Human Excretory System : the process where all the metabolic wastes are removed from the body

Human Excretory System is made up with a pair of kidneys,

a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidney Nephrons
Kidneys are important organs in excretory system
that separate useful substances by reabsorption
and toxic substances by producing urine.

Each kidney contains over 1 million

tiny structures called nephrons.

Bowmanʼs
: bean-shaped organs that filter Capsule
blood and removing waste from blood.

: thin muscular tubes emerging

out from the hilum.

: a sac-like structure, which lies in the pelvic cavity of the abdomen. Look of Henle

: a membranous tube, which conducts urine to the exterior.

Kidney Function and Urine Formation : remove waste from blood and lead out by urine
1. Glomerular Capsule 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
There is a special filter called
In the solutes filtered and went to renal tubule
filtration membrane in Glomerular Capsule.
contains waste and other substances the body
This filter…
needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller
Pass through water and solutes
proteins. Therefore, the needed substances and some
→go to renal tubule. (Filtration)
water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into
Blocks blood cells and large proteins
adjacent capillaries (bloodstream). (Reabsorption)
→Stay in bloodstream
At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass
from the capillaries into the renal tubule. (Secretion)

4. Distal Convoluted Tubule

the site for the activity of most
hormones that regulate kidney function.
This region regulates ion and pH balance.

3. Loop of Henle
In this area, urine becomes concentrated
4. Collecting Dust
The secreted ions combine with the remaining
as water is reabsorbed by bloodstream. filtrate and become urine and go to ureter.
Kidney Failure and Human Excretory System

The most What is Kidney Failure?

common cause Diabetes Condition that one or both of your kidneys no
of Kidney Failure
longer work on their own.

What are causes of Kidney Failure?

・Diabetes ・High Blood Pressure
・Heart Diseases ・Age (over 60)
High Blood
Pressure

Amount of blood
Narrow blood
raise to fix the
vessel
concentration

Concentration of
Sodium in the Damage blood
blood vessel vessel
raise

Not able to
remove wastes Reduce blood
and extra fluid flow
from your body

Damage work of
Glomerulus Glomerulus filter blood by using blood
pressure pushes water and solutes.
Therefore, reducing blood flow reduce
flow in glomerulus which effect work of
nephrons and kidney.

This Cycle eventually leads to Kidney Failure

Without any treatments(dialysis, Transplant)→a few days or weeks
Dialysis→5〜10 years
Transplant→12〜20 years
References
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/urine-
creation#:~:text=The%20kidneys%20filter%20unwa
nted%20substances,are%20removed%20from%20t
he%20body.

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/diabetes-
kidney-
disease.html#:~:text=Both%20type%201%20and%2
0type%202%20diabetes%20can%20cause%20kidne
y%20disease.&text=Kidney%20diseases%20are%20
the%209th,begin%20treatment%20for%20kidney%
20failure.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/176
89-kidney-failure

https://byjus.com/biology/human-excretory-
system/

https://biologydictionary.net/excretory-system/

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Human-
Excretory-System_39913/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/excretory-
products/human-excretory-system/