x

x < 0
u~R (x > 0)
(x < 0) x=0
x0
u~ i Superficie
rígida
e=u
u eR = Aej(kx
ei + u wt)
+ Be j(kx+wt)

x=0
e jwt + Be
e(0, t) = Ae
u e jwt
=0

e=
B A

e
(B)

e=
B Ae0 = Aej⇡
180o
 x<0
⇥ ⇤
e(x, t) = A ejkx
u e jkx
e jwt
= 2jAsen(kx)e jwt

jwt
e(x, t) = 2jAsen(kx)e
u

u(x, t) = Re {e
u(x, t)} = 2Asen(kx)sen(wt)

(p.u, ⇢, T, . . .)

⇢o @ ue@t
(x,t)
= @ pe(x,t)
@x

jwt
pe(x, t) = 2⇢o co Acos(kx)e

p(x, t) = Re {e
p(x, t)} = 2⇢o co Acos(kx)cos(wt)

Material Parede
acústico u rigida

| p(x)| umáx=2A pmáx=2!"c0A

| u(x)|
umin=0 pmin=0
#$& x

#$%

~ t)
I(x,

~ t) = pe(x, t)~u
I(x, e(x, t)
 e t) = 4jA2 ⇢o co sen(kx)cos(kx)e
I(x, 2jwt

I(x, t) = 4A2 ⇢o co sen(kx)cos(kx)sen(wt)cos(wt)

I(x, t) =< I(x, t) >t = 4A2 ⇢o co sen(kx)cos(kx) < sen(wt)cos(wt) >t

Z T
1
< sen(wt)cos(wt) >t = sen(wt)cos(wt)dt = 0
T 0

I(x) = 0

1 1
I(x) = Re {e u⇤ (x)} = Re {2A⇢o co cos(kx)( j)2Asen(kx)}
p(x)e
2 2
1
I(x) = 4A2 ⇢o co sen(kx)cos(kx)Re { j} = 0
2

u(x) p(x) !"$

Im
x x %t=0 p
Re
&p u %t
&x
!"#
u(x) &p p(x)
&x
Im
%t=-'/2
x x u
Re
p
%t
!"$
u(x) p(x)
Im
%t=-' u
x x
Re
p
%t
&p
&x

u(x) &p p(x)

&x
Im
x x %t=-3'/2 p u
Re
%t
p(x)

(x)

!1c1 1 2 !2c2
⇢1 c1
uR p1(0,t) p2(0,t)
⇢2 c 2
⇢ u1(0,t) u2(0,t)
p1 (0, t) = p2 (0, t)
u1 (0, t) = u2 (0, t) ui uT

@2 1 @2
=0 ; x<0
@x2 c21 @t2

@2 1 @2
=0 ; x>0
@x2 c22 @t2

+
= f (x c1 t) + g(x + c1 t) ; x<0
= F (x c2 t) ; x>0

~ @
~u = r p= ⇢
@t
x<0

u = f 0 (x c1 t) + g 0 (x + c1 t)
p = ⇢1 c1 [f 0 (x c1 t) g 0 (x + c1 t)]

x>0

u = F 0 (x c2 t)
p = ⇢2 c2 F 0 (x c2 t)
 x=0

u1 = u2 ;

f 0 (x c1 t) + g 0 (x + c1 t) = F 0 (x c2 t)
f 0 ( c1 t) + g 0 (+c1 t) = F 0 ( c2 t)

p1 = p2 ;

⇢1 c1 [f 0 ( c1 t) + g 0 (+c1 t)] = ⇢2 c2 F 0 ( c2 t)

g 0 (c1 t)

2⇢1 c1 f 0 ( c1 t) = (⇢1 c1 + ⇢2 c2 )F 0 ( c2 t)

2⇢1 c1
F 0 ( c2 t) = f 0 ( c1 t)
⇢1 c 1 + ⇢2 c 2
2⇢1 c1
uT (0, t) = ui (0, t)
⇢1 c1 + ⇢2 c2
↵T
1
I p u
2 T T
↵T = = 1
I pu
2 i i

⇢2 c2 u2T ⇢2 c2 4(⇢1 c1 )2
↵T = =
⇢1 c1 u2i ⇢1 c1 (⇢1 c1 + ⇢2 c2 )2

4(⇢1 c1 )(⇢2 c2 )
↵T =
(⇢1 c1 + ⇢2 c2 )2

↵R

↵R = 1 ↵T
✓ ◆2
⇢2 c 2 ⇢1 c 1
↵R =
⇢2 c 2 + ⇢1 c 1

⇢1 c1 >> ⇢2 c2 ⇢2 c2 >> ⇢1 c1
↵R ! 1 ↵T !0
 ! ⇢1 c 1 = 415 [ ]
! ⇢2 c 2 = 1, 5 ⇥ 106 [ ]
↵R = 0, 9988
↵T = 0, 0011

29, 56

ze ui !i !R uR
 x
pe un
ze = 3
e
u
Re {e
z } = Rs Impedância
Superfície
rígida

Im {e
z } = Xs Material
p u acústico
d, espessura
90o do material
acústico
p(x)
x

u(x)
x

jwt
u(0, t) = uo e e(x, t)
u pe(x, t)
h i
uo sen ek(L x)
jwt
e(x, t) =
u e
u0e-j!t sen(ekL)
x h i
uo cos ek(L x)
jwt
pe(x, t) = j⇢o co e
x=0 x=L sen(e
kL)

x=0

jwt uo cos(e
kL) jwt
e(0, t) = uo e
u pe(0, t) = j⇢o co e
sen(ekL)

pe(0) cos(e
kL)
ze(x = 0, w) = = j⇢o co
e(0)
u sen(e
kL)
 e
k = k1 + jk2 k2 << k1

cos(e
kL) = cos(k1 L + jk2 L) = cos(k1 L)cosh(k2 L) jsen(k1 L)senh(k2 L)
sen(e
kL) = sen(k1 L + jk2 L) = sen(k1 L)cosh(k2 L) + jcos(k1 L)senh(k2 L)

j⇢o co [cos(k1 L)cosh(k2 L) jsen(k1 L)senh(k2 L)]

ze(0, w) =
[sen(k1 L)cosh(k2 L) + jcos(k1 L)senh(k2 L)]

cosh(k2 L) ' 1
senh(k2 L) ' k2 L

j⇢o co [cos(k1 L) j(k2 L)sen(k1 L)]

ze(0, w) =
[sen(k1 L) + j(k2 L)cos(k1 L)]

