SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF S T E E L F R A M E S

WITH INVERTED V B R A C E S
By Toshibumi F u k u t a , 1 Isao Nishiyama, 2 Hiroyuki Y a m a n o u c h i , 3
M e m b e r , A S C E , a n d Ben Kato, 4 M e m b e r , A S C E
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ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the seismic behavior of an inverted-V-braced

structure with braces of intermediate slenderness (L/r = 70-120). These are often
designed as earthquake-resistant elements of low- and middle-rise buildings. The
post-buckling behavior of the brace and the interaction between the brace and the
braced bay beam mainly affect the total seismic behavior of the frame. These ef-
fects are discussed by using the experimental results on the half-sealed three-story
models of the inverted-V-braced system which were carried out at the Building
Research Institute, the Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government, as part of
the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Earthquake Research Program Utilizing Large-Scale
Testing Facilities. Based on these findings, a simple but reasonable hysteresis model
for the inverted-V-braced systems is proposed to predict the hysteretic lateral shear
force versus inter-story drift relation of the structural system.

INTRODUCTION

Although steel buildings with dual seismic load resisting systems com-
posed of inverted V braces and moment resisting frames have been widely
used there is still insufficient information on how to design the system ef-
fectively. This is due to the lack of knowledge on the interaction between
the brace and the surrounding moment frames, and in particular, the beam
in the braced bay.
This paper deals with this problem, the inverted-V-braced structure with
braces of intermediate slenderness (L/r = 70-120), which are often de-
signed as earthquake-resistant elements of low- and middle-rise buildings.
The problem is discussed by using the experimental and analytical results
on the inverted-V-braced system. Static loading tests on half-scale three-
story steel frames with inverted-V-braces were carried out at the Building
Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government, as part
of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Earthquake Research Program Utilizing Large-
Scale Testing Facilities.

EXPERIMENTS ON HALF-SCALED MODEL

Six model frames with inverted-V-braces were tested in order to determine

clearly the elastic-plastic behavior of the lower stories of the full-scale pro-
totype six-story test building (Yamanouchi et al. 1984), and to determine
'Dr. of Engrg., Struct. Engrg. Dept., Building Res. Inst., Ministry of Constr.,
Japanese Government (BRI), 1 Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 Japan.
2
Dr. of Engrg., Int. Inst, of Seismology and Earthquake Engrg., BRI, 1 Tatehara,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 Japan.
3
Dr. of Engrg., Head of Struct. Dynamics Div., Struct. Engrg. Dept., BRI, 1
Tatehara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 Japan.
4
Prof., Univ. of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongou, Bunkyouku, Tokyo 113 Japan.
Note. Discussion open until January 1, 1990. To extend the closing date one month,
a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript
for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on January 23, 1989.
This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 8, Au-
gust, 1989. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/89/0008-2016/$1.00 + $.15 per page. Paper
No. 23815.

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5-column M-column N-column

| 3,750 | 3,750 J unit: mm

FIQ. 1. Test Frame No. 1 and Loading Set-Up

the general behavior of multi-story steel frames with inverted V braces. In

order to simulate the stress conditions expected to be induced in the lower
stories of the prototype test building, vertical forces applied to the top of
each column were controlled to correspond and be proportional to the applied
lateral shear force.
Since the details of these tests are discussed in a previous paper (Fukuta
et al. 1988), only the outline of the tests is described here.

