00341_En_Y23_Əyani_Yekun imtahan_İSE testinin sualları Fənn : 00341 Fəlsəfə

1. Soul lived in the world of ideas before without being connected to the body and saw the ideas there. This conception belongs to ….

• Aristotle
√ Plato
• Socrates
• Kant
• Farabi

2. The true knowledge is knowledge of the concepts or knowledge of the ideas.

• According to Anaxagoras.
√ According to Plato
• According to Farabi.
• According to Kant
• According to Kindi.

3. Abu Ishac al-Kindi is ….

• is a Jewish philosopher.
√ is an Islamic philsopher.
• is a Russian philosopher.
• is a representative of Contemporary philosophy.
• is a Turkish philosopher.

4. Aristotle is ….

• is a German philsopher.
√ is a Greek philosopher.
• is a modern philosopher.
• is an Egyptian philosopher.
• is a Italian philosopher.

5. It means “love of wisdom”

• Psychology
√ Philosophy
• Epistemology
• Axiology
• Anthropology

6. Hylozoism means...

• doubt about the cognizability of the world

√ animation of natural phenomena
• the doctrine of being
• denial of the cognizability of the world
• dissolution of god in nature

7. What is the coherence theory of truth in epistemology?

• The belief that truth is relative and depends on individual perspective

√ The belief that truth is a matter of coherence and consistency.
• The belief that truth corresponds to reality
• The belief that truth is a matter of personal preference
• The belief that truth is determined by societal norms and customs

8. What is a priori knowledge?

 • Knowledge based on sense experience
√ Knowledge that can only be acquired through reasoning.
• Knowledge that is subjective and relative
• Knowledge that is certain and absolute
• Knowledge that is based on intuition

9. Which of the following best describes the concept of "dualism" in metaphysics?

• The belief that there is no objective reality

√ The belief that the mind and body are separate entities.
• The belief that the universe is fundamentally chaotic
• The belief that there is no such thing as free will
• The belief that everything can be explained through physical laws

10. What is the role of culture in ethics?

• Culture has no influence on ethical decision-making

√ Culture can inform ethical decision-making, but is not the only factor to consider.
• Culture is irrelevant to ethical decision-making
• Culture is a hindrance to ethical decision-making
• Culture is the only basis for ethical decision-making

11. What is the role of reason in ethics?

• Reason has no role in ethics, which is based purely on emotion and intuition
√ Reason can inform ethical decision-making, but other factors such as emotion and intuition must also be considered.
• Reason is irrelevant to ethical decision-making
• Reason is a hindrance to ethical decision-making
• Reason is the only basis for ethical decision-making

12. What is ethics?

• The study of the physical universe

√ The study of right and wrong behavior.
• The study of language and communication
• The study of economics and financial systems
• The study of the mind and mental phenomena

13. What is the value of studying political philosophy?

• To understand the history and evolution of political systems and structures

√ To develop critical thinking and analytical skills to assess political issues and arguments.
• To memorize facts and figures about political events
• To help individuals develop critical thinking skills
• To learn how to manipulate and exploit political power

14. What is the value of studying aesthetics in philosophy?

• It helps individuals become wealthy

√ It helps individuals appreciate art and beauty.
• It helps individuals develop critical thinking skills
• It is irrelevant to everyday life
• It provides a foundation for understanding other disciplines

15. What is the value of studying ethics in philosophy?

• It helps individuals become wealthy

√ It helps individuals make moral decisions and understand ethical dilemmas.
• It helps individuals develop critical thinking skills
• It is irrelevant to everyday life
 • It provides a foundation for understanding other disciplines

16. What is the relationship between philosophy and other disciplines?

• Philosophy has no relationship to other disciplines

√ Philosophy provides a foundation for other disciplines and helps to answer fundamental questions.
• Philosophy is just another discipline, no more or less important than any other
• Philosophy is obsolete and has been replaced by science and technology
• Philosophy is the most important discipline and all others are subservient

17. How does studying philosophy contribute to global understanding?

• It promotes a narrow-minded and ethnocentric worldview

√ It helps individuals understand cultural differences and similarities.
• It undermines the importance of global cooperation and collaboration
• It has no impact on global understanding
• It encourages intolerance and bigotry towards different cultures and societies

18. Why is the study of philosophy important?

• It provides practical skills for everyday life.

√ It helps individuals develop critical thinking skills.
• It helps individuals achieve physical fitness.
• It provides job training for specific careers.
• It helps individuals achieve financial success.

19. How does studying philosophy contribute to personal well-being?

• It provides a path to financial success and stability.

√ It helps individuals find meaning and purpose in life.
• It promotes conformity and social acceptance.
• It has no impact on personal well-being.
• It improves physical health and fitness.

20. What is the value of studying philosophy in relation to religion?

• It is irrelevant to religious belief or practice

√ It helps individuals understand different religious traditions and beliefs.
• It undermines the authority of religious leaders and institutions
• It has no impact on religious belief or practice
• It promotes atheism and skepticism towards religion

21. What is the value of studying philosophy in relation to science?

• It provides a way to prove scientific theories

√ It promotes a holistic view of the world and the interconnection of different fields of study.
• It has no impact on scientific research or discovery
• It encourages skepticism and distrust of scientific methods
• It helps individuals understand scientific concepts and principles

22. What is the value of studying philosophy in relation to politics?

• It promotes political activism and advocacy

• It is irrelevant to political decision-making
• It has no impact on political processes
• It undermines the authority of political leaders and institutions
√ It helps individuals understand political institutions and systems.

23. What is the relationship between philosophy and morality?

 • Philosophy has no impact on moral decision-making
√ Philosophy is necessary to establish moral principles and guidelines.
• Philosophy is harmful to moral development
• Morality is determined by religious beliefs, not philosophy
• Philosophy is irrelevant to morality

24. What is the value of studying philosophy?

• It provides practical skills for everyday life.

√ It helps develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• It promotes conformity and traditional thinking.
• It has no value.
• It increases one's earning potential.

25. What is the difference between ontology and metaphysics?

√ Ontology is concerned with the study of reality, while metaphysics is concerned with the study of ultimate reality or how things really
are.
• There is no difference between ontology and metaphysics.
• Ontology is concerned with the study of language, while metaphysics is concerned with the study of the mind.
• Ontology is concerned with the study of history, while metaphysics is concerned with the study of politics.
• Ontology is concerned with the study of morals and ethics, while metaphysics is concerned with the study of aesthetics.

26. He was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens?

• Epicurus
√ Plato.
• Aristotle
• Pythagoras
• Socrates

27. Which of the following is not a major ethical theory?

• Utilitarianism
• Contractualism
• Virtue ethics
√ Psychologism.
• Deontology

28. What is the Socratic method?

• A method of teaching that involves memorizing facts and information

• A method of teaching that involves using physical exercises to enhance learning
• A method of teaching that involves using images and symbols to convey information
• A method of teaching that involves using technology to facilitate learning
√ A method of teaching that involves asking questions to stimulate critical thinking and to expose contradictions in an argument.

29. What is the difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge?

• A priori knowledge is based on experience; a posteriori knowledge is based on reason

• A priori knowledge is based on intuition; a posteriori knowledge is based on proof
• A priori knowledge is based on imagination; a posteriori knowledge is based on reality
√ A priori knowledge is based on reason; a posteriori knowledge is based on experience.
• There is no difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge

30. Which philosopher is known for his work on political philosophy in Middle-age century?

• Aristotle
• Plato
• Socrates
 √ Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• John Stuart Mill

31. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

• There is no difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

• Deductive reasoning involves guesswork; inductive reasoning involves certainty
• Deductive reasoning involves probability; inductive reasoning involves absolute truth
√ Deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from premises; inductive reasoning involves generalizations from specific cases.
• Deductive reasoning involves generalizations from specific cases; inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from premises

32. Which philosopher is known for his work on ethics and morality?

√ Immanuel Kant.
• Albert Einstein
• Isaac Newton
• Galileo Galilei
• Charles Darwin

33. Epistemology is interested in….

• The study of beauty and aesthetics

• The study of economics
• The study of history
√ value of knowledge and belief.
• The study of the natural world

34. Metaphysics is interested in…

• The study of the mind and mental processes

• The study of morality and ethics
• The study of language
• The study of politics
√ The study of ultimate reality or how things really are;

35. Which of the following is not a branch of philosophy?

• Epistemology
• Logic
• Ethics
√ Biology.
• Metaphysics

36. What is philosophy?

• The study of the physical world

• The study of art
• The study of music
√ The study of knowledge, reality, and existence.
• The study of mathematics

37. According to ``Theaetetus``, knowledge is…

• justified real belief.

• justified true religious belief.
• true belief.
√ justified true belief.
• justified truth.
 ``Philosophical study of knowledge``.
38. This definition is related to …

• axiological study of wisdom.

• axiology
√ epistemology
• the psychological study of knowledge
• philosophy

39. The essential question of epistemology is…

• what do we need in order to have values?

√ what do we need in order to have knowledge and how can we know?
• what do we need in order to have things and to order them?
• what do we need in order to have humanistic characters?
• what do we need in order to have specific metaphysical knowledge?

How many questions are related to metaphysics?

What is truth? How many people have social problem in their life? Is there a God? What kind of methods help us to investigate
human`s psychological problems? What is human being? What is a reality of person? Why is existence of animals important in our
40. universe? Is the world strictly composed of matter? Do people have minds? If so, how is the mind related to the body? Did philosophy
originate in Africa, China, or Greece? Do people have free wills? Can there be a unity behind the apparent plurality of things? What is
meaning or importance of God in human being`s life?

• 5;
√ 9;
• 7;
• 6;
• 3;

41. We sometimes, perhaps wrongly, use the term “philosophy”…

• Socratic views
√ to refer to a person’s code of values or the beliefs by which they live such as: Kant`s philosophy of flying
• Plato`s philosophy of ideas
• Ibn Sina`s philosophy of human being
• Aristotle’s philosophy

42. The study of “ultimate reality” or how things really are...

• God
√ All of them
• Human being
• Mind and body
• Matter and nature

43. Why are beliefs important?

• Because our psychology is important and our psychological problems depends on our behaviors.
√ Because our behaviors are not unimportant and behaviors depend on our beliefs.
• Because our life is important and our lifestyle depends on our experiences.
• Because our beliefs are important and our beliefs depend on our imaginations.
• Because our behavior is unimportant and our behaviors depend on our beliefs.

44. According to Plato, knowledge is…

• justified real belief

√ justified true belief
• true belief
• justified true religious belief.
• justified truth
45. The primary problem of epistemology is…

• what we need in order to have values.

√ what we need in order to have knowledge and how we can know.
• what we need in order to have things and to order them.
• what we need in order to have humanistic characters.
• what we need in order to have specific psychological knowledge.

46. Epistemology is…

• the psychological study of knowledge

√ Philosophical study of knowledge.
• justified true belief.
• Philosophical study of ethics
• axiological study of wisdom.

Which of these definitions are related to the true nature of philosophy? 1) an academic discipline. 2) A methodology which lies at the
root of all subject. 3) Love of life. 4) Knowledge of wisdom. 5) Academic career. 6) The practical activity of raising fundamental
47. questions and attempting to answer them via thinking and writing. 7) Experimental endeavour. 8) Scientific experience. 9) The
attempt to think rationally and critically about most important questions of life in order to obtain knowledge and wisdom about them.
10) Solving of scientific problem.

• 1,2,3,6;7;
√ 2,4,6,9;
• 1,2,4,6,7,9,10;
• 2,4,6,7,8,9
• 2,3,8;9,10;

We sometimes, perhaps wrongly, use the term “philosophy” to refer to a person’s code of values or the beliefs by which they live such
48. as:

• Socratic views
√ Arif`s philosophy of flying
• Plato`s philosophy of ideas
• Ibn Sina`s philosophy of human being
• Aristotle’s philosophy

“Its origin is from Greek root and means “love of wisdom””

49. What is this definition of?

• Psychology
√ Philosophy
• Epistemology
• Axiology
• Anthropology

50. What is philosophy from etymological aspect?

• Study of wisdom
√ Love of wisdom
• Philosophical life style
• Love of presence
• Love of wise

51. The difference between philosophy and religion

• overcoming the boundaries of local experience and the observed

• ideological orientation
• none of the above
√ rational knowledge of the world
 • response to the human need to achieve absolute truth

52. Mythology collapsed due to:

• development of labor skills of primitive man

• discrediting traditions
• improvement of tools
√ all of the above
• division of labor

53. Hylozoism is inherent in this type of worldview:

• pragmatic
• religious
• idealistic
√ Mythological
• scientific

54. The origin and essence of the process of cognition studies:

• natural philosophy
• ontology
• anthropology
√ epistemology
• praxeology

55. Philosophy as a special area of theoretical knowledge was considered by:

• Plato
• Parmenides
• Protagoras
• Pythagoras
√ Aristotle

56. Representative of objective idealism:

• Marx
• Democritus
√ Hegel
• Max
• Berkeley

57. What subsection of philosophy studies values?

• aesthetics
• Epistemology
• Dialectics
• Ethics
√ Axiology

58. Ontology is the doctrine of:

• morality
• values
• knowledge
• society
√ being

59. Epistemology is the doctrine of:

 • being
• laws and forms of correct thinking
• morality
√ cognition
• values

60. What is the subject of philosophy as a science?

• Origin and essence of values

• meaning of life
• Principles of community development
√ Fundamental principles of being
• Principles of development of the Universe

61. Philosophical knowledge, used as a guide in spiritual and practical activities, acts as:

• epistemology
• axiology
• mythology
√ methodology
• praxeology

62. What is meant by a set of views on the world that determine the attitude towards the world and other people?

• attitude
• universe
• science
√ worldview
• understanding of the world

63. The projection of human properties onto natural phenomena and fantasy are features:

• philosophy
• religion
• ethics
√ Mythology
• science

1. When evaluating deductive arguments for validity we ask if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. 2.
64. Possibility does not admit of degrees. 3. The truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument can be probable to a greater or lesser
degree. 4. Inductive arguments can be more or less strong. Which statements are false?

• 1, 4
• 3
• All of them
• 2, 3
√ None of them.

65. What is an example of a weak inductive argument?

• an observer assumes that because all the swans he's seen are white, most swans are white where he lives
• both of the mentioned
√ an observer assumes that because all the swans he's seen are white, all swans must be white.
• none of the mentioned
• there is no such phenomenon as an inductive argument

66. What is Strength of an argument?

• the truth of the premises logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion
• both are correct
 • just a mistake in reasoning
• none is correct
√ the degree to which its premises raise the probability of its conclusions.

These two equivalent definitions belong to …. A valid argument is an argument where if its premises are true, then its conclusion must
67. be true. A valid argument is an argument where it is not possible for all of its premises to be true and its conclusion false.

• soundness
• strong validity
• inductive validity
• ethical validity
√ deductive validity.

68. Which ones are the main types of arguments? 1)strong 2)deductive 3)inductive 4)logical 5)ethical

√ 2,3.
• 1.50
• 1.40
• 3.50
• 2.40

69. What is the difference between alethic truth and epistemic truth?

• Alethic truth is concerned with truth in the sense of redundancy, while epistemic truth is concerned with truth in the sense of belief
• Alethic truth is concerned with what is true in reality, while epistemic truth is concerned with what is true in one's mind
• Alethic truth is concerned with truth in the sense of coherence, while epistemic truth is concerned with truth in the sense of verification
√ Alethic truth is concerned with truth in the sense of correspondence, while epistemic truth is concerned with knowledge or belief.
• Alethic truth is concerned with what is objectively true, while epistemic truth is concerned with what is subjectively true

70. Which theory of truth suggests that truth is created by language and social practices?

• Redundancy
• Pragmatism
√ Constructivism.
• Correspondence
• Coherence

71. What is the paradox of truth?

• The idea that truth is relative to the individual or culture that holds it
• The idea that there can be no objective truth because all truth is subjective
• The idea that there can be no subjective truth because all truth is objective
• The idea that truth is unattainable and can never be known
√ The idea that a proposition can be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense.

72. Which philosopher proposed the idea of "truth as disclosure" or "truth as unconcealment"?

• Immanuel Kant
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Michel Foucault
√ Martin Heidegger.
• Jacques Derrida

73. An inductive argument is cogent when

• none of the mentioned

• the argument is strong but has at least one false premise
• the argument is weak but the premises are true
√ the argument is strong and the premises are true.
• the argument is strong but all the premises are false
 The only difference between inductive strength and deductive validity is in the use of the words "probably" rather than “must be”, and
74. “improbable” rather than "impossible".

• Vice versa
• First given is true, second is not
• False
• Not the only difference
√ True.

75. Most famous movie stars are millionaires. Leonardo Dicaprio is a famous movie star. Hence, DiCaprio is probably a millionaire.

• Inductive strength
• Weak reasoning
• Fallacy
• Facts
√ Deductive strength.

Upon returning to your residence you notice the front door and back door are left wide open. The lock at the back door is scratched and
damaged. There are muddy footprints inside the residence leading from the back door to the front door. You make the following
76. inferences: An intruder with muddy feet disabled the lock on the back door, entered the residence using the back door, then left through
the front door. What reasoning is being used?

• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning
• Fiction
• Fallacy
√ Abductive Reasoning.

77. A deductively valid argument only provides one with a good reason for believing its conclusion if its premises are ……...

• unreasonable
• false
• probable
√ true.
• possible

78. In a ……… valid argument, the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

• practically
• inductively
√ deductively.
• theoretically
• logically

79. ………. proceeds by formulating and evaluating the reasons for and against holding various positions.