⇢o co [k2 L + jsen(k1 L)cos(k1 L)]

ze(0, w) =
[sen2 (k1 L) + (k2 L)2 cos2 (k1 L)]
 f

0 dB

-3 dB

f1 f0 f2 f
!f

1 u2
W (0, w) = S Re {e u⇤0 } = S o Re{e
p(0)e z}
2 2

1 S⇢o co u2o · k2 L
W (0, w) =
2 sen2 (k1 L) + (k2 L)2 cos2 (k1 L)
W!0,")

k1 = n⇡

senk1 L = 0

f1 f2 f3 f cosk1 L = 1

(f1 f2 f2 f1 = f)

W (0, f1 f2 ) 1
=
W (0, f0 ) 2

⇢o co u2o 1
W (0, f0 ) = S
2 (k2 L)

W (0, f1 f2 ) k2 L 1
= =
W (0, f0 ) sen2 (k1 L) + (k2 L)2 cos2 (k1 L) 2

k2
k2 L = ↵L
w2 w1
f= ; w1 = wo ⇡ f
2⇡
 (↵L)2 1
2 2 2
=
sen (kL) + (↵L) cos (kL) 2

sen2 (kL)
+ cos2 (kL) = 2
(↵L)2

✓ ◆
wo L ⇡ f L
sen(kL) = sen
c co
✓ o ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
wo L ⇡ fL ⇡ fL wo L
= sen cos + sen cos
co co co co
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
⇡ fL ⇠ ⇡ fL
= ±sen =±
2co co
✓ ◆2
⇡ fL
sen2 (kL) = ;
co

✓ ◆
wo L ⇡ f L
cos(kL) = cos
c co
✓ o ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
wo L ⇡ fL ⇡ fL wo L
= cos cos + sen sen
co co co co
= ±1
2
cos (kL) = 1

sen2 kL cos2 kL

(⇡ f Lco )2
+1=2
(↵L)2

⇡ fL
= ↵L
co
↵co
f=
⇡

f1
f2
⇡
k2 = ↵ = f
co
 ⌘
k1 ⌘
k2 =
2

k1 ⌘ k⌘ w⌘ ⇡fo ⇡ f
' = = ⌘=
2 2 co 2 co co
f
⌘=
fo

(e
z)
(e
↵)

pi

Acos(2⇡f t)

pr

✓ ✓ ◆◆
2y
Bcos 2⇡f t
c
 y
py
✓ ✓ ◆◆
2y
py = pi + pr = Acos(2⇡f t) + Bcos 2⇡f t
c

y = /2 (A + B)cos2⇡f t
y = /4 = c/f

✓ ◆2
B
↵=1 =1 r2
A

r = B/A

p A+B 1+r
n= = =
p A B 1 r

n 1
r=
n+1

✓ ◆2
n 1 4n
↵=1 =
n+1 n2 + 2n + 1
 zen

zen = ( ) + j (( )

pi + pr
zen =
vi + vr

pi = ⇢cvi pr = ⇢c( vr )

pr = pi rej
r

✓ ◆
1 + rej
zen = ⇢c = (Re(e
zn ) + jIm(e
zn )) ⇢c
1 rej

1 r2
Re(e
zn ) =
1 + r2 2rcos( )
2rsen( )
Im(e
zn ) =
1 + r2 2rcos( )

✓ ◆
4y1
= 1 ⇡
 y1

✓ ◆
2y1
= 1 ⇡
y2 y1

h i
pe(x, t) = ⇢o co A e j k̃x e +j ekx e
+ Re jwt

Re
sonda e
x
B/A

e=e
R 2 j⇡
x=0
h i
j (wt+ ⇡2 ) e j [k̃x+j ⇡
] + ej [k̃x+j ⇡
]
pe(x, t) = ⇢o co Ae 2 2

e
k = k + j↵
h i
j (wt+ ⇡2 ) e j (kx )+(↵x+ + ej (kx )
⇡ ⇡
) (↵x+ )
pe(x, t) = ⇢o co Ae 2 2

2 j⇡
=0 !0 ; R̃ = e !1

↵x + << 1
 x2
ex = 1 + x + + ..., x!0
2

e±(↵x+ )
' 1 ± (↵x + ) + . . .

jwt
⇥ jkx(↵x+ )
⇤
pe(x, t) = ⇢o co Ae e + e+jkx (↵x+ )

⇥ ⇤
pe(x, t) ⇠
= ⇢o co Ae e jwt
e jkx
(1 + ↵x + ) + e+jkx (1 ↵x )
jwt
pe(x, t) = 2⇢o co Ae [coskx jsenkx (↵x + )]

⇥ 2 ⇤1/2
|e
p| = 2⇢o co Ae cos kx + (↵x + )2 sen2 kx

|e
p| = 2⇢o co Ae

senkx = 0
coskx = ±1
(↵x + ) << 1

1
Dn = n ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
2
|e
p|

|e
p| = 2⇢o co Ae |↵dn + |

dn

|p| 1 1
| p |máx dn = n + ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
2 4

| p |min
|e
p|
= ↵dn +
" x |e
p|
d1 d2 d3
 ze

u0e-j!t
zL
zeL x
⇣ ⌘
e jkx + Be
pe(x, t) = Ae e jkx
e jwt

x=0 x=L
e
A e
B

@e
u(x, t) @ pe(x, t) h i
⇢o = = e jkx + Be
jk Ae e jkx
e jwt
@t @x

1 h e jkx e jkx
i
jwt
e(x, t) =
u Ae + Be e
⇢o c o

jwt
e(0, t) = uo e
u
pe(L, t)
= zeL
e(L, t)
u

1 he i
e = uo
e(0, t) =
u A B
⇢o c o

e=B
A e + ⇢o c o u o

e jkL + Be
Ae e jkL
⇣ ⌘ = zeL
1 e jkL Be
Ae e jkL
⇢o c o

e jkx + Be
Be e jkx
+ ⇢o co uo ejkl zeL
=
e jkx B̃e
Be jkx + ⇢o co uo ejkl ⇢o c o

e
A e
B
pe(x, t) ũ(x, t)
x=0 x=L
 x=0

zeL
+ jtg(kL)
zeo ⇢c
= o o
⇢o c o zeL
1+j tg(kL)
⇢o co

x=L
x=L

x=0

pR
x pi = Pi ejkx jwt
s1
pi
pT s2 pR = PR e jkx e jwt
pT = PT ejkx e jwt

PR PT

pi (0, t) + pR (0, t) = pT (0, t)