Test Frames
Fig. 1 shows the elevation of test frames No. 1. The other test frames
had the same story height and span length as the test frame No. 1. Table 1
shows the outline of each test frame. Test frames No. 1 and No. 2 were
exact half-scale models of the lower three stories of the prototype six-story
test building except for the details of the brace connections. These frames
were designed to achieve the following three objectives: (1) To clarify the
elastic and plastic behavior of the prototype test building initially for pre-
dicting the behavior of the prototype structure; (2) to evaluate the effects of
the composite beams and braces on the overall behavior of the inverted-V-
braced frames in comparison with the results of the test frames No. 1, No.
3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6; and (3) to gain the effects of asymmetric fram-

TABLE 1. Outline of Test Frames

Test Frame
Item No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6
(D (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Composite slab With With No No No No
Expected buckling
mode of braces In-plane In-plane In-plane Out-of-plane In-plane No braces
Type of collapse
mechanism Beam Beam Beam Beam Column Beam
Loading pass Gradual Gradual Gradual Gradual Gradual
pattern increase Complicated increase increase increase increase

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 TABLE 2. Member Schedule
Test Frame
Member Story 1,2 3 4 5 6
0) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
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N&S-column 1-3 6WF20 6WF20 6WF20 5WF16 6WF20

M-column 2, 3 6WF25 6WF25 6WF25 6WF20 6WF25
M-column 1 8WF35 8WF35 8WF35 6WF20 6WF35
Beam 2 8WF10 8WF10 8WF10 8WF13 8WF10
Beam 1 8WF13 8WF13 8WF13 10WF17 8WF13
Brace 2, 3 B2 B2 B4 B2 —
Brace 1 Bl Bl B3 Bl —

ing on the restoring force characteristics by applying the different loading

passes to the two identical frames (test frames No. 1 and No. 2).
Tables 2 and 3 list the member schedule of the test frames and the size
of the members. ASTM A36 structural steel was used for the beams and
columns. They were compact section members so that they could behave
stably without local buckling. The beam-to-column junctions were designed
to be moment-resisting connections in the loading direction. The slenderness
ratio of the beam about its weak axis was less than 170. Therefore, the
beams must be stable against the lateral buckling. The braces were designed
to resist both tensile and compressive forces and had built-up rectangular
tubular sections. Their plate elements were formed from JIS SS41 structural
steel that is equivalent to ASTM A36 structural steel. The braces were welded
to the frame by using a gusset plate of JIS SS41 structural steel.
The steel beams of test frames No. 1 and No. 2 were designed to act
compositely with the concrete floor slab by means of headed studs through
the steel decks with 1.2 mm thickness. The light-weight floor slabs were
reinforced with 6-mm diameter steel wire mesh at 100 mm pitch in the load-
ing and the transverse directions. Mechanical properties of the steel and con-
crete are listed in Tables 4 and 5.

TABLE 3. Member Size

Designation Size
(1) (2)
10WF17 H-256.8 x 101.9 x 6.10 x 8.38
8WF35 H-206.2 x 203.7 x 7.87 x 12.57
8WF13 H-202.9 x 101.6 x 5.84 x 6.48
8WF10 H-200,4 x 100.1 X 4.32 x 5.21
6WF25 H-162.1 x 154.4 x 8.13 x 11.56
6WF20 H-157.5 x 152.9 x 6.60 x 9.27
5WF16 H-127.3 x 127.0 x 6.10 x 9.14
Bl • - 1 1 0 x 55 x 4.5
B2 • - 1 0 5 X 45 x 4.5
B3 • - 7 0 x 40 x 9.0
B4 • - 7 0 x 35 x 6.0
Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.

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 TABLE 4. Mechanical Properties of Steel
Designation Yield stress (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Elongation'(%)
d) (2) (3) (4)
10WF17 web 396 491 18.4
10WF17 flange 283 441 26.5
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8WF35 web 332 458 22.5

8WF35 flange 270 435 28.9
8WF13 web 382 476 16.4
8WF13 flange 278 418 25.1
8WF10 web 449 508 10.3
8WF10 flange 307 406 20.2
6WF25 web 348 488 20.9
6WF25 flange 317 466 27.3
6WF20 web 404 526 17.8
6WF20 flange 340 480 25.2
5WF16 web 355 472 20.4
5WF16 flange 293 441 25.2
Plate t = 4.5 273 406 32.7
Plate t = 6.0 369 474 19.4
Plate t = 9.0 311 444 27.4
Bar diameter = 6 445 658 21.5
Note: 1 ksi = 6.8948 MPa.