• sociology
• economy
√ philosophy.
• psychology
• physiology

80. Premises are…..

• conclusion
• argument
• doubtful thoughts
√ the other claims of argument besides conclusion.
• truth
81. What is an argument?

• a claim is quite independent of how or whether we know it to be true

• reason for believing
• a claim is dependent of how or whether we know it to be true
• establishing knowledge and understanding
√ a reason for taking something to be true.

82. According to the deflationary theory of truth, what is truth?

• A complex concept that requires extensive analysis

√ A simple, minimal property that applies to certain propositions.
• An illusion created by language and human interpretation
• a claim is dependent of how or whether we know it to be true
• An objective reality that exists independently of human thought

83. Which of the following is not a type of truth in philosophy?

• Correspondence truth
√ Constructivist truth.
• Pragmatic truth
• Redundancy truth
• Coherence truth

84. According to the coherence theory of truth, a belief is true if:

• It corresponds to reality
√ It fits coherently with other beliefs one holds.
• It is logically consistent
• It is reasonably popular
• It is empirically verifiable

85. Deciding what is the most likely cause of an effect is called … reasoning. Detective work provides a good example of … argument.

• Inductive
√ Abductive.
• None of the mentioned
• All of the mentioned are applicable
• Deductive

The name for the fallacy of attacking the proponent of a position rather than critically evaluating the reasons offered for the proponent’s
86. position. In Latin stands for “against the man.”

• Gambler’s fallacy
√ Ad hominem.
• None of the mentioned
• All of the mentioned
• Hot Hand fallacy

1. “Inductive arguments have degrees of strength and weakness” 2. “Inductive arguments do not have degrees of strength and
weakness” 3. “The Black Swan is named after a classic error of induction, and because of that for millennia, it was universally accepted
87. that all swans were white.” 4. “Strength of an argument is the degree to which its premises raise the probability of its conclusions.”
Which statements are true?

• All of them
√ 1,3,4.
• Only 2
• None of them
• Only 4

88. What is considered the science of deductive validity?

 • Rationality
√ Logic.
• Mathematics
• Ethics
• Psychology

89. Which parts of an argument taken together are offered as a reason for believing its conclusion?

• Ideas
√ Premises.
• Evidence
• Suggestions
• Facts

90. Arguments consist of two or more claims, one of which is a ………….

• Main part
√ Conclusion.
• Introduction
• Truth
• Premise

91. What is the most basic definition of truth in philosophy?

• That which is in accordance with personal beliefs

√ That which is in accordance with fact or reality.
• That which is in accordance with popular opinion
• That which is in accordance with unpopular opinion
• That which is in accordance with religious teachings

92. What is the opposite of truth?

• Reality
√ Fiction.
• Opinion
• Fantasy
• Imagination

93. Which philosopher is known for his correspondence theory of truth?

• Immanuel Kant
√ Bertrand Russell.
• Aristotle
• Plato
• Friedrich Nietzsche

94. Happiness is …

• a main conception of philosophy of nature.

√ a main conception of ethics
• a main conception of epistemology
• a main conception of ontology
• a main conception of axiology

95. Which one is related to the deductive method?

• All being that is alive is not mortal;

√ All being that is alive, is mortal;
• therefore all being that is not alive is mortal;
 • So some of beings that are alive, are mortal.
• Therefore all being that is alive is mortal.

Which ones are not related to the true nature of philosophy?

1)an academic discipline. 2) A methodology which lies at the root of all subject. 3) Love of life. 4) Knowledge of wisdom. 5)
96. Academic career. 6) The practical activity of raising fundamental questions and attempting to answer them via thinking and writing. 7)
Experimental endeavour. 8) Scientific experience. 9) The attempt to think rationally and critically about most important questions of
life in order to obtain knowledge and wisdom about them. 10) Solving of scientific problem.

• 1,2,3,6;7;
√ 3,5,7,8,10;
• 1,2,4,6,9;
• 2,4,6,7,8,9
• 2,3,8;9,10;

97. One of these is related to metaphysical question?

• How do we know what we know?

√ What is truth?; What is human being?
• What is water?
• Is morality objective or subjective?
• What is knowledge?

98. Ethics is ….

• the study of the rules of correct reasoning.

√ the study of ethics concerns what we ought to do in the relationships to others and what will be best to do.
• one of the most important elements in the attainment of wisdom.
• the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
• attempting to study presence and to get fundamental understanding of the universe.

99. What is Ontology?

• philosophical study of relationships of human being;

√ Philosophical study of existence and its properties and study of meaning of being;
• philosophical endeavor in order to purification of soul;
• philosophical endeavor in order to get experience in the field of philosophy.
• philosophical study of human being`s ethical behavior;

100. Metaphysics is…

• study of love;
√ The study of ultimate reality or how things really are;
• study of knowledge;
• study of etymological aspects of presence.
• endeavor of study of relationships between human beings;

How many questions are not related to metaphysics? What is truth? How many people have social problem in their life? Is there a
God? What kind of methods help us to investigate human`s psychological problems? What is human being? What is a reality of person?
101. Why is existence of animals important in our universe? Is the world strictly composed of matter? Do people have minds? How is the
mind related to the body? Did philosophy originate in Africa, China, or Greece? Do people have free wills? What is meaning or
importance of God in human being`s life?

• 7
• 9
• 5
√ 4
• 6

102. What is Axiology?

• Relationships between people`s behaviors;

 • Philosophical study of sociological problem;
• Physical approach to natural evident.
• Psychological investigation in the field of behavior;
√ Philosophical study of value;

What kind of question is related to social and political philosophy? 1. What is the origin of state? 2. Is it possible that human know
everything? 3. What is the true nature of state? 4. What is the true nature of truth? 5. Why we need state? 6. What model of state can be
103. good for society?
7. What kind of relationship is there between mind and body? 8.What kind of values should politicians have? 9.What kinds of
ethical and political values make the people of state happy? 10.What kind of relationship is there between society and state?

• 3,4,5,6,8,9,10;
• 1,4,6,7,8,9,10
• 1,4,5,7,8,9,10;
√ 1,3,5,6,8,9,10;
• 1,5,6,7,8,9,10;

He was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He was regarded as the first philosopher by Aristotle.
Furthermore, he attempted to explain natural evident and phenomena without reference to mythology and his approach to the natural
104. phenomena was influential on the other philosophers` philosophy of nature. His rejection of mythological explanations became an
essential idea for the scientific revolution.
Who is this text about?

• Empedocles;
• Theaetetus
• Plato;
• Anaximander;
√ Thales

105. Beliefs are important. Because…

• our psychology is important and our psychological problems depends on our behaviors.
• our beliefs are important and our beliefs depend on our imaginations.
• our life is important and our lifestyle depends on our experiences.
√ our behaviors are not unimportant and behaviors depend on our beliefs.
• our behavior is unimportant and our behaviors depend on our beliefs.

106. From etymological aspect philosophy is?

• Study of wisdom
• Philosophical life style
• Love of presence
√ Love of wisdom
• Love of wise

107. What qualities does philosophical education instill in the education of a specialist?

• all of the above

• discipline
• diligence
√ critical and independent thinking
• accuracy

108. Who is known for his work "The Republic" and his theory of the "Forms"?

• Aristotle
√ Plato.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Socrates

109. Which ancient philosopher believed in the concept of the "unmoved mover" and the existence of a single, divine being?
 • Epicurus
√ Aristotle.
• Socrates
• None of them
• Plato

110. Who is known for his work "The Politics"?

• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

111. Which ancient philosopher believed that the universe is eternal and unchanging?

• Heraclitus
√ Parmenides.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

112. Who is known for his work "The Ethics"?

• Aristotle
√ Spinoza.
• Socrates
• None of them
• Plato

113. Which ancient philosopher believed that knowledge is innate and that the senses are not a reliable source of knowledge?

• Aristotle
√ Plato.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Socrates

114. Who is known for his work "Metaphysics"?

• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

115. Who is known for his work "The Physics"?

• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

116. Which ancient philosopher believed in the concept of "Akrasia" or weakness of will?

• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
 • None of them
• Plato

117. Who is known for his work "The Meditations"?

• Aristotle
√ Marcus Aurelius.
• Socrates
• None of them
• Plato

118. Which ancient philosopher believed that the best life is one of moderate pleasure and avoidance of pain?

• Aristotle
√ Epicurus.
• Socrates
• None of them
• Plato

119. Who is known for his work "The Categories"?

• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

120. Which ancient philosopher is known for his emphasis on the importance of virtue and moral character in achieving a good life?

• None of them
• Socrates
√ Aristotle.
• Plato
• Epicurus

121. Who is known for his work "The Apology"?

• Socrates
• None of them
• Epicurus
√ Plato.
• Aristotle

122. Which ancient philosopher believed that happiness is achieved through living in accordance with nature and reason?

• Plato
• Epicurus
√ Aristotle.
• None of them
• Socrates

123. Who founded the school of philosophy known as Cynicism?

• Epicurus
• None of them
√ Diogenes of Sinope.
• Aristotle
• Plato

124. Who is known for his work "The Symposium"?

 • Socrates
• None of them
• Epicurus
√ Plato.
• Aristotle

125. Which ancient philosopher believed that everything is constantly changing and that "you cannot step into the same river twice"?

• Parmenides
√ Heraclitus.
• Epicurus
• None of them
• Plato

126. Who is known for his paradox of the "Ship of Theseus"?

• Heraclitus
• Parmenides
• Theseus
• None of them
√ Plutarch.

127. Which philosopher believed that the mind and body are separate entities?

• Epicurus
√ Plato.
• Socrates
• Aristotle
• None of them

128. Who wrote "Nicomachean Ethics"?

√ Aristotle.
• Epicurus
• Socrates
• None of them
• Plato

129. Which ancient philosopher believed that the universe was made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water?

• Aristotle
• None of them
• Epicurus
√ Empedocles.
• Plato

130. Who is known for his work "The Enchiridion"?

• Aristotle
• Plato
• None of them
• Epicurus
√ Epictetus.

131. Which ancient philosopher is known for his emphasis on self-control and discipline?

• Aristotle
• None of them
• Epicurus
 √ Epictetus.
• Plato

132. Who founded the school of philosophy known as Stoicism?

√ Zeno of Citium.
• None of them
• Plato
• Epicurus
• Aristotle

133. Which philosopher is known for his method of questioning to arrive at truth?

√ Socrates.
• None of them
• Aristotle
• Plato
• Epicurus

134. Who wrote "The Republic"?

• Socrates
• Epicurus
• None of them
√ Plato.
• Aristotle

135. Which philosopher believed in the concept of "ataraxia" or tranquility?

• Socrates
• None of them
• Aristotle
• Plato
√ Epicurus.

136. Who was the teacher of Alexander the Great?

• Socrates
• None of them
• Epicurus
√ Aristotle.
• Plato

137. Who is known as the "Father of Western Philosophy"?

• Socrates
√ Thales.
• Plato
• None of them
• Aristotle

138. According to the Sophists…

• everything is the result of natural laws

√ true is not one and it is plenty depends on number of philosophers.
• atom is a particular piece of the existing.
• Nous caused cosmos.
• ``Existing`` has not occurred and will never disappear. And Existing is eternal and endless.
 People are afraid of living their own life what they want. Mainly they have to consider a question «What will others say?». It can be said
139. that sometimes …… causes people to live others` life.

• democracy
• international problems
√ the problems of national mentality
• domestic problems
• Social problems

The main priority of democratic life is freedom of speech/thinking. Freedom of speech and thinking is basic principle from the aspect of
140. expression peoples themselves. But sometimes …… prevent freedom of speech and thinking.

• Philosophy
√ National mindset
• Psychology
• Social problems
• Work

The following logical proposition is an example of …… 1. All being that is alive, is mortal.
141. 2. Ibrahim is a being alive.
3. So, Ibrahim is a mortal being

• ethics;
√ deductive method
• inductive method;
• mathematics;
• aesthetics;

142. Which thoughts are not related to Democritus`s philosophy?

• Everything is the result of natural laws

√ Minded soul of world or Nous
• Gods are not out of the deterministic laws.
• Human soul consists of the active thin atoms and these atoms spread in the body.
• The conception of Atom

143. Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes are ….

• the representatives of Miletius psycological school.

√ the representatives of Miletius philosophical school.
• the representatives of anthropological period of history of philosophy.
• the representatives of Sophists.
• the representatives of systematic period of history of philosophy.

144. What is the true nature of hylozoism?

• is to believe that all things in the nature is not alive.

√ according to hylozoism all thing in the nature is alive.
• is to believe that there is a unity behind the apparent plurality and diversity of things.
• is to believe that water as the single element of the universe.
• is to believe that universe was not created by God or Gods.

145. Wise is …

• a person who conciders importance of evil in our life?

√ a person who attempt to study presence and to get fundamental understanding of the universe.
• a predictor solar eclipse.
• a person that never takes an active role in the politics of society.
• a simplistic distortions of a type of person.

146. Mindset …
 • is a methodology which lies at the root of all subject.
√ can damage people’s life, even can kill them.
• is a conceptual analysis or logical scrutiny of general ideas (philosophy) and data gathering and experimentation (science)
• is a study of “ultimate reality” or how things really are.
• is a practical activity of raising fundamental questions and attempting to answer them in thinking and writing.

147. Which one is an aesthetic question?

• What is right? What makes actions right?

√ Can we be justified in claiming of beauty is changeable according to person?
• Is morality objective or subjective?
• Is existence a property?
• How should I treat others?

148. One of rhese is about metaphysics.

• Study of knowledge
√ The study of “ultimate reality” or how things really are.
• the study of second element of the natural world.
• psychological study of the nature of human being.
• the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

149. The study of ……. concerns what we ought to do in the relationships to others and what will be best to do.

• Axiology;
√ Ethics;
• Aesthetics;
• Epistemology
• Psychology;

150. Which one is an Aesthetic question?

• What is happiness? What is true nature of happiness in itself?

√ Can we be justified in claiming of beauty is changeable according to person?
• What is the true nature of state?
• What model of state can be good for society?
• What is the origin of state?

151. Which one is an ethical question?

• Are all entities objects?

√ What is happiness? What is true nature of happiness in itself?
• What is a physical object?
• what does it mean to say that a non-physical entity exists?
• How do the properties of an object relate to the object itself?

152. Which natural philosopher believed that religion is science?

• Descartes
√ Spinoza.
• Pythagoras
• None of them
• Leibniz

153. Something that exists without depending on anything else

• idealism
√ Substance.
• essence
 • None of them
• consubstantial

Descartes interactionist approach between mind/body showed problems. Spinoza diversity (appearance) never an equal partner with
154. unity (reality) then Leibniz sought to give equal status to the mental and physical world.

• Active mind
√ Problems that led to Mondology.
• A priori knowledge
• None of them
• Protestants and the pope

155. A system of gaining knowledge that requires taking all beliefs and questioning them until they can be doubted and throwing them out

• Inductive argument
√ Descartes' method of systematic doubt.
• Spinoza’s view
• None of them
• Descartes' epistemological turn

Rationalists argue that the mind is more than a passive repository of sensory information, instead the mind organizes, selects, rejects,
156. discriminates and acts on sensory data

• Dialectic Philosophy
√ Active Mind.
• Joy-filled Experiences
• None of them
• Passive Mind

Pantheism: A doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God (Benedict didn't believe:
157. separation of an infinite God from the finite world of matter.)

• Deduction
√ Benedict de Spinoza's Pantheism.
• Synthetic a priori
• None of them
• Dialectic Philosophy

158. Belief that only material substance exists and god and the spirit is an illusion

• Iuadism
√ Materialism.
• Rationalism
• None of them
• Dualism

159. The view that knowledge of the external world can be derived from reason alone, without recourse to experience.

• Materialism
√ Rationalism.
• Dualism
• None of them
• Iuadism

160. What is Spinoza's view on the nature of the world?

• The world is ultimately unknowable

√ The world is intelligible and can be understood rationally.
• The world is an illusion
• None of them
 • The world is fundamentally chaotic and unpredictable

161. What is Spinoza's strategy for establishing metaphysical foundations?

• Inference to the best explanation

√ Deductive reasoning.
• Empirical observation
• None of them
• Introspection

162. What is the name of Spinoza's book which published after his death?

• Beyond Good and Evil

√ Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner'.
• Man’s Search for Meaning
• None of them
• The Nicomachean Ethics

163. Because God exists, and he gave him these senses he can now trust his senses

• What was his view of the world?

√ Why does this justify trusting the senses to bring certain information.
• Who mocked Leibniz and how?
• None of them
• What are some of his inventions?

164. What was Spinoza's profession?

• Philosopher
√ Lens grinder.
• Mathematician
• None of them
• Theologian

165. "Which philosopher is described as being the most rigorous and systematic of the major rationalist philosophers?

• René Descartes
√ Baruch Spinoza.
• Immanuel Kant
• None of them
• Leibniz

166. A principle of existence or an ultimate unit of being, unity or entity harmonious with the entire universe?

• thoughts
√ monad.
• spirit
• None of them
• individual

167. Leibniz proposed small perceptions we are not aware of but when they are combined it makes a highly perceived action

• Idealism
√ Petites perceptions.
• Beliefs of Spinoza
• None of them
• Direct realism

He was an important mathematician and he made significant contributions to the science of optics. You might have heard of Cartesian
168. coordinates. He is?
 • Spinoza
√ Descartes.
• Aristoteles
• None of them
• Pascal

169. Using reason to come to a conclusion, Descartes. Cartesian dualism; the separation of mind and matter (or body).

• Idealism
√ Deduction.
• Syllogism
• None of them
• Definition

170. Who did not support Descartes?

• Beliefs of Spinoza
√ Protestants and the Pope.
• Problems that lead to Mondology
• None of them
• Pascal and Descartes

171. Descartes' belief that you should not question your own existence.

• None of them
• It is good
√ I think, therefore I am.
• I know that I know nothing
• I exist, I am

172. A priori, Reason/Logic, Senses can be misleading, Innate Ideas Select the correct term

• Descartes’ Epistemological term

√ Beliefs of a Rationalist.
• Beliefs of Spinoza
• None of them
• A synthetic a priori

A French philosopher, mathematician, and theologian. He is most famous for an argument called "Pascal's Wager," which provides
173. prudent reasons for believing in God.

