Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wewelsburg
Wewelsburg
History
Wewelsburg
Earlier structures
Current structure
Prince-Bishops of Paderborn
From 1589 to 1821, the castle was the place of residence of a Renovated 1650–1660
bursary officer (or steward).[3] Two witch trials took place in 19th century
the Wewelsburg in 1631 (a former inquisition room is placed in 1930s/1940s
the basement next to the east tower). 1948/1949
1973–1975
During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the basement
Client Dietrich von
rooms were probably used as a military prison.
Fürstenberg
Owner District of
Prussian state ownership
Paderborn
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the castle fell progressively
into ruin. In 1802, during German mediatisation the castle came into
the possession of the Prussian state. On 11 January 1815, the North
Tower was gutted by a fire that was started by a lightning strike;
only the outer walls remained. From 1832 to 1934, a rectory existed
in the eastern part of the south wing of the castle.[3]
In 1924, the castle became the property of the district of Büren and Wewelsburg, also seen from the
was changed into a cultural center. By 1925, the castle had been Alme valley
renovated into a local museum, banquet hall, restaurant and youth
hostel.
At the end of the Twenties, the North Tower again proved to be the weak point of the architecture, and had
to be supported by guy wires in winter 1932/33; the preservation of the castle was supported by the "Club
for the preservation of the Wewelsburg" (Verein zur Erhaltung der Wewelsburg). After 1925, the renovation
activities decreased.[5]
Nazi era
In 1932, the local head of the district authority (Landrat) ordered
about seventy members of the Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (FAD),
(voluntary labour service), to be housed at the Wewelsburg. They
were unemployed and supported by the state as Notstandsarbeiter
(literally: "crisis workers"). Through the rent, the district of Büren
thus hoped to recoup some of the running costs of the castle.
However, in early 1933, negotiations to set up a full-sized camp for
214 FAD participants failed.
There is some speculation that it was Karl Maria Wiligut who convinced Himmler to use the castle not only
as a school but also as a cult site; Wiligut allegedly was inspired by the old Westphalian legend of the
"Battle at the Birch Tree" (Schlacht am Birkenbaum). The saga tells about a future "last battle at the birch
tree", in which a "huge army from the East" is beaten decisively by the "West". During 1935, Wiligut
reportedly predicted to Himmler that the Wewelsburg would be the "bastion". Himmler expected a big
conflict between Asia and Europe.[10]
Wewelsburg SS School
Knobelsdorf led the "SS School, House Wewelsburg". But very quickly the focus of activity shifted away
from schooling the SS leadership in a broad set of ideological fields to something much narrower. In fact,
work concentrated more on conducting basic pseudo-scientific research in the fields of Germanic pre- and
early history, medieval history, folklore and genealogy (Sippenforschung), all intended to provide the
underpinnings for the racial teachings of the SS. A scientific library was established. But even the first plans
by Bartels from early 1934 did not show any large-scale class rooms, only smaller cell-like rooms for
individual study. Among those active at the Wewelsburg was Wilhelm Teudt.[7][11]
Fields of activity
Wewelsburg castle was also a centre for archaeological excavations in the region. Fields of activity
included study of prehistory and ancient history (directed by Wilhelm Jordan, who led excavations in the
region), study of medieval history and folklife (directed by Karlernst Lasch from March 1935), build-up of
the "Library of the Schutzstaffel in Wewelsburg" (directed by Dr. Hans Peter des Coudres), and
strengthening the National Socialist worldview in the village of Wewelsburg (directed by Walter Franzius).
This latter activity included such work as renovation of a timbered house in the center of the village of
Wewelsburg – the "Ottens Hof" – between 1935 and 1937 for use as a village community center. Franzius
also undertook various other architectural tasks.[12][13]
Crew
The castle crew consisted of members of all SS branches, the "General SS" ("Allgemeine SS"), the police
and the "Armed SS" ("Waffen SS").[14] Also working at the castle were proponents of a kind of SS
esotericism consisting of Germanic mysticism, an ancestor cult, worship of runes, and racial doctrines.
