LOYOLA JESUIT COLLEGE, ABUJA

(NVE) CIVIC & SECURITY EDUCATION

NOTES FOR JSS THREE,TERM 1

NAMES OF
STUDENT…………………………………

ADMISSION NUMBER………………………

CLASS……………….

DATE…………………..

2022/2023 NOTES ON CIVIC & SECURITY EDUCATION BY MRS. E. O.BABALOLA

E. O. BABALOLA 1
JSS THREE TERM 1

WEEKS TOPICS BEHAVIOURAL

OBJECTIVES

1. -National Security Agencies 1. Identify the military

-Military and Paramilitary
Agencies
2. The Military: Army, Navy and
Air force
- Their history and roles
- Their functions in National
Security
3. The Paramilitary Services –
NSCDC, SSS, Police, NCS,
NIS, NPS etc
4. - General Caution and Safety
Measures on Emergency
Management
- Appropriate responses to
emergency
Terrorism
5. National Economic Life –
Meaning of Self-Employment
-Self-Employment Projects
- The Need for Self-
Employment
6. -Types of Self-Employment
- Sources of funding for Self-
Employment
agencies responsible for
national security
2. Identify the para-military
agencies responsible for
national security
1. Narrate the history of the
three arms of the armed forces
in Nigeria
2. Identify the leadership
structure of each arm
3. Describe their functions in
the maintenance of national
security
1. Give the functions of the
various Para-military forces
1. What is safety?
2. Enumerate the measures to
be taken on emergency
management
3. identify the appropriate
responses to emergency
situations
1. Narrate the origin of
terrorism in Nigeria
2. State the causes of terrorism
in Nigeria
3. Describe measures that can
be taken to check terrorism in
Nigeria
1. What is national economic
life?
2. What is self employment?
3. Give the reasons why we
need self employment
1. Identify the types of self
employment projects you have
been taught
2. Mention the sources of
funding for self employment

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7. - Government Agencies that
promote Self-Employment
- Employment Skill
Acquisition Training Centers
- Current affairs. Past and
present leaders in Nigeria.
8. Examination
3. Give the advantages of self
employment
4. Identify the challenges to
self employment in Nigeria
1. Identify the government
agencies that promote self
employment
2. Mention the training
centers that can help self
employment skill acquisition
in Nigeria
3. In a chronological order, list
four military leaders in
Nigeria
4. List four civilian leaders in
Nigeria
5. State how many leaders we
have had in all in Nigeria

NATIONAL SECURITY

MEANING OF NATIONAL SECURITY

This term can be defined as the efforts made by the government of a nation to secure and
guarantee the safety of lives and properties of the citizens. It involves ensuring that people live in
harmony in social environments that is devoid of conflict and acrimony. Government usually
ensures national security through agencies such as the military, para-military, police, state
security services, immigrations etc to ensure internal security and the protection of the nation’s
territorial integrity and boundaries.

ROLE OF CITIZENS IN MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY

Citizens have a great role to play in maintaining national security. These roles include

1. VIGILANCE; citizens should be vigilant and alert in detecting criminal activities or

intentions around them in order to prevent crimes from being committed. For example students
in higher institutions should be vigilant to detect when cult activities are being planned with a
view to reporting to the relevant authorities. Young people in a community can form vigilante
groups to effect a crime free environment.

2. SUPPLYING INFORMATION TO SECURITY AGENCIES; it is the duty of citizens to

supply necessary information to security agencies on potential security threats. Such security

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agencies include the Police, EFCC, ICPC, NAFDAC, NDLEA etc depending on the nature of the
crime.

3. REMAINING LAW ABIDING; the greatest way citizens of a nation can help maintain
national security is by being law abiding themselves. This is because obedience to law brings
about peace, order, justice and unity in the country, while disobedience leads to breakdown of
law and order and breeds insecurity.