Loading Program
The elastic and plastic dynamic response of the prototype six-story test
building for the 1978 Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake accelerogram was analyzed
using the DRAIN-2D response analysis computer program (Powell 1973).
In this analysis, the axial forces in the columns at the first through third
stories reached 50% to 70% of their yield axial strength. Such high axial
forces would affect the overall behavior of the structure. Thus, in this test
the vertical forces were applied to the frames with careful control to cor-
respond to the applied lateral forces.
To determine the relationship between these forces, the elastic and plastic
frame analysis was carried out on the braced frame of the prototype test
building. It was observed that the relationship between the axial forces in
the columns and the story shear forces was almost linear through the entire
range of story shear forces in the third story. Thus, the axial forces in the
columns and lateral forces were applied in such a way as to maintain the
linear relationship. The dashed lines in Fig. 2 show the targets for the lateral

TABLE 5. Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Compressive Splitting tensile Young's modulus

Test frame strength (MPa) strength (MPa) (MPa)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
No. 1 28.9 2.23 26.2
No. 2 31.9 2.81
Note: 1 ksi = 6.8948 MPa.

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Lateral Shear Force Q(X)

FIG. 2. Comparison between Target and Measurement in g^Q-Column Axial Force

Relation of 3rd Story of Test Frame No. 1

shear force-axial force relation to be realized in the third story's columns of

test frame No. 1.
The center-hole jacks for column axial forces were set to slide parallel to
the plane of lateral loading, corresponding to the lateral deflection at the top
of the test frame, so that they always were able to apply vertical forces to
the columns.

Test Results and Comments

Applied Lateral Force and Axial Force of Third-Story Columns
Solid lines in Fig. 2 show the relationships between the applied lateral
shear force and the axial forces in the columns of the third story. The latter
forces were calculated by using the data from strain gauges glued on the
surface of the columns. The tests results show that the targets for the relation
between the lateral shear force and the axial forces were realized satisfac-
torily.

Story Shear Force versus Inter-Story Displacement Relation

Fig. 3 shows the relationships of the applied story shear force versus inter-
story displacement at the first stories of the test frames. The positive loading
is defined as the loading from left to right in Fig. 1. In the braced frames,
the braces carried over 80% of the lateral shear forces in the elastic range
of deflection, and carried about 50% of them in the post-buckling range.
The beams and columns were stable against local buckling and lateral buck-
ling. The load-displacement curve of these test frames beame close to that
of the ductile moment-resisting frames.

Interaction between Braces and Braced Bay Beams

The braces of the test frame No. 3 buckled almost at the same lateral shear
force as the lateral shear force under which the braces of test frame No. 1
buckled. The difference between these frames is in the strength of the beams.
The calculated full-plastic moment of the beams in test frame No. 1 was
2.42 times as large as that of the beams in test frame No. 3 for positive

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 Q(X)
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predicted
experimental

FIG. 3. Lateral Story Shear Force versus Inter-Story Displacement at 1st Story:
(a) Test Frame No. 1; (b) Test Frame No. 2; (c) Test Frame No. 3

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FIG. 3. Lateral Story Shear Force versus Inter-Story Displacement at 1st Story:
(d) Test Frame No. 4; (e) Test Frame No. 5

_— i i— r 1 1

alg Jr 1 Test Frame No.l

F~"\-~j^^.
1' * . -T"7
11/
-r""
s^

Test Frame No. 3

— 1 1 1 1 1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Inter-Story Drift Angle X/h ( r a d . )

FIG. 4. Envelope Part of Tensile Axial Force of S-Brace versus Inter-Story Drift
Angle Relation In 1st Story of Test Frames No. 1 and No. 3

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FIG. 5. Damaged Braces in 2nd Story of Test Frame No. 1

bending, due to the composite effect of the concrete floor slabs. Test frame
No. 1 carried a larger amount of lateral force by the tension-side brace than
did test frame No. 3 (Fig. 4). Namely, the tension-side brace of test frame
No. 1 was stretched more than the brace of test frame No. 3 after buckling
of the braces for a given interstory drift. Thus, test frame No. 1 carried larger
lateral shear force than test frame No. 3 in the large deflection range. This
phenomenon indicates that the strength of beams in braced bays affects the
lateral shear strength of inverted-V-braced frames.