Himmler, for example, adapted the idea of the Grail to create a heathen mystery for the SS.[15]
No proof exists that Himmler wanted a Grail castle, but redesign of the castle by the SS referred to certain
characters in the legends of the Grail: for example, one of the arranged study rooms was named Gral
("Grail"), and others, König Artus ("King Arthur"), König Heinrich ("King Henry", referring to Henry the
Fowler to whom Himmler claimed a connection),[16] Heinrich der Löwe ("Henry the Lion"), Widukind,
Christoph Kolumbus ("Christopher Columbus"), Arier ("Aryan"), Jahrlauf ("course of the seasons"),
Runen ("runes"), Westfalen ("Westphalia"), Deutscher Orden ("Teutonic Order"), Reichsführerzimmer
("Room of the Empire's Leader(s)"; "Reichsführer-SS", or "the Reich's Leader of the SS" was Himmler's
title), Fridericus (probably in reference to Frederick II of Prussia), tolle Christian ("Christian the Great",
probably referring to Christian the Younger of Brunswick, Bishop of Halberstadt), and Deutsche Sprache
("German language"). In addition to these study rooms, the SS created guest rooms, a dining room, an
auditorium, a canteen kitchen, and a photographic laboratory with an archive.
Oak was used to panel and furnish these rooms, though (according to contemporary witnesses) only
sparingly. All interior decoration was shaped by an SS sensibility in art and culture; the preferred elements
of design were based on runes, swastikas, and Germanically interpreted Sinnzeichen (sense characters).[17]
Tableware, decorated with runes and Germanic symbols of salvation, was manufactured specifically for
Wewelsburg castle, and Himmler's private collection of weapons was housed in the castle.[18]
In 1934, the eastern castle bridge was built and the castle moat lowered. The exterior plaster was removed
to make the building look more castle-like. The following year, a smithy was established on the ground
floor of the North Tower for manufacture of the wrought-iron interior decoration of the castle.[19] The
western and southern wings of the castle were rebuilt between 1934 and 1938; the eastern, between 1936
and 1938. The first new building, the guardhouse (Wachgebäude), was constructed next to the castle[5] in
1937. An SS sentry post and a small circular location (Rondell) were placed next to the guardhouse, as was
a no longer extant SS staff building (SS-Stabsgebäude). The North Tower was strengthened and rebuilt
between 1938 and 1943.[20]
From 1939, the castle was also furnished with miscellaneous objects of art,[21] including prehistoric objects
(chiefly arranged by the teaching and research group Das Ahnenerbe), objects of past historical eras, and
works of contemporary sculptors and painters (mainly works by such artists as Karl Diebitsch, Wolfgang
Willrich, and Hans Lohbeck – that is, art in line with the aesthetics of National Socialism).
Directors
The first commandant of the castle (Burghauptmann von Wewelsburg), from August 1934, was
Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) Manfred von Knobelsdorff.[7] He was partial to Karl Maria
Wiligut's religious theories. The opinion of other SS-scientists about Wiligut were absolutely negative. SS
Obersturmbannfuhrer Knobelsdorff was succeeded by Siegfried Taubert on 30 January 1938. Because
Taubert was consigned to various other tasks he was absent from the castle for longer periods.[22]
Other activities
Since 1936, Himmler (who was often present at the castle) wanted more and more to expand the
Wewelsburg to be a representative and ideological center of the SS Order. Consequently, although at first
planned to be an educational training center, during the 1930s increasing measures were taken to transform
the castle into an isolated central meeting place for the highest ranking SS-officers.[23]
Financing
For financing the project, Himmler founded in 1936 the "Gesellschaft zur Förderung und Pflege deutscher
Kulturdenkmäler e.V." (Association for the advancement and maintenance of German cultural relics
(registered association)) and assigned the association as building developer. In contrast to the SS, the
association was allowed to receive donations and loans. Until 1943, the project cost 15 million ℛ︁ℳ︁.[7]
After the Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (the "FAD", "Voluntary Labour Service") ceased work on
Wewelsburg, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (the "RAD", "Reich Labour Service") carried out modifications to the