⇢o S1 (ui (0, t) + uR (0, t)) = S2 ut (0, t)⇢o

Pi + PR = PT


Pi PR PT
S1 = S2
⇢o c o ⇢o c o ⇢o co
 S1 (Pi PR ) = S2 PT

PT Pi

PT 2S1
=
Pi (S1 + S2 )

PT Pi
PR
Pi
PR S1 S 2
=
Pi (S1 + S2 )

S1 = S2

PT PR
=1 =0
Pi Pi

I PT2 /⇢o co 4S12

↵T = = =
I Pi2 /⇢o co (S1 + S2 )2

W S2 I S2 4S12 4S1 S2
= = 2
=
W S1 I S1 (S1 + S2 ) (S1 + S2 )2

↵R

I PR2 (S1 S2 )2
↵R = = =
I Pi2 (S1 + S2 )2

W S1 I (S1 S2 )2 S1 PR2 /⇢o co

= = =
W S1 I (S1 + S2 )2 S1 Pi2 /⇢o co
 W W
+ =1
W W

S1 < S 2

✓ ◆
W
10
W

S1
S2
Área s2
Área s1 Área s1
p2
pR pT x
pi p1

pi (x, t) = Pi ejkx e jwt

; pR (x, t) = PR e jkx
e jwt

p1 (x, t) = P1 ejkx e jwt

; p2 (x, t) = P2 e jkx
e jwt
; pT (x, t) = PT ejkx e jwt

x=0

pi (0, t) + pR (0, t) = p1 (0, t) + p2 (0, t)

⇢o S1 (ui (0, t) + uR (0, t)) = ⇢o S2 (u1 (0, t) + u2 (0, t))

x=L

p1 (L, t) + p2 (L, t) = pT (0, t)

⇢o S2 (u1 (L, t) + u2 (L, t)) = ⇢o S1 uT (0, t)

 PR P 1 P2 PT
Pi

PT /Pi W /W

PT2
S1
W S1 PT2 ⇢o c o
= =
W S 1 Pi2
P2
S1 i
⇢o c o

x=0
pi + pR = p1 + p2
x=L
p1 ejkl + p2 e jkl
= pT

x=0
S1 (Pi + PR ) = S2 (P1 + P2 )
x=L
S2 P1 ejkl P2 e jkl
= S 1 PT

PT ejkx e jwt
x=L

PT2 4
↵T = = ✓ ◆2
Pi2 S 2 S1
4cos2 (kl) + + sen2 kL
S 1 S2
 ✓ ◆ 1
I 1
T L = 10 = 10 (↵T )
I

S2 /S1

s1 s1 x
s2

L S2 < S 1

↵T
senkL = 0

↵T = 1 ! kL = n⇡
2⇡f L
= n⇡
c

L=n n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2

coskL = 0
⇡
kL = m ; m = 1, 3, 5, . . .
2

L=m ; m = 1, 3, 5, . . .
4
 x=0

Área S2

pb

Área S1 Área S1
pR pt x
pi

x=0

Pi

: pi (x, t) = Pi ejkx e jwt

: pR (x, t) = PR e jkx e jwt
: pt (x, t) = Pt ejkx e jwt
: pb (y, t) = Pb ejkx e jwt

Pi + PR = Pt
Pi + PR = Pb ! (Pt = Pb )
S1 (ui + uR ) = S1 ut + S2 ub
PR Pt Pb Pi
Pt /Pi
W /W

P i + PR = Pt
 Pt = Pb
S1 (Pi PR ) = S1 Pt + S2 Pb
Pt /Pi

Pt 2S1 4S12
= ↵t =
Pi 2S1 + S2 (2S1 + S2 )2

W /W

W S1 I S1 Pt2 4S12
= = =
W S1 I S1 Pi2 (2S1 + S2 )2

S2
W /W

W /W

W S2 Pb2 4S1 S2
= =
W S1 Pi2
(2S1 + S2 )2

W W W
+ + =1
W W W

x=0
h a

Área S2 !=2a
Massa de gás
h h
2 pR
M = ⇢0 ⇡a h S1 S1 x
pt
M = ⇢0 ⇡a2 L0 pi

x=0 Volume de controle

pi (x, t) = Pi ejkx e jwt

pR (x, t) = PR e jkx e jwt
pt (x, t) = Pt ejkx e jwt
 jwt
u =u e
u


F 2 0
= ze = jwM = jw⇡a L ⇢o
u
L0
✓ ◆
0 8a
L =h+ ⇥ 2 ' h + 1, 7a
3⇡

P i + PR = Pt
Pi + PR = ze u ! (Pt = ze u )
S1 S1
(Pi PR ) = Pt + S 2 u
⇢o c o ⇢o c o

Pt /Pi

Pet 2S1
= ⇢o c o
Pi 2S1 + S2
ze

|Pet |2 Pet 4S12

↵t = = = 2
|Pi |2 Pi ⇢o c o
2S1 + S2
ze

" #
2
ze e
u = jw⇢o L0

w = kc0

1 1
↵t = 2 = ✓ ◆2
⇢o c o S 2 S2
1+ 1+
2S1 jw⇢o L0 2S1 kL0
 uorif S2 = !a2
Meq
L’
pR pt x
S1 S1
pi
x=0 h

(S2 = ⇡a2 << 2S1 L0 k) ↵t ! 1

2⇡f
(k = co
) ↵t ! 0

= 10 ↵t

c 0 S2
f =
2⇡ 2S1 L0

Pet 1
pet = ze u =✓ ◆
Pi S 2 ⇢o c o
1+
2S1 ze

Pi
ze u =
S2 ⇢o co
1+
2S1 jw⇢o L0
 Pi
e
u =✓ ◆
S 2 ⇢o c o
jw⇢o L0 +
2S1

a2 n o a2 n o
W =⇡ Re Pe e⇤
·u =⇡ Re Pet · u
e⇤
2 2
8 9
>
> >
>
a2 < Pi Pi =
W =⇡ Re ✓ ◆·✓ ◆
2 >
> ⇢o c o S 2 ⇢o c o S 2 >
: 1+ 0
jw⇢o L >
0 ;
2S1 jw⇢o L 2S1
8 9
>
> >
>
Pi2 < jw⇢o L0 1 =
W = ⇡a2 Re ✓ ◆·✓ ◆
2 >
> ⇢o c o S 2 ⇢o c o S 2 >
: + jw⇢o L 0 jw⇢o L >
0 ;
2S1 2S1