• None of them
√ Pascal.
• Leibniz
• Aristoteles
• Galileo

174. A Dutch-born philosopher. He felt mind and body are aspects of a single substance, which he called God or nature.

• Pascal
• Aristoteles
• Descartes’ Epistemological term
√ Spinoza.
• None of them

He was a German philosopher and Rationalist who argued, in his Theodicy, that this is the best of all possible worlds. He is considered
175. one of the greatest minds of all time.

• Aristoteles
 • Descartes
• None of them
• Spinoza
√ Leibniz.

A highly influential French philosopher who was a major figure in rationalism and reason, and is known for his saying, "I think
176. therefore I am" (cogito ergo sum). Descartes is referred to as the 'father of modern philosophy', and believed in learning through
experience.

• Aristoteles
√ Descartes.
• Pascal
• None of them
• Spinoza

177. The view that knowledge of the external world can be derived from reason alone, without recourse to experience.

• None of them
• Daosizm
• Liberalism
• Iudaism
√ Rationalism.

He is Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematicians, mystic, scientist and a founder of the religious movement and took an active role in the
178. politics of Croton and author of theorem that called by his name.

• Plato
• Farabi
√ Pythagoras
• Aristotles
• Thales

179. ….. argued that Nous is eternal and endless, minded soul of world and is God and caused cosmos.

• Anaximenes
• Plato
√ Anaxagoras
• Aristotles
• Socrates

What kinds of thoughts belongs to Heraclitus`s philosophy?1)Every thing came from earth and one day will come back to the earth”.
2)Human soul consists of the active thin atoms and these atoms spread in the body and circulate in it. 3)“You cannot wash twice in the
same river”.
180. 4)God is one. God cannot be compared with the properties of Homeros`s gods. 5)Universe is a result of conflict of antipoles. 6)This
world never change, and it is static and immobile. 7)There are mixture and separation among the elements via love and strife. 8)Fire is a
first element of the existence. 9)True cannot be studied and known. 10)The first element of the nature is earth.

• 3, 6, 7, 8;
• 2, 3, 7;
√ 3, 5, 8;
• 4, 9, 10;
• 1, 3, 5;

181. ``All thing is on the process of changing``. Which one does mean same thought?

• “Universe is a result of conflict of antipoles”.

• There is no meaning in the life without changing.
• “Changing is a result of conflict of antipoles”.
• “There is a divine reason that changes everything in the universe”.
√ “You cannot wash twice in the same river”.

182. “ True thought is thinking of existence” What did Parmenides mean with this thesis?
 √ Parmenides made contact between thought and entity.
• Parmenides did not make contact between thought and existence.
• Parmenides made contact between thought and “world of truth”
• Parmenides made contact between entity and “world of truth”
• Parmenides made contact between thought and “minded soul of world”

183. One of them is not connected with the fundamental virtues of life according to Pythagoras`s philosophy.

• Endurance in the face of difficulties; Keeping of mental and physical health;

• Loyalty to gods and parents and friends and laws, rules.
• Control and domination on the soul and desires;
√ arrogance
• Sobriety or middle way; Simplicity;

184. Xenophanes argued that…

• The things are not managed by God via thought.

• God has body, sound, desires, senses and etc.
• All activity, behavior like robbery, unchastity, lie and etc. could be attributed to God.
Gods are not fruit of human imagination. There are many Gods in the univers, so there is not one God. Gods were born and will die.
• Gods are similar to human being. The features that fits to moral cannot be attributed to Gods.
√ Gods are fruit of human imagination. But, there is one God and was not born and will never die. God is not similar to human being. The
features that do not fit to moral cannot be attributed to God.

“–He believed in transmigration, or the reincarnation of the soul again and again into the bodies of humans, animals, or vegetables until
185. it became immortal. He and his followers never accepted sacrifice and never ate meat and some vegetables. They used to keep
themselves away from the physical pleasure to get away from periodic transmigration of soul”. Question: Who are these thoughts about?

• Plato and his followers

• Sophists and their followers
• Parmenides and his followers
√ Pythagoras and his followers
• Anaxagoras and his followers

186. According to Parmenides….

• These four elements can be divided into the smallest particular.

• There are mixture and separation among the elements via love and strife.
√ ``world of truth`` is ``God``. There is not any changeable in the existence of God.
• Air, water, fire and earth are first elements of the natural universe.
• All thing is managed by God via thought.

187. Logos is …

• world of truth``
• ethical theory in Pythagorean`s conception.
• “Nous” or “minded soul of world”
• not God
√ divine reason in the universe.

188. “All presence consists of numbers”.

√ According to Pythagoras.
• According to Heraklitus
• According to Parmenides.
• According to Anaximenes.
• According to Thales.

189. According to Xenophanes`s theology ….

 √ Gods are fruit of human imagination. But, there is one God.
• God was born.
• there are many Gods in the universe.
• all activity, behavior like robbery, unchastity, lie and etc. could be attributed to God.
• God has body, sound, desires, senses and etc.

190. Protagoras is a one of the representative of……

• Anaxagoras`s school of philosophy.

• Pre-Socratic period of the history of philosophy.
• Eleatic school of philosophy.
√ Sophists.
• Miletius school of philosophy.

191. Is there true in the universe? This is main question in ……. philosophy.

• Pre-Socratic philosophers`
• Democritus`s
• Anaximander`s
√ Sophists`
• Thales`s

192. Dominance in the structure of the worldview led to the emergence of philosophy:

• emotions
• none of the above
• political relations
√ logical thinking
• ideologies

193. Which group of problems includes the question of the place and role of man in the world:

• epistemological
• psychological
• natural philosophical
√ worldview
• axiological

194. The subject of which is the doctrine of first principles:

• social philosophy
• axiology
• physics
√ ontology
• epistemology

195. Philosophy arises as

• early art form

• primary physical and astronomical science
• none of the above
√ early form of theory
• generalized expression of traditions

196. 1646-1716 is birth date of ?

• Berkeley
• None of them
• Baruch Spinoza
• Rene Descartes
 √ Gottfried Leibniz.

This is a natural consequence of God's perfect rationality. Is there ever a situation where there is not reason to choose option A over
197. option B? No, according to Leibniz. There's always a reason to make a better choice.

• necessary, contingent
• rationality
√ there is nothing arbitrary.
• the principle of identity
• None of them

198. How does one reconcile the existence of evil to an all-good, sovereign, all-determining God?

• rational, choice, evil

• principle of sufficient reason
• None of them
• the principle of identity
√ the problem of evil.

199. Which term matches this definition: ‘Eternal damnation vs. losing nothing if believing in God and discovering it is false’

• Deduction
• None of them
• Cartesian dualism
• Royal society
√ Pascal's wager.

What is right? What makes actions right? Is morality objective or subjective? How should I treat others?
200. All this question is …

• Epistemological question
√ Ethical question
• Psychological question
• Aesthetical question
• Ontological question

201. What is the function of philosophy

• ideological
• methodological
• axiological
• cognitive
√ all together

202. The fundamental question of philosophy

• what are the criteria for truth?

• relationship of man to man
• what is good and evil?
√ the question of the relation of consciousness to being, ideal to material
• how did the world come about?

203. Philosophy explains the world through

• mythological images
• revelations
• mathematics
• intuitive insight
√ rational argumentation
204. How does William James' pragmatism incorporate ideas from empiricism and other philosophical traditions?

• James rejects the emphasis on sensory experience in empiricism and instead focuses on the practical consequences of beliefs and ideas
• None of them
• James rejects both empiricism and rationalism in favor of a radically subjective view of reality
√ James argues that the truth of a belief depends on its practical usefulness and that knowledge is constantly evolving through experience.
• James combines empiricism with a form of idealism, arguing that the world of experience is constructed through our beliefs and ideas

205. How does Immanuel Kant's philosophy respond to the challenges of empiricism and rationalism?

• Kant defends the rationalist view that innate ideas are the basis of knowledge and rejects empiricism
• None of them
Kant argues that there is a fundamental divide between the material world of sensory experience and the immaterial world of ideas, and
• that each requires a distinct method of inquiry
Kant agrees with empiricism that all knowledge is ultimately based on sensory experience, but also emphasizes the role of reason in
• processing and interpreting that experience
√ Kant argues that both empiricism and rationalism are flawed and proposes a new approach to understanding reality based on
transcendental idealism.

206. How does John Stuart Mill's empiricism differ from earlier empiricists like Locke and Hume?

• Mill believed that sensory experience was unreliable and that knowledge could only be acquired through rational deduction
• None of them
• Mill believed that knowledge could be acquired through intuition and innate principles, while earlier empiricists rejected this idea
Mill argued that scientific knowledge was the only reliable source of knowledge, while earlier empiricists emphasized the importance of
• sensory experience
√ Mill rejected the idea of innate ideas, but believed that knowledge could be acquired through experience and through the combination of
ideas.

207. According to George Berkeley's empiricism, what is the nature of reality and how is it perceived?

• Reality is entirely determined by the will of God and cannot be fully understood by human beings
• None of them
• Reality is objective and exists independently of perception, but can only be known through direct sensory observation
• Reality is a product of both perception and innate ideas, which interact to create our understanding of the world
√ Reality is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind of the perceiver.

208. How does David Hume's empirical philosophy challenge the notion of causality?

• He argues that causality is a priori knowledge and is innate in the human mind
• None of them
• He suggests that causality is a necessary assumption for making sense of the world, but cannot be directly observed
√ He asserts that causality is a fiction and cannot be proven to exist.
• He claims that causality can be directly observed through experience and sensory observation

209. What is the distinction between primary and secondary qualities according to John Locke's empiricism?

• Primary qualities are subjective and dependent on perception, while secondary qualities are objective and independent of perception
• None of them
• Primary and secondary qualities are both subjective and dependent on perception
√ Primary qualities are objective and independent of perception, while secondary qualities are subjective and dependent on perception.
• Primary and secondary qualities are both objective and independent of perception

210. Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of:

• Revelation
• None of them
• Speculation
• Intuition
√ Observation.
211. The notion that "nothing is in the mind that was not first in the senses" was proposed by:

√ John Locke.
• Aristotle
• Plato
• None of them
• David Hume

212. The philosophical approach that believes knowledge arises from reason more so than experience is:

√ Rationalism.
• None of them
• Empricism
• Pragmatism
• Existentializm

213. A criticism of Empiricism is that it cannot explain:

• Moral truths
• First principles
• None of them
√ Abstract ideas.
• Reason

214. Which philosopher famously argued that causation cannot be directly observed, but is instead inferred through experience?

• Francis Bacon
• Aristotle
• John Stuart Mill
• Immanuel Kant
√ David Hume.

215. Who coined the phrase "tabula rasa" to describe the idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth?

• Francis Bacon
• David Hume
• George Berkeley
√ John Locke.
• Immanuel Kant

216. Which of the following is a key idea of empiricist philosopher George Berkeley?

• Human beings have free will

• None of them
√ The external world only exists through our perception of it.
• The mind and the world are separate entities
• All knowledge is innate and predetermined

217. Empiricists believe that knowledge is:

• Innate
• Based on faith
• None of them
• Absolute and certain
√ Probabilistic and tentative.

218. Empiricists view innate ideas as:

√ Non-existent.
• Less important than experience and observation
 • Essential for understanding reality
• None of them
• A product of intuition

219. Empiricists believe that truth is:

√ Relative and subjective.

• None of them
• Based on faith
• Based on intuition
• Absolute and objective

220. Empiricists believe that sensory experience:

• None of them
• Is always accurate
• Is irrelevant to knowledge acquisition
√ Can be misleading.
• Is based on intuition

221. Empiricism has had a significant influence on:

• Artistic expression
• Scientific inquiry
• Religious belief
√ All of them.
• Political theory

222. Which of the following is a criticism of empiricism?

• None of them
• It relies too heavily on deductive reasoning
• It does not acknowledge the importance of faith-based beliefs
√ It fails to account for the role of intuition in knowledge acquisition.
• It assumes that sensory experience is always accurate

223. Which of the following is not an assumption of empiricism?

√ There are innate ideas that we are born with.

• The scientific method is the best tool for discovering knowledge
• None of them
• All knowledge is based on sensory experience
• Knowledge is probabilistic and tentative

224. Which of the following is a key component of the scientific method, influenced by empiricism?

• None of them
• Deductive reasoning
• Faith-based beliefs
• Intuition
√ Hypothesis testing.

225. Empiricists believe that knowledge is acquired through:

• Deductive reasoning
√ Inductive reasoning.
• None of them
• Intuition
• All of them
226. Empiricists view skepticism as:

• A hindrance to scientific progress

• None of them
• A form of faith
√ An important part of the scientific process.
• A form of intuition

227. Empiricists view causality as:

• All of them
• Based on faith
• A priori and certain
• Innate and certain
√ Based on experience and observation.

228. According to empiricists, which of the following is the primary source of knowledge?

• Faith
• Reason
• Intuition
√ Experience and observation.
• None of them

229. Empiricists believe that probability is:

• None of them
• A product of reason alone
• A product of intuition
√ A product of experience and observation.
• A product of faith

230. Which philosopher argued that cause and effect relationships cannot be observed directly but are inferred from experience?

• Immanuel Kant
• John Locke
• Friedrich Nietzsche
√ David Hume.
• Rene Descartes

231. Which of the following philosophers is associated with empiricism?

√ John Locke.
• Immanuel Kant
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• René Descartes
• None of them

232. According to empiricists, where does knowledge come from?

• Innate ideas
• None of them
• Intuition
√ Emprical evidence.
• Reason

233. Which of the following is a key feature of empiricism?

• Emphasis on reason
• Emphasis on intuition
 • None of them
• Emphasis on faith
√ Emphasis on emprical evidence.

234. One of the questions does not belong to Epistemology.

• What is knowledge?
• Can we be justified in claiming to know certain things?
• How do we know what we know?
√ Do people have free wills?
• Do we know anything at all?

235. Which one is true?

• Aristotle is not a representetive of Peripatetizm school of philosophy.

• Aesthetics is study of knowledge.
• Metaphysics and Ontology are the brunches of Epistemology.
√ Axiology is not the philosophical study of metaphysical problems.
• Ontology is not the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality.

What is happiness? What is true nature of happiness in itself? What can makes human being happy? Is there any origin of happiness?
236. Do religion and belief in God drive human being to happiness?
Question: What subject is interested in these questions directly?

• Logic
• Ontology
• Epistemology
√ Ethics
• Metaphyisics

237. Which one is true?

• Plato is a representetive of Peripatetizm school of philosophy.

• Metaphysics and Ontology are the brunches of Epistemology.
• Epistemology is the study of “ultimate reality” or how things really are.
• Axiology is the philosophical study of metaphysical problems.
√ Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality

238. What subjects are brunches of Axiology?

• Ethics and Metaphysics

• Logic and Ethics
• Aesthetics and Epistemology
√ Ethics and Aesthetics
• Epistemology and Metaphysics

239. ….. was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work is a poem -“On Nature”

• Pythagoras
• Heraclitus
• Anaxagoras
• Farabi
√ Parmenides

Entity = thought/thinking
240. Nonexistent is not = Thought It means that…

• we can think nonexistent and it cannot be expressed by concepts.

• we can think nonexistent and it can be expressed by concepts.
• we cannot think nonexistent and it can be expressed by concepts.
 √ we cannot think nonexistent and it cannot be expressed by concepts.
• we cannot think existent and it can be expressed by concepts.

He was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called
241. him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrant Russel has described as "immeasurably subtle and
profound" Question: Who are these thoughts about?

• Plato
• Anaxagoras
• Parmenides
• Heraclitus
√ Zeno

242. Three conceptions were important in Zeno`s philosophy.

• Immutability, Nous and variety.

• Inactivity, logos and variety.
• Variety, Nous and Logos.
• Nous, Variety and “reason of world”.
√ Immutability, inactivity and variety.

243. Who are Sophists?

• Who lived on the period of Pre-Socratic philosophy and argued that Nous is eternal and endless.
• Who lived on the period of Pre-Socratic age and accepted the conception of inactivity in the universe.
• Who lived on the period of Miletien philosophers and were interested in philosophy of nature.
• Who lived on the period of moder philosophy and accepted that the ture is one and unchanged.
√ Who lived on the period of the philosophers of nature and Democritus and studied the topic of human being.

244. How many periods does history of philosophy consist of?

• 2
• 6
• 5
√ 4
• 3

245. On the Anthropological Period in the history of philosophy …

• law, arrangement and activity of the universe were explained from the aspect of determinism.
• philosophers never accepted “world of truth” as God.
• air, water, fire and earth were not accepted as first elements of the natural universe by philosophers.
√ study of nature gave its place to the study of human being, human`s thought and human`s will.
• air, water, fire and earth were accepted as first elements of the natural universe by philosophers.

246. “True is not one and it is plenty depends on number of philosophers”. According this thesis…

• There is not a lot of true among people.

• There is a contact between true and human being.
• True is not different according to philosophers.
• True is not plenty depends on people.
√ True is different according to people.

247. What does Philosophy mean?

√ Love of wisdom
• Lovers of reason
• Lovers of thinking
• Lovers of peace
• Lovers of truth
248. What are the implications of the philosophy of science for our understanding of the natural world?

