CAUSE AND EFFECT REASONING

1. I. There is considerable reduction in the number of people affected by water-borne diseases in

City A during this rainy season.
II. The government has opened four new civil hospitals in City A in the beginning of the year.
(a) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
(b) if statement II is the cause and statement, I is its effect;
(c) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
(d) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
(e) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

2. I. The literacy rate in the district has been increasing for the last four years.
II. The district administration has conducted extensive training programmed for the workers
involved in the literacy drive.
(a) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
(b) if statement II is the cause and statement, I is its effect;
(c) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
(d) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
(e) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

3. I. Most of the steel producing companies in the country have made considerable profit during
the last financial year.
II. Many Asian countries have been importing huge quantities of steel from India.
(a) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
(b) if statement II is the cause and statement, I is its effect;
(c) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
(d) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
(e) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

4. I. Rural and semi-urban areas in the country have been suffering due to load shedding
for quite some time.
II. If the Government is not able to overcome the power crisis, load shedding will be extended
even to the urban areas.
(a) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
(b) if statement II is the cause and statement, I is its effect;
(c) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
(d) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
(e) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

5. I. The employees of the biggest bank in the country have given an indefinite strike call starting
from third of the next month.
II. The employees of the Central Government have withdrawn their week long demonstrations.
(a) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
(b) if statement II is the cause and statement, I is its effect;
(c) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
(d) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
(e) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.
 COURSES OF ACTION

1. Statement: - The Chairman stressed the need for making education system more flexible and
regretted that the curriculum has not been revised in keeping with the pace of the changes
taking place.
Courses of action
I. Curriculum should be reviewed and revised periodically.
II. System of education should be made more flexible.

a) Only I follows b) Only II follows c) Either I or II follows

d) Neither I nor II follows e) Both I and II follows

2. Statement: - There is an unprecedented increase in migration of villagers to urban areas as

repeated crop failure has put them into precarious financial situation.
Courses of action
I. The villagers should be provided with alternate source of income in their villages which will
make them stav put.
II. The migrated villagers should be provided with jobs in the urban areas to help them
survive.
a) Only I follows b) Only II follows c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows e) Both I and II follows

3. Statement: - Pakistan has been continuously experiencing military threats from its neighboring
countries.
Courses of action
I. Pakistan should engage into an all out war to stop the nagging threats.
II. Pakistan should get the neighbor’s into a serious dialogue to reduce the tension at its
borders.
a) Only I follows b) Only II follows c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows e) Both I and II follows

4. Statement: - There has been less than forty percent voter turn out in the recent assembly
elections.
Courses of action
I. The election commission should cancel the entire election process as the votes cast are
not adequate to represent people.
II. The election commission should take away the voting rights of those who did not exercise
their rights.
a) Only I follows b) Only II follows c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows e) Both I and II follows

5. Statement: - The intelligence bureau receives the complaint of an officer taking bribe to do the
duty he is supposed to.
Courses of action
I. intelligence bureau should try to catch the officer red-handed and then take a strict action
against him.
II. intelligence bureau should wait for some more complaints about the officer to be sure about
the matter.
a) Only I follows b) Only II follows c) Either I or II follows
d) Neither I nor II follows e) Both I and II follows
LOGICAL PROBLEMS STATEMENT - CONCLUSIONS

1. Statement: The distance of 900 km by road between Karachi and Jamshoro will be reduced to
280km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum on fuel.

Conclusions: I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road.

II. Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

2. Statement: Good voice is a natural gift but one has to keep practicing to improve and excel
well in the field of music.
Conclusions: I. Natural gifts need nurturing and care.
II. Even though your voice is not good, one can keep practicing.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

3. Statement: Domestic demand has been increasing faster than the production of indigenous
crude oil.
Conclusions: I. Crude oil must be imported.
II. Domestic demand should be reduced.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

4. Statement: All the organized persons find time for rest. Saba, in spite of her very busy
schedule, finds time for rest.
Conclusions: I. Saba is an organized person.
II. Saba is an industrious person.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

5. Statement: This book 'Z' is the only book which focuses its attention to the problem
of poverty in Pakistan between 1950 and 1980.
Conclusions: I. There was no question of poverty before 1950.
II. No other book deals with poverty in India during 1950 to 1980.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

Critical thinking inferences

Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and an aerogenerator can convert it into electricity.
Though not much has so far been done in this field, the survey shows that there is a vast potential for
developing wind as an alternative source of energy. The wind survey has four components- direction,
duration, speed and distribution. On this basis U.P. hill areas have been found an ideal place for
setting up aerogenerators. In U.P. hills alone, as many as 58 sites have been identified.
1. Only the hilly areas of U.P. were surveyed for setting up aerogenerators.
(a) Data inadequate (b) Definitely true (c) Probably false
(d) Definitely false (e) Probably true

2. The survey was conducted under the government of U.P.

(a) Definitely true (b) Probably true (c) Data inadequate
(d) Definitely false (e) Probably false

3. Wind, as a source of energy, can replace exhaustible sources of energy

(a) Definitely false (b) Data inadequate (c) Probably true
(d) Probably false (e) Definitely true

4. Energy by wind is a comparatively new emerging field.

(a) Probably true (b) Probably false (c) Definitely true
(d) Data inadequate (e) Definitely false

5. 58 sites identified in U.P. did not have electricity.

(a) Definitely true (b) Definitely false (c) Data inadequate
(d) Probably true (e) Probably false