The representation of relief is Cartographic which is very important for mapping

geomorphologically and the description the landscape. This type of representation

helps a person identify geomorphological features on the map.

Different Methods of Map Making through Relief:

1. Hachures- Small lines called hachures are used to depict slopes. For steeper
slopes, the lines are drawn thicker, while for a gentler slope, they are drawn
thinner. The slopes exceeding 45° are all represented in black.

2. Contours- are fictitious lines that link locations with similar elevations above
mean sea level. They are depicted in brown.
3. Form Lines- Similar to contours, form lines reflect characteristics that have not
been actually surveyed. Lines that are broken up reveal them.

4. Spot Heights- measurements were taken at specific locations and indicate the
actual height above mean sea level. Maps display them as dots with their
corresponding values listed next to them.

5. Bench Marks- show the precise height of a tall construction, such as a tall
skyscraper, pillar, bridge, or another long-lasting object. They are identified by
the letters BM and the corresponding height.
6. Trigonometrical Stations- Points included in the triangulation survey are known
as trigonometrical stations, and they are identified on a map by a triangle
containing the location's actual height.

7. Hill Shading- By displaying the shadows that would be created by elevated

locations if light were shining in a certain direction, hill shading (levels of gray)
is a technique for illustrating relief on a map.
8. Layer Colouring- is a technique for displaying relief in layers, and it uses a
distinct color for each layer. This technique is used to display the details of the
relief on physical atlases and wall maps. A variety of blue hues are frequently
used to depict ocean depth. The colors used in these maps are recognized on
a global scale. Accordingly, the colors blue and green stand in for aquatic
bodies, green for plains, various brown tones for highlands, and white for peaks
covered with snow.
 Types of Contours

1. Index Lines- The thickest contour lines are called index lines, and they are
typically numbered at some point along their length. You can see the
elevation above sea level from this.

2. Intermediate Lines- The thinner, more prevalent lines in between the index
lines are called intermediate lines. Typically, they are not labeled with a
number. In general, there is one index line for every five intermediate lines.
3. Supplementary Lines- Dotted lines denote supplementary lines, which
represent flatter terrain.