• It provides unobjective truths about the nature of human origin

• It suggests that the natural world is illusion
• It emphasizes limitation of human knowledge in physics
√ It emphasizes the limitations of scientific knowledge
• It provides biased evidence on common knowledge

249. What is the relationship between causality and scientific explanation?

• Science refrains from explanation of casualty

• Causality is a philosophical concept explaining the nature of lie
• Causality is metaphysical concept
√ Scientific explanations reveal causal relationships
• Causality is illusion

250. How does the philosophy of science relate to the philosophy of mind?

• Both discuss the role of scientists in discovery of linkage between chimpanzees and humans
• Both consider the nature of truth and lie
• Both examine the mathematical equations
• Both focus on the laws of Archimedes
√ Both explore the nature of consciousness and cognition

251. What are the ethical considerations in scientific research?

• Securing intellectual property rights

• Insurance of security for personal assets in banks
• Enhancing the reputation of scientists in public
√ Informed permission and protection of human subjects
• Ensuring the quality of new anti-covid remedies

252. What is the social dimension of scientific knowledge production?

• The role of funding and politics in determining average pension age

• The dissemination of knowledge taken from biased sources
• The impact of scientific discoveries on grocery product placement in markets
• The collaboration among scientists for finding a connection between chimpanzees and humans
√ The influence of societal norms on scientific research

253. What is the study of philosophy of mind concerned with?

• The study of the brain and its functions.

• The study of the universe and its origins.
• The study of behavior and its causes.
√ The study of the mind and its functions.
• The study of the relationship between the brain and the mind.

254. Which of the following best describes the "hard problem of consciousness"?

• The problem of explaining how the brain produces consciousness.

• The problem of explaining how emotions are experienced.
• The problem of explaining how language shapes thought.
√ The problem of explaining why consciousness exists at all.
• The problem of explaining how the mind and body interact.

255. What is the difference between the "mind" and the "brain" according to the philosophy of mind?

• The mind and brain are completely independent entities that do not interact with each other.
 • The mind is an illusion created by the brain.
• The mind and brain are two different ways of describing the same thing.
• The mind is a physical entity, while the brain is a mental entity.
√ The mind is the seat of consciousness, while the brain is the physical organ that produces it.

256. Which of the following is a theory of the relationship between the mind and body?

√ Dualism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Solipsism
• Idealism

257. Who said that “Philosophy is the Science of sciences”

• Voltaire
• Plato
• Russell
• Spinoza
√ August’s Comte

258. ..... holds that science is a dangerous activity.

• Bacon
• Karl Marx
• C.P.Snow
√ Paul Feyerabend
• Chomsky

259. How does Rudolf Carnap distinguish empirical laws from theoretical laws?

• empirical laws are more general than theoretical laws

• empirical laws are more well established than theoretical laws
• all of the above
• theoretical laws eventually become empirical laws
√ theoretical laws contain different kinds of terms than empirical laws

According to the physicist from the in-class multiverse video (Matthew Johnson), why is it incorrect to claim that the multiverse
260. hypothesis is not scientific?

• critics do not understand the mathematics sufficiently

• the laws of nature were different shortly after the Big Bang
• computer simulations show the hypothesis is true
√ at least some versions of the hypothesis make predictions
• there may exist a universe in which the hypothesis is scientific

According to Samir Okasha, a plausible candidate for a distinguishing feature of science is its methods. Which of the following does
261. Okasha not list as a characteristic method of science?

• theory construction
• none of the above
• experiments
• observations
√ use of technology

262. One of the mentioned points about paradigm is not true ;

• set of ideas
• looking at something
• standard
 • perspective
√ does not related to science, business, or academic world

263. How does peer review contribute to the reliability of scientific knowledge?

• Peer review can not filter out scientifically flawed research.

• Emphasizes the importance of astronomy.
• Peer review ensures the accuracy of scientific data
• Peer review promotes coll
√ Peer review filters out scientifically flawed research

264. What is the role of mathematics in scientific inquiry?

• Mathematics provides almost reliable measurements in scientific experiment

• Mathematics guides the interpretation of hieroglyphs
• Mathematics is used for experiments on human body
√ Mathematics helps formulate and test scientific theories
• Mathematics determines the validity of laws in phisics

265. How does the philosophy of science address the issue of scientific realism?

• Emphasizes the importance of mathematics

• Views scientific knowledge as constantly degrading
• Emphasizes the importance of phisics
√ Views scientific knowledge as constantly evolving
• Emphasizes the importance of astronomy

266. What are the limitations and challenges of scientific objectivity?

• The reliance on untrusted evidences

• The rejection of trusted evidences
• Lack of knowledge
• Inaccurate evidences
√ Personal biases of scientists

267. What is the significance of Occam's razor in scientific explanations?

• The preference for overly complexed explanations

• The rejection of trusted evidences
• The reliance on untrusted evidences
√ The preference for simple and reliable explanations
• The consideration of multiple hypotheses

268. What is the concept of paradigm shift in the philosophy of science?

• The evolution of creatures

√ The replacement of one scientific framework with another
• The ability to experiment with chemicals
• The ability to solve mathematical equations
• establishment of thesis in phisics

269. What is the relationship between theory and evidence in science?

• Theories aren't supported by evidence

√ Theories are supported by evidence
• Theories replace the need for evidence
• Evidence doesn't validate trustworthiness
• Evidence is derived from untrusted sources

270. What is the difference between induction and deduction in scientific reasoning?
 • Making predictions based on weather condition
√ Inferring general conclusions vs. deriving specific conclusions
• Drawing random conclusions
• Establishing contact with ghosts through meditation
• Making predictions based on your mood

271. What is the demarcation problem in the philosophy of science?

• The boundary between two countries

√ The boundary between science and pseudoscience
• The formulation of clear speech
• The interpretation of hieroglyphs
• The classification of chemical elements

272. What is falsifiability and why is it important in scientific theories?

• The ability to prove a theory true

√ The ability to prove a theory false
• The ability to solve mathematical equations
• The ability to create mathematical equations
• The ability to experiment with chemicals

273. What is the scientific method and how is it used in scientific inquiry?

• A set of mathematical equations

√ A process of hypothesis testing
• A study of astronomy
• A study of anatomy
• A set of laws in phisics

274. What is the role of observation and experimentation in science?

• To confirm or confute mathematical formula

√ To gather empirical evidence
• To explore mountains
• To establish contact with ghosts through meditation
• To come up with new law in phisics

275. What is the difference between science and pseudoscience?

• Empirical evidence vs. anecdotal evidence

√ Peer-reviewed research vs. unverified claims
• Testable hypotheses vs. unfalsifiable claims
• Evidence-based reasoning vs. speculative reasoning
• Rigorous methodology vs. casual approach

276. What is the main goal of the philosophy of science?

• To explore mountains
√ To uncover the nature of scientific knowledge
• To understand phisics
• To examine mathematical thesis
• To analyze the origin of creatures

277. What is the philosophy of science?

• The study of physics

• The study of mathematics
• The study of chemistry
 √ The study of fundamental principles
• The study of astronomy

278. From which country did the word “philosophy” come?

• Egypt
√ Ancient Greece
• Assyria
• India
• Babylonia

279. Who formulated an atomic theory of the universe?

• Xenophanes;
√ Democritus
• Anaximander;
• Socrates;
• Empedocles;

280. One thoughts about Socrates`s philosophy is true.

• Dialogue is not a main method of philosophical discussion.

√ Teacher does not have to teach for money.
• Logos is sound of God or divinity sound.
• Human soul consists of the active thin atoms and these atoms spread in the body and circulate in it.
• There is a universal true. There is many true in universe.

According to the ancient philosopher there is relationship between knowledge and virtue.
281. So, we can infer from this thought that …

• Human will never harm if he/she does not know that harm is evil.
√ Human will never harm if he/she knows that harm is evil.
• If human know good, he/she will understand the true nature of life.
• Human cannot realize virtue in his/her life even he/she knows it.
• Human can know good and bad.

According to …… there is a universal true. Teacher does not have to teach for money. Dialogue is a method of philosophical discussion.
282. There is relationship between true knowledge and virtue. So value is a true knowledge.

• Farabi
√ Socrates;
• Zeno;
• Plato;
• Thales;

283. “Human is a measure of all thing”. It means that ….

• there is universal true. True is not changeable according to people.

√ there is not universal true. Every people has his/her opinion related to true. True is changeable according to people.
• Human can manage all thing.
• Human can be aware of reality of the things.
• Human is excellent entity in the universe.

He was an Ancient Greek philosopher and born in Abdera, Thrace in Greece. He was an influential pre-Socratic philosopher who
284. formulated an atomic theory of the universe.
Question: Who was that philosopher?

• Empedocles;
√ Democritus;
• Xenophanes;
• Zeno
 • Heraclitus;

285. In the Heraclitus philosophy the name of the divine reason is …

• Logic;
√ Logos;
• Boundless;
• Chaos
• Nous;

286. “You cannot wash twice in the same river”. It means that ….

• you do not have to wash twice in the same river.

√ there is nothing in the universe that never chaned.
• all thing is not on the process of changing.
• you will be able to wash twice in the river if you really want.
• You have to change river if you want to wash twice in it.

287. According to Anaximander`s philosophy “Boundless” is ….

• created and it is not eternal and includes some elements of the universe.
√ not created and it is eternal and includes all element of the universe.
• a number and all thing consists of numbers, so the correct description of reality must be expressed in terms of mathematical formulas.
• a God`s soul or reason of world.
• not enough to give variety things to exist.

He said air is first element or the origin of the nature and it is endless and eternal. Our spirits is air and air contains all thing.
288. Question: Who was that philosopher?

• Anaximander;
√ Anaximenes;
• Zeno;
• Parmenides
• Thales;

The second philosopher of Miletus School. Student of Thales and invented ``sundial (sun o`clock)`` at first time. The first philosopher
289. that used the term of ``Apeiron`` in the field of philosophy.
Who was that philosopher?

• Anaximenes;
√ Anaximander;
• Thales;
• Empedocles
• Anaxagoras;

290. One of the thoughts is false.

• Anaximander was the first philosopher that used the term of ``Apeiron`` in the field of philosophy.
• Archetype is an image that all humans use to represent the essential qualities of some “type,” the epitome of some kind.
√ According to Democritus all things are full of gods.
• Anaximander was the student of Thales
• Arche is the first principle of all process in the universe.

291. Which one of them is arche or a single material substance according to Thales?

• Fire
√ Water
• Earth
• All of them
• Air
292. Why Thales is the first philosopher in Greek thought?

• Because he divided all subject into two groups.

√ Because he referenced natural processes themselves and explained natural phenomena via a rational approach.
• Because he never rejected mythological explanations.
• Because he predicted solar eclipse.
• Because he did not reference natural processes themselves and explained natural phenomena via a mythological explanations.

293. What is functionalism?

• The view that mental states are identical to brain states

• The view that consciousness is an illusion
• The view that consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon
The view that the world consists of just one kind of stuff, matter, but this matter has fundamentally different kinds of properties,
• including physical and mental properties
√ The view that mental states can be explained in terms of functional roles fulfilled by physical states.

294. How does property dualism differ from substance dualism?

• Property dualism is compatible with the laws of physics, while substance dualism is not
• Property dualism is an outdated theory, while substance dualism is still widely accepted
• Property dualism posits the existence of two different substances, while substance dualism does not
• Property dualism posits the existence of a non-physical substance, while substance dualism does not
√ Property dualism posits the existence of two different kinds of properties, while substance dualism posits the existence of two different
substances.

295. How does consciousness differ from other mental phenomena?

• It is identical to brain states

• It is an illusion
• It is not primitive or fundamental
• It is dependent on the existence of a non-physical substance
√ It cannot be understood in terms of functional roles or physical properties.

296. What is property dualism?

• The view that mental states are identical to brain states

• The view that consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon
The view that the world consists of just one kind of stuff, matter, but this matter has fundamentally different kinds of properties,
• including physical and mental properties
√ The view that the world is made up of two different substances, mind and body.
• The view that consciousness is an illusion

What is the view that among the primitive most fundamental properties of our world, there are both basically physical properties and
297. basically mental properties?

• Functionalism
• Cartesian dualism
• Substance monism
√ Property dualism.
• Behaviorism

298. What is functionalism?

• The view that consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon

• The view that consciousness is an illusion
• The view that mental states are identical to brain states
√ The view that mental states can be explained in terms of functional roles fulfilled by physical states.
The view that the world consists of just one kind of stuff, matter, but this matter has fundamentally different kinds of properties,
• including physical and mental properties
299. Can a philosophical zombie be distinguished from a conscious person?

• Yes, because a philosophical zombie lacks physical properties

• No, because a philosophical zombie lacks mental properties
• It is unclear
• Yes, because a philosophical zombie lacks the ability to speak
√ No, because a philosophical zombie functions exactly like a conscious person in every observable respect.

300. How does property dualism differ from substance dualism?

• Property dualism posits the existence of a non-physical substance, while substance dualism does not
• Property dualism posits the existence of two different substances, while substance dualism does not
• Property dualism is an outdated theory, while substance dualism is still widely accepted
• Property dualism is compatible with the laws of physics, while substance dualism is not
√ Property dualism posits the existence of two different kinds of properties, while substance dualism posits the existence of two different
substances.

301. According to Chalmers, what does the mere possibility of a philosophical zombie demonstrate?

• That consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon

• That the brain is not necessary for consciousness
• That the mind and body are completely separate
• That consciousness is an illusion
√ That physical and functional explanations of consciousness are insufficient.

302. What is a philosophical zombie?

• A reanimated dead person from a horror story

• A being that is conscious but lacks the ability to move
• A being that is capable of thought but lacks emotions
√ A being that functions exactly like a conscious person in every observable respect, but lacks conscious experience.
• A being that has both physical and mental properties

303. How does consciousness differ from other mental phenomena?

• It is an illusion
• It is not primitive or fundamental
• It is dependent on the existence of a non-physical substance
√ It cannot be understood in terms of functional roles or physical properties.
• It is identical to brain states

304. According to functionalism, what is required for a mental state to exist?

• The interaction of mind and body

• The existence of a non-physical substance, mind
• The fulfillment of a physical role by the body
• The existence of a soul
√ A physical brain state that fulfills a functional role.

305. Why have scientists of the mind rejected Descartes' substance dualism?

• Because it is incompatible with the idea of mind/body interaction

• Because it is incompatible with the laws of physics
• Because it is unscientific
√ Because it posits the existence of two different substances, mind and body, which cannot be reconciled.
• Because it cannot account for consciousness

306. What is property dualism?

 • The view that consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon
• The view that mental states are identical to brain states
• The view that consciousness is an illusion
√ The view that the world is made up of two different substances, mind and body.
The view that the world consists of just one kind of stuff, matter, but this matter has fundamentally different kinds of properties,
• including physical and mental properties

307. What is spiritual in nature according to Descartes?

• Hearts
• Legs
• Brains
• Souls
√ Minds.

308. What did David Chalmers credit?

• Monism
• Idealism
• Dualism
• Nondualism
√ The theory of property dualism.

309. What does Neutral Monism argue?

although the brain is all there is to the mind, the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations cannot be
• reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is not capable of
• mental and physical aspects or attributes
• maintains that the mind is all that exists, and that the external world is either mental itself. or an illusion created by the mind
√ maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental
and physical aspects or attributes.
that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states, has been
• the most popular form during the 20th Century

310. What does Idealism argue?

although the brain is all there is to the mind, the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations cannot be
• reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science
√ maintains that the mind is all that exists, and that the external world is either mental itself. or an illusion created by the mind.
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental
• and physical aspects or attributes
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is not capable of
• mental and physical aspects or attributes
that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states, has been
• the most popular form during the 20th Century

311. What does reductive physicalism argue?

√ that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states, has been
the most popular form during the 20th Century.
although the brain is all there is to the mind, the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations cannot be
• reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science
• maintains that the mind is all that exists, and that the external world is either mental itself. or an illusion created by the mind
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental
• and physical aspects or attributes
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is not capable of
• mental and physical aspects or attribute

312. What does Non-reductive physicalism argue?

maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is not capable of
• mental and physical aspects or attributes
 √ although the brain is all there is to the mind, the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations cannot be
reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science.
• maintains that the mind is all that exists, and that the external world is either mental itself. or an illusion created by the mind
that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states, has been
• the most popular form during the 20th Century
maintains that existence consists of one kind of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental
• and physical aspects or attributes

313. What did Bishop George Berkeley espouse?

√ A pure form of Idealism.

• Dualism
• Monism
• Nondualism
• Idealism

314. What did Gilbert Ryle argue against in his book?

• Monism
√ Cartesian dualism.
• Nondualism
• Sophocles
• Dualism

315. Who proposed Cartesian Dualism?

• Plato
• Socrates
√ Descartes.
• Aristotle
• Sophocles

316. What did John.B.Watson coin?

• Marxism
• Stoicism
• Liberalism
√ Behaviorism.
• Capitalism

317. Who was argued against Cartesian dualism in his book "The concept of mind"?

• George Berkeley
• Jerry Fodor
• David Hume
• Immanuel Kant
√ Gilbert Ryle.

