvµvšÍ‡ì wewfbœ fv‡e
Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| ZvQvov GwmW AvµvšÍ‡ì mvej¤^x Kivi Rb¨ gv_vwcQy 10,000
UvKv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
 gv`K wbqš¿Y: gv`K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ gv`K wbivgq †K›`ª ÒAvcbÓ-†K cÖvq 1 †KvwU UvKv
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
GQvovI WvP-evsjv e¨vsK 10wU MÖvgxY ¯^v¯’¨‡mev †K›`ª ¯’vcb, B‡¤ú± dvD‡Ûkb‡K 21 jvL UvKv
cÖ`vb, wU.Gg.Gm.Gm-†K 10 jvL UvKv †Wv‡bkb cÖ`vb, †h․ZzK †_‡K bvix‡ì iÿvi e¨ve¯’vKiY,
wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡M mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
Kg©cÎ-3
†Zvgvi cwiwPZ GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv wn‡m‡e †h `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv
•Zwi Ki|
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12.12 Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jvi ÿwZKi w`K mbv³KiY
The Bad Effects of Different Chemical Pestisides Which is Used in Preserving Food
Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î `~b©xwZ Pig fv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡KI GB `~b©xwZ †invq †`qwb|
wewfbœ fv‡e `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨ ‡fRvj †`qv n‡”Q| me‡P‡q fq¼i welq n‡”Q Lv‡`¨ ivmvqwbK
c`v‡_©i eënvi hv wewfbœ Lv`¨ msiÿ‡bi Rb¨ ev †µZv‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv
n‡”Q|
Avgiv cÖwZw`b †hme kvKmewR I djg~j wK‡b Lvw”Q †m¸‡jv m‡ZR ivL‡Z I cvKv‡Z we‡µZviv
Kve©vBWmn wewfbœ welv³ ivmvqwbK eënvi Ki‡Q| Gme ivmvqwb‡Ki Kvi‡Y wKWwb I wjfvi bó n‡Z
cv‡i, †Pv‡Li `„wókw³ n«vm QvovI K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
gv‡Qi evRv‡iI †fRv‡ji Kivj MÖvm Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| †QvU-eo wewfbœ gvQ‡K m‡ZR ivL‡Z I †m¸‡jv
m‡ZR †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡µZviv digvwjb eënvi Ki‡Q, hv gvbe †`‡ni Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi|
GQvov kyuUwK gv‡Qi mv‡_ Amvay eëmvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I wWwWwU eënvi K‡i, hv gvbe †`‡n
K¨vÝvi, ü`‡ivMmn wewfbœ †ivM m„wó K‡i|
M‡elYvMv‡i cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q evRv‡i Aew¯’Z 93 fvM MvIqv wN, 92 fvM evUvi A‡qj, 100
fvM WvjWv, 92 fvM mqvweb I mwilvi †Zj ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y Lvevi Abyc‡hvMx|
GmKj ‡fvR¨‡Zj †L‡j wKWwb, wjfv‡ii K¨vÝvi nIqv I Mf©¯’ wkï cÖwZeÜx nIqvi cvkvcvwk †c‡Ui
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqv mn bvbv ai‡bi RwUj e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvi Avk¼v LyeB †ewk| B`vwbs dv‡g©i
mv`v wWg jvj Kivi Rb¨ KviLvbvi welv³ WvB I is eënvi Kiv n‡”Q hv ¯^v‡¯’i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
ÿwZKi| Gme welv³ is wgwkÖZ Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Wvqv‡ewUK mn bvbv ai‡bi †ivM nq|
evRv‡ii 96 fvM Wv‡j i‡q‡Q †fRvj| Avg`vwbK…Z wbgœgv‡bi gmyi Wvj‡K †`wk Kivi Rb¨
ÔwbD‡ivUw·bÕ bv‡g †h ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi Kiv nq, Zv †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki ci mœvqyZš¿ aŸsm K‡i
†d‡j| Avi ÔgvB‡KvUw·bÕ bv‡g Av‡iKwU †KwgK¨vj eëüZ nq hv K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUj
†ivM m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GQvovI evRv‡ii †ewki fvM wgbv‡ij IqvUvi, Rym I †Rwj, AvBmwµg,
wgwó RvZxq Lvevi, PvBwbR BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ ai‡Yi †KwgK¨vj eënvi Kiv nq, hv gvby‡li kix‡i
†ivM m„wó Kivi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-4
Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi nq †m¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK
eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I KiYxq w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|
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12.13 ivmvqwb‡Ki eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z Lv‡`ï ÿwZKi w`K

