Visual Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual Pig

Version 1st Edition Sarikas Solutions Manual

Download full solution manual + test bank at:
https://testbankpack.com/

EXERCISE

Time Estimates for Completing This Lab

The activities in this laboratory exercise can be completed in about one hour. Extra time may be
needed to complete the review sheets at the end, or they may be assigned as homework. Times
listed are only estimates.
Activity 6.1: Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin
5 minutes
Activity 6.2: Studying the Accessory Structures of the Skin
15 minutes
Activity 6.3: Examining an Anatomical Model of the Integumentary System
20 minutes
Activity 6.4: Examining Fingerprint Patterns
15 minutes
Activity 6.5: Examining the Structure of Nails
5 minutes

List of Materials
This list of materials shows the quantities needed for a standard 24-seat lab, with six tables and
four seats at each table.
• 24 compound light microscopes
• 24 prepared microscope slides of:
− Scalp
− Scalp, pigmented
− Skin, foot, human
• Anatomical model of a skin section
• 24 handheld magnifying glasses

1 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
 • 24 sets of coloring pencils (or students may be required to purchase their own)

To Do in Advance
√ 1. Check microscopes and lights for proper functioning and be sure all are on low
power.
√ 2. Put sets of slides in individual boxes and place on tables.

2 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
Tips and Trouble Spots

Activity 6.1: Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin

Students often mistakenly think the hypodermis is also part of the skin. Point out that this re-
gion is also referred to as the subcutaneous tissue and ask them what “subcutaneous” means.
Once they realize it means under the skin, it is easier for them to remember that the hypoder-
mis underlies the skin but is not part of it.
Caution students that the stratum corneum often looks partially disconnected from the
underlying tissue because it is the outer layer that is sloughing off. When the students are
examining the slide of the pigmented scalp, you might discuss that a suntan fades within days
in light-skinned people because the melanin is partially broken down by lysosomes and the
pigmented superficial cells slough off. You might also get them to discuss other factors
contributing to skin color than genetics and melanin, such as UV radiation, liver disease,
and diet (carotenoids).

Activity 6.2: Studying the Accessory Structures of the Skin

Explain how the sectioning of the slide determines what is visible. Students are often
confused by seeing part of a hair follicle that does not appear to reach the surface, or
sebaceous glands or arrector pili muscles that are not associated with hair follicles. Also,
using the model of the skin, remind them that sweat glands are coiled tubes, and when they
are cut to prepare a slide, some coils may be cut in cross section and appear like donuts, and
others may not reach the surface.

Activity 6.3: Examining an Anatomical Model of the Integumentary

System
This activity is straightforward, but be sure the students examine the model closely and
identify all structures shown on it. They may try to rush through this step. You may also
try tagging some of the structures for them to identify as a practice quiz.

Activity 6.4: Examining Fingerprint Patterns

This is an easy activity and should present no problems.

Activity 6.5: Examining the Structure of Nails

Students wearing nail polish should examine their partner’s nails. Otherwise this is a simple
activity, but there are a lot of new terms introduced. A common misconception that you
may address in this section is related to the white spots that sometimes appear on nails.
Many people believe that these indicate some nutritional deficiency. In reality, the cause is
usually some mild trauma to the nail. Because nails grow fairly slowly, the trauma may
have happened weeks ago. These white spots will disappear once that part of the nail has
grown out.

Exercise 6 Answers
Before You Begin, Consider This…
An organ has two or more types of the primary tissues functioning together. The cutaneous
membrane has epithelium in the epidermis and dense irregular connective tissue, along with
accessory structures, including muscle, in the dermis.

3 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
 An organ system is composed of two or more organs that function together. The cutaneous
membrane contains the integument, itself an organ, and multiple other organs, such as hair
follicles, glands, nails, and so on.

Activity 6.1 Answers

C 2.  The stratum corneum on the soles is very thick. In contrast, the stratum corneum of
the scalp is relatively thin.
3.  The melanin is most concentrated in the deeper layers of the epidermis.
 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Like all tissues, skin will be thicker for added strength and
protection where it experiences the most force. All body weight is transmitted through the
soles, so the stratum corneum there is very thick. In contrast, the scalp is rarely subjected
to a high level of stress, so its stratum corneum is thinner.

Activity 6.2 Answers

 MAKING CONNECTIONS: The cells in hair follicles also reproduce very rapidly, so the
chemotherapy drugs that target rapidly dividing cells also, unfortunately, target the cells
in hair follicles as well.

Activity 6.3 Answers

 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Tactile corpuscles respond to light or fine touch. These types of
touch produce pressure in the skin, but very light pressure does not travel far. If the
corpuscles were located deeper, the pressure wave would not reach them and they would
not be stimulated. Lamellated corpuscles respond to deep pressure, and those forces will
travel further, or more deeply, into the skin.

Activity 6.4 Answers

C 2.  Answers will vary.
3.  Answers will vary.
 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Surgery, burns, or a lot of rough manual labor are factors that
might alter fingerprints.

Activity 6.5 Answers

 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Nails protect the ends of our toes and fingers. We use our
fingernails more than our toenails. We use them as tools to pry and dig, and to reach into
tight spaces. We also use them as weapons for defending ourselves. They are also often
adorned to make us more attractive.

Answers to Review Sheet

1.

Structure Structure Function

Epidermis Stratified squamous kerati- Protection; waterproofing; helps

nized epithelium maintain homeostasis.

33 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © EXERCISE 6 The
2015 Pearson Integumentary
Education, Inc. System 33
 Dermis Papillary layer: areolar
connective tissue
Reticular layer: dense
irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis Areolar connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Anchors epidermis; contains blood
vessels, nerves, accessory structures;
increases thickness of skin and thus the
barrier separating inside and outside
environments.
Anchors skin to underlying structures;
insulation; contains blood vessels and
nerves that supply the skin.

2. a. Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) stimulates melanocytes deep in the epidermis, which

then produce and secrete melanin. The accumulation of melanin darkens the skin.
b. Melanin protects us from genetic damage that can be caused by exposure to UV radia-
tion. This genetic damage can lead to cancer. The more that you suntan, whether from
sun exposure or in tanning beds, the more exposure you experience to this harmful
radiation, and the effects can be cumulative.
3. Arrector pili muscles tug on hair follicles, causing them to stand more upright and
causing the hair to stand up. Additionally, contraction of these muscles aids in the
release of sebum from sebaceous glands, helping it move to the surface of the skin.
4. d
5. i
6. j
7. c
8. f
9. a
10. h
11. e
12. b
13. g
14. Check for correct colors:
• Stratum basale = green
• Reticular layer = red
• Papillary layer = blue
• Stratum corneum = yellow
15. Check for correct colors:
• Hypodermis = gray
• Dermis = purple
• Epidermis = blue
• Hair follicle = green
• Sebaceous gland = red
• Sweat gland = brown
• Arrector pili muscle = orange
• Lamellated corpuscle = yellow
• Tactile corpuscle = black
• Hair root = pink
• Hair shaft = tan
16. nail matrix

34 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © EXERCISE 6 The
2015 Pearson Integumentary
Education, Inc. System 34
 17. nail root
18. eponychium
19. nail plate
20. hyponychium
21. nail bed

35 INSTRUCTOR’S
Copyright
MANUAL© 2015
FORPearson
VISUALEducation,
ANATOMY Inc.
& PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © EXERCISE 6 The
2015 Pearson Integumentary
Education, Inc. System 35