318. Who is credited with developing the theory of property dualism?

• John Locke
√ David Chalmers.
• David Lewis
• David Hume
• Rene Descartes

319. What is the brain state identity theory?

• This theory proposes that abstract objects exists independently of the physical world
• This theory proposes that mental states are different to physical states in the brain
 • This theory proposes that ethical standards are based on the commands of God or a divine being
√ This theory proposes that mental states are identical to physical states in the brain.
• None of them

320. Which of the following is proposed by Descartes?

√ Cartesian Dualism.
• Property dualism
• Epistemological Dualism
• None of them
• Predicate Dualism

321. What is the central issue in the philosophy of mind?

• None of them
• The nature of mind and its relationship to the mental world
• How the non-physical mind can interact with the physical body
√ The nature of mind and its relationship to the physical world.
• All of them

322. Who coined behaviorism?

• Tolman
√ John B. Watson.
• Edward Thorndike
• B. F. Skinner
• Hull

323. To what does the term mental states refer?

• Mental states refer to the objective experiences

√ Mental states refer to the subjective experiences.
• All of them
• None of them
• Mental states doesn’t refer to any experiences

324. What is Functionalism?

• Functionalism is a theory about the nature of physical states

√ Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states.
• None of them are true
• Functionalism is a theory about the nature of biological states
• All of them are true

325. What is difference between a philosophical zombie and a normal person?

• the philosophical zombie has conscious experience

√ the philosophical zombie lacks conscious experience.
• the normal person lacks conscious experience
• the philosophical zombie has subjective awareness
• they do not have difference

326. Minds are spiritual in nature according to

• Hume
√ Descartes.
• Plato
• Socrates
• Aristotle
327. What is logic?

• The study of questions about the city, government

√ The art and science of reasoning
• The branch which seeks to questions about morality
• The study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes judgements of sentiment and taste
• Investigating the principles of reality

328. What problem is ethics concerned with?

• Investigating the principles of reality

√ Feelings, thoughts and behaviors that can be evaluated morally
• The art and science of reasoning
• The study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes judgements of sentiment and taste
• The study of questions about the city, government

329. What is Political Philosophy?

• Investigating the principles of reality

√ The study of questions about the city, government, politics
• The art and science of reasoning
• The study of questions about social behavior
• The branch which seeks to address questions about morality

330. What is Social Philosophy?

• The study of questions about the city, government

√ The study of questions about social behavior
• The branch which seeks to address questions about morality
• Investigating the principles of reality
• The art and science of reasoning

331. Choose the best answer. Philosophy is …

• The study of human societies and human behavior

√ C)The study of general and fundamental problems concerning such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language
• The study of God and religious matters
• The study of human cultures
• The study of past in according to written records of human beings over time

332. In whose works is the “Knight of Faith” mentioned?

• Heidegger
√ Kierkegaard
• Aristotle
• Bentham
• Plato

333. Who were the three famous Greek philosophers that representatives of anthropological and systematical philosophy?

• Plato and his two brothers

√ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Al-Biruni, Tusi, Bahmanyar
• All of them
• Trojans, Minoans, Mycenaean

334. Where did the famous philosophers live most of the time?

• Thebes
√ Athens
 • United States
• India
• Crete

335. Who was the first famous philosopher of Greek philosophy?

• Aristotle
√ Socrates
• Plato
• Al-Biruni
• Mycenaean

336. Who is the student of Plato?

• Ibn Sina
√ Aristotle
• Abunasir Farabi
• Al-Kindi
• Ibn Teymiyye

337. Complete the sentence “ Philo means …., sophy means….”

• Wisdom, love
√ Love, wisdom
• Belief, truth
• Fair, science
• Scientist, Knowledge

338. Which of them are sub-fields of philosophy?

• Semantics, aesthetics
• Climatology, logic
• Pragmatics, syntax
√ Epistemology, ethics
• Metaphysics, syntax

339. Complete the sentence “Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems and philosophy is …”

• only religious and logics

√ the practical activity of raising fundamental questions and attempting to answer them in thinking and writing.
• mind, relationship
• language, existence
• crisis, values

340. Who called himself a “philosopher” firstly?

• Democritus
√ Pythagoras
• Herodotus
• Parmenid
• Plato

341. The first philosophy, which was supposed to form the core of philosophical knowledge, after Aristotle began to be called

• dialectics
√ metaphysics
• logic
• physics
• didactics
342. According to Descartes, scientific knowledge should follow logically from

• dialectics
√ Metaphysics
• logic
• physics
• didactics

343. Who dealt the first blow to metaphysics in modern times

• Engels
√ Kant
• Spinoza
• Hegel
• Descartes

344. The newly emerging positive sciences make it impossible for philosophy to exist in the form of traditional metaphysics,- argued

• Engels
√ Comte
• Spinoza
• Kant
• Descartes

345. The study of culture as a whole is the subject of research

• aesthetics
• art
• specific sciences
• ethics
√ philosophy

346. The ability for a critical approach to the foundations of science can only be formed on the basis of

• scientific thinking
√ Philosophical thinking
• the correct option is not specified
• mathematical thinking
• humanization of education

In the fact that philosophical thinking is able to bring science out of the crisis and direct its further development, finds your expression
347. in

• axiological function of philosophy

√ methodological function of philosophy
• the correct option is not specified
• cognitive function of philosophy
• ideological function of philosophy

348. Animation of natural phenomena by primitive thinking is called

• syllogism
√ hylozoism
• legalism
• pantheism
• monism

349. Hylozoism is

• the ability of biological systems to maintain stability

 √ a philosophical concept that recognizes the animation of all bodies, space, matter, nature
• synonymous with humanism
• synonymous with pantheism
• recognition of will as the highest principle of being

350. The subject of which is the doctrine of the principles

• epistemology
√ ontology
• axiology
• social philosophy
• physics

351. Establish a sequence of historical types of worldview

• philosophy, mythology, science, religion

√ mythology, religion, philosophy, science
• mythology, philosophy, science, religion
• religion, mythology, philosophy, science
• mythology, science, religion, philosophy

352. The main point of the worldview is

• relation of knowledge to reality

√ man's relationship to the world
• question about origins
• the question of ultimate goals
• knowability of the world

353. Answers to philosophical questions are sought in

• religious beliefs
√ arguments and inferences of the mind
• scientific research
• divine revelation
• mythological representations

354. A necessary feature of a philosophical worldview is

• concreteness
√ abstractness
• consistency
• experimentalism.
• visibility

355. What is the function of philosophy

• methodological
√ all together
• axiological
• cognitive
• ideological

356. The fundamental question of philosophy

• what are the criteria for truth?

√ the question of the relation of consciousness to being, ideal to material
• what is good and evil?
• relationship of man to man
• how did the world come about?
357. Philosophy explains the world through

• mythological images
√ rational argumentation
• intuitive insight
• mathematics
• revelations

358. According to non-cognitivist moral statements are:

• universal laws
√ subjective opinions.
• expressions of belief
• objective facts
• none of the above

359. What is the main idea behind the divine command theory?

• Moral truths are absolute and objective

• Moral truths are relative to an individual’s beliefs or culture
• Moral truths are discovered through intuition
√ Moral truths are based on the commands of a divine being.
• None of the above

360. What is the main idea behind ethical naturalism?

• Moral truths are relative to an individual’s beliefs or culture

• Moral truths are determined by God
• None of the above
• Moral truths are absolute and objective
√ Moral truths are based on natural facts.

361. What is the main idea behind ethical relativism?

• Moral truths are absolute and objective

• None of the above
• Moral truths are discovered through intuition
√ Moral truths are relative to an individual’s beliefs or culture.
• Moral truths are determined by God

362. What is the main idea behind ethical subjectivism?

• Moral truths are discovered through intuition

• None of the above
• Moral truths are absolute and objective
• Moral truths are determined by God
√ Moral truths are relative to an individual’s beliefs or culture.

363. What is the difference between normative ethics and meta-ethics?

• Normative ethics concerns the nature of moral truth and value while meta-ethics concerns the right thing to do in a particular situation
• None of the above
• Normative ethics is a branch of psychology while meta-ethics is a branch of sociology
√ Normative ethics concerns the right thing to do in a particular situation while meta-ethics concerns the nature of moral truth and value.
• Normative ethics is concerned with empirical research while meta-ethics is concerned with normative claims

364. What is the main question addressed by meta-ethics?

• What are the moral principles that guide human behavior?

 • None of the above
• What is the right thing to do in a particular situation?
√ What is the nature of moral truth and value.?
• How can we justify our moral beliefs?

365. Which of the following is NOT a type of meta-ethical theory?

• Relativism
• All of the above are types of meta-ethical theory
• Error theory
√ Kantianism.
• Ethical naturalism

366. According to the divine command theory moral truths:

• Are discovered through intuition

• None of the above
• Are relative to an individual’s culture
√ Are based on the commands of a divine being.
• Are determined by reason and observation

367. According to non-cognitivism moral statements:

• Are objective
• None of the above
• Express propositions that can be true or false
• Can be justified by reason
√ Express emotions attitudes or commands.

368. According to error theory moral statements:

• Can be justified by reason

• None of the above
• Are true or false
• Are meaningful but not informative
√ Are neither true nor false Are true or false.

369. According to relativism moral truths:

• Are discovered through reason and observation

• Are absolute and unchanging
• None of the above
• Do not exist
√ Are determined by an individual’s beliefs or culture.

370. What is the difference between cognitivism and non-cognitivism?

• Cognitivism holds that moral statements are expressions of emotion while non-cognitivism holds that they are descriptive claims
√ Cognitivism holds that moral statements are descriptive claims while non-cognitivism holds that they are expressions of.
Cognitivism holds that moral statements are based on natural facts while non-cognitivism holds that they are based on subjective
• preferences
• None of the above
• Cognitivism holds that moral statements are true or false while non-cognitivism holds that they cannot be evaluated in this way

371. According to the error theory moral statements:

• Express our emotional reactions to certain behaviors

√ Are all false because moral properties do not exist.
• Are true or false depending on the facts of the matter
• None of the above
 • Refer to objective moral truths that can be discovered

372. What is the main objection to the divine command theory?

• It fails to explain why God commands what he does

√ It makes morality arbitrary and dependent on God's whims.
• It is too subjective and relies too heavily on personal faith
• None of the above
• It cannot account for moral disagreements between different religions

373. What is the difference between moral realism and moral relativism?

• Moral realism holds that moral truths are subjective while moral relativism holds that they are objective
√ Moral realism holds that moral truths are objective while moral relativism holds that they are subjective.
Moral realism holds that moral truths can be discovered through empirical observation, while moral relativism holds that they are
• beyond empirical investigation
• None of the above
• Moral realism holds that there are no moral truths while moral relativism holds that they are relative to culture or individual preferences

374. According to the naturalist view moral properties:

• Are reducible to non-moral properties

√ Are irreducible and objective.
• Vary from person to person
• None of the above
• Are not part of the natural world

375. What is the main problem with subjectivism as a theory of moral truth?

• It fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs

√ It cannot provide a basis for resolving moral disagreements.
• It leads to moral relativism
• None of the above
• It relies too heavily on moral authorities

376. According to the emotivist view moral statements are:

• Objective descriptions of reality

√ Expressions of subjective feelings or attitudes.
• Unimportant in determining moral truth
• None of the above
• Based on natural facts or properties

377. What is the study of meta-ethics concerned with?

• The content of moral beliefs

√ The nature of moral reasoning.
• The psychology of moral decision-making
• None of the above
• The history of moral philosophy

378. Which meta-ethical theory claims that moral facts depend on individual subjectivity?

• Non-naturalism
• Relativism
√ Non-cognitivism.
• Cultural relativism
• Objectivism

379. Which of the following is not a feature of an ideal moral theory?

 • Impartiality
√ Flexibility.
• Universality
• Clarity
• Prescriptivity

380. Which of the following is not a criterion for evaluating moral theories?

• Simplicity
√ Empirical adequacy.
• Coherence
• Practical usefulness
• Consistency

381. Which of the following is not a challenge to cultural relativism?

• It implies that we cannot criticize other cultures

√ It overlooks the importance of individual autonomy.
• It assumes that moral beliefs are determined solely by culture
• It makes moral progress impossible
• It cannot explain moral disagreement within cultures

382. Which meta-ethical theory claims that moral facts are determined by our emotional responses to them?

• Non-cognitivism
√ Emotivism.
• Relativism
• Cultural relativism
• Objectivism

383. Which meta-ethical theory claims that moral facts can be discovered through observation of the natural world?

• Non-naturalism
√ Objectivism.
• Relativism
• Cultural relativism
• Emotivism

384. Which meta-ethical theory claims that moral claims are neither true nor false?

• Emotivism
√ Non-cognitivism.
• Relativism
• Cultural relativism
• Objectivism

385. According to cultural relativism moral truths are:

• Objective and universal

√ Subjective and relative.
• Objective but relative
• Arbitrary and meaningless
• Subjective but universal

386. Which of the following is not a type of meta-ethical theory?

• Naturalism
√ Pragmatism.
• Relativism
 • Objectivism
• Non-cognitivism

387. What is the main question of meta-ethics?

• What ought I to do?

√ What is good?.
• What exists?
• What is the capital of France?
• What is the meaning of life?

388. Socrates is …

• a representative of Systematic Period of philosophy.

• a representative of England philosophy.
• a representative of Continental Philosophy.
√ a representative of Anthropological Period in philosophy.
• a representative of German philosophy.

389. According to the Sophists…

• there is connection between true knowledge and virtue. So value is a true knowledge.
• teacher does not have to teach for money.
• dialogue is a method of philosophical discussion.
√ true is not one and it is plenty depends on number of philosophers.
• air, water, fire and earth are first elements of the natural universe.

390. Choose the representative of Systematic Period in Ancient Philosophy of Greece.

• Aristotle and Ibn Sina

• Ibn Sina and Bahmanyar
• Immanuel Kant and Plato
• Sokrates and Plato
√ Plato and Aristotle

391. Pre-Socratic Period is a branch of….

• Philosophy of Asia
• German philosophy
• Continental philosophy
√ Ancient Philosophy
• Contemporary philosophy

392. Sophists were representative of …

• Continental philosophy
• German philosophy
• Contemporary philosophy
• Philosophy of Asia
√ Anthropological Period in Philosophy

393. Anthropological Period is a period of …

• Contemporary philosophy
• Modern philosophy
• Philosophy of Asia
√ Ancient Philosophy
• Continental philosophy

394. How many periods does Ancient Philosophy consist of?

 • 5
• 1
• 2
√ 3
• 4

395. Choose the last period of philosophy

• Early Modern
• Ancient
• Modern
√ Contemporary
• Medieval

What is the view that among the primitive most fundamental properties of our world, there are both basically physical properties and
396. basically mental properties?

• Behaviorism
• Cartesian dualism
• Functionalism
√ Property dualism.
• Substance monism

397. According to Heraclitus` philosophy the name of the divine reason is …

• Chaos
• Logic;
√ Logos
• Boundless;
• Nous;

398. “You cannot wash twice in the same river”, or …

• you will be able to wash twice in the river if you really want.
• all thing is not on the process of changing.
• you do not have to wash twice in the same river.
• You have to change river if you want to wash twice in it.
√ there is nothing in the universe that never chaned.

399. According to Anaximander “Boundless” is ….

• not enough to give variety things to exist.

• created and it is not eternal and includes some elements of the universe.
• a number and all thing consists of numbers, so the correct description of reality must be expressed in terms of mathematical formulas.
• a God`s soul or reason of world.
√ not created and it is eternal and includes all element of the universe.

400. According to him air is first element or the origin of the nature and it is endless and eternal. Question: Who accepts these thoughts?

• Anaximander;
• Parmenides;
√ Anaximenes
• Thales;
• Zeno;

401. Which one of them is arche or a single material substance according to Thales?

• Fire
• Earth
 √ Water
• Air
• All of them

402. Thales is the first philosopher in Greek thought.

• Because he divided all subject into two groups.

• Because he did not reference natural processes themselves and explained natural phenomena via a mythological explanations.
• Because he predicted solar eclipse.
• Because he never rejected mythological explanations.
√ Because he explained natural phenomena via a rational approach.

403. What makes actions good? This question is ….

• an Ontological question
• a Psychological question
• an Epistemological question
• an Aesthetical question
√ an Ethical question

404. ‘’What is good?’’ This question is …

• an Ontological question
• an Aesthetical question
• a Psychological question
√ an Ethical question
• an Epistemological question

405. Ibn Rushd is…

• a German philosopher
• a representative of Greek Philosophy
• one of the Azerbaijanian philosophers.
• a representative of philosophy of Europe.
√ a representative of Islamic Philosophy

406. Who was the founder of the idealism?

• Anaxagoras
• Ibn Rushd
• Aristotle
√ Plato
• Empedocles

407. Who was founder of Academy in Athena?

• Thales
• Socrates
• Aristotle
• Pythagoras
√ Plato

408. His philosophy consists of the conception of ideas and immortality of soul and the conception of state. Choose the correct answer.

• Anaxagoras
• Parmanides
• Kindi
√ Plato
• Aristotle
409. He was a Greek philosopher and belongs to aristocratic family of Athena and was a student of Socrates.

• Aristotle
• Platinius
• Anaximander
√ Plato
• Socrates

410. What kind of question drove Thales think that matter is alive?

• How does human being can think?

• What kind of thing makes human happy?
• Is human being immortal?
√ What kind of power giving some things (like magnit and amber) animation or power to act?
• What is the first principle of all presence?

411. According to him matter is alive. Choose the correct answer.

• Parmanides
√ Thales
• Anaxagoras
• Anaximander
• Plato

He was Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematicians, mystic, scientist and founder of the religious movement Pythagoreanism.
412. Furthermore, he took an active role in the politics of Croton and was an author of Pythagorean theorem. Choose the correct answer.