4. DISPLAYING PATRIOTISM; citizens are expected to love and be loyal to their country by
showing interests, regards and concerns for her symbols and the issues that have to do with the
development of the nation. Citizens should love their nation enough to be willing to take up arms
to defend her territorial integrity. We should love our country and place her interests above our
other interests. Patriotism strengthens our independence and enables us to serve and defend our
country at all times. Patriotism is displayed in the following ways…

a. being ready to serve and defend our country at all cost

b. putting up a good and diligent attitude at work

c. having respect for our national symbols

d. portraying the good image of our country while in a foreign land

5. LOYALTY IN SERVICE; citizens are meant to do their work well whatever their jobs
maybe. They are expected to display loyalty in service, doing their work with all diligence,
obedience and commitment in their places of primary assignments.

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY

THE MILITARY

The military in any country is usually made up of three components which are composed of the
Army, the Navy and the Air force. All three components work to protect the land, sea and air
space of the country. In Nigeria, the three are called the Armed Forces and are under the
command of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The Chief of Defence Staff is also the chief
adviser to the Minister of Defence in all matters of national security.

The Army; The Nigerian Army has the longest period of existence among the three components.
The original element which was the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) by Britain our
colonial master was formed in 1900.

The Nigerian troop fought in World War Two in Burma in 1945. The Nigerian troop was created
in 1956 and renamed the Nigerian Military Forces then. The age requirement for voluntary
service is 18 years.

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Functions of the Nigerian Army;

1. Defend the country from external aggression

2. Maintain the countries territorial integrity

3. Assist civil authorities such as the police and the civil defence corps to quell and calm internal
insurrection and crisis.

4. Performing other functions as prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly ratified by the
Presidency.

The Nigerian Navy;

It was established on the 1st of June 1956. The Nigerian Navy is commanded by a Vice Admiral
who is known as the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) He is assisted by 7 principal staff officers at the
Head Quarters known as Branch Chiefs.

Functions of the Nigerian Navy;

1. They are in charge of the maritime matters such as sea trade in Nigeria

2. Protecting the Nigerian territorial sea and the resources therein.

The Nigerian Air Force;

It was established in April 1964. The Nigerian Air Force is commanded by an Air Vice Marshall.

Functions of the Air Force;

1. To achieve full defence of the country from the air and on the ground

2. To delineate the Nigerian air space and carry out aerial survey of our airspace in other to make
such secure from external aggression and suspicious activities.

PARA-MILITARY SERVICES

The para-military is organized to function like the armed forces. They are however not as
equipped as the armed forces. They act as an internal force that helps to keep the peace and
organize the movements of people and goods in and out of the country. Some of them can keep
convicted people in prison.

A. The Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS)

This agency which was created in August 1963 is responsible for the movement of people in and
out of the country. They are placed in all the main entry points in Nigeria to maintain rigorous
surveillance on the activities of aliens to forestall breaches of internal security and espionage

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activities. Espionage activities have to do with spying on a country by another one, in other to
access military or political secrets. The Immigration service in Nigeria is under the Board of
Immigration and Prison Services.

Functions of the NIS;

1. Controlling and monitoring the movements of persons coming or going out of Nigeria

2. Deportation and repatriation of illegal aliens

3. Issuance of entry visas into the country

4. Prosecution of offending aliens

5. Issuance of the Nigerian Passports to Nigerian citizens

6. Registration and control of aliens and ECOWAS citizens in Nigeria

7. Implementation of visas accords, protocols and treaties

8. Border patrol and surveillance

9. Collection and storage of data relating to immigrants entering, residing in and leaving Nigeria.

10. Advising the national committee on citizenship and naturalization.

B. The Nigerian Customs Service

This agency is responsible for checking the goods that enter and leave the country.

They prohibit and seize dangerous goods including weapons that can be used to prosecute unrest.

They collect customs duties and others such taxes. Customs duties are the taxes paid on goods
imported into the country.

C. The Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)

This agency first began as a voluntary organization in Lagos under the name of the Lagos Civil
Defence Committee established to maintain law and other in Lagos. It later spread to other parts
of the country and was even used during the civil war to protect people.