W =0

W W W
+ + =1
W W W

V L S
S
L m

m = ⇢o SL0 Vol k

L0

L0 = L + 2 ⇥ 0, 85a = L + 1, 7a

L0 = L + (0, 85 + 0, 65)a = L + 1, 5a
 !L

ze = Re + jIm
L
Im(e
z )

pV = cte = C

1
V dp + pV dV = 0
1
dp V po
= p =
dV V V
dp po
=
dV V

dF = Sdp
po S
dF = dV
V
dV = Sdx
po S 2
dF = dx
V

dF po S 2
k= =
dx V
q
po
co = ⇢o

po = ⇢o c2o

dF ⇢o c2o S 2
k= =
dx V
 M ẍ(t) + kx(t) = 0

( w2 M + k)x(t) = 0

r s
k ⇢o c2o S 2
w = wo = =
M ⇢o SL0 V

r r
S co S
wo = co fo =
L0 V 2⇡ L0 V

Vol

SRH
L’ L
pR pt x
S1 S1
pi
x=0

3
PR Pt uRH Pi

x=0

P i + PR = Pt

Pi + PR = zeRH uRH ! (Pt = PRH = zeRH uRH )

S1 S1
(Pi PR ) = Pt + SRH uRH
⇢o c o ⇢o c o
Pt Pi

S1 S1 SRH
(2Pi Pt ) = Pt + Pt
⇢o c o ⇢o co zeRH
 Pet 2S1
=
Pi ⇢0 c0 SRH
2S1 +
zeRH

zeRH

pRH k M w2 + jwC
zeRH = =
uRH jwSRH

uRH
k M w2 + jwC = SRH pRH
jw

zeRH k = M w2
Pt /Pi

2
Pt W
↵t = =
Pi W
 p0e j!t Vol 1 Vol 2 : S1 , L01
: S2 , L02
: S3 , L03
x1(t) x2(t) x3(t)

L0

dp
dx
po
dp = dV
V
⇢o c2o S
dp = dx
V

k1 k2
m1 m2 m3
2a
x1(t) x2(t) x3(t)

M1 = ⇢o S1 L01
M2 = ⇢o S2 L02
M3 = ⇢o S3 L03
X
F = M1 ẍ1 (t)

1
⇢o c2o
F1 = S1 P1 = S1 [S2 x2 (t) S1 x1 (t)]
V1
 ⇢o c2o
M1 ẍ1 (t) = S1 [S2 x2 S1 x1 ] + S1 Po ejwt
V1
⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o
M1 ẍ1 + S12 x1 S1 S2 x2 = S1 Po ejwt
V1 V1

⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o
M2 ẍ2 (t) = S2 [S2 x2 S 1 x 1 ] + S2 [S3 x3 S2 x 2 ]
V1 V2

1 1 ⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o
M2 ẍ2 + S22 ⇢o c2o + x2 S 2 S3 x3 S 1 S2 x2 = 0
V1 V2 V2 V1

⇢o c2o
M3 ẍ3 (t) = S3 [S3 x3 S2 x 2 ]
V2
⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o
M3 ẍ3 + S32 x3 S2 S3 x2 = 0
V2 V2

2 3
⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o
6 w2 M1 + S12 S1 S2 0 72 3 2 3
6 V1 V✓1 ◆ 7 e1
x S1 Po
6 ⇢o c2o 1 1 ⇢o c2o 7
6 S1 S2 w2 M2 + S22 ⇢o c2o + S2 S 3 74 x
e 2 5 = 4 0 5
6 V1 V1 V2 V2 7
6 7 e
x 3 0
4 ⇢o c2o ⇢o c2o 5
0 S2 S3 w M3 + S32
2
V2 V2

x3
p0

Ressonâncias
internas
3 (x3 )
Po f1 f2 f
Atenuação
 Área S2
Área S1 x Área S3
u0e-j!t B’ C D
A B Z - Impedância
x da terminação
x x
L2
L3
L1 L4

⇥ ⇤
pe1 (x, t) = c1 ejkx + c2 e jwt
; 0 6 ⇥ 6 L1 S1

⇥ ⇤
pe2 (x, t) = c3 ejkx + c4 ejwt ; 0 6 ⇥ 6 L2 (S2 S1 )

⇥ ⇤
pe3 (x, t) = c5 ejkx + c6 ejwt ; 0 6 ⇥ 6 L3 S2

⇥ ⇤
pe4 (x, t) = c7 ejkx + c8 e jwt
; 0 6 ⇥ 6 L4 S3

1 jwt jwt
e(0, t) =
u [c1 c2 ] e = uo e
⇢o c o

c1 ejkL1 + c2 e jkL1
= c5 + c6
c3 ejkL2 + c4 e jkL2
= c5 + c6
 S1 ⇥ jkL1 jkL1
⇤ S2 (S2 S1 ) ⇥ jkL2 jkL2
⇤
c1 e c2 e = [c5 c6 ] c3 e c4 e
⇢o co ⇢o co ⇢o co

c3 c4 = 0

c5 ejkL3 + c6 e jkL3
= c7 + c8
S1 ⇥ jkL3 jkL3
⇤ S3
c5 e c6 e = [c7 c8 ]
⇢o co ⇢o c o


c7 ejkL4 + c8 e jkL4
⇢o c o = ze
c7 ejkL4 c8 e jkL4

8 8 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
c7 c8

3
co = 170 ⇢o = 4 [ ] ( ) L1 = 6 Lc = L2 + L3 = 7
L4 = 5 1 = 7 2 = 5 3 = 7 ze = ze
'5 e
k = k(1+j0, 01)

Wrad (f ) S3 n o
Wrad = Re Pe4 (L4 ) · u
e⇤4 (L4 )
uo 2

Wrad S1 n o
= Re Pe1 (L1 ) · u
e⇤1 (L1 )
uo 2uo

Wrad (f )
L2
uo
1 1 1 8
L2 = 0 (Lc = L3 ) L2 = Lc L2 = Lc L2 = Lc L2 = Lc
3 4 2 9
 1
L1 L2 ' L
2 c

Wrad (f )
3 1 2
uo
1 3 =5 3 15

Wrad (f ) e
k =
uo
k(1 + j0, 1)