• Parmanides
√ Pythagoras
• Empedocles
• Democritus
• Anaxagoras

413. Which philosopher thought that all thing and presence consists of numbers?

• Plato;
√ Pythagoras
• Parmanides;
• Anaxagoras;
• Aristotle;

414. According to Heraclitus there is a divine reason in the universe. The name of the divine reason is …

• Legend
√ Logos
• Nirvana
• Tao
• Nous

415. “You cannot wash twice in the same river”. This thought belongs to…

• Socrates
√ Heralitus
• Empedocles
• Thales
• Parmanides

416. Heraclitus was …

• a pupil of Aristotle.
 √ a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher
• one of the philosophers that lived in the Systematic period of Ancient philosophy in Greece.
• a representative of Ancient Islamic philosophy.
• a pupil of Kant.

417. Which one belongs to Plato`s philosophy?

• Daimonion is the sound of God or divinity sound.

√ The origin of the soul is God. So soul exited from the divine source. That`s why soul always want to return to the divine source.
Because it is under pressure of body during life in the world of the shadows.
• Human is a measure of all thing.
• atom is a particular piece of the existing.
• Daimonion warns us to realize good behavior and shows us true way.

418. He was a Greek philosopher and scientist and born in Stagirus, northern Greece, in 384 BCE and he was a student of Plato.

• Platinius
√ Aristotle
• Socrates
• Anaxagoras
• Anaximander

419. According to Plato human soul has three powers. These powers are…

• Mind, wrath and intellect.

√ Mind, Wrath and Wish
• Wish mind and intellect
• Mind, senses and imagination.
• Mind, intellect and wish.

420. How did Plato explain the definition of state?

• State is an organism like animals.

√ State is an organism like human being.
• State is particular part of society.
• State is an institute that we never need it.
• State is not an organism like human being.

421. According to Plato how many powers has human being`s soul?

• 4
√ 3
• 6
• 1
• 5

422. What is Demiurg in Plato`s philosophy?

• It lives without being connected to the body, it will live after the death of body.
√ It is a potency that shapes the world in accordance with the ideas.
• It is a very important philosopher in Greek thought.
• It is a teacher of all philosophers.
• It is a human being

423. Ibn Sina is not …

• one of the Islamic philosophers.

√ a representative of Contemporary philosophy in the world.
• main representative of Islamic philosophy.
• Muslim philosopher.
 • a peripatetic philosopher.

424. Farabi is ….

• an Arabian philosopher.
√ an Islamic philosopher.
• a representative of Contemporary philosophy in the world.
• a representative of Systematic Period in Ancient philosophy.
• a representative of Greek philosophy.

425. The concept of "Logos" in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:

• one of the primary elements

√ universal law, to which everything in the world is subject
• divine word
• higher condition
• general variability of things

426. Author of the aphorism "I know that I know nothing ...":

• Thales
√ Socrates
• Epicurus
• Plato
• Democritus

427. Choose a representative of the materialistic trend in ancient philosophy:

• Socrates
√ Democritus
• Aristotle
• Plato
• Zenon

428. Choose a representative of atomism:

• Heraclitus
• Socrates
• Aristotle
• Plato
√ Democritus

429. What kind of question is a main question in Plato`s philosophy?

• Who is human being?

√ What is true?
• Why philosophy?
• Why is human being mortal?
• What is ethics?

430. Plato said that knowledge does not consist of individual perception. Why?

• Because perception is changeable according to everyone. So there is objective knowledge that begins at the end of the perception.
√ Because perception is changeable according to everyone. So there is not objective knowledge that begins at the end of the perception.
• Because perception is not changeable according to everyone. So there is objective knowledge that begin at the end of the perception.
• Because perception is unchangeable according to everyone. So there is not objective knowledge that begin at the end of the perception.
• Because perception is not changeable according to everyone. So there is not objective knowledge that begin at the end of the perception.

431. According to Anaxagoras Nous is…

 • not Eternal and endless
√ Eternal and endless
• not eternal
• not endless
• Eternal but not endless

432. Anaxagoras is ….

• a representative of Italian philosophy.

√ a Greek Philosopher.
• an England philosopher.
• a German philosopher.
• a representative of Contemporary Philosophy

433. Protagoras thought that…

• teacher does not have to teach for money.

√ “Human is a measure of all thing”.
• Nous is an eternal and endless.
• Nous caused cosmos.
• there is connection between true knowledge and virtue. So value is a true knowledge.

He attempted to explain natural evident and phenomena without reference to mythology and his approach to the natural phenomena was
434. influential on the other philosophers` philosophy of nature. His rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for the
scientific revolution. Who is this text about?

• Theaetetus
√ Thales
• Anaximander;
• Empedocles;
• Plato;

Which ones are not related to the true nature of philosophy? 1)an academic discipline. 2) A methodology which lies at the root of all
subject. 3) Love of life. 4) Knowledge of wisdom. 5) Academic career. 6) The practical activity of raising fundamental questions
435. and attempting to answer them via thinking and writing. 7) Experimental endeavour. 8) Scientific experience. 9) The attempt to
think rationally and critically about most important questions of life in order to obtain knowledge and wisdom about them. 10) Solving
of scientific problem.

• 2,3,8;9,10;
√ 1,2,4,6,9;
• 3,5,7,8,10;
• 2,4,6,7,8,9
• 1,2,3,6;7;

436. Which one is not related to metaphysics?

• What is truth?
√ How many people have social problem in their life?
• Is the world strictly composed of matter?
• Do people have free wills?
• Is there a God?

437. In Plato`s work like``Theaetetus``, knowledge is…

• justified real belief.

√ justified true belief.
• true belief.
• justified true religious belief.
• justified truth.

``Philosophical study of knowledge``.

438. This definition is related to …
 • axiology
√ epistemology
• the psychological study of knowledge
• axiological study of wisdom.
• philosophy

439. One of them is the essential question of epistemology.

• What do we need in order to have values?

√ What do we need in order to have knowledge and how can we know?
• What do we need in order to have specific metaphysical knowledge?
• What do we need in order to have humanistic characters?
• What do we need in order to have things and to order them?

440. We sometimes, perhaps, use wrongly the term “philosophy’’. For example:

• Socratic views
√ Ruslan`s philosophy of cooking
• Plato`s philosophy of ideas
• Ibn Sina`s philosophy of human being
• Aristotle’s philosophy

441. Which ones are related to metaphysics?

• Did philosophy originate in Africa, China, or Greece?

√ Do people have free wills?
• What is meaning or importance of plants in human being`s life?
• Why we need parents?
• Can there be a unity behind the apparent plurality of things?

The second philosopher of Miletus School.

Student of Thales and invented ``sundial (sun o`clock)`` at first time.
442. The first philosopher that used the term of ``Apeiron`` in the field of philosophy.
Who was that philosopher?

• Anaxagoras;
√ Anaximander
• Empedocles;
• Thales;
• Anaximenes;

443. Choose the false thoughts.

• Arche is the first principle of all process in the universe.

√ According to Democritus all things are full of gods.
• Anaximander was the student of Thales
• Anaximander was the first philosopher that used the term of ``Apeiron`` in the field of philosophy.
• archetype is an image that all humans use to represent the essential qualities of some “type,” the epitome of some kind.

444. Which ones are related to metaphysics?

• How many people have social problem in their life?

√ What is truth? Is there a God?
• What is state? What is a reality of state?
• Why is existence of animals important in our universe?
• What kind of methods help us to investigate human`s psychological problems?

445. ‘‘Is morality objective or subjective?’’ This question belongs to ….

 • a Psychological question
√ an Moral phiolosophy
• an Epistemological question
• an Aesthetical question
• an Ontological question

446. Zeno is …

• a philosopher of Islamic philosophy

√ a philosopher of southern Italy
• a philosopher of Azerbaijan.
• not a member of Eleatic School.
• a philosopher of Spain.

He belongs to aristocratic family of Athena and was a student of Socrates, dialogue is a method of his philosophy. Furthermore he lived
447. in Athena on the period of war and political problems there.

√ Plato
• Xenophanes;
• Empedocles;
• Socrates;
• Aristotle;

448. There is not universal true. Every people has his/her opinion related to true. True is changeable according to people. It means that ….

• there is universal true. True is not changeable according to people.

• Human can manage all thing.
√ “Human is a measure of all thing”
• Human is excellent entity in the universe.
• Human can be aware of reality of the things.

449. He was an Ancient Greek philosopher and formulated an atomic theory. Question: Who was that philosopher?

• Empedocles;
• Heraclitus;
• Zeno
• Xenophanes;
√ Democritus

450. How does one show respect for others according to Kant?

• By imposing their will on others

• By prioritizing their own interests over the interests of others
• By following societal norms
• By deceiving and coercing them
√ By recognizing them as moral equals.

451. What is the highest moral authority for Kant?

• The societal norms

• An honest person
• Religious leaders
√ The rational autonomous person.
• The government

452. What determines the moral status of an action for Kant?

• The consequences of the action

• The state of a person’s mind
• The societal norms
 √ The actor's intentions.
• The religious beliefs

453. According to Kant, what are maxims?

• Objective principles that determine our will

• Maximum level of a person’s patience
• Principles that determine our actions
• Principles that determine our thoughts
√ Subjective principles that determine our will.

454. What is the second formulation of Kant's moral philosophy?

• The formula of the hypothetical imperative

• The formula of psychology
• The formula of the categorical imperative
• The formula of the kingdom of ends
√ The formula of the universal law.

455. According to Kant, what overrides self-interested reasons?

√ Moral reasons.
• Categorical Imperatives
• Universal laws
• Self consciousness
• Hypothetical Imperatives

456. What is the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative according to Kant?

• Treat individuals as ends in themselves, never merely as a means to an end

• The second formulation of the Categorical Imperative is based on the principle of utility
• Respecting persons requires refraining from violating their autonomy
√ Act only on that maxim that you can consistently to be a universal law.
• Both formulations guide one to act in the same way

457. What does the Categorical Imperative forbid according to Kant?

• Self-interest
• Autonomy
• Freedom
• Intrinsic value
√ Coercion and deception.

458. What does it mean to treat individuals as ends in themselves according to Kant?

• To treat them as inferior beings

• To treat them unfair
• To use them only as a means to an end
√ To treat them as beings that have intrinsic value.
• To use them for personal gain

459. What is the difference between a hypothetical imperative and a Categorical Imperative according to Kant?

• A hypothetical imperative is only applicable in certain situations, while a Categorical Imperative is universally applicable
• A hypothetical imperative is based on moral duty, while a Categorical Imperative is based on personal desires.
• There is no difference between a hypothetical imperative and a Categorical Imperative
√ A hypothetical imperative tells you what to do to achieve a goal, while a Categorical Imperative tells you how to act regardless of goals.
• A hypothetical imperative tells you how to act regardless of goals, while a Categorical Imperative tells you what to do to achieve a goal.

460. What is the central element of being a person in the moral sense, according to Kant?
 • Having a strong moral compass
• Having the capacity for rationality and autonomy
• Having a good character
• Having a strong sense of empathy
√ Having an autonomous good will.

461. What makes persons worthy of moral regard, according to Kant?

• Their wealth
• Their physical appearance
√ Their ability to recognize moral duty and act accordingly.
• Their social status
• Their gross income

462. What is the difference between good will and wanting to do good things, according to Kant?

• Wanting to do good things is based on moral duty, while good will is based on desire for personal gain
• Good will and wanting to do good things are both based on moral duty
• There is no difference
• Wanting to do good things is acting out of moral duty, while good will is acting out of inclination
√ Good will is acting out of moral duty, while wanting to do good things is acting out of inclination.

463. According to Kant, what is the only thing with moral worth for its own sake?

• Good intentions
• Good deeds
√ Good will.
• Good outcomes
• Good endeavor

464. What is the basis of Kant's moral theory?

• Utilitarian value
• Moral value
• Extrinsic value
• Instrumental value
√ Intrinsic value.

465. According to Kant, what has intrinsic moral worth?

• Moral duty
• Generosity
√ Autonomous good will of a person.
• Pleasure
• Happiness

466. What is the best-known deontological theory?

• Kantian Ethics
• Consequentialist theory
• Act Utilitarianism
• Rule Utilitarianism
√ The ethics of respect for persons.

467. Which ethical theory is non-consequentialist?

• Act Utilitarianism
• Rule Utilitarianism
• Virtue Utilitarianism
 √ Deontological theory.
• Utilitarianism

468. What is the main problem with utilitarianism in regard to Bob's case?

• It does not prioritize the consequences of actions

• It values utility-maximizing rules over individual rights
• It could justify harming innocent individuals for the greater good of society
√ It does not consider Bob's status as a person.
• It is a non-consequentialist ethical theory

469. What makes Rule Utilitarianism vulnerable to counterexamples?

• The possibility of rules with "except when it is morally right" clauses

• The possibility of conflicting rules that both maximize utility in different situations
• The possibility of rules with "except when utility is not maximized" clauses
√ The possibility of rules with "except when utility is maximized" clauses.
• The possibility of rules with "except when it is morally wrong" clauses

470. Which rule has higher utility according to Rule Utilitarianism?

• Doctors should always harm their patients

• Doctors should always prioritize the welfare of the majority over the welfare of the individual patient
• Doctors should sometimes harm their patients
√ Doctors should never harm their patients except when doing so would maximize utility.
• Doctors should never harm their patients

471. What does Rule Utilitarianism evaluate?

• Both individual actions and rules for acting

√ Rules for acting.
• Individual actions
• Neither individual actions nor rules for acting
• Moral rules

472. Why does Simple Act Utilitarianism get the wrong result in cases such as Bob's doctor harvesting his organs for the benefit of others?

• Because it considers the consequences of both individual actions and rules for acting
• Because it fails to consider other moral principles or values, such as respect for individual rights or justice.
• Because it only considers the consequences of rules for acting
√ Because it only considers the consequences of individual actions.
• Because it does not consider the consequences of any actions

473. What is the "doctrine of swine" objection to Utilitarianism?

• It argues that Utilitarianism is only applicable to animals

• It argues that Utilitarianism equates all kinds of pleasure and fails to distinguish between higher and lower pleasure
• It argues that Utilitarianism is a flawed theory
√ It argues that Utilitarianism is unfit for humans because it recognizes no higher purpose to life than the pursuit of pleasure.
• It argues that Utilitarianism is too complex for humans to understand

474. What is the broadest sense of utility according to Utilitarianism?

• Materialistic pleasures only

• All forms of pleasure and happiness, regardless of their source or nature
• Emotional pleasures only
√ Social, intellectual, and aesthetic pleasures.
• Sensual pleasures only

475. What may be necessary for the greater good in utilitarianism?

 • Personal power
• Personal comfort
• Personal pleasure
√ Personal sacrifice.
• Personal gain

476. What is the correct course of action in utilitarianism?

• The one that benefits the majority of people

• The one that maximizes overall happiness
• The one that benefits the individual the most
• The one that is most convenient
√ The one that has the greatest utility.

477. What is the utility of an action in utilitarianism?

• The net total of pleasure caused plus any pain caused

• The total amount of pleasure
√ The net total of pleasure caused minus any pain caused.
• The total amount of pain caused
• The gross amount of pain caused

478. How is happiness defined in utilitarianism?

• As wealth and power

• As fame and recognition
• As glory and development
• As success and achievement
√ As pleasure and the absence of pain.

479. According to utilitarianism, what is valued?

• Power
• Ethics
• Wealth
• Knowledge
√ Happiness.

480. What religious system was the starting point for the formation of philosophical thinking in India?

• legalism
√ Brahmanism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• Confucianism

481. Which ancient Greek thinker believed that the main task is self-knowledge?

• Aristotle
• Plato
• Epicurus
√ Socrates
• Zenon

482. The turn from nature to man in the philosophy of antiquity was carried out by:

• Heraclitus
• Plato
• Aristotle
 • Parmenides
√ Socrates

483. According to Plato, knowledge is

• further development of knowledge accumulated by previous generations

• construction of the world by the cognizing subject
• the desire to build the final scheme of the world
√ remembering what the soul has always known
• generalization of information obtained from experience

484. Exaggeration of the relativity of knowledge is called:

• formalism
• dogmatism
• skepticism
√ relativism
• empiricism

485. "Relativism" in philosophy means:

• Different people's understanding of the single truth

• Gradual approach to the truth
• Historicity of truth
√ Relativity of points of view and lack of a single truth
• Concreteness of truth

486. According to Locke, in the state of nature (or in the absence of government) people exist in a state of…

√ Perfect freedom.
• Slavery
• None of them
• Democratic-Liberal society
• All of them

487. John Locke…

• is noted as an opponent of liberal political thinking in the 19th century

• None of them
• is noted as an advocate of liberal political thinking in the 21th century
√ is noted as an early advocate of liberal political thinking in the 17th century.
• is noted as an early advocate of democratically political thinking in the 20th century

488. Locke takes the natural world and all the resources in it to be a

• Public property
• Private property
• Club property
• None of them
√ Commonwealth.

489. “Persons do not have a right to more property than they can make use of”. Who is the author of this statement?

• Plato
• Thales
• Aristotle
√ Locke.
• Socrates

490. ________ are justified as an extension of self ownership.

 • Democratic rules
• None of them
• Liberal principles
√ Property rights.
• Citizen rights

491. _____________________develops a view of the ideal state as modeled on that of the ideal person.

• Robert Nozick
• Garett Hardin
• John Rawls
√ Plato.
• John Locke

The contemporary philosopher ______________ extends Locke’s line of thought concerning property rights in his entitlement
492. conception of social justice.

√ Robert Nozick.
• Anaxagoras
• Kant
• Aristotle
• None of them

493. ________________ is any case where some commonly held resource gets exhausted to the point where it has little value left to offer.

• Democracy
• None of them
• All of them
√ Tragedy of commons.
• Fair distribution

_______________introduces the notion of the tragedy of the commons with a tale about the fate of herdsmen who share a pasture in
494. common.

• None of them
• Aristotle
• Socrates
√ Hardin.
• Plato

495. Who believed that the authority of government is entirely derived from the consent of its free and equal citizens?

• Bakikhanov
• Socrates
• Thales
• None of them
√ John Locke.