castle; but in 1938, the RAD was relocated to the "Westwall" (Siegfried Line).[7] Between 1939 and 1943,
prisoners from the Sachsenhausen and Niederhagen concentration camps were used as labourers to perform
much of the construction work on Wewelsburg, under the design of architect Hermann Bartels.[26]
However, by a decree of 13 January 1943, all building projects which were unimportant for the war –
including the Wewelsburg – had to be stopped.[7]
In 1938, after Reichskristallnacht, 17 Jews from Salzkotten, ten kilometers (about six miles) distant, were
held in the dungeon of the Wewelsburg before transportation to the Buchenwald concentration camp.[27]
In the middle of the 1930s, Himmler had a private safe mounted in the basement of the west tower. Only
the commandant of the castle knew about it. The whereabouts of its content after the Second World War is
unclear.[18]
Meetings of SS-Leaders
Towards the end of the war Himmler ordered that Wewelsburg castle should become the Reichshaus der
SS-Gruppenführer (Reich-House of the SS-Gruppenführer).[29]
In 1938, Himmler ordered the return of all death's head rings (German: Totenkopfringe) of dead SS-men
and officers. They were to be stored in a chest in the castle. This was to symbolize the ongoing membership
of the deceased in the SS-Order.[30] The whereabouts of the approximately 11,500 rings after the Second
World War is unknown.
SS plans
Himmler's plans included making it the "center of the new world" ("Zentrum der neuen Welt") following
the "final victory". The monumental estate was never realized; only detailed plans and models exist. The
installation of a 15 to 18-meter-high wall in the shape of a three-quarter circle[5] with 18 towers including
the actual castle area centred on the North Tower of the castle, 860 m in diameter, was planned. The real
purpose of the project was never clearly defined. Inside of this castle area buildings were planned for the
exclusive purposes of the Reichsführung-SS (Reich Leadership-SS).
The main road of an SS village was also to be centred on the North
Tower of the castle with a diameter of 1270 m. This road was to be
connected with three radial roads and gates with the castle area. The
residential area was to be placed in the northwest, the centre of the
village in the north, and the SS-barracks in the west of the castle area;
between the barracks and village a villa colony for higher SS-leaders;
in the southwest farmsteads.
In the architectural plans from 1941, the estate had the shape of a spear
pointing towards the north; the 2 km long access avenue with four tree
rows[31] road looks like a spear shaft with an access to the Rhynern –
Kassel Reichsautobahn (freeway) to the south.[32] The plan from 1944
shows the castle as the top of a triangular estate surrounded by further SS blueprint for the planned
buildings. The plans also included a "Hall of the High Court of the construction of the area around
SS" (Saal des Hohen Gerichtes der SS), streets, parkways, magnificent Wewelsburg. The small triangle
buildings,[5] a dam with a power plant, freeway accesses and an in the center of the circle,
airport. [18] From 1941 on (after Hitler's successful military campaigns forming the tip of the "spear", is
against Poland and France) the architects called the complex the Wewelsburg.
"Center of the World". It was to be finished within twenty years. The
complex was to be a center of the "species-appropriate religion"
(artgemäße Religion) and a representative estate for the SS-Führerkorps (SS leader corps). If the plans had
been realized, the entire village of Wewelsburg and adjacent villages would have disappeared. The
population was to be resettled. The valley was to be flooded.[33] 250 million Reichsmark were budgeted
for the estate.
North Tower
Inside the North Tower two mythologic designed rooms were created (1938–1943):
The Obergruppenführersaal (SS Generals' Hall) and the Gruft (vault). Their ceilings were cast in concrete
and faced with natural stone. On the upper floors a further hall was planned. The axis of this tower was to
be the actual "Center of the World" (Mittelpunkt der Welt). A preparation for an eternal flame in the vault, a
swastika ornament in its zenith, and the so-called "Black Sun" symbol embedded in the floor of the
"Obergruppenführersaal" lie on this axis. Although both rooms appear to have a ceremonial purpose,
nothing is known about if, or how, the rooms were ever used.