⇢1 c1
✓1
⇢2 c 2

e = Aeiw( x/c1 t)

c1
1
e
 e = Be
e iw( x/c1 t) e = Ce
e iw( x/c2 t)

c2 2

= sen✓1 cos✓1
= sen✓r cos✓r
= sen✓2 cos✓2

" !#
x y
iw sen✓1 cos✓1 t
e = Ae c1 c1
" !#
x y
iw sen✓r + cos✓r t
e = Be
e c1 c1
" !#
x y
iw sen✓2 cos✓2 t
e = Ce
e c2 c2

p01 (0, t) = p02 (0, t)

u1 (0, x, t) · 1 + u2 (0, x, t) · 2 =0
1 = 2 =

@e @ er
e1 ·
u 1 = +
@y @y

@ et
e2 ·
u 2 =
@y
y=0
iwcos✓1 i(wx/c1 )sen✓1 iwcos✓r e i(wx/c1 )sen✓r
e1 ·
u 1 = Ae + Be
c1 c1
 iwcos✓2 e i(wx/c2 )sen✓2
e2 ·
u 2 = Ce
c2
x

sen✓1 sen✓r sen✓2

= =
c1 c1 c2

✓1 = ✓r

sen✓1 c1
=
sen✓2 c2

cos✓1 ⇣ e ⌘ cos✓2 e
B A = C
c1 c2

⇣ ⌘
p̃0 = iw⇢1 e + e

(⇢2 >> ⇢1 )
e=A
B

⇣ ⌘ 1
p̃0 = iw⇢1 e + e

p̃0 = j2w⇢1 Aej(kx x wt)

cosky y

ky = kcos✓ = 2⇡/ y kx = ksen✓ = 2⇡/ x

w q 2
k= = kx + ky2
c1
 = Aej(kxsen✓ kycos✓)
e jwt

r
e j(kxsen✓+kycos✓) e
= Be jwt

e(x, 0, t) = u
u e (x, 0, t) + u
er (x, 0, t) = 0
~
~u = r
jkcos✓Aejkxsen✓ e jwt e jkxsen✓ e
+ jkcos✓Be jwt
=0

e=A
B

y 0
@
p= ⇢1 = jw⇢1 Aejkxsen✓ e jkycos✓
+ e+jkycos✓ e jwt
@t
p = jw⇢1 Aejkxsen✓ + 2cos(kycos✓)e jwt

pe(x, y, t) = 2jw⇢1 Aejkxsen✓ e jwt

cos(kycos✓)

y
cos(kycos✓)
x
kxsen✓ = (ksen✓)x
 cf x c1 = c
w w w 1 c1 cfx
cf x = = = =
kx ksen✓ k sen✓ sen✓
c
cf x =
sen✓ csom
0° 90° !

x cgx
csom
kx
cgx = nx c1 = c1 = c1 sen✓
k
cgx = c sen✓ 0° 90° !
p
k = kx w = c1 kx2 + ky2
✓1 ! 0
x ✓ = 0
x

cg ✓1 ! 0
x kx
✓=0

cf = w/k

w = w(k)

w(k)

w(k) = ck, c=
 dw w(k)
cg = cf =
dk k

cg

to

⇥ ⇤
e = A ej(k1 x w1 t)
+e j(k2 x w2 t)

x
f1 f2 w1 w2
⇥ ⇤
p(x, t) = A ej(k1 x w1 t)
+e j(k2 x w2 t)

k1 = k k ; w1 = w w
k2 = k + k ; w1 = w + w

⇥ ⇤
p = A ej(kx kx wt+ wt)
+ ej(kx+ kx wt wt)

⇥ ⇤
p = A ej(kx wt) e j( kx wt)
+ ej(kx wt) j( kx
e wt)
 p = Aej(kx wt)
[cos ( kx wt) jsen ( kx wt) + . . .
. . . + cos ( kx wt) + jsen ( kx wt)]

p = 2Aej(kx wt)
cos ( kx wt)

2A w k
cos ( kx wt)

 ✓ ◆
w
cos k x t = cos [ k(x cg t)]
k

cg

w dw
cg = cg =
k dk

x
dw d h q 2 i
cgx = = c1 kx + ky2
dkx dkx
w
p 2
k= c1
= kx + ky2

1⇥ 2 ⇤ 1 kx ksen✓
cgx = c1 kx + ky2 2
2kx = c1 = c1
2 k k

cgx = c1 sen✓
 L ±1

@ 2 pe0 @ 2 pe0
+ + k 2 pe0 = 0
@x2 @y 2
k = w/c0 y=0

pe0 = j2⇢o wAej(kx wt)

cos (ky y)

kx2 + ky2 = k 2 p = ⇢o @@t

e0 = 2Aej(kx wt)
cos (ky y)
x y
@
ux = = 2jAkx ej[kx x wt]
cosky y
@x
@
uy = = 2Aky ej[kx x wt]
senky y
@y
y = L u·n = 0
x
2Aky senky L = 0
A 6= 0 y
n⇡
ky = = kyn , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
L
ky = 0 kx = k
x

k 2 = kx2 + ky2
 q q r
n⇡co 2
kx = k2 ky2 =k 1 (ky /k)2 =k 1 ( )
wL

r ⇣ w ⌘2
n
kx = kxn = k 1
w

n⇡co nco
= 1 =) f n =
wL 2L
kxn p̃0
1
X
0 en ej(kxn x wt) n⇡y
p̃ = B cos
n=0
L

Bn = 2⇢o wiAn An

eo ej(kx0 x e1 ej(kx1 x ⇡y
p̃0 = B wt)
+B wt)
cos + ...
L

en
B n = 0 kxn = k

eo ej(kx
p̃0 = B wt)

en ej(kxn x n⇡y
p˜n 0 = B wt)
cos , n 6= 0
L
 x
kxn kyn
kxn

w > wn = n⇡co /L

kxn p˜n 0

x x

w < wn

p
(wn /w)2 1)x
ejkxn x = e (

q
kxn = j (wn /w)2 1

w = wn

kxn = 0 p˜n 0

en cos n⇡y
p̃0 = B
L

y
x wn
0  y  L

w
 n=1
n=0
p
(w1 /w)2 1)x
p̃0 = B0 ej(kx wt)
+ B1 e k(

p̃0 = B0 ej(kx wt)

cgx
dw 1 1 c0
cgx = = co kx2n + ky2n 2 2kxn não há
dkxn 2 propagação
p 2
k xn k ky2n
cgx = co 1 = co
kx2n + ky2n 2 k ! f
!n (modo n)

r r
2
kyn wn2
cgx = co 1 = co 1
k2 w2

c fx
r ⇣ w ⌘2 r ⇣ w ⌘2
n w n w cfx
kxn = k 1 = 1 =
w co w c fx não há
propagação
co
c fx = r c0
wn2
1 !
!n (modo n) f
w2