In 2003 the National Assembly, under Olusegun Obasanjo administration passed a law which
made it an agency under the Ministry of Interior. The NSCDC is under the command of the
Commandant- General of the Corps, who is accountable to the Minister of Interior. The
Commandant- General is assisted by 4 deputy command-generals at the Headquarters, 8 zonal
commandants and 36 assistant commandant-generals who head each state of the federation.

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The Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps logo and officials

Functions;

1. Assist in the maintenance of peace and order

2. Protect and recue civilians during emergencies

3. Register and train private security organizations

4. Maintain 24-hour surveillance on government properties

5. Monitor the activities of trade unions and religious organizations to forestall breakdown of law
and order

6. help in disaster management and provide rescue operation as well as emergency medical
services to the injured.

D. The Nigerian Police Force (NPF)

This agency was established in 1960 and is under the command of the Inspector- General of
Police who is appointed by the President of Nigeria. The IG is assisted by the Deputy Inspector-
General of Police. Each state of the Nigerian Federation has a branch of the Police Force which
is headed by a Commissioner of Police. The motto of the Nigerian Police Force is ‘Police is your
friend’ and their symbol is an elephant.

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Functions;

1. To maintain law and other within the country

2. To protect lives and properties

3. To arrest and prosecute suspected criminals in law courts

4. To detain suspected criminals in police custody

5. To detect crimes through carrying out investigations

6. To prevent and control crisis, riots and mayhem.

E. The State Security Services (SSS)

The SSS is a branch of the police organization. They however do not appear in police uniform,
because of the style of their operation. They are meant to mingle with the crowd and public very
freely as a way of gathering information first hand. If they wore uniforms, they would be
recognized as law enforcement agents and the public might be wary of them and will therefore
be on guard which might hinder the SSS agents from gathering “intelligenc” very easily.

The SSS in Nigeria is one of the successors of the dissolved National Security Organisation
(NSO)

The agency is headed by a Director-General.

Functions;

1. Arrest those who know about criminal activities and those who are either about to start or are
already carrying out criminal activities.

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2. The protection of the President, Vice-President, Senate President, their wives and other high-
ranking government officials.

3. Investigate the criminal activities of people

4. Prosecute criminals in the law courts

F. The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC)

This agency is in charge of ensuring safety of lives and properties on Nigerian roads. It had its
origin in Oyo state where it was known as the Road Safety Corps of Oyo state in 1977 and was
started by Prof. Wole Soyinka. In February 1988, the Federal Military Government of Nigeria
took the initiative and inaugurated a Federal Road Safety Corps under the Chairmanship of Prof.
Wole Soyinka. Today the head of the FRSC is a Corps Marshal Chief Executive.

Functions;

1. They license vehicles and see to the road worthiness of vehicles. Their symbol is an owl.

2. They check reckless driving on our roads and arrest traffic regulation offenders

G. The Prisons Service

This agency is responsible for keeping people who have been sentenced to various jail terms in
prison. They are the control of the Minister of Interior and are headed by an officer called a
Comptroller General.

Functions;

1. They train prisoners to acquire many skills while serving their jail terms so they can become
useful to themselves and society after serving their jail terms.

H. Vehicle Inspection Office (VIO)

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The Vehicles Inspection Office is set up by state governments to carry out vehicular inspection.
They check that drivers have fire extinguishers, that car tire legs are not worn out and thread
bare. They also ensure that driver’s road worthiness papers are in order. The vehicles used by the
VIO in the FCT are yellow in colour with black stripes.

I. Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)

This agency works like the SSS, but unlike the SSS which is a part of the police, the DIA works
mainly for military intelligence and information gathering. Their work is meant to aid only the
military.

J. National Intelligence Agency (NIA)

This national agency is responsible for retrieving foreign security information. Their work helps
to make the nation safe from external attacks.