Damage of Braces
The braces in test frames No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 5 had three plastic
hinges after their flexural buckling; one was formed at the mid-span and the
other two were at their ends (Fig. 5). These braces were not stretched enough

predicted
experimental

FIG. 6. Axial Force versus Axial Displacement Relation of S-Brace in 1st Story
of Test Frame No. 1
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 under the reverse direction of loading. After a few cyclic loadings, the con-
cave-side plate elements of the brace sections had cracks in the plastic hinge
regions. In the case of steel frames with inverted V braces of intermediate
slenderness, unless using a very strong beam in a braced bay, the axial ten-
sile displacement of the braces would not exceed their yield axial displace-
ment, as shown in Fig. 6. Therefore, a large story drift induces mainly a
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large axial compressive displacement of braces, and braces are damaged mainly
under thrust, causing severe local buckling.

SIMPLIFIED HYSTERESIS MODEL OF INVERTED-V-BRACED

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Simplification of Model
When we study the seismic characteristics of frames by dynamic response
analysis, it is important to make a simple and reasonable hysteresis model
that appropriately expresses the seismic behavior of the frames. By the ex-
periments of the scaled frames described herein, the restoring force char-
acteristics of the inverted-V-braced steel frames have been found to be af-
fected by: (1) The resisting force of the braces in post-buckling; (2) the
interaction of the strength between braces and beams in the braced bay; and
(3) the ductility and strength of the moment-resisting frame portion. In this
section, a simplified hysteresis model of the inverted-V-braced structural system
the response analysis is proposed which is based on the experimental results.
A planar frame with the inverted V braces can be decomposed into the
two sub-structures as is shown schematically in Fig. 7. Here, assuming that
the stress redistribution between the sub-structural portions after yielding is
negligible and that each structural portion exhibits resisting story shear in-
dependently for the same inter-story displacement X, the shear force of a
story is given by
Q(X) = Qf(X) + Qb(X) (1)
where Qf(X) = the story shear carried by the moment-resisting frame por-
tion; and Qb{X) = the story shear carried by the brace portion.
Qf(X) of Moment-Resisting Frame Portion
Qf(X)-X relation of the moment-resisting frame portion was assumed to
be under the perfect elasto-plastic hysteresis rule. The yield strength of the
portion can be obtained by using the virtual work method.
Q(X) of Compression-Side Brace
Qb(X) was assumed to be the sum of the story shear carried by a pair of
compression- and tension-side braces. Q(X)-X relation of the compression-
side brace Qbc(X) was completed as follows: the relations among inter-story

Braced Frame Moment-Resisting Brace Portion

Frame Portion

FIG. 7. Decomposition into Two Sub-Structures

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compression*
^ r a c e in
0 tension

FIG. 8. Compatibility of Deflection of Braces and Inter-Story Drift

drift X, axial displacement Af in tension-side brace, and that of compression-

side brace Ac are described as the following incremental expression (Fig. 8).
In the elastic range
dAc = dX • cos 9 = ~d&, (2)
In the post buckling range of braces
A, = X'cos 9 - 7-sin 9, Ac = -Z-cos 9 - F-sin 6 (3)
where Y = the vertical displacement of the brace junction at the mid-span
of the braced bay beam. Eliminating Y in Eq. 3, A, = IX- cos 0 + Ac.
Then, the incremental expression is
dAc = -2X-cos 9 + dA, = -2rfX-cos < (4)
The second equation of Eq. 4 is derived from the fact that in the post-buck-
ling of the compression-side brace with intermediate slenderness, the mid-
span of the braced bay beam is generally pulled downward by the unbalanced
force between the tension- and compression-side braces. The dA, in this
equation can be neglected, because the incremental displacement of the ten-
sion-side brace is very small in comparison with the plastic incremental dis-
placement of the compression-side brace (Fig. 6).
The axial force-axial displacement relation (P-A relation) of the brace can
be depicted approximately as seen in Fig. 9. Pu was formulated on the basis
of the following findings: the post-buckling P-A relation of the brace with
end-restraining members such as beams and columns is very close to that of
a pin-supported member with the identical section and the length of half of
the brace (Fukuta et al. 1986). Adopting this, Pu was formulated as follows:

QbU) in compression
K Qcr- A
/v brp

7 \B O ^
Quo-

0 (Kb 1 •
0 i C r 5Ay
Xcr
xu x
P - A Relation -? % (Vx>/
&
"-Que
Wgmaxl , \) / L
' a- F \ / Qut
."C --"Jor
r-Qby
in tension Qb(X)-X Relation

FIG. 9. P-A Relation and Q„(X)-X Relation of Braces

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 t-L L
Pu = f3,(0.5 - 0.065XJ, \e = Vcv - , 70 < - < 120 (5)
r r
where Py = the yield axial force; e, = the yield strain; L = the member
length; and r = the radius of gyration of the brace. The descending slope
Kbrp was determined in consideration of the previous analytical results and
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the experiment. In Fig. 6, good agreement is shown on P-A relations for

both the experimental and analytical results. Thus, the Qbc(X)-X relation is
obtained from the P-A relation of the brace and the X-A relations of Eq. 2
and Eq. 4 (Fig. 9).

Q(X) of Tension-side Brace

After the buckling of the compression-side brace, the shear force of the
tension-side brace Qb,(X) can be given as the sum of the shear force Qbc(X)
and the shear force Qg(X). Qg(X) is specified as the brace-to-beam inter-
action, by the contribution of the braced bay girder. Here, the amount of
Qg(X) is assumed to increase linearly from the point C in Fig. 9, which
corresponds to the occurrence of the buckling in compression-side brace up
to the point L, resulting in the constant value g?max after point L (Fig. 9).
Point L corresponds to the beginning of the post-buckling stable state in the
compression-side brace. This feature of Qg(X) is analyzed for several com-
binations of braces, columns, and beams (Fukuta et al. 1987). As a result,
QbiQC) is expressed as follows:

Q„,(X) = -Qbc(X) ~ QS(X) S Py • cos 6 (6)

and
2Mgp
QS(X) S g.max = — ~ (7)
h
where Mgp = the full plastic moment of the braced bay beam; and h = the
story height.

Proposed Hysteretic Model of Brace

The hysteretic Q(X)-X relation of the brace under cyclic and reversed load-
ings is developed as follows. The representative hysteretic Q(X)-X relation
of one brace is constructed by the rules which are schematically shown in
Fig. 10. For a specified history of inter-story drift X this provides all possible
behavior of the brace from the points A and Q.
The detail of the hysteretic model is described next. When the displace-
ment X is decreased at point B, the brace follows the route from B to C,
where C is the critical point corresponding to buckling of the other-side brace.
When X is reversed at point D, the brace traces the elastic line from D to
E with the slope Kb. At the point E, where the force level is equal to that
of point B, the brace begins to decrease in load-capacity to the level of point
F. Here, the lines AB, EF, and FG correspond to the skeleton line ABG in
Fig. 9. When X is reversed at point G, the brace goes to point D, which is
the maximum displacement experienced in past cycles on the tension-side
skeleton lines CLM. When X increases after point D, the part of the skeleton
lines (DLM) are followed. Moreover, when X is reversed in the positive
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in tension