Where a primary cistern was originally located, a vault after the model of Mycenaean domed tombs was
hewn into the rock, possibly to serve as some kind of commemoration of the dead. The room is unfinished.
The floor was lowered 4.80 meters. The foundation of the tower was firmed with concrete, and a gas pipe
leading to the centre was embedded, suggesting that an eternal flame was probably planned for the centre
of this space. Twelve pedestals were placed around the perimeter, each with a wall niche above it; the
purpose is unknown.
Because Macher's company ran out of explosives, they placed tank Obergruppenführersaal (SS
mines only in the unimportant southeast tower, the guard-building Generals' Hall), with the so-called
and the SS-cadre-building which was completely destroyed. The "Black Sun" on the hall floor
castle was set on fire and – according to information of the village
citizens – the castle was open to looting.[37]
Members
Heinrich Himmler: Aegis
Erich Schupping: Commandant
Siegfried Taubert: Commandant
Karl Elstermann von Elster Stabsführer: replaced by Paul Hübner
Walter Muller: Hauptsturmführer
Josef Schneid: Hauptsturmführer also known as Pepi
Walter Franzius: architect brought on board in October 1935
Karl Lasch
Dr Hans-Peter de Courdes: until May 1939
Dr Bernhard Frank: SS Commander of the Obersalzberg
Dr Heinrich Hagel (physician): Obersturmbannführer
Wilhelm Jordan
Elfriede Wippermann
Quote of former SS-General Karl Wolff referring to the Obergruppenführersaal: "This was a part of the
myth which was to be introduced here. These are the twelve compartments(*), they were created according
to mystic-confused things with which Himmler liked to play, of the Round Table of King Arthur. In fact we
were twelve main department leaders (Hauptamtchefs) who represented equally next to each other their
service areas because Himmler didn't have the courage to appoint a Deputy-Reichsführer-SS or a Deputy
Chief of the German police."[18] (* German original sound record: "Postamente": this could refer to the
twelve columns; there is also speculation about twelve heraldic emblems[18] for the twelve leading SS
Generals which were to be placed inside the hall.)
Niederhagen Camp
Just offsite of Wewelsburg was the smallest German KZ, Niederhagen prison and labour camp.[46] Begun
on June 17, 1940, the camp was completed the following year and named after Niederhagen Forest, the
name Himmler had given to the forest outside the castle several years earlier.
It began with 480 prisoners from Sachsenhausen, and grew to 1200, consisting chiefly of Soviet POWs and
captured foreign labourers shipped to Germany, although early in its life it was also a gathering point for
Jehovah's Witness prisoners. Correspondingly, a large percentage of the concentration camp inmates at
Niederhagen who were working on the Wewelsburg Castle were indeed Jehovah's Witnesses, perhaps the
only place where they constituted the core KZ population.[47] During the SS's December 1942 Korherr
Report it was reported to have only housed 12 Jews, all of whom had died.[48]
Of the 3900 prisoners held during the camp's existence, 1285 died of typhus and 56 were formally
executed. In August 1942, the Allies began deciphering death tolls transmitted from the camps;
Niederhagen had reported 21 deaths for that month. The camp was dissolved in 1943 with most of the
prisoners resettled in Buchenwald, though several dozen prisoners remained behind, housed directly in
Wewelsburg.[49]
Hauptsturmführer Adolf Haas, who had overseen the camp from its beginning, was transferred to a
command position at Bergen-Belsen, while Schutzhaftlagerführer Wolfgang Plaul was transferred to
Buchenwald. Untersturmführer Hermann Michl had last been recorded at the camp in 1942, and later
appeared at the Riga ghetto.
Postwar
In 1948/49, the castle was restored.[3] On 29 June 1950, the castle was reopened as a museum and youth
hostel, while the Niederhagen kitchen had been renovated into a village fire station.
In 1973, a two-year project was begun to restore the North Tower. Due to a local government reform the
Wewelsburg became property of the district of Paderborn in 1975.[3]
By 1977, it had been decided to restore the entire site as a war monument. It opened on 20 March 1982
under the name Wewelsburg 1933-1945: Kult- und Terrorstätte der SS in the former SS guard house in the
castle forecourt.[3] Several Niederhagen camp survivors were present.