Negative Impacts of Chemical which is Used in Producing Food
gvby‡li cÖavb †g․wjK Pvwn`v n‡”Q Lv`¨| Lv`¨ Qvov gvbyl euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB memgq gvbyl Lv`¨
Drcv`b e„w×‡Z m‡Pó| Avi GB Rb¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi K‡i _v‡K hv
gvby‡li Ges cwie‡ki gvivZ¥K ÿwZmvab K‡i _v‡K|
K…lKiv kvKkwâ, djg~jmn wewfbœ K…wlRvZ cY¨ Drcv`b ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi K‡i| GB ivmvqwbK
mvi cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k b`x-bvjv, Lvj-we‡j wg‡k hvq| Gi Kvi‡Y b`x-bvjvi A‡bK gvQ gviv hvq|
GB gvQ¸‡jv †L‡j gvbylI wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| kvKkwâ I djg~j m‡ZR ivL‡Z Ges `ªæZ
cvKv‡Z we‡µZviv K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBWmn wewfbœ welv³ †KwgK¨vj eënvi K‡i| Gme Lv`¨ MÖn Y
Ki‡j wKWwb, wjfvi bó n‡Z cv‡i, †Pv‡Li `„wókw³ n«vm cvIqv QvovI K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ nIqvi
m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
ïuUKx gvQ Drcv`‡b eëmvqxiv welv³ KxUbvkK I wW.wW.wU eënvi K‡i, hv gvbe‡`‡n K¨vÝvi,
ü`‡ivMmn wewfbœ RwUj †ivM m„wó K‡i| Rym, km, †Rwj, wewfbœ iKg †eKvix Lvevi, dv÷dzW
BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ iKg is we‡kl K‡i WvB is eënvi Kiv nq hv gvbe †`‡ni Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ÿwZKi|
GBme Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j mivmwi wKWwb I wjfvi bó n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov K¨vÝvi, †c‡Ui cxov,
UvBd‡qW, fvBivm †ncvUvBwUm I Ab¨vb¨ RwUj †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv cÖej|
Avg `ªæZ S‡i bv hvIqv ev `ªyZ cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡g mvBcvi‡gUw_ªb I g¨vb‡Kv‡Ri eënvi Kiv nq|
G¸‡jv mxwgZ AvKv‡i eënvi Ki‡j Lye †ewk ÿwZKi bq| wKš‘ AwZwi³ †KwgK¨vj cÖ‡qvMK…Z Avg
†L‡j gvbe‡`‡n gvivZ¥K ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡b‡K Avg I Ab¨vb¨ dj `ªyZ cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ Kve©vBU
eënvi K‡i| GwU gvbe †`‡ni gvivZ¥K ÿwZmvab K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e cvKv‡bv dj-g~j †L‡j
K¨vÝvi, wjfvi mgm¨v, WvBwiqv, `„wókw³ n«vmmn wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|
eZ©gv‡b ü`‡ivM, †÷ªvK BZ¨vw` e„w×i GKgvÎ KviY n‡jv Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœ ivmvqwb‡Ki AZ¨waK
eënvi| Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœ ivmvqwb‡Ki eënvi Kgv‡bv †M‡j gvby‡li †ivMe¨wai cwigvY 50%
ch©šÍ Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|

12.14 ÿwZKviK cwjw_b Drcv`b I eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv

The Bad Effects of Producing and Using Polythin
cwjw_b n‡”Q LwbR †Z‡ji DcRvZ| cwjw_b •Zwi nq Acwi‡kvwaZ LwbR †Zj †_‡K| cwjw_b
g~jK GKwU nvB‡Wªv -Kve©Y †h․M Gi AYy¸‡jv GZ k³fv‡e M„ n xZ
_v‡K †h ÿwZKi ÿz`ªvK…w Zi dv½vm ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv I Gi †fZ‡i
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j cwjw_b kZ kZ eQi a‡i GKBfv‡e
gvwUi Dc‡i ev wb‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i cwjw_b Ggb GKUv c`v_© hvi
m„wó Av‡Q wKš‘ aŸsm †bB| cwjw_b cPbkxj e¯‘i cPb wµqv eÜ
K‡i w`‡Z mÿg|
cwjw_b (Polythin)
cwjw_b GKcÖKvi •Re ivmvqwbK e¯‘| eûmsL¨v Bw_b AYyi ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq GwU Drcbœ nq e‡j
G‡K cwjw_b (Poly = many) ejv nq| Z‡e G‡K cwjBw_wjbI ejv nq, KviY Bw_‡bi Avi GK
bvg Bw_wjb| mvaviYZ D”P Pv‡c I D”P ZvcgvÎvq Gi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq, hvi ms‡KZ nj|
Zvc
nH2C = CH2 Pvc (− CH2 – CH2)n
Bw_b cwjw_b
cwjw_‡bi •ewkó¨ (Characteristics of Polythin)
†h ivmvqwbK eÜ‡bi d‡j cwjw_b MwVZ nq Zv Lye `„p e‡j G eÜb evZv‡m I Rjxq AvenvIqvq I gvwU¯’
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Øviv †f‡O hvq bv, hvi d‡j GwU gvwU‡Z wg‡k bv ev c‡P-M‡j hvq bv-g~jZ G Kvi‡YB
cwjw_‡bi eënvi gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯îƒc| cwjw_‡bi we‡kl ivmvqwbK •ewk‡óï Kvi‡YB GwU me©vwaK
eënvi‡hvM¨ cY¨‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
cwjw_‡bi we‡kl •ewkó¨ nj−
1. GwU cvwb I evqy wb‡ivaK|
2. gvwU‡Z wg‡k bv|
3. mn‡RB enb‡hvM¨, e¨qfvi I cÖ¯‘Z LiP Kg wKš‘ ÿwZKi|
4. A‡bKw`b †UKmB nq e‡jB gvwU‡Z GwU wg‡k hvq bv Ges weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i|
cwjw_‡bi eënvi (Uses of Polythin)
Avgv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB cwjw_‡bi eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
nv‡U-evRv‡i wRwbmcÎ †Kbvi mgq cÖvq mK‡jB GwU eënvi K‡i| ZwiZiKvwi, gvQ, gvsm, wWg, Pvj-
Wvj BZ¨vw` evwo‡Z wb‡q Avmvi R‡b¨ cwjw_‡bi eënvi nq|
†gvUK_v, nvUevRvi Ki‡Z cwjw_b gvby‡li wbZ¨ m½x n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| GQvov Km‡gwUK, B‡jKwUªK,
B‡jKUªwb·, Kvco †Pvco BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU cY¨‡ZB cwjw_b eënvi Kiv nq| GKmgq cwjw_‡bi eënvi
GZUvB e„w× †c‡qwQj †h, Zvi Avi wK‡b Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq wb| d‡j evRv‡i hvIqvi mgq †KD _‡j ev
e¨vM wb‡q hvqwb| KviY †`vKvb`vi wb‡RB webv cqmvq GK ev GKvwaK cwjw_b cÖwZwU `ª‡eï mv‡_ w`‡q
w`Z| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl `xN© GK hy‡MiI †ewk mgq a‡i cwjw_b e¨v‡M Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡owQj|

cwjw_‡bi ÿwZKviK w`K (The bad Effects of Polythin)

evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Zvi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨-mvgMÖx †KbvKvUvq GKiKg cwjw_b wbf©i n‡q hvIqvq,
cwjw_‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j GB cwjw_b eënv‡ii ci gv‡V-gq`v‡b, †Lvjv cwi‡e‡k, cyKz‡i,
b`x‡Z hÎZÎ †d‡j w`‡q cwi‡ek‡K µ‡gB wech©‡qi w`‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| GB cwjw_b cwi‡e‡ki R‡b¨
KZUv fqvenfv‡e wech©qKi Zv gvbyl GLb wKQzUv eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q| cwjw_b gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k bv e‡j
gvwU‡Z Zv R‡g gvwUi g~j •ewkó¨ †hgb bó K‡i †`q †Zgwb Gi De©iZvI bó K‡i †d‡j| cwjw_b cvwb
wb‡ivaK e‡j cvwbi ¯^vfvweK wbtmiY NU‡Z †`q bv| d‡j iv¯ÍvNvU, b`xbvjvq cvwb R‡g wM‡q Rjve×Zv
m„wó K‡i| kn‡ii †Wªb I cqtwb®‥vkb cÖYvjx‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ Ki‡Q GB cwjw_b|
m‡e©vcwi cwjw_b †hme ÿwZ K‡i Zvi K‡qKwU w`K wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq †Ìqv nj−
1. cwjw_b gvwU‡Z †g‡k bv e‡j gvwUi ¯^vfvweK ¸Y bó K‡i †`q| gvwUi Ee©iZv kw³‡K aŸsm K‡i| d‡j
cwjw_b wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z †hgb dmj djv‡bv m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb †Kv‡bv evwo-Ni wKsev `vjvb‡KvVv †ZvjvI
m¤¢e bq|
2. cwjw_b cvwb wb‡ivaK e‡j f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯^fvweK cÖevn bó K‡i †`q|
3. Av‡m©wbK m„wói g~‡jI cwjw_‡bi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
4. cwjw_b knivÂ‡j bvjv b`©gvi cvwb‡Z AvU‡K wM‡q `y‡f©v‡Mi m„wó K‡i|
5. b`xbvjvq cwjw_b R‡g µ‡gB b`xi bve¨Zv bó K‡i †d‡j|
6. b`-b`x, cyKzi BZ¨vw`‡Z gv‡Qi Pvl e¨nZ nq| d‡j gv‡Qi Drcv`b K‡g hvq| Gfv‡e cwjw_b
cwi‡e‡ki R‡b¨ weivU ÿwZKi| e¯‘Z cwjw_b Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki kÎæ|
cwi‡ek `~lY I cwjw_‡bi eënvi eR©b
Avoding From Environment Pollution and using Polythin
cwi‡ek gvbe mf¨Zvi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| cwi‡ekB cÖv‡Yi aviK, Rxebxkw³i †hvMvb`vi| hy‡M hy‡M
cwi‡ek ev cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki m‡½ cÖvYxi gvwb‡q †bIqvi ÿgZvi Ic‡iB Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj| cwi‡ek
cÖwZK~j n‡j Zvi aŸsm I me©bvk Aek¨¤¢vex| cwi‡e‡ki Ici m¤ú„³ n‡q gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi
Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U| ZvB cwi‡ek I gvby‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q GK wbweo †hvMm~Î| bvbv Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~wlZ
n‡”Q Gi g‡a¨ cwjw_‡bi eënviI GKwU| evsjv‡`‡k cwjw_b eënv‡ii e¨vcKZv GZB n‡qwQj †h,
evsjv‡`k miKvi Gi weiæ‡× eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb| 2002 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K
miKvwifv‡e XvKv kn‡i cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq, Avi mviv evsjv‡`‡k 2002 mv‡j 1 gvP©
†_‡K cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq|
cwi‡ekB hw` webó n‡q hvq Zvn‡j gvbyl euvP‡e Kxfv‡e| evsjv‡`k c„w_exi GKwU Rbeûj †`k|
GLv‡b cwi‡ek wU‡K bv ivL‡Z cvi‡j gvby‡li `y‡f©vMB ïay evo‡e| d‡j evsjv‡`k RbMY AviI
Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡e|
Avgv‡ì KiYxq: cwjw_b mnRjf¨ Ges `v‡gi w`‡K w`‡q LyeB m¯Ív e‡j Gi eënvi GZ RbwcÖq| GB
cwi‡cªwÿ‡Z Avgiv hw` †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e cwjw_b †_‡K cybiveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Ggb †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ
Ki‡Z cvwi hv mn‡R gvwUi mv‡_ c‡P-M‡j wg‡k hvq, Ges hvi Drcv`b LiP Kg Ges `v‡g m¯Ív, Z‡e
cwjw_‡bi weKí wn‡m‡e Zv Avgiv eënvi Ki‡Z cvie| myZivs G e¨vcv‡i miKvi I mswkøó weÁgn‡ji
fvev DwPZ| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvjq cwjw_b eënvi wbwl× Kivq †h mvnmx
I mg‡hvc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc wb‡q‡Qb Zvi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`wL‡q, Zv Avgv‡ì †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| me©¯‡Í ii gvby‡li
g‡a¨ †PZbv wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e Ges cwjw_‡bi ÿwZKviK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© RbmvaviY‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| m‡e©vcwi m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwjw_b‡K eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
•`bw›`b Rxe‡b bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK `ª‡eï eënvi µgkB evo‡Q| Gi Acwinvh© djkÖæwZ n‡”Q-
evqy, cvwb gvwU, Lv`¨`ªe¨ I RxweZ-†Kvl `~lY| M‡elK‡ì g‡Z, K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi `ªæZ cÖmv‡ii †cQ‡b
Ges Rb¥-msµvšÍ bvbviƒc weK…wZ ev •eKj¨ evoevi g~‡j i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡k Qwo‡q _vKv
bvbvwea ivmvqwbK `ªe¨| K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖ¯‘Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© †_‡K evqy Lv`¨`ªe¨ Ges cvwb
gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡bi cwi‡ek `~lY gvbemf¨Zvi R‡b¨ weivU ûgwK¯îƒc| ZvB
gvbemf¨Zv‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi mg¯Í cÖwµqv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
12.15 Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I Kibxq w`K¸‡jv
The Caution and Duties of using Chemical in Producing and Preserving Food
Lv`¨ gvby‡li Ab¨Zg †g․wjK Pvwn`v| GwU Qvov †Kvb gvbylB †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Lv`¨
Drcv`‡b I msiÿ‡Y wewfbœ iKg ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q hv gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K
ÿwZKi| ZvB Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b I msiÿ‡Y †h mKj ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i
Drcv`bKvix, †fv³v Ges miKvi mevB‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
wb‡gœ Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii mZK©Zv I Kibxq w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y Ggb ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv DwPr †h¸‡jv gvby‡li †`‡ni
†Zgb ÿwZ mvab K‡i bv|
• wewfbœ dj cvKv‡Z †h ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv nq Zv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ djg~j cwic° nIqvi
Av‡M Zv msMÖn Kiv eÜ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Drcv`bKvix ev K„lK‡ì‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y †Kvb ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbqwgZ
cixÿvi Rb¨ BSTI Gi †jvKej evov‡bv DwPr hv‡Z K‡i Zviv wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Awfhvb Pvwj‡q
ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges eënviKvix‡K Dchy³ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• Lv‡`¨ ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KUv evRvi KwgwU wbR D‡`¨v‡M
cixÿvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges evRv‡ii †Kvb m`m¨ hv‡Z ivmvqwbK wgwkÖZ cY¨ weµq bv K‡i
†mRb¨ Zv‡ì‡K DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi ciI hw` †Kvb m`m¨ ivmvqwbKhy³ Lv`¨ wewµ K‡i
Zvn‡j G‡Ì m`m¨c` evwZjmn Ab¨vb¨ kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• miKvi I AvBb-k„•Ljv evwnbx‡K gv‡S gv‡S åvg¨gvb Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g wewfbœ iKg Lv`¨
cixÿv K‡i ivmvqwbK Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| Avi hviv G ivmvqwbK eënvi Ki‡e
Zv‡ì‡K Zrÿbvr kvw¯Íi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb& ai‡bi ivmvqwbK eënvi Kiv hv‡e Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv
miKvi ev BSTI KZ…©K wewfbœ Drcv`bKvix‡K mieivn Kiv DwPr Ges cÖ‡Z¨K
Drcv`bKvix‡K D³ ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi Kiv DwPr|
• wewfbœ MYgva¨g ivmvqwbK eënv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i RbMY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| G wel‡q Zviv AbymÜvbg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• Lv`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Y ivmvqwbK Gi weKí cÖvK…wZK †Kvb c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv
Kiv DwPr Ges cÖvK…wZK c×wZ eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`bKvix‡ì‡K DØy× Kiv DwPr|
m‡e©vcwi, Avgv‡ì †fv³v‡ì gvbwmK `„wófw½ cwieZ©b Kiv DwPr| Avgv‡ì‡K cÖwZÁv
Ki‡Z n‡e Avgiv ivmvqwbKhy³ †Kvb Lv`¨ µq I eënvi Ki‡ev bv|

1| eëmvq •bwZKZv Kx?
K. m‡PZbZvi mv‡_ eëmvq Kvh© m¤úv`b
L. b¨vq-bxwZ I AvBbMZfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv
M. cÖvwZôvwbK bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx eëmvq cwiPvjbv
N. mvgvwRK ixwZ c×wZ Abyhvqx Kvh© m¤úv`b
2| b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ cY¨ mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g eëmvq Kv‡ì cÖwZ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i?
K. kÖwgK-Kg©Pvwi‡ì cÖwZ L. †µZv I †fv³v‡ì cÖwZ
M. wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì cÖwZ N. miKv‡ii cÖwZ
3| DbœZ †`kmg~‡n eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva AwaK PP©v Kiv nq| d‡j−
i. myôzfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq
ii. my›ì eëmvwqK cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V
iii. w¯’wZkxj A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v m„wó nq
4| eëmvq KZ…©K mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi d‡j cÖ_gZ Kx e„w× cvq?
K. gybvdv L. weµq M. mybvg N. mvg_©¨
m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ
1| we¯ÍxY© GjvKvq †MvPviY f~wg _vKvq wmivRMÄ †Rjvi MÖvgvÂ‡j A‡bK evwo‡Z †QvU †QvU `y» Lvgvi
M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖZvc †Nvl GKRb `wi`ª A_P mr `ya we‡µZv| G Kvi‡Y mevB Zv‡K m¤§vb K‡i|
wZwb wmivRM‡Äi MÖvgvÂj †_‡K `ya µq K‡i kn‡i ewo evwo †mB `ya wkï Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e weµq
K‡ib| `y‡ai Pvwn`v †e‡o †M‡jI wZwb †fRvj †gkvb bv| wZwb fv‡eb †fRvj wgwkÖZ `ya cvb Ki‡j
wkïiv Acywó‡Z fzM‡e|
K. eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva Kx?
L. cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ewYK mwgwZi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K cÖZvc †Nvl eëmv‡qi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ eëmvwqK Kg©KvÛ •bwZKZvi gvb`‡Û g~j¨vqb Ki|
2| wg. Kwig jÿ¨ Ki‡jb, ZzivM b`xi Pvicv‡k A‡bK wkí KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme
KjKviLvbvq †h eR©¨ m„wó nq Zv ZzivM b`x‡Z wM‡q c‡o, hv b`xi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi e¨vNvZ
NUv‡”Q| Aciw`‡K GB KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi myweav‡_© Ggb c`v_© eënvi
Kiv n‡”Q hv cuPbkxj bq| d‡j,Zv gvwU‡Z weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i‡Q|
K. eëmvwqK •bwZKZv Kx?
L. eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡K KjKviLvbvi eR©¨ c`v_© cvwb‡Z wg‡k b`xi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v bó Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb
`~lY `vqx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi myweav‡_© †h c`v_©wU eënvi Ki‡Q Zvi bvg Kx? GwU
eënv‡i cwi‡e‡ki Dci †h weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j Zv we‡kølY Ki|

Intermediate Management

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Aa¨vq weeiY c„ôv bs

1. e¨emv‡qi †gŠwjK aviYv 01 − 20

5. †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq 63 − 112

6. mgevq mwgwZ 113 − 128

7. ivóªxq e¨emvq 129 − 144

8. e¨emv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 145 − 164

9. e¨emv‡qi mnvqK †mev 165 − 182

10. e¨emvq D‡`¨vM 183 − 206

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1. Scanner, Stcven J. Z. John M. Ivanoevich – Business for the

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wkí‡K wb‡gœv³ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v−

wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨¶ †mev

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L. †M․Y wkí (Secondary Industry)

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evwY‡R¨i •ewkó¨mg~n (Features of Commerce):

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evwY‡R¨i cÖKvi‡f` wbgœiƒc−

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wPÎ: cÖZ¨ÿ †mev

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wPÎ: mvgvwRK e¨emvq

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wPÎ: weÁvcb I cÖPvi

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1.06 e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

 miKvwi Avq e„w× (Increase of government income): e¨emvqx cªwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU

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L. mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ (Social Importance):

1.08 RxweKv AR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e e¨emvq

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wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

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• e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv|

• e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb|

• e¨emv‡qi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve|

• e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡k AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j Zv

• evsjv‡`‡k e¨emvq cwi‡ek Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v|

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2.01 e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv

cÖvK…wZK A_©‣bwZK mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK I Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ Avš—R©vwZK

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