496. Who is one of the creators of liberal political philosophy?

• Thales
• Anaxagoras
• None of them
√ John Locke.
• Kant

497. According to the moral law of nature, when can one assault others?

• To show superiority
 • None of the above
• Whenever one feels like it
• To establish dominance
√ As retribution for injustice, they have committed to oneself.

498. When can one take another person's property?

• Whenever one wants to

• None of the above
• To prove a point
√ As redress for that person taking or destroying one's property.
• To establish authority

499. What are people prone to do?

• Being too forgiving

• None of the above
• Being too selfless
√ Inflating the wrongs committed against themselves.
• Being too generous

500. Which message is right?

• All of them
• None of the above
• People are not very good at arbitrating justice in their own case
• Chaos ensues when people try to seek justice for the society
√ The moral law of nature dictates that one can only take action against others as retribution for an injustice they have committed.

501. According to Locke and Nozick, what is the relationship between liberty and property rights?

• Liberty and property rights are unrelated

• None of them
• Property rights are more important than liberty
√ Liberty is seen as closely tied to property rights.
• Liberty is more important than property rights

502. According to Nozick, when is taxation unjust?

• Taxation is always unjust

• Taxation should not exist
√ Taxation beyond what is necessary to keep property rights (and hence human liberty) secure.
• Taxation is just as long as it benefits the less well-off
• None of the above

The model developed in the work helped to legitimize a long tradition of top-down governance by kings, religious authority,
503. and military might in the West.

• Tragedy of commons
• Ethical pluralism
• None of them
• The art of war
√ The Republic.

504. developed his conception of justice in his work Republic.

• None of them
• Anaximenes
• Socrates
• Aristotle
 √ Plato.

505. Who is considered as an early advocate of the liberal political thinking of the 17th century?

• Thales
• Socrates
• Bakikhanov
√ John Locke.
• Anaxagoras

506. _______________will be unjust in Rawl’s view?

• Production
• Too much export
• Too much import
√ Too Much Taxation.
• Transportation

507. What is social justice?

• Democratic governance
• Gender equality
• Equality in the society
• Equity in the society
√ The idea of goodness as applied to social groups.

508. Which one is John Rawls’s theory?

• Respect for Persons

• Gender equality
• Democracy restrictions
• None of them
√ The Difference Principle.

509. Which one is John Rawls’s theory?

√ The Equal Liberty Principle.

• Respect for Persons
• Democracy restrictions
• Gender equality
• None of them

Which contemporary philosopher extends Locke’s line of thought concerning property rights in his entitlement conception of social
510. justice?

• Aristotle
• Thales
• Parmenides
√ Nozick.
• Anaxagoras

511. What is the only one possible means of avoiding a tragedy of the commons?

• Free use of commons

• Democracy restrictions
• None of the above
• Social preferences
√ Regulating the use of the commons.
 Which one has to do with the role of various social institutions in how we conduct our business and the mismatch between this and the
512. highly idealized and individualistic picture of property rights advanced by Locke and Nozick?

• Thales’ conception of liberty

• Aristotle’s conception
• Socrates conception
√ Nozickian conception of justice.
• Kant’s conception

513. Which one is commonly known as the Tragedy of the Commons?

• Nozickian conception of justice

• Aristotle’s conception
• Socrates conception
√ Lockean conception of justice.
• Kant’s conception

514. Which one is one of the founders of liberal political philosophy?

• Nozick
√ John Locke.
• Socrates
• Kant
• Aristotle

515. Which one is Garrett Hardin’s article?

• Ethical Pluralism
√ “The Tragedy of the Commons”.
• The Equal Liberty Principle
• Respect for Persons
• All of them

516. What is social justice?

• Equality in the society

• Gender equality
• Democratic governance
√ The idea of goodness as applied to social groups.
• Equity in the society

517. What is considered by Locke to be a commonwealth?

• Gold and silver

• Oil and gas
• Only flora and fauna
• Air, water, and forest resources
√ The natural world and all the resources in it .

518. What is the only one possible means of avoiding a tragedy of the commons?

• Free use of commons

• Educational improvements
• Social preferences
√ Regulating the use of the commons.
• Democracy restrictions

519. In terms of which two principles is Rawls’ theory of justice captured?

• Equality and Indifference

 • Capitalism and Inequality
• Democracy and equality
√ Equal liberty and difference.
• Equality and Equity

520. Plato develops a view of the ideal state as modeled on that of the…

• Ideal village
• Centralized kingdom
• Centralized community
√ Ideal person.
• Ideal society

Which contemporary philosopher extends Locke’s line of thought concerning property rights in his entitlement conception of social
521. justice?

√ Robert Nozick.
• Parmenides
• Thales
• Aristotle
• Anaxagoras

522. Who introduced the notion of the tragedy of commons with a tale about the fate of herdsmen who share a pasture in common?

• Plato
• Socrates
• Aristotle
√ Garrett Hardin.
• Anaximenes

523. According to Locke, in the state of nature (or in the absence of government) people exist in a state of…

• Unperfect correlation
• Poor existence
• Slavery
• Unhealthy society
√ Perfect freedom.

524. Who is noted as an early advocate of liberal political thinking in the 17th century?

• Aristotle
• Anaxagoras
• Socrates
√ John Locke.
• Plato

525. Plato developed his conception of justice in his work…

• The art of war

• Nicomachean ethics
• B Tao Te Ching
√ Republic.
• Discourses

526. Stages of development of Ancient philosophy

• classical, non-classical, Hellenistic

• pre-Socratic, Roman, sophistry
• Hellenistic, Roman, Early Classical
• pre-Socratic, classical, Hellenistic
 √ Pre-Socratic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman

527. The following thesis belongs to Thales:

• "Man is the measure of all things"

• "Knowledge is power"
• "Everything flows"
• "Know thyself"
√ "Everything is from the water"

528. Specify the representative of ancient philosophy:

• Schelling
• Engels
• Hegel
√ Aristotle
• F. Aquinas

529. The doctrine of development, the source of which is recognized as contradiction, is:

• materialism
• idealism
• agnosticism
√ dialectics
• Metaphysician

530. Founder of Buddhism:

• Mao Tzu
• Confucius
• Lao Tzu
√ Siddhartha Gautama
• Epicurus

531. The main philosophical ideas in India are set forth in:

• The book "Lun Yu"

• "About the City of God"
• Bhagavad Gita
√ Upanishads
• Book of Changes

532. Taoism is a philosophy:

• Confucius
• Zou Yan
• Mo-Tzu
√ Lao Tzu
• Epicurus

What kind of question is related to social and political philosophy? 1. What is the origin of state?
2. Is it possible that human know everything?
3. What is the true nature of state?
4. What is the true nature of truth?
5. Why we need state?
533. 6. What model of state can be good for society?
7. What kind of relationship is there between mind and body?
8.What kind of values should politicians have?
9.What kinds of ethical and political values make the people of state happy?
10.What kind of relationship is there between society and state?

• 1,5,6,7,8,9,10;
 • 1,4,5,7,8,9,10;
• 1,4,6,7,8,9,10;
• 3,4,5,6,8,9,10;
√ 1,3,5,6,8,9,10

534. Who claimed that, the first condition for the highest love is that a man loves himself.

• Plato
• Robert Sternberg
√ Aristotle
• Socrates
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

535. What includes the philosophical treatment of Love?

• etiology, metaphysics, religion, human nature, politics and ethnics.

√ epistemology, metaphysics, religion, human nature, politics and ethics.
• religion, theoretical knowledges and emotions
• the meaning of love and its development steps
• History, religion, psychology and human being

536. The definition of love according to Helen Fischer:

• Emotional and psychological reactions of body to another person

√ The Neural Mechanism for mate Selection.
• Metaphysical process with undefined reasons
• Physical reactions for couple selection
• Mutual dependance of 2 persons

537. The idea about reincarnation in “The Demon-Haunted World”:

This concept of rebirth necessarily implies the continuity of personality… (that) one is able, at least potentially, to remember that one
• has lived through previous existences, and that these existences were one's own…”.
√ Objection to claims of reincarnation include the facts that the vast majority of people do not remember previous lives and there is no
mechanism known to modern science that would enable a personality to survive death and travel to another body.
• the individual cells in our body have a limited life span - from days to weeks, and a few years.
The life as we know now, after death therefore moves on to another form of life based on the merits and demerits it accumulated in its
• current life.
• we leave one life and go into another; it is all for the sole purpose of soul development and spiritual growth.

538. With which aspect of love is epistemology concerned?

• accuracy
√ rationality
• reciprocity
• mutuality
• convenience

Which 3 chemicals play the essential role in appearing of love? 1. somatropin

2. oxytocin
539. 3. dopamine
4. insulin
5. serotonin

• 2,4,5
√ 2,3,5
• 1,3,4
• 1,3,5
• 1,2,3

540. What is the psychological definition of love?

 • Release of happiness hormone in the brain that make us feel good.
√ Release of certain chemicals in the brain that make us feel good.
• The psychology does not define the term Love
• Release of hormones and increased level of insulin
• Release of acids in the brain that make us feel good.

Choose 3 types of love according to Robert Sternberg. 1. Passionate

2. Gradual
541. 3. Persistent
4. Romantic
5. Compassionate

• 1,2,3
√ 1,4,5.
• 1,3,4
• none of them
• 2,3,4

542. Choose the correct metaphysical definition of love.

the psychological force producing a desire to enter into and maintain profound, intimate personal relationship with another person
• mitigated by concern for the duration of that relationship
√ the psychological force producing a desire to enter into and maintain profound, intimate interpersonal relationship with another person
unmitigated by concern for the duration of that relationship.
• the desire to set a relationship with someone for an undefined period of time
• The combination of emotions and feelings related with any person or group of people.
• the desire to set a relationship with someone for a defined period of time

543. “In …. teachings, rebirth occurs endlessly as part of a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.”

• Islam
√ Buddhist
• Hinduism
• Induism
• Christianity

544. One of them is related to social justice?

• Democratic governance
• Equality in the society
• Equity in the society
√ The idea of goodness as applied to social groups.
• Gender equality

545. Which statement false about the consept of rebirth and reincarnation?

• In rebirth a person can be born into any life form, not just human.
√ They are same things.
• In rebirth, it is not the soul that is reborn into a new body but rather the consciousness.
• Reincarnation is the belief that after we die, our souls are reborn into other bodies.
• while in reincarnation, the soul carries the memories of its past lives, in rebirth, those memories are not carried over into the new life.

546. Past-life memories can be more likely to occur when there’s unfinished business, such as:

• happy life
√ Leaving children behind
• Successful business
• none of them
• happy family

547. Who is the father of reincarnation research?

 • Jim B. Trucker
√ Ian Stevenson
• Raymond Moody
• Whatley Carington
• Brian Weiss

548. Which is not a sign of reincarnation?

• Birthmarks consistent with injuries/piercings/other physical markers in a past life

√ Forgetfulness
• Dreams
• Déjà vu
• Child prodigies

549. … says that the life is born when the existence looks upon itself.

• Anthony of Padua
√ Osho
• Budda
• Jesus
• Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili

550. Which religion denies existence of soul?

• Hinduism
• Islam
• Iudaism
• Christianity
√ Buddhism

551. Which term is not associated with reincarnation?

• metempsychosis
√ comprovincialis
• disambiguation
• palingenesis
• transmigration

552. What is the meaning of “reincarnation”?

• to find pleasure in
√ to take on the body again
• to know again
• to come back again
• eternal, everlasting,

553. Which religion denies the existence of reincarnation?

• Buddhism
√ Islam
• Jainism
• Hinduism
• Sikhism

554. Which civilization mainly believes in reincarnation?

• West
√ East
• None of them
 • Both of them
• Both of East and West

555. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

• exceptional desires
√ an unhealthy soul
• philosophical ambition
• none of them
• worldly wisdom

556. Questions like “What is knowledge?” and “What is truth?” are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

• aesthetics
√ epistemology
• logic
• none of them
• metaphysics

557. The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.

• epistemology
√ metaphysics
• axiology
• All of them
• quantum physics

558. The famous statement “An unexamined life is not worth living” is attributed to _____.

• Plato
√ Socrates
• Aristotle
• none of them
• John Locke

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
559. _____.

• the argumentative method

√ the philosophical method
• syllogistic reasoning
• none of them
• propositional logic

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of
560. statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as _____.

• hypothetical syllogism
√ reductio ad absurdum
• modus tollens
• All of them
• modus ponens

561. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.

• an argument
√ the Socratic method
• a debate
• All of them
• the Socratic jest
562. For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

• wealth
√ knowledge
• courage
• none of them
• community

563. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.

• the body
√ the soul
• the state
• none of them
• the justice system

564. The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.

• bioethics
√ logic
• ategorical logic
• All of them
• aesthetics

565. Which one of them is interested in human being`s behavior?

• Physics
√ Psychology
• Metaphysics
• Aesthetics
• Anatomy

566. One of them is a philosophical question.

• Can student be a teacher one day?

• Why are you here?
√ What is a reality of person?
• What makes me unhappy?
• Why did not Ibn Sina think his future

567. Choose the representative of the peripatetic school in Islamic thought.

• Socrat
√ Ibn Sina
• Mirza Fatali Ahundov
• Bakikhanov
• Kant

568. Who is a ``second teacher`` in the history of philosophy ?

• Ibn Rushd
√ Farabi
• Kant
• Ibn Sina
• Bahmanyar

569. Our behaviors are important and depend on our beliefs. As a result …

• transmigration of soul is not true from this aspect.

 √ belief takes an important role in our life.
• behaviors depend on our powers of soul.
• behaviors do not depend on our beliefs.
• belief does not take an important role in human life

570. What is Reincarnation?

• transmigration of soul into the earth.

√ it is transmigration of the soul again and again into the bodies of humans, animals, or vegetables until it became immortal.
• it is not transmigration of the soul again and again into the bodies of humans, animals, or vegetables until it became immortal.
• it is appearance of human body as an animal.
• understanding of relationship that is between soul and body.

As you know, we can define it as a practical activity of raising fundamental questions and attempting to answer them via thinking and
571. writing.

• It is talked about the true nature of mathematics.

√ It is talked about the true nature of philosophy.
• It is talked about the true nature of axiology.
• It is talked about the true nature of ethics.
• It is talked about the true nature of psychology.

572. Sophists claim that …

• everything is the result of natural laws

√ true is not one and it is plenty depends on number of philosophers.
• atom is a particular piece of the existing.
• Nous caused cosmos.
• ``Existing`` has not occurred and will never disappear. And Existing is eternal and endless.

573. The direction in medieval scholasticism, which believes that only single things really exist:

• Irrationalism
√ nominalism
• Cosmocentrism
• sensationalism
• materialism

574. Religious-idealistic view, according to which man is the center of the universe:

• humanism
√ anthropocentrism
• sensationalism
• materialism
• heliocentrism

575. Nostalgia for ancient culture is typical for:

• Ancient East
• era of the Middle Ages
• The Age of Enlightenment
√ Epochs of New Time
• Renaissance

576. Among the philosophers of the Middle Ages, one can single out:

• Cynics and Epicureans

• idealists and materialists
• metaphysicians and empiricists
• monists and dualists
 √ nominalists and realists

577. Proofs of the existence of God were developed by representatives of:

• logistics
• sophistry
• dialectics
√ scholastics
• metaphysics

578. Indicate the name of the philosopher whose ideas are developed by representatives of neo-Thomism:

• Augustine the Blessed

• W. Ockham
• Plato
√ Thomas Aquinas
• Aristotle

579. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:

• science
• psychology
√ Theology
• ethics
• mathematics

580. What had a decisive influence on the development of philosophy in the Middle Ages:

• Art
• myth
• the science
• morality
√ religion

581. The ancient authority of scholasticism as a philosophical direction of the middle

• Socrates
• Seneca
• Zenon
√ Aristotle
• Plato

582. The ancient authority of scholasticism in the Middle Ages was:

• Heraclitus
• Hegel
• Seneca
• Socrates
√ Aristotle

583. Theology is:

• Democracy
• Polytheism
• the doctrine of nature
√ Divinity
• verbosity

584. What types of movement are named in Aristotelian philosophy?

 • change of place in space
• qualitative changes and transformations
• none of the above
• increase - decrease
√ all of the above

585. Which of the following did Aristotle attribute to the theoretical part of philosophy?

• logic
• the doctrine of human activity
• the doctrine of creativity
• questions of knowledge
√ the doctrine of being, its components, causes and sources

586. According to Aristotle, true being is

• matter
• God
• unity of time and space
• movement and development
√ unity of matter and form

587. What forms of causality are present in the teachings of Aristotle?

• active, inactive
• movement, matter
• finite, infinite reason
√ material, formal
• idea, form

588. Epicurus was:

• representative of pantheism
• supporter of peripateticism
• creator of the philosophy of spirit
√ representative of the atomistic doctrine
• representative of idealism

589. Who is the creator of Stoicism?

• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Protagoras
√ Zeno

590. Specify the representative of skepticism

• Socrates
√ Pyrrhus
• Lucretius Kar
• Marcus Aurelius
• Protagoras

591. To what current does Mark Tullius Cicero belong?

• stoicism
• skepticism
• Epicureanism
• realism
 √ eclecticism

592. According to Plato, the world of ideas is comprehended

• sensations
• with the help of empirical knowledge
• sensory knowledge
• Logic
√ mind