FIG. 10. Hysteretic Rule of Braces

direction from the point H on the line GD, line HI with slope K, is traced,
where K, is given empirically as 2Kb • Kc/{Kb + Kc).
Verification of Proposed Hysteretic Model by Test Results
The hysteresis model for inverted-V-braced systems was applied to the
test results on the frames in order to confirm the validity of the hysteresis
model. The displacement history given in the test was used to predict the
Q(X)-X relation by the proposed model. The analytical result is drawn with
the solid line in Fig. 3 and shows excellent agreement with the test result.
Thus, it can be said that the hysteresis model proposed for the inverted-V-
braced system, although it is rather simple, represents the deserved behavior
very well.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can be made from the scaled model experi-
ments on the inverted-V-braced structure system: (1) Realistic lateral shear
force versus lateral displacement curves of the inverted-V-braced steel frames
were obtained by the careful control of the relation between the applied ver-
tical and lateral forces. From the view point of the energy absorption, these
hysteresis loops had a stable shape like that of a moment-resisting frame;
and (2) the hysteresis model proposed for the inverted-V-braced systems was
simple but reasonable for predicting the hysteretic behavior of the structural
systems. The interaction between the braced bay beams and braces was clearly
introduced into the hysteresis rules of the structured systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writers wish to express their deepest appreciation to Prof. Makoto

Watabe of Tokyo Metropolitan University for his valuable advice and en-
couragement. The writers are also thankful to Mr. Tomoyuki Watanabe, who
is a research engineer of Maeda General Contractor Co., and to Mr. Naokuni
Endoh, who is a structural engineer of Toda General Contractor Co., for
their contribution to the success of the experiments.

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
Fukuta, T., and Yamanouchi, H. (1986). "Post-buckling behavior of steel braces
with elastically restrained ends." Trans, of Arch. Inst, of Japan, 364(June), Tokyo,
Japan, 10-21.
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J. Struct. Eng., 1989, 115(8): 2016-2028

 Fukuta, T., and Yamanouchi, H. (1987). "Hysteresis behavior of three-story steel
frame with concentric K-braces part 2 (ultimate lateral shear capacity)." BRI Re-
search Paper No. 122, Building Res. Inst., Ministry of Constr., Japanese Gov-
ernment, Tsukuba, Japan.
Fukuta, T., Nishiyama, I., and Yamanouchi, H. (1988). "Elastic and plastic behavior
of steel frames with concentric K-braces." Trans, of Arch. Inst. Japan, 392(Oct.),
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by CASA Institution Identity on 05/18/23. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

Tokyo, Japan, 56-67.

Powell, G. H. (1973). "DRAIN-2D user's guide." Report No. EERC 73-22, Univ.
of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Yamanouchi, H., et al. (1984). "Experimental results on a K-braced steel structure
under seismic loading utilizing full-scale six-story test structure." Proc, Struct.
Stability Res. Council 1984 Annual Tech. Session & Meeting, San Francisco, Calif.,
Apr., 269-280.

APPENDIX II. NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

h =story height;
Kb,Kbp =elastic, plastic stiffness of brace in Q(X)-X relation;
Kbr,Kbrp =elastic, plastic stiffness of brace in P-A relation;
K, =softening stiffness of brace in Q(X)-X relation;
L =member length of brace;
Mgp =full plastic moment of braced-bay beam;
P =axial force of brace;
Py,Pu =yield, ultimate axial force of brace;
Q(x) =lateral shear force of story of inverted-V-braced frame;
Qb(X),Qf =lateral story shear of brace, moment-resisting frame
portion;
Qbc(X),Qb,(X) = lateral story shear of compression- , tension-side brace;
Qcr — lateral shear of brace at buckling;
2 s (X),(2 gm ax = shear force of braced bay girder, its maximum value;
Que = P„ • cos 6;
r = radius of gyration of brace section;
X = inter-story iateral displacement;
Xcr = inter-story lateral displacement at brace buckling;
A = axial displacement of brace;
A,,A C = axial displacement of tension- , compression-side brace;
Acr = axial displacement of brace at buckling;
ey = yield strain of steel used for brace;
6 = angle between axis of brace and axis of braced bay beam;
and
Ke = slenderness ratio of brace.

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