Engineering Surveying -1 CE212

Chain Survey
Lecture 2016, September 26-27

Muhammad Noman
Chain Survey
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In this survey only
measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as
plotting calculation etc. are done in the office. This is most suitable
adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it
gives quite accurate results. The necessary requirements for field work
are: chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff.
Purpose of Land Surveying
• Used for the exact description of the boundaries of a piece of
land (Cadastral Survey).
• Used to determine the area.
• Used for making plan.
• To re-establish the boundaries of a piece of land which is
already surveyed.
• To divide a piece of land.
General Methods of Land Surveying
• Triangulation
• Traversing
Triangulation
• Triangulation is the basis of geodetic
survey.
• A system of surveying in which the sides
of various triangles are computed.
• Base line is measured directly.
• Three angles of each triangle is measured
accurately with a theodolite.
Well Conditioned Triangles
• In chain surveying, a NETWORK of TRIANGLES is preferred
• The triangle should be well conditioned
• The triangles in which no angle is smaller than 30 degrees of larger
than 120 degrees is called well condition triangle
Survey Stations
Survey stations are of two kinds:
i. Main station
ii. Subsidiary or tie station
i. Main Station:
• Main stations are the ends of the survey lines, which commands
the boundaries of the survey.
• The lines joining the main stations are called main survey lines
or the chain lines.
Subsidiary or Tie Station:
• These are points selected on the main survey lines, where it is
necessary to locate the interior details such as fences, hedges,
buildings etc.
• A tie line joints, fixed points on the main survey lines.
• It helps in checking the accuracy of surveying and to locate the
interior details.
• The position of each tie line should be close to some features
such as paths, building etc.
Base line and Check line
Base Line:
It is the main and longest line, which passes approximately through
the centre of the field.
All other measurements to show the details of the work are taken with
respect to this line.
Check Line:
It is also called as proof line.
It is a line joining the apex of a triangle to some fixed points on any
two sides of a triangle.
It is measured to check the accuracy of the frame work.
The length of a check line, as measured on the ground should agree
with its length on the plan.
Offsets
These are the lateral measurements from the
base line to fix the positions of different
objects.
These are generally set at right angle.
It can also be drawn with the help of a tape.
There are two kinds of offsets:
The measurements are taken at right angle to the
survey line called perpendicular or right angled
offsets. The measurements which are not made at
right angles to the survey line are called oblique
offsets or tie line offsets.
Procedure of Chain Survey
Reconnaissance:
The preliminary inspection of the area
to be surveyed is called
reconnaissance.
The surveyor inspects the area to be
surveyed and prepares a hand sketch
called index sketch or key plan.
It shows all the principle features of
the area such as roads, buildings and
nallas etc.
Marking station
• The surveyor fixes up the required number of stations at places
from where max. detail can be obtained.
• Then he selects the way for passing the main line, which should
be clear and horizontal as possible and should pass
approximately through the centre of the area.
• Then ranging rods are fixed on the stations.
• After fixing the ranging rods, chaining should be started.
• Make ranging wherever necessary.
• Measure the chainage and offset.
• Enter the data in the field book.
Obstacles
Various obstacles are met with while chaining such as woods,
hills, ponds, rivers etc.
• There are three types of obstacles
1. Chaining free, vision obstructed
2. Chaining obstructed, vision free
3. Chaining and vision both obstructed
Chaining free, vision obstructed
In this type the ends of a line are not inter-visible . e.g. rising ground or a hill
intervening
There are two cases
a. Both ends may be visible from intermediate points on the line.
This is done by reciprocal ranging
Let A and B are two stations with rising ground or hill between them
Now make two other intermediate station C and D in between A and B such
that chainman at station C can see both D and B
Similarly chainman at station D can see both A and C
The two chainman then proceed to line in each other alternately
They will change their position until they come in the same line AB exactly
Chaining free, vision obstructed
b. Both ends may not be visible
from any intermediate points
Both ends of the line may not be
visible from intermediate points on
the line, but may be visible from a
point slightly away from the line.
Intervening trees and bushes are the
examples of such obstacles. This
obstacle to chaining may be
overcome by measuring along a
random line as shown in Fig.
Chaining obstructed but vision free
a.
Select two convenient points A and B on the chain line PR on either
side of the obstacle .
Erect AC and BD by the (3,4,5) method or by optical square.
Measure the length CD.
AB = CD
b.
Select A and B on either side of the obstruction.
Set out perpendicular AC of such length that CB clears the obstacle and
measure AC and CB .
AB = (BC2 - AC2)1/2
c.
Set out AC and BC such that it clear the obstacle.
<C = 900
Measure AC and CB. Then
AB = ( AC2 + CB2 ) 1/2
Thank you