593. Who is the founder of Jainism

• Gautama
• Confucius
• Zhangzi
√ Mahavira Vardhamana
• Lao Tzu

594. Who is the founder of Buddhism

• Lao Tzu
• Mi-tzu
√ Gautama
• Mahavira Vardhamana
• Confucius

595. What are the main problems of Confucianism

• logic
• ontology
• humanism and humanity
• methodology
√ social and ethical

596. What does Tao mean in translation

• meaning
• humility
• upbringing
• teaching
√ path

597. According to the Vedic Literature, which estate occupied a privileged position in society

• vaishym
• kshatriyas
• jaina
√ Brahmins
• sudras

598. Representatives of the Milesian school are

• Epicurus, Diogenes, Thales

√ Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
• Socrates, Zeno, Aristotle
• Plato, Heraclitus, Democritus
• Protagoras, Pythagoras, Socrates

599. The school founded by Aristotle is called

 • Milesian
• Ephesian
√ Likey
• Academy
• atomistic

600. Who founded the school in Athens called the Academy

• Socrates
√ Plato
• Aristotle
• Democritus
• Pythagoras

601. Representatives of the classical period of ancient philosophy are

• Democritus, Heraclitus, Plato

√ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Xenophanes, Parmenides, Pythagoras
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
• Pythagoras, Zeno, Epicurus

602. For the first time, the problem of man as a moral being is placed at the center of philosophy by

• Zenon
√ Socrates
• Protagoras
• Plato
• Aristotle

603. Saying “Know thyself!” belongs to the ancient philosopher

• Protagoras
√ Socrates
• Plato
• Thales
• Heraclitus

604. Which of the following is an unorthodox school of ancient Indian philosophy

• Mimamsa
√ Buddhism
• Vaisheshika
• Yoga
• Vedanta

605. Which school in ancient Chinese philosophy put forward ideas about regularity

• Legalism
√ Taoism
• School of names
• Confucianism
• Moism

606. Which school is associated with the concept of nirvana

• Jainism
√ Buddhism
• Charvaka/Lokayata
• Sufism
 • Confucianism

607. Choose those who proceeded in ancient Greek philosophy from the principle of the material principle

• Empedocles, atomists, Anaxagoras

√ Atomists, Milesian school, Heraclitus
• Aristotle, Plato, Socrates
• Pythagoreans, Milesian school, Heraclitus
• Eleatic school, Pythagoreans. Socrates

608. Name orthodox philosophical schools in ancient India

• Jainism, Vedanta, Nyaya,

√ Mimamsa, Vedanta, Samkhya
• Mimamsa, Vedanta, Lokayata
• lokayata, buddhism, yoga
• vaisheshika, nya, buddhism

609. Name unorthodox philosophical schools in ancient India

• Jainism, Samkhya, Lokayata

√ Jainism, Buddhism, Lokayata/Charvaka
• Vedanta, Samkhya, yoga
• Buddhism, nya, yoga
• yoga, vaisheshika, mimamsa

610. One of the schools of ancient Chinese philosophy is

• Buddhism
√ Taoism
• rationalism
• location
• Jainism

611. Charvaka-lokayata is

• idealistic orthodox school

√ materialistic unorthodox school
• Shinto
• religious system
• a magic formula that has an inner power of influence

612. Founder of Taoism

• Mo Tzu
√ Lao Tzu
• there is no correct option
• Confucius
• Zhuangzi

613. Confucianism is

• materialistic philosophy
√ ethical-political philosophy
• sociological doctrine
• religious and mystical system
• the doctrine of the afterlife

614. Charvaka-lokayata refers to the philosophical direction

 • objective idealism
√ materialism
• relativism
• dualism
• subjective idealism

615. The assertion that everything that exists is a number belongs to the thinker

• Anaximander
√ Pythagoras
• Zenon
• Heraclitus
• Thales

616. The philosopher considered being as a combination of atoms and emptiness

• Pythagoras
√ Democritus
• Socrates
• Aristotle
• Heraclitus

617. The fundamental principle of all things, according to Anaximander, is:

• water
√ air
• together
• Fire
• number

618. The worldview of antiquity is characterized by:

• anthropocentrism
√ cosmocentrism
• theocentrism
• science-centrism
• humanism

619. Indicate the period in the development of the philosophy of the Middle Ages, the work of the Church Fathers

• global studies
√ Patristika
• propaedeutic
• hermeneutics
• scholasticism

620. Scholasticism originated from the Latin word (schola), which means

• academy
• Gymnasium
• the science
√ School
• university

621. The solution of the problem of universals in the Middle Ages gave rise to the following positions

• empiricism and rationalism

• relativism and agnosticism
• realism and positivism
• all answers are correct
 √ nominalism and realism

622. Theocentrism is

• philosophical doctrine of the primacy of matter

• such an understanding of the world, in which the source and cause of all things is God
• method of cognition of reality
√ the principle according to which God is the center of the universe, its active and creative principle
• universal method of knowing the world

623. Creationism is

• such an understanding of the world, in which the source and cause of all things is God
• the doctrine of the materiality of the world
• the principle according to which God is the center of the universe, its active and creative principle
√ the principle that God created the world out of nothing
• philosophical doctrine of the primacy of matter

624. The age-old dispute of medieval thinkers about universals, that is, general concepts, divided into two main camps

• dialecticians and metaphysicians

• materialists and idealists
• monists and dualists
√ Realists and nominalists
• empiricists and rationalists

625. The official philosophical doctrine of the Catholic Church, founded by F. Aquinas

√ Thomism
• scholasticism
• apologetics
• nominalism
• patristicism

626. An outstanding representative of the stage of patristicism is

• W. Ockham
• F. Aquinas
• Plato
√ Augustine Aurelius
• R. Bacon

627. Author of the work on the city of God

• Plato
• Cyprian
• Arnobiy
• Thomas Aquinas
√ Augustine

628. Indicate the science that was considered the most important in the Middle Ages

• ontology
• logic
• physics
√ theology
• epistemology

629. The initial stage of medieval religious philosophy is

 • nominalism
• scholasticism
• Thomism
√ patristic
• rationalism

630. Subsequently, his teaching was recognized as the official philosophical doctrine of the Catholic Church.

• Duns Scott
√ Thomas Aquinas
• Aurelius Augustine
• John Scott
• William of Ockham

631. Until the ninth century, medieval philosophy was influenced by

• Aristotle
• Democritus
• all answers are correct
√ Plato
• Pyrrho

632. The work of Augustine, devoted to the correlation of secular and spiritual power, as well as historical teleology, is called

• "About free decision"

• "The sum of theology"
• there is no correct option
• "Consolation of Philosophy"
√ "About the City of God"

633. Theology is

• theory of knowledge
• genealogy of the gods
• the doctrine of the Logos
√ teaching about God
• doctrine of the end of the world

634. The problem of universals is of scientific importance because

• promotes the development of logic

• develops linguistic knowledge
• all answers are correct
• defines the rights and limits of thinking
√ raises the question of the status of universal

635. Five proofs of the existence of God developed

• Ibn Sina
• Aristotle
• Augustine the Blessed
√ Thomas Aquinas
• Averroes

636. As Aurelius Augustine stated in his treatise on the city of God, the appearance of Christ showed mankind the way

• towards communism
• to knowledge
• Luckily
√ to eternity
 • to wealth

637. Representative of medieval philosophy

• Heraclitus
• Feuerbach
• Zenon
√ Thomas Aquinas
• Lametrie

638. According to providentialism

• a person can change the course of the historical process

• all options are correct
• history has a beginning but no end
√ history is controlled by Divine Providence
• a person can foresee future historical events

639. Features of medieval European philosophy are

• peripateticism, heliocentrism, stoicism

• anthropocentrism, humanism
• nominalism, realism, natural philosophy.
√ patristic, scholasticism, apologetics
• pantheism, natural philosophy, skepticism

640. Name the philosophical currents in medieval Europe

• scholasticism, neo-Thomism, Freudianism, patristic

• positivism, behaviorism, nominalism, realism
• existentialism, skepticism
√ patristic, scholasticism, nominalism, realism
• scholasticism, nominalism, realism, personalism

641. What problems did medieval philosophy deal with?

• problems of nature
• problems of science
• problems of God
• Problems of cognition
√ problems of the soul

642. What are the characteristics of medieval philosophy?

• rationality
• humanism
√ dogmatism
• Cosmocentrism
• scholasticism

643. Universals exist independently of consciousness, argued in medieval philosophy

• dogmatism
• Conceptualism
• nominalism
• universalism
√ realism

644. Eschatology is
 • The doctrine of being
• Doctrine of values
• The doctrine of the origin of man
• The doctrine of the origin of society
√ The doctrine of the final fate of the world and man

645. Specify the representative of patristics:

• Cusa
• Cicero
√ Augustine
• Plato
• Aristotle

646. Theocentrism - the doctrine according to which the center of the universe is:

• societies
√ God
• nature
• space
• human

647. In the Middle Ages, philosophy was subject to:

• psychology
• science
• ethics
√ Theology
• the state

648. Scholasticism is

• the doctrine of the origin of science

• logical and epistemological problems
• philosophy that denies the role of reason in understanding the essence of God
• theory of knowledge
√ type of philosophizing, characterized by speculation

649. Specify the course of medieval Western philosophy:

• positivism
• anti-science
• scientism
√ realism
• post positivism

650. Which of the following directions refers to the direction of medieval Western philosophy:

• pragmatism
• agnosticism
• phenomenology
√ nominalism
• Existentialism

651. Identify among the named philosophers a representative of patristic:

• K. Marx
• R. Descartes
• Confucius
√ Aurelius
 • Democritus

652. Which of the medieval philosophers was the founder of Thomism?

√ F. Aquinas
• Augustine
• P. Abellar
• Ibn Sina
• Ibn - Rushd

653. What is the name of the principle of God's justification for the existence of evil on earth?

• Determinism
• Monism
• Trinity
√ Theodicy
• Incarnation

654. What is the name of the religious doctrine about the final destinies of the world and man?

• Rhetoric
• Physiology
• Logic
• Psychology
√ Eschatology

655. Highlight the main feature of medieval philosophy.

• Cosmocentrism
• Irrationalism
• Materialism
√ Theocentrism
• Conceptualism

656. The direction in medieval scholasticism, which considers that general concepts are a real essence:

• Phenomenalism
• Irrationalism
• personalism
√ realism
• Cosmocentrism

657. Which religious movement in Islamic culture recognizes (accepts) atomism

• Mutazism
• Kadarism
• Shafiism
√ Asharism
• none of them

658. Such features as speculativeness, interest in formal-logical problems, subordination to theology are inherent in

√ Scholasticism
• rationalism
• empiricism
• mysticism
• agnosticism

659. In medieval Christian philosophy, true being is

 • world of ideas
• human being
• social life
√ being a god
• objective being

660. What is labor in Christianity?

• the path of development of religion

• a way to merge with God
√ means of laundering sins
• means of acquiring holiness
• a means of getting to heaven

661. What trend considers the increase in wealth to be a charitable phenomenon?

• Catholicism
• orthodoxy
• Greek Catholicism
√ Protestantism
• reformism

662. Who put forward the factor of divine design as the essence of the activity of society and man

• Nietzsche
• Kant
• Aristotle
√ Augustine
• Hegel

663. The servant of theology belongs

• New time
√ Medieval
• industrialism
• Renaissance
• Education

The direction of medieval philosophy, which asserts that it is not the things themselves that are widespread, but their general concepts, -
664. universals is called

• rationalism
• pragmatism
√ Realism
• empiricism
• nominalism

665. When did the philosophical and religious movement of khurifism arise?

• VIII-IX centuries
√ XIV-XV centuries
• XI-XII centuries
• X - XI centuries
• XII-XIII centuries

666. Specify the author of the work Asrarul-malakut

• M. Hadi
√ A. Bakikhanov
• N.Narimanov
 • N.Tusi
• M.F.Akhundov

667. Specify the main representatives of the Azerbaijani education

• A. Topchubashov, N. Zardabi
√ A.Bakikhanov, M.F.Akhundov
• N.Tusi, N.Narimanov
• A.Huseynzade, M.A.Rasulzade
• M.A.Sabir, S.A.Shirvani

668. What trend did Mutazism separate from?

• Shafiism
√ Kadarism
• Achinism
• Jaberism
• Asharism

669. Principles of Mutazism

• inevitability of fate
√ immutability of quantity, eternity of the Koran
• collection of hadiths
• justice, monotheism, fulfillment of a vow (promise)
• none of them

670. Kalam means

• collection of hadiths
√ Islamic scholasticism, orthodox religious and philosophical system
• Sufi literature
• Literature interpreting the Koran
• direction of artistic and philosophical thought

671. Fundamentals of the teachings of Kalam

• Hurufism ideas
√ normative foundations of religion
• works of ancient Greek philosophers
• Sufi literature
• hadith

672. The theoretical foundations of Kalam are

• controversial verses of the Quran

√ controversy of the 7th - 8th centuries. between the Jabbarites and the Qadarites
• scientific and philosophical views.
• hadith
• provisions of Shariah

673. Akhila is

• representatives of the philosophical doctrine of Ishrakism

√ the last representatives of the secret society "Ikhvan-as-sofa"
• Peripatetic philosophers
• Hurufists
• association of believers

674. Offshoots of Sufism

 • gayderism, ishragism
√ Suhraverdi, Nagshbanist
• "Brothers of Purity", Muridism
• Tovlanism, Bektarism
• Achillism, Ishrakism

675. Types of human movement according to al-Ghazali

• natural, biological, chemical

√ natural, selective, divine
• divine, social, moral
• mechanical, physical, biological
• social, biological, natural

676. Select from the following prominent representatives of Eastern Peripatetism:

• al-Ghazali, ar-Razi
√ al-Kindi, al-Farabi
• Nasimi, Averroz
• Avicenna, Biruni
• E. Miyaneji, Sh. Suhraverdi

677. Which of the works belongs to the pen of al-Ghazali

• “On periodization in the “Categories” of Aristotle”

√ "Self-refutation of philosophers"
• "Similarities in the works of Plato and Aristotle"
• "Towards the assimilation of the philosophy of mathematical science"
• "Views of the inhabitants of a perfect city"

678. Philosopher adapting Sufism to Islamic Sharia

• Bahmanyar
√ Ghazali
• Ibn Rushd
• M.Hallaj
• Ibn Khaldun

679. The meaning of the term futuvvat

• religious law
√ Sufi brotherhood ideology
• flow proportional to the East ancient philosophy
• scholastic current
• opposition direction

680. The theoretical foundations of Kalam are

• hadith
√ controversy of the 7th - 8th centuries. between the Jabbarites and the Qadarites
• Sharia provisions
• scientific and philosophical views.
• controversial verses of the Qur'an

681. What is related to al-Kindi?

• authentic author of hadiths

• founder of rationalism
• an outstanding representative of Sufism
 √ founder of Eastern Peripatetism
• head of the sect

682. Indicate the merit of Farabi

• representative of the extreme direction of Sufism

• none of them
√ Outstanding interpreter of Aristotle in the East
• author of authentic hadiths
• representative of orthodox Islamic philosophy

683. A. Bakikhanov on philosophical views was:

• none of them
• dualist
• pantheist
√ idealist
• materialist

684. What form of mind is acceptable for Tusi

• adapted form of mind

• animal mind
• actual mind
√ theoretical and active
• habitual form of the mind

685. What types of substance are emitted by Tusi

• matter, spirit, movement, space

• body, soul, form
• matter, time, space
√ matter, form, body, mind and spirit
• soul, spirit, space, time

686. Akhundov believed that

• natural events material substrates

• the material world was created by God
• material and spiritual are created simultaneously
√ nature is its own cause
• nature and creator are one

687. Bakikhanov is the author

• "Letters of Kemaluddovlya"
• "Book of Education"
• "Flower of Secrets"
√ "Asrar-ul-Malakut"
• Vera Matlaul

688. Classical representative of the peripatetic system of Sufism

• E. Miyaneji
• Suhraverdi
√ M.Hallaj
• Shabutari
• Ghazali

689. Zarvanism is a:
 • is a supporter of teleology and fatalism
• accepts the pantheistic teaching "Vahdat-al Vujhut"
• substantiates the ideas of orthodox Islamic philosophy
• prefers rationalism and logical thinking.
√ religious, mystical and philosophical doctrine based on Zoroastrianism

690. Philosophical trends in Azerbaijan before Islam:

• Khurramism, Khurufism
• Albanian Christianity
• Manichaeism, Ishrakism, Zarvanism
√ Mazdakism, Zarvanism, Manichaeism
• Zarvanism, Sufism

691. For Sufism, the main stages of cognition are:

• rational and logical

• sensual and empirical
• sensual and logical
√ irrational and esoteric
• rational and scientific

692. Indicate the causal basis in the philosophy of Bahmanyar

• time, space, matter, movement

• quantity, quality, cause, result
• being, matter, movement, purpose
√ primary action, form, matter, purpose
• none of the above

693. Indicate the directions of medieval Eastern philosophy:

• social philosophy, anthropology

• mysticism, pantheism
• anthropology, cosmocentrism
√ Peripatetism, Sufism
• natural philosophy, scholasticism

694. Peripatetism is characterized by the following features:

• mystical religious and philosophical movement

• an eclectic collection of legal provisions of the Sunnah
√ Peripatetism is a direction that existed in medieval Eastern philosophy, coming from ancient Greek philosophy, and especially from the
teachings of Aristotle
• the desire to harmonize the Islamic Sharia with the ancient, Aristotelian philosophy.
• promotes atheism, based on the ideas of Aristotle

695. Indicate the variant corresponding to Zarvanism

√ combination of individual elements of Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Buddhism

• philosophical interpretation of the Koran and philosophical saturation of religious disputes
• logical and philosophical doctrine of being and cognition
• adaptation of pantheistic teachings to Islam
• religious-philosophical movement, which is a supporter of teleology and fatalism.