• The Speaker. the person who is addressing the reader.

• The Audience. the person or people to whom the speaker is

speaking.
• Content. the subject of the poem.
• Theme. the poem is the meaning of the poem.
• Shape and Form. Structured poetry and Free verse poetry .
• Mood and Tone. the feeling that the poet creates and that the
reader senses.
• Syntax. order of words.
a. RHYTHM
• Variation of
stressed and
unstressed sounds
that has same
regular pattern.
Rhythm Example
Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe
It was MAny and MAny a YEAR ag0,
In a KINGdom BY the SEA,
That a MAIden THERE lived
WHOM you may KNOW
By the NAME of ANnabel LEE;
And this MAIden she LIVED with
NO other THOUGHT
Than to LOVE and be LOVED by
ME.
 b. IMAGERY
✔The collection of
images in mind.
✔Imagery is the use of
words to create Five Senses
pictures, or images, in
your mind.
✔Appeals to the five
senses.
Which of the following is another
example of imagery?
a. There is a white bird in the
sky.
b. The delicate white bird flew
gracefully through the blue sky.
c. I heard the birds and saw
them flying
❖To create vivid
images writers use
figures of speech.
Figures of speech
are tools that writers
use to create images,
or “paint pictures,” in
your mind.
 KINDS OF
FIGURES OF
SPEECH
 1. SIMILE
• Indirect
comparison of
ideas, things, or
images.
• Uses the words
“like”, “looks like”
The runner streaked like
a cheetah.
or “as as ”.
 2. METAPHOR
• Direct
The Night is a Big Black Cat

comparison
The Night is a big black cat
The moon is her topaz eye,

of ideas.
The stars are the mice she hunts at
night,
In the field of the sultry sky.

By G. Orr Clark
 3. HYPERBOLE
• An Ex. Waves
mountain high
exaggeration suddenly appeared.
of
something.
 4. OXYMORON
• Two Ex. His

contradicto cruel
kindness
ry terms in is beyond
one compare.
statement.
 5. SYNECDOCHE
• Naming yourEx. Show

of parts respect
to suggest snowy
for the

the whole. hair.

 6. PERSONIFICATION
• Giving From “Mister Sun”

human Mister Sun

attributes
Wakes up at dawn,
Puts his golden

to
Slippers on,
Climbs the summer

inanimate
Sky at noon,
Trading places

objects.
With the moon.
by J. Patrick Lewis
 7. ALLUSIONS
• Reference to any Ex. As he
literary, biblical,
historical, acts like
mythological Pilate, the
scientific event, innocent
character, or
place.
sobs.
Example:
❖Mathematics is
her Achilles’
heel.
 8. Understatement
• Employed by writers Ex. I only won
or speakers to
intentionally make a ten million
situation seem less dollars
important than it
really is. yesterday.
 9. Paradox
• A paradox is a Ex. She will
statement that
appears at first to kill him with
be contradictory, kindness.
but upon reflection
then makes sense.
10. Apostrophe
Ex. She will
kill him with
kindness.
 11. Metonymy
A figure of speech in Ex. The pen is
which one object or
idea takes the place mightier than
of another with which a sword.
it has a close
association.
 c. DICTION
• Words ⮚Connotation:

chosen for a The way a word makes

us feel.
supposedly
⮚Denotation:
inherent The actual dictionary
poetic quality. definition of the
word.
TYPES OF DICTION
 1. Formal diction
- formal words • Ex. Hello, young
are used in man. It is a true
formal situations, pleasure to
such as press make your
conferences and acquaintance.
presentations. How are you
feeling today?
 2. Informal diction
- Uses informal
words and • Ex. Hey, kid.
conversation, Nice to meet
such as writing ya. What's up?
or talking to
friends.
 3. Colloquial diction
- Uses words Ex:
common in • Bo bananas, or go
everyday speech, nuts – go insane
or be very angry
which may be
• Wanna – want to
different in
• Gonna – going to
different regions
• Y’all – you all
or communities.
 4. Slang diction
Ex:
- is the use of • LOL: “Laughing out
words that are loud.”
• Hashtag: An interesting
newly coined, slang example which is
taken from writing and
or even adopted into speech,
impolite the hashtag is used to
define the
main theme of a post.
“He’s a bootlegger,” said the young ladies, moving
somewhere between his cocktails and his flowers.
“One
time he killed a man who had found out that he was
nephew to Von Hindenburg and second cousin to the
devil.
Reach me a rose, honey, and pour me a last drop into
that
there crystal glass.”

(The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald)

 d. SOUNDS
• Some poems • Rhymes
use • Alliteration
techniques • Assonance
of sound • Consonance
such as:
 5. ONOMATOPOEIA
• Having a Zip,
zoom!
sound that Bang,
imitates boom!
what they
denote.
 6. Meter
It is a unit of
The most common examples of
metrical feet are:
• Trochee: stressed syllable followed by

rhythm in •
unstressed syllable, as in “custom”
Iamb: unstressed syllable followed by

poetry, the
stressed syllable, as in “describe”
• Spondee: equal stress for both syllables,
as in “cupcake”

pattern of the • Dactyl: stressed syllable, followed by

two unstressed syllables, as in “bicycle”

beats. • Anapest: two unstressed syllables,

followed by a stressed syllable, as in
“understand”
 7. Repitition
involves using the EX.
same word or Water, water
phrase over and everywhere, and not
over again in a a drop to drink.
piece of writing
or speech.