In 1996, the Historical Museum of the Bishopric of Paderborn (Historisches Museum des Hochstifts
Paderborn) opened in the east- and south-wings.[3] The museum documents the history of the "Hochstift
Paderborn" (Bishopric of Paderborn) which was one of territories of the Holy Roman Empire.[50] In 2010,
the museum's contemporary history department was reopened as "Wewelsburg 1933–1945 Memorial
Museum". The new permanent exhibition "Ideology and terror of the SS" now presents the history of the
Schutzstaffel's activities in Wewelsburg within the broader context of the SS as a whole.[3]
In 2000, a memorial was built in honour of the deceased Niederhagen prisoners; four years later, the
Kreismuseum Wewelsburg was granted DM 29,400 for restoring and moving the remnants of the
Niederhagen camp, as well as producing an educational film on the Ukrainian and Russian prisoners who
were housed there. In 2006 and 2007, it hosted the annual Internacia Seminario, a meeting of Esperanto
youth.
The Youth hostel Wewelsburg, with 218 beds, is located in the west wing of the castle.[51] The Historical
Museum of the Prince Bishopric of Paderborn is located in the south and east wings.[52]
In 2010, a museum about the Nazi use of the castle opened. A news item stated that the exhibition "dubbed
the world's first dedicated entirely to the dreaded Schutzstaffel, charts its growth from Hitler's elite guard to
a band of a million men who committed unspeakable crimes across Europe.[53] A discussion of tours of the
castle on the Expedia web site in 2020 included this information: "...head to the former guardhouse in the
forecourt for the Wewelsburg 1933-1945 Memorial Museum. Browse the free and fascinating exhibit
Ideology and Terror of the SS". A fee applied to tour the castle, however.[52] The Kreismuseum
Wewelsburg web site stated that the exhibition "utilises a comprehensive media concept as well as classical
image and text elements. Many qualitative, original exhibits such as Heinrich Himmler’s pocket calendar,
concentration camp barrack walls and prisoners’ clothing are on display".[54]
See also
Chiemsee Cauldron
Heinz Macher
Nazi architecture
Nazism and occultism
Ordensburg Vogelsang
Footnotes
1. "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-
geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) (PDF). lwl.org. p. 214.
2. James Bjorkman, "Heinrich Himmler: Hitler's Executioner," World War II in Pictures (https://w
orldwartwo.filminspector.com/2014/05/heinrich-himmler-hitlers-executioner.html), Retrieved
5 January 2019.
3. History of Wewelsburg Castle (http://www.wewelsburg.de/en/kreismuseum-wewelsburg/bes
ucherinformationen/geschichte-der-burg.php)
4. Kreismuseum Wewelsburg (http://www.wewelsburg.de/en/index.php)
5. The Wewelsburg (http://www.wewelsburg-alte-muehle.de/text/wburg.htm) (History of the
castle – in German)
6. Hüser, Karl; Brebeck, Wulff E. (2002). Wewelsburg 1933-1945, Kultstätte des SS-Ordens.
Einführung (German) (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felde
r/seite1_westf_bild.php?urlID=331). Münster.
7. "Kirsten John-Stucke: 22 September 1934 – Takeover of the Wewelsburg by Heinrich
Himmler(German)" (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/l
angDatensatz_ebene4.php?urlID=497&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente).
Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
8. [1] (https://www.schoeningh.de/uploads/tx_mbooks/9783506780942_leseprobe.pdf) Extract
from Mythos Wewelsburg - facts and legends, page 20 (in German).
9. "Letter from Oberscharführer Lasch to Otto Sigfrid Reuter of 14 October 1935(German)" (htt
p://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=104
4&url_tabelle=tab_quelle). Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe. 25 March 2014. Retrieved
2 August 2014.
10. Karl Maria Wiligut (http://www.relinfo.ch/wiligut/info.html) (in German)
11. "Manfred von Knobelsdorff (German)" (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Int
ernet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=474&url_tabelle=tab_medien). Landschaftsverband
Westfalen-Lