Umans-3930269 book December 14, 2012 12:21

412 CHAPTER 7 DC Machines

Magnetic axis
of armature
12 1
Field coil
11 2

10 10 3
9 11
8 12
Magnetic axis
of field
7 ia 1

6 2
9 5 3
4 4

8 5

7 6
(a)

10 11
9 12

8 1
ia
7 2

6 3
5 4

7
(b)

Figure 7.7 Dc machine armature winding with commutator and brushes.

(a), (b) Current directions for two positions of the armature.
Umans-3930269 book December 14, 2012 12:21

7.3 Analytical Fundamentals: Electric-Circuit Aspects 413

Commutation

Coil current

Figure 7.8 Waveform of current in an armature coil

with linear commutation.

removed from the main circuit comprising the armature winding, short-circuited by
the brushes, and the currents in them are reversed. Ideally, the current in the coils
being commutated should reverse linearly with time, a condition referred to as linear
commutation. Serious departure from linear commutation will result in sparking at
the brushes. Means for obtaining sparkless commutation are discussed in Section 7.9.
With linear commutation the waveform of the current in any coil as a function of time
is trapezoidal, as shown in Fig. 7.8.
The winding of Fig. 7.7 is simpler than that used in most dc machines. Ordinarily
more slots and commutator segments would be used, and except in small machines,
more than two poles are common. Nevertheless, the simple winding of Fig. 7.7 in-
cludes the essential features of more complicated windings.

7.3 ANALYTICAL FUNDAMENTALS:

ELECTRIC-CIRCUIT ASPECTS
From Eqs. 7.3 and 7.7, the electromagnetic torque and generated voltage of a dc
machine are, respectively,
Tmech = K a d Ia (7.16)
and
E a = K a d ωm (7.17)
where
poles Ca
Ka = (7.18)
2π m
Here the capital-letter symbols E a for generated voltage and Ia for armature
current are used to emphasize that we are primarily concerned with steady-state
considerations. The remaining symbols are as defined in Section 7.1. Equations 7.16
through 7.18 are basic equations for analysis of the machine. The quantity E a Ia is
frequently referred to as the electromagnetic power; from Eqs. 7.16 and 7.17 it is
related to electromagnetic torque by
E a Ia
Tmech = (7.19)
ωm
The electromagnetic power differs from the mechanical power at the machine
shaft by the rotational losses and differs from the electric power at the machine
terminals by the shunt-field and armature I 2 R losses. Once the electromagnetic