SAFETY AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Safety can be defined as the condition of being free from harm or danger of any sort. It is a state
of being protected from any harm, risk, injury or danger.
The World Health Organisation defines an emergency as the state in which normal procedures
are interrupted, and immediate measures need to be taken to prevent that state from turning into a
disaster. An emergency is any event that can cause deaths or significant injuries to the public; or
that can disrupt operations, cause physical or environmental damage or threaten the financial
standing of businesses and institutions. Obviously, numerous events can be emergencies
including:
- Wild fires
- Hazardous materials incidents
- Floods or flash floods
- Hurricanes
- Tornadoes
- Winter storms
- Earth quakes
- Communications, public transportation, or public electricity failures
- Radiological accidents
- Civil disturbances, terrorism, war
- Loss of key suppliers
- Explosions

Emergency management can therefore be defined as the discipline of dealing with and avoiding
risks, particularly those that have catastrophic consequences for communities, regions or entire
countries. It is the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies. The aim is to reduce the harmful effects of all
hazards, including disasters

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THE FOUR STAGES OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Mitigation
Mitigation is taking action now –before the next disaster to reduce human and financial
consequences later. It involves analyzing risks, reducing risks and insuring against risks.
Effective mitigation involves, understanding why a disaster happened and investing in long term
plans to avoid such so as to ensure community well being. We achieve mitigation through
regulations, local ordinances, land use and building practices. A person who decides to insure his
car is mitigating against future loss.

Preparedness
Preparedness is a continuous cycle of planning, managing, organizing, training, equipping,
exercising, drills, creating, monitoring, evaluating and improving activities to prevent, protect
against, respond to, recover from, and take action against natural disasters, acts of terrorism and
other such disasters, an example of preparedness is when the school organizes a fire drill exercise
for its staff and students. It also includes teaching people how to use a fire extinguisher.

Response
This stage includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders.
First responders usually will be the core emergency services such as firefighters, police and
ambulance crew. Secondary emergency services may follow after. A well rehearsed emergency
plan makes rescue and response more efficient. Prompt response by the relevant agencies to
distress calls can help to reduce loss in the event of an emergency. Emergency services should
make their numbers public so people know to call them and they should engage in regular
rehearsals so that they will always be ready. The practice of complaining that there is shortage of
water or fuel to respond to distress calls by fire fighters will be reduced if they are well prepared.

Recovery
The aim of recovery is to restore the affected area to its previous state. Recovery efforts deal
with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are met. Recovery efforts
may take the form of
- Rebuilding destroyed properties
- Re employment
- Repair of infrastructure

Students Role in Maintaining General Caution

Students can help maintain general caution doing the following
1. Not running around in a thunder storm, to remove their washing from the lines.
2. Drinking water from the kelvinator which is made of steel in a thunder storm
3. Throwing sharp objects at each other when playing
4. Leaving their fans and lights on when not in class or in the hostels
5. Using irons with exposed wires to press their clothes
6. Running around to be the first to reach the hostel after meals
7. Leaving their classrooms dirty and wet with water
8. Not damaging school properties, writing on wet cement, or scribbling on the walls etc
9. Properly putting away their personal effects and not littering
10. Not rocking their chairs in the dining hall
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The agency in charge of emergency management in Nigeria is the National Emergency
management Agency (NEMA) NEMA is reputed to have an air ambulance which has the
capacity to undertake medical evacuation across Nigeria and can fly non- stop to any
European and Middle Eastern capital.
References

TERRORISM
Terrorism can be defined as the unleashing of systematic violence, destruction of lives and
property and the disruption of the peace and well being of a state as a means of forcing the
government or a people to concede to the demands of a group of extremists.
Terrorism breeds fear, insecurity and anarchy. Terrorists are usually religious fanatics who want
to impose the superiority of their beliefs by violence and anarchy or political saboteurs who want
to bring down an existing government to take over power by destruction and bloodletting.
Terrorism is a global issue today.