w0 = 0, 5861⇡c0 /r

f ⇡ c0 /d
d
L

x
L

x=L

L
q
kL (w1 /w)2 1 ⇡
x=L
1/e⇡

x = 0

x=0
ux = U (y)coswt

jwt
ex = U (y)e
u

1
X
e(x, y, z) = en ej(kxn x wt) n⇡y
A cos
n=0
L

An

!
@e jwt
ux = = Ux (y)e
@x
x=0

X n⇡y
en kxn cos
jA = U (y)
L
 en
A
cos n⇡y
L
cos m⇡y
L
0 L
1
X Z L Z L
en kxn m⇡y n⇡y m⇡y
jA cos cos dy = U (y)cos dy
n=0 0 L L 0 L

m, n > 0
Z L
m⇡y n⇡y L
cos cos dy = nm
0 L L 2

nm n>0
Z L
en kxn = 2
jA U (y)cos
n⇡y
dy = un
L 0 L

n=0
Z L
e0 k = 1
jA U (y)dy =
u0
L 0 2

n 6= 0

U (y)
U (y) un u0 en
A

U (y)

X1
1 n⇡y
U (y) = u0 + un cos
2 n=1
L

un n
n en = un
A
jkxn

X1 ✓ ◆
e= un n⇡y
ej(kxn x wt)
cos
n=0
jk xn L
 p
kxn = k2 2
kyn
un
n w wn
n n

2 1 @ 2 (x, y, z, t)
r (x, y, z, t) =0
c20 @t2

@2 @2 @2 1 @2
+ + =0
@x2 @y 2 @z 2 c20 @t2

jwt
(x, y, z, t) = X(x)Y (y)Z(z)e
 @ 2 X(x) jwt @ 2 Y (y) jwt
Y (y)Z(z) e + X(x)Z(z) e + ...
@x2 @y 2

@ 2 Z(z) jwt w2 jwt

. . . + X(x)Y (y) e + X(x)Y (y)Z(z)e =0
@z 2 c20

1 @ 2 X(x) 1 @ 2 Y (y) 1 @ 2 Z(z)

+ + + k2 = 0
X(x) @x2 Y (y) @y 2 Z(z) @z 2

d2 X(x)
+ kx2 X(x) = 0 ; X(x) = Ax e jkx x
+ Bx e jkx x
dx2
d2 Y (y)
+ ky2 Y (y) = 0 ; Y (y) = Ay e jky y
+ By e jky y
dy 2
d2 Z(z)
+ kz2 Z(z) = 0 ; Z(z) = Az e jkz z
+ Bz e jkz z
dz 2

k 2 = kx2 + ky2 + kz2

X(x) Y (y)

Lx = a Ly = b
x y

@
ux=0,a = =0
@x x=0,a
@
uy=0,b = =0
@y y=0,b

x y

X(x) = Am coskm x Y (y) = An coskn y

 m⇡ n⇡
km = a
kn = b
m, n = 1, 2, ... z

jkz z jkz z
Z(z) = Az e + Bz e
p 2
kz = k + kx2 + ky2

1 X
X 1
⇥ ⇤
(x, y, z, t) = (coskm xcoskn y) Amn ej(wt kmn z)
+ Bmn ej(wt+kmn z)
m=0 n=0

Amn = Am An Az Bmn = Am An Bz kmn = kz

(coskm xcoskn y)
mn
Amn ej(wt kmn z)

Bmn ej(wt+kmn z)

1 X
X 1
(x, y, z, t) = Amn (coskm xcoskn y) ej(wt kmn z)

m=0 n=0

mn kmn
✓ ◆2 ⇣ m⇡ ⌘2 ⇣ n⇡ ⌘2
w
0
c0 a b
kmn

1 X
X 1
(x, y, z, t) = Amn (coskm xcoskn y) ejwt e kmn z

m=0 n=0

z
z
 r⇣
c0 m⇡ ⌘2 ⇣ n⇡ ⌘2
f (mn)
= +
2⇡ a b

mn

mn
w c0
cmn = =s
kmn ⇣ c ⌘2 ⇣ m⇡ ⌘2 ⇣ n⇡ ⌘2 ◆
✓
0
1 +
w a b

p= ⇢0 @@t
1 X
X 1
p(x, y, z, t) = jw⇢0 Amn (coskm xcoskn y) ej(wt kmn z)

m=0 n=0

Lx = 0, 6 Ly = 1

s✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆2
c0 m⇡ n⇡
f (mn)
= +
2⇡ Lx Ly

f (01)
= 172, 5 ; f (10)
= 287, 5 ; f (11)
= 335, 2 ;

f (02)
= 344, 9 ; f (12)
= 449, 0 ; f (20)
= 574, 9 .
Lx = 0, 6 Ly = 1
 1 @2
r2 =0
c20 @t2

1 @ @ 1 @2 @2
r + 2 2 + 2 + k2 = 0
r @r @r r @' @x

~u
@ @
: ux = ; : ur =
@x @r
1@
: u' =
r @'

jwt
(r, ', x, t) = F (r)G(')H(x)e


1 @ @F (r) jwt 1 @ 2 G(') jwt
G(')H(x) r e + F (r)H(x) e + ...
r @r @r r2 @'2
@ 2 H(x) jwt
. . . + F (r)G(') e + k 2 F (r)G(')H(x)e jwt
=0
@x2
jwt
= F (r)G(')H(x)e

1 @ @F (r) m2
r kx2 + k 2 = 0
rF (r) @r @r r2

1 1 @ 2 G(') 1 @ 2 H(x)
m2 = kx2 =
r2 G(') @'2 H(x) @x2

@ 2 H(x)
+ kx2 H(x) = 0
@x2
@ 2 G(')
+ m2 G(') = 0
@'2
 r
 ✓ ◆
1 @ @F (r) m2
r + k2 kx2 F (r) = 0
r @r @r r2

@ 2 F (r) @F (r)
r2 + r + kr2 r2 m2 F (r) = 0
@r2 @r
kr2 = k 2 kx2

F (r) = Ar Jm (kr r) + Br Ym (kr r)

Jm (kr r) Ym (kr r)

(1) (2)
F (r) = Ar Hm (kr r) + Br Hm (kr r)
(1) (2)
Hm Hm
ejwt e jwt

(1)
Hm (kr r) = Jm (kr r) + jYm (kr r)
(2)
Hm (kr r) = Jm (kr r) jYm (kr r)

