- Carl Jung

o Early follower of Freud who dissented and established his own school
of analytic psychology
o Developed the word-association test, promoted a collective
unconscious populated with inherited archetypes, coined
extroversion-introversion, and the theory of psychological types
- Saul Rosenzweig
o Study of motivated forgetting, which he interpreted as repression, was
probably the first laboratory-based experimental investigations of a
psychoanalytic concept

Ch. 12

- Gordon W. Allport
o Was instrumental in establishing the field of personality psychology
o Promoted both nomothetic and idiographic research methods and
also made important contributions as a social psychologist with
studies of religion (immature/mature) and prejudice (contact
hypothesis)
o Relational individuality (relative position of a person on a variety of
measured personality traits) and real individuality (Gestalt-like
concept, the whole)
- William Stern
o His personalistic psychology emphasized the individual as a
central Gestalt-like concept that strongly influenced Allport
o Also an investigator of children’s intelligence, who introduced the idea
of the intelligence quotient (IQ)
- Raymond B. Cattell
o Recruited to America by Allport to pursue factor analysis studies
of personality traits
o Developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- Walter Mischel
o Started the person-situation controversy, challenging the relative
importance of personality traits as opposed to situations in determining
behavior
- Henry A. Murray
o Promoted a personological approach to psychology, involving
the intensive study of relatively small numbers of individual
cases
o Developed a projective personality test, the TAT, along with Morgan
o 27 psychogenic needs (further developed by McClelland in a nomothetic
way)
- Christiana Morgan
o Murray’s collaborator in developing the TAT, a projective personality test
- David McClelland
o Noted for his work on motivation, particularly the needs for
achievement, affiliation, and power as measured by
Thematic Apperception Test results
- Thomas Pettigrew
o Student and later colleague of Allport’s who studied prejudice and
became a leading expert on the social psychology of race relations
- Gardner Lindzey
o Student and colleague of Allport’s who edited the first Handbook of
Social Psychology and co-authored the influential textbook Theories of
 Personality
- Abraham Maslow
o Developed the concept of self-actualization and the hierarchy of
needs theory of human motivation
o Became a major founder of humanistic psychology
o Eupsychia

- William Sheldon
o Maslow’s teacher, who combined behaviourist methodology with a
theory about predisposing body types
- Harry Harlow
o Primate researcher who became famous for his work on the
social behaviour of monkeys and the biological need for love
o Maslow’s dissertation supervisor
- Ruth Benedict
o His book Patterns of Culture suggested the idea that culture
within anthropology was analogous to personality withing
psychology
o Important influence on Maslow
- Erich Fromm
o Neo-Freudian analyst whose book Escape from Freedom and later
works emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors
in shaping personality
- Carl Rogers
o Developed client-centred therapy and collaborated with Maslow
in establishing humanistic psychology
o Early advocate and practitioner of scientific research on the process of
psychotherapy and its outcomes
- Rollo May
o Developed existential psychotherapy, which focused on the quest
for meaning in human life
o Became a founder of humanistic psychology
- Martin Seligman
o APA president who strongly promoted the development of the positive
psychology movement

Ch. 13

- Alfred Binet
o Promoted a faulty theory of hypnosis while working for Charcot, before
going on to conduct pioneering experimental studies of suggestibility in
children
o Along with Simon, he developed the first successful tests of
intelligencein children, based on the concept of intellectual level or
mental age
- Victor Henri
o Student and collaborator of Binet’s who worked with him on studies of
suggestibility in children and on developing the program of individual
psychology
- Théodore Simon
o Collaborated with Binet in developing the first useful test of
intelligence in children
 - Charles Spearman
o Proposed the notion of general intelligence (g), and the two-
factor theory of intelligence
- Henry H. Goddard
o Translated the Binet-Simon Intelligence tests and promoted their
usefor diagnosing feeblemindedness, which he believed to be an
undesirable hereditary trait that could be eliminated by negative
eugenic measures
o Later retracted this view
- William Stern
o His personalistic psychology emphasized the individual as a central
Gestalt-like concept that strongly influenced Allport
o Also an investigator of children’s intelligence, who introduced the
ideaof the intelligence quotient (IQ)
- Lewin Terman
o Introduced the modern IQ (*100) and developed the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Scale to measure it
o He studied gifted children, as measured by high IQ
- Catharine Cox
o Terman’s student and colleague, who analyzed childhood
biographies of eminent historical geniuses and concluded they
would have scored high in tested on modern IQ test
- David Wechsler
o His Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) facilitated the
measurement of adult IQ by replacing standards based on mental
ages with like-aged population-based deviation IQs
- James Flynn
o Discovered that intelligence test standards have become
increasingly more difficult over time, so that the absolute
intelligence levels as indicated by the test items are higher today
that in previous years
o This finding is referred to as the Flynn effect
- Jean Piaget
o Created genetic epistemology, a stage theory of cognitive
development in children, emphasizing the qualitative differences in
reasoning that characterize each stage
- Bärbel Inhelder
o Piaget student who became his most important collaborator, particularly
in developing the stage theory of cognitive development
- Lev Vygotsky
o Promoted a sociocultural theory of intellectual
development, emphasizing the social origin of
intelligence
o Proposed the concept of a zone of proximal development,
describingthe potential for intellectual growth with appropriate
guidance or instruction

Ch. 14

- Blaise Pascal
o Developed the Pascaline, one of the first mechanical calculators
o Believed machines could reproduce rational, but not emotional,
human processes
- Charles Babbage
o Inventor who helped introduce Leibnizean calculus into English
mathematics, invented a difference engine that could solve
complex equations, and designed an analytical engine that could
hypothetically perform any kind of calculation and is considered a
prototype for modern programmable computers
- Ada Lovelace
o Promoted Babbage’s analytical engine and anticipated its potential
uses
o Asserted the Lovelace objection: that computers can only do what
they have been programmed to do and therefore never become
genuinely creative
- George Boole
o Expanded the definition of mathematics in creating Boolean
algebra,and established the new field of symbolic logic
- Alan Turing
o His conception of the Turing machine as a universal computer, as
well as the Turing test, profoundly influenced the development of the
field of computer science and AI
- Claude Shannon
o Theorized that patterns of electrical switches in on or off positions
couldbe used to represent information in binary code
o Initiated the field of information theory, with the bit as its
fundamental unit
- Allen Newell
o Developer, with Simon, of the early AI programs Logic Theorist
and General Problem Solver
- Herbert Simon
o Developer, with Newell, of the early AI programs Logic Theorist
and General Problem Solver
- Margaret Boden
o Improbabilistic and impossibilistic creativity
- John Searle
o Formulated the Chinese room thought experiment to challenge
the existence of strong AI, the idea that computers can have
humanlike intelligence
o Accepted weak AI, the notion that computer simulations can be
useful in understanding, but are not the same as human
intelligence
- George A. Miller
o Major founder of the cognitive movement
o Introduced information theory into the study of language and
promoted Chomsky’s non-behavioristic theory of grammar, proposed
the magical number 7 as the highest number of items immediately
storable in memory
o Cofounded the Harvard Centre of Cognitive Studies with Bruner
- Noam Chomsky
o His conception of the innate grammatical sense in humans
contradicted behaviorist theories of verbal behaviour
o Strongly influenced Miller and heled lay the foundation for
cognitive psychology
- Jerome S. Bruner
o His new look in perception studies demonstrated the influence
of motives and expectations on perception