Examples of Terrorist Groups Operating in the World currently

1. The Taliban (Islamic terror group) originated from Afghanistan and is responsible for 3,
571 deaths as at 2017. It is responsible for attacks in Pakistan, and Tehrik.
2. Al – Shabab (Islamic Islamic terror group) originated from Somalia and an affiliate of Al
Qaeda, it is responsible for attacks in Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda responsible for 1,457
in 2017
3. Boko Haram (Islamic terror group) operating from Borno State and an affiliate of ISIS is
responsible for the death of 35,000 people by 2019. It is responsible for attacks on Chad,
Niger, Cameroun and Nigeria
4. Islamic State of Iran and Syria (ISIS) operating in the Middle East, Europe and
Asia. It is responsible for over 10,000 deaths as at 2017
5. Al – Quaeda (Islamic terror group) operating with over 30,000 fighters. It is responsible
for the 9/11 attack on the twin towers in the United States of America. Over 2000 people
died in that attack alone.
6. Fulani Herdsmen; even though the Nigeria government is yet to classify it a terror
group, the Global Terrorism Index, has classified Fulani Herdsmen as one of the deadliest
terror groups of the current times. They are also an Islamic group unleashing mayhem on
their neighbours in a bid to create a Fulani Islamic caliphate for themselves and their
cattle.

Mode of Operations by Terrorists

1. Suicide bombing
2. Dropping bombs in public places on unsuspecting citizens
3. Kidnap
4. Arson (burning of properties) and looting of valuables
5. Rape and molestation of female victims even of minors
6. Invasion of communities and engaging in mass execution of victims by beheading or
shooting them
7. Hostage taking and demanding of ransom as a way of funding their evil activities
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 8. Organized on military/police posts and execution of captured victims
9. Releasing videos of their gruesome and bloody activities on the internet to make sure that
citizens are terrified and afraid.
10. Raiding farms and communities for food and livestock, thereby impoverishing them.

Effects of Terrorism

1. Destruction of lives and properties

2. Spread of fear, terror and insecurity among citizens
3. Increase in crime and criminality
4. The nation will not be able to engage in developmental projects such as provision of
infrastructure. All monies will be directed towards fighting terrorism
5. Education will grind to a halt as parents will be afraid to send their children to school for
fear of terrorists kidnapping their children
6. Business activities will grind to a halt as foreign investors will not invest in a terror
driven country
7. The tourism industry will collapse as foreigners will be too afraid to visit, hotels and
tourist sites will lose income and have to sack their staff
8. The provision and distribution of goods and services will be greatly hampered as people
will be too afraid to go about their normal business
9. The population will drop as people are either killed or they migrate to safer zones
10. National unity will be disrupted as people will be filled with hatred against the group
carrying out the acts of terror. For example the Afenifere (Yoruba group) and other
groups in the South- South and Middle belt regions of Nigeria are very bitter against the
murderous Fulani herdsmen.

Preventive Measures Against Terrorism

1. The government should put good security measures in place to safeguard lives and
properties. CCTV cameras, drones and police checkpoints should be put in place to
monitor the whole nation
2. Schools should indoctrinate young people with positive values such as neighbourliness
and peaceful coexistence. They should be taught the evils of terrorism
3. Government should make education available to all. The almajiri and the Fulani bororoje
system where children are denied formal education and allowed to wander around
begging to earn their living or chasing after cattle should be stopped by the government.
Government should make illiteracy a punishable crime in Nigeria.
4. Government should ensure equity and justice in the distribution of national resources so
as to avoid conflict from people who may feel denied of government bounties.
5. There should be effective policing to halt conflict
6. There should be quick response to breaches in security. Government should not wait for
conflicts to degenerate into serious bloodletting before taking steps to address such
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 7. Government should provide gainful employment opportunities for young people so as to
make them too busy to engage in terrorism.
8. Where it is not possible to employ all young people, government can provide a conducive
environment through the provision of standard infrastructure, so that young people can
create employment for themselves. For example if electricity supply is constant, people
can engage themselves in gainful activities.
9. Parents should keep an eye on their children, to prevent them into being conscripted into
terror groups
10. Parents should provide all the love and care that children need so that they will grow up
responsible adults who will bring glory and not terror to their communities.

NATIONAL ECONOMIC LIFE; SELF EMPLOYMENT

Employment can be defined as having or being engaged in an economic activity from which a
person can earn an income or money for their upkeep. Being employed helps a person to be able
to take care of themselves. Unemployment on the other hand, is when a person has no source of
income to earn a living. An unemployed person cannot take care of himself.

Self employment is the act of being engaged in doing legal business or working for a living
without answering to anybody. A self employed person engages in a skill or vocation such as
carpentry, hair dressing, fashion designing, trading and etc and even employs labour and so do
not seek for government paid jobs.

The Need for Self Employment

1. It creates jobs for people which relieve the government of the burden of having to employ
everyone. Thus new graduates are quickly absorbed in ventures and are able to earn a living.

2. Self employment can provide avenue for people to develop their talents and become experts in
one field of venture or the other.

3. Self employment results in small scale industries which contribute to the development of the
national economy.

4. It makes one become an employer of labour

5. People who are self employed have a sense of fulfillment in life

6. Unemployment reduces poverty, unemployment, idleness and crime rate in society.

7. It increases government revenue as government will have more people to collect taxes from

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Types of Self-employment projects

1. Farming; examples are poultry farming, fish farming, crop farming, horticulture or animal
husbandry

2. Tyre vulcanizing

3. Shoe mending

4. Fashion designing

5. Hair dressing

6. Business centre operation

7. Transport business and etc

Sources of Funding for Self –Employment

1. Personal Savings; People who have been working for some time may have acquired some
personal savings which they can use to start up a venture that will make them self employed.

2. Loans from family and friends; a person who wishes to be self employed but does not have
the money to do so, may raise loans from family and friends and be able to do so.

3. Micro-Finance banks formerly known as community banks also assist people who want to
start their own businesses. They give small loans with low interests to enable customers start
small scale industries.

4. Government agencies that promote self employment. The Nigerian has set up many agencies
on ground to assist the growth, development, and expansion of self employment activities. These
include

1. National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

2. National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)

3. Vocational Training Centre

4. Youth Empowerment Centre

5. Women Development Centre

6. Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP)

1. National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

This agency was established in 1986 under the Babangida administration to do the following;
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a. design and implement programmes to fight mass unemployment.

b. develop work programmes for the unemployed

c. obtain and maintain data bank on employment and vacancies in work places

The NDE provides counseling services and trains people to be self employed.

2. National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)

This was established in 2001 under the Obasanjo administration to coordinate and monitor
poverty alleviation activities in the societies

3. Vocational Training Centres have been established in most parts of Nigeria where people
are trained to acquire skills in their areas of competence.

4. Government has established Youth Empowerment Centres in almost all local governments
in Nigeria where youths are advised on what to do with their various skills and competence.

5. Women Development Centres; these are basically the initiative of women groups. Here
women are trained to acquire skills and are assisted to set up businesses of their own after skill
acquisition.

6. Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP)

This is the initiative of government to make families engage in various economic activities that
will make members self employed and engaged. It is an attempt to keep families happy and self
sustaining.

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 E. O. BABALOLA
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 Nigeria has had eight military heads of state from January 16th 1966 – May 24th 1999 and eight
civilian heads of state. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a ceremonial Head of State, while Sir Tafawa
Balewa was a Prime Minister. In total Nigeria has had sixteen leaders from 1960 -2022

Functions of a Ceremonial Head of State

A ceremonial head of State such as Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was in Nigeria in 1963 performs
ceremonial functions such as

1. Calling on the winner of general elections to form a new government, after he is declared
winner of the election by the electoral commission.

2. Declaring parliament open, at the beginning of each new session

3. Receiving visits from foreign heads of state and delegates, inaugurating important events.

References

1. Basic Civic Education for Junior Secondary Schools Ukegbu Merry N. & Anyaoha C.

2. Spectrum Civic Education for Junior Secondary Schools Bamiteko et al

3. Civic Education for Junior Secondary schools NERDC

4. The Urban Assembly School for Emergency Management – uasem.org

Wikipedia.
Google.com

5. Notes on Civic Education by Mrs. E. O. Babalola

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