G(')

G(') = am cos(m') + bm sen(m')

m = 0, 1, 2, ....
0  '  2⇡
G(') = G(' + 2⇡)
x

1 X
X 1
j(kx x wt)
(r, ', x, t) = Amr cos(m')Jm (kr r)e
m=0 r=0

Ym (kr r)
(kr r) ! 0
r=0 Br Br = 0 Ym (kr r) ! 1
r!0
 a L

1 X
X 1
⇥ ⇤
(r, ', x) = Amr ejkx x + Bmr e jkx x
cos(m')Jm (kr r)e jwt

m=0 r=0

ur = @ /@r
✓ ◆
@
=0
@r r=a

✓ ◆
@Jm (kr r)
=0
@r r=a

0
Jm (kr a) = 0 ) kmr

m kr a

k 2 = kx2 + kmr
2
; kx = 0
2⇡f
k= = kmr
c0
c0 kmr c0 mr
f (mr)
= =
2⇡ 2⇡ a

mn m n
kr a = mn

c0 mn
f (mn)
=
2⇡ a
 a = 0, 5

c0 mn
f (mn)
=
2⇡ a

f (01)
= 418, 4 ; f (02)
= 766, 1 ; f (10)
= 201, 1 ;

f (11)
= 582, 2 ; f (20)
= 333, 6 .
 ✓ ◆
d2 f 1 df n2
+ + 1 f =0 ; n=
dx2 x dx x2

J(x)

f = AJn (x) + BJ n (x)

f = AJn (x) + BYn (x)

f = AHn(1) (x) + BHn(2) (x)

Y(x)

Jn (x) J n (x)

Yn (x)
(1) (2)
Hn (x) Hn (x)

Hn(1) (x) = Jn (x) + iYn (x)

Hn(2) (x) = Jn (x) iYn (x)

@
[Jn (kr r)] = Jn0 (kr r) = kr Jn+1 (kr r)
@r
n n
Jn0 = Jn (x) + Jn 1 (x) = Jn (x) Jn+1 (x)
x x
 mr = mn

✓ ◆
d2 f 2 df n(n + 1)
+ + 1 f =0 ; n=
dx2 x dx x2

f = Ajn (x) + Byn (x)

f = Ah(1) (2)
n (x) + Bhn (x)

p⇡ p⇡
jn (x) = J
2x n+1/2
(x) yn (x) = Y
2x n+1/2
(x)
(1) (2)
hn (x) hn (x)

r
⇡ (1)
h(1)
n (x) = jn (x) + iyn (x) = H (x)
2x n+1/2
r
⇡ (2)
h(2)
n (x) = jn (x) iyn (x) = H (x)
2x n+1/2
 P(x)

d2 ✓ d✓
(1 x2 ) 2x + n(n + 1)✓ = 0
dx2 dx

✓ = APn + BQn
Pn Qn

x0
S(x + x0 ) S(x) << S(x̃)
S(x̃) x̃

Z Z
d
⇢(x, t)dV = ⇢ · dS
dt V S
 x
Z x+dx 
@⇢ @ (⇢uS(x))
S(x) + dx = 0
x @t @x

x!0
@⇢ @ (⇢uS(x))
S(x) + =0
@t @x

⇢ = ⇢0 + ⇢0

@⇢0 @ (uS)
S + ⇢0 =0
@t @x

@u @p0
⇢0 + =0
@t @x

p 0 = c 0 ⇢0


@p0 2 @u @S(x)
S(x) + ⇢0 c 0 S(x) + u =0
@t @x @x


@p0 2 @u d ( S(x))
+ ⇢0 c 0 +u =0
@t @x dx
u
 2
@ 2 p0 2 @ u d ( S(x)) @u
2
+ ⇢0 c 0 +u =0
@t @t@x dx @t
 @u @p0 @2u 1 @ 2 p0
⇢0 = =
@t @x @t@x ⇢0 @x2

@ 2 p0 @ 2 p0 d ( S(x)) @p
c20 c20 =0
@t2 @x2 dx @x

@2 d ( S(x)) @
2
+ + k2 = 0
@x dx @x

S(x) = cte

S(x) x
S(x)

S(x) = S(0)e2mx

e 00 (x) + 2m e 0 (x) + k 2 e (x) = 0

eKx
K 2 + 2mK + k 2 = 0

p p
e = Ae[ mx+j ( k2 m2 x wt)] e [
+ Be mx j ( k2 m2 x+wt)]

e=0
B
p
e = Ae[ mx+j ( k2 m2 x wt)]
 m k

k>m
p
k2 m2 p
p cg = dw/d k 2 m2
cf = w/ k 2 m2 c0
q q
2
cg = c0 1 (m/k) cf = c0 / 1 (m/k)2

k<m
h p i
e = Ae m 1 1 (k/m)2 x jwt

m > w/c0 w

k = m

S
S(x) = S0 (x/x0 )n
 S0 S x = x0 n
n
n=2
n=4

⇥ ⇤
e (x) = (kx)(1 n)/2
AJn 1/2 (kx) + BJ n+1/2 (kx)

n=2

⇥ ⇤
e = 1 Aej(kx wt)
+ Be j(kx+wt)
kx

Q
⌧ = Qcorn
tubo
 Q
tubo

Y 1
= ⇢0 c0 u20 S0
tubo
2

Y q
1
= ⇢0 c0 u20 S0 1 (m/k)2
corn exp
2

S(x) = S0 (x/x0 )2

Y 1 (kx0 )2
2
= ⇢0 c 0 u 0 S 0
cone reto
2 1 + (kx0 )2

q
2 (kx0 )2
⌧corn exp = 1 (m/k) ⌧cone reto =
1 + (kx0 )2

w = mc0
 @⇢ @
+ (⇢u) = 0
@t @x
@ (⇢u) @ @p
+ (⇢u) =
@t @x @x

p = p(⇢)
@p
@t
c20
@⇢ @ (⇢u) @p @p
c20 + c20 + =
@t @x @t @t
@ (⇢u) @ @p
c20 + c20 ⇢u2 = c20
@t @x @x
 @ @
@t @x

@2⇢ 2
2 @ (⇢u) @2p @2p
c20 + c 0 + =
@t2 @x@t @t2 @t2
@ 2 (⇢u) @ 2 (⇢u) @2p
c20 + c20 = c20
@t@x @x2 @x2
2
c20 @@t@x
(⇢u)

@2⇢ @2p @ 2 (⇢u) @ 2 p @2p

c20 c20 c20 + =
@t2 @x2 @x2 @t2 @t2

@2p @2p @2 ⇥ ⇤ @ 2 (⇢u)

c20 = p ⇢c20 + c20
@t2 @x2 @t2 @x2

p = p0 + ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . .

⇢ = ⇢0 + ✏⇢1 + ✏2 ⇢2 + . . .
u = ✏u1 + ✏2 u2 + . . .

✏ << 1

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
@p 1 @2p
p(⇢) = p (⇢0 ) + (⇢ ⇢0 ) + (⇢ ⇢0 )2 + . . .
⇢0 @⇢ 2 @⇢2 ⇢0
1
p(⇢) = p(⇢0 ) + c20 (⇢ ⇢0 ) + d0 (⇢ ⇢0 )2 + . . .
2
1 2
p(⇢) = p(⇢0 ) + c20 ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . . + d0 ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . . + ...
✓ 2◆
1
p(⇢) = p(⇢0 ) + ✏c20 ⇢1 + ✏2 c20 ⇢2 + d0 ⇢21 + . . .
2

p(⇢) = p0 +✏p1 +✏2 p2 +. . .

p1 = c20 ⇢1
✓ ◆
2 1 2
p2 = c0 ⇢2 + d0 ⇢1
2
 @2 ⇥ ⇤ @2 ⇥ ⇤
2
p0 + ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . . c20 2
p0 + ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . . = . . .
@t @x
@2 ⇥ ⇤
2
p0 + ✏p1 + ✏2 p2 + . . . c20 ⇢0 + ✏⇢1 + ✏2 ⇢2 + . . . + . . .
@t
@2 h 2
i
. . . + c20 2 ⇢0 + ✏⇢1 + ✏2 ⇢2 + . . . ✏u1 + ✏2 u2 + . . .
@x

  2 
@ 2 p1 @p1 2
2 @ p2 @ 2
p2 @2 2 1 @ 2 u2
✏ c20 +✏ c20 = 2 ✏ p2 ✏2 p2 + ✏2 d0 ⇢21 +✏2 ⇢0 c20 21
@t2 @x2 @t2 @x2 @t 2 @x

  2
@ 2 p1 @p1 2
2 @ p2 @ 2 p2 1 @ 2 ⇢21 @ 2 u21
✏ c20 +✏ c20 d0 ⇢0 c20 =0
@t2 @x2 @t2 @x2 2 @t2 @x2

@ 2 p1 @ 2 p1
c20 =0
@t2 @x2

@ 2 p2 @ 2 p2 1 @ 2 ⇢21 2 2
2 @ u1
c20 = d0 + ⇢ c
0 0
@t2 @x2 2 @t2 @x2

1 @ 2 ⇢21
d
2 0 @t2
@ 2 u21
⇢0 c20 @x2

@ 2 p2 @
p2 2 2 2
2 @ u1
c20 = ⇢0 c 0 2
@t2 @x2 @x
x=0

x(x, t) = X0 senwt

u(0, t) = wX0 coswt

u = ✏u1 + ✏2 u2 + . . . u1 = f (x c0 t) x=0

✏f ( c0 t) = wX0 coswt
 u = wX0 cos(kx wt) = wX0 cos [k(x c0 t)] = ✏f (x c0 t)

u1 = c0 cos(kx wt)

p2
@ 2 p2 @ 2 p2
c20 = 2⇢0 c20 w2 cos2(kx wt)
@t2 @x2

@ 2 p2 @ 2 p2
c20 = 2⇢0 c20 w2 e2j(kx wt)
@t2 @x2

2jwt
p2 = f (x)e

f 00 (x) + 4k 2 f (x) = 2⇢0 c20 k 2 e2jkx

⇢0 c20 kxe2jkx
f (x) =
2j

Ae±2jkx

✓ ◆
⇢0 c20 kx
p2 = A+ e2j(kx wt)
2j
x=0 w A=0
1
p2 = kx⇢0 c20 cos2 (kx wt ⇡/4)
2

p 1 = ⇢0 c 0 u 1
p
1
p = p0 + ✏⇢0 c20 cos(kx wt) + ✏2 kx⇢0 c20 cos2 (kx wt ⇡/4)
2
 s✓ ◆
@p
c=
@⇢ S
 S1 (= ⇡rt2 )
Lc S2 (= ⇡rc2 )

rt = 4 rc = 25 Lc = 70 ⇡5
3
⇢o = 4 co = 170

↵t (f ) ↵r (f ) = 10 (↵t )

rc = 25 15 10 4

rc = 25 Lc = 70 35 15

↵t (f ) + ↵r (f ) = 1

L2=L1+!L
Área S2

pR pt
A Área S1 B
pi

L1

pd = c1 ejkx + c2 e jkx
e jwt

pext = c3 ejkx + c4 e jkx

e jwt

↵t (f ) ↵r (f ) ↵t + ↵R = 1.

L
L /2
 L1 = 10 ;
3
⇢o = 4[ ] ;
co = 170 ;
L = 9 ;
2
S1 = ⇡r1 ; r1 = 10 ;
S2 = ⇡r22 ; r2 = 5, 10 15 .

r1 = 10 rorif = 2 5 10 h=2
L0 = h + 1, 7R

↵t (f ) ↵r (f )

h = 2 5
rorif = 5

r1 = 10
2
V ol = 3 ⇥4 ⇥4 Spesc = ⇡rRH rRH = 2, 5
LRH = 10

↵t (f )

rRH = 2, 5 LRH = 10

V olume : =3 ⇥1 ⇥1 ;
=3 ⇥4 ⇥4 ;
=3 ⇥ 10 ⇥ 10 .

rRH = 1 2, 5 5

LRH = 3 10 30

L1 = 7 ; L2 = 6 ; L3 = 5 .
r1 = 3, 5 ; r2 = 3, 5 ; r3 = 3, 5 .
 c1 c2 c3 m1 m2 m3

jwt
x1 (t) = (1)e

x3 (ft ) x2 (ft )
x1 x1

=7
co = 170

10
⇥15 co = 170

Wrad (f )
uo

x 10

A B
-jwt
u0 e C
z, terminação
flangeada

Lt Lc
 e
k = k(1 + j0, 01) ⇢o = 4 [ 3
] co = 170
uo = 1 '7 8

AB = 10
C = 30
LAB = 50
LBC = 50
Ltotal = 100

C =

Wrad

Lt Lc

LAB = 50 ; LBC = 50
LAB = 25 LBC = 75
LAB = 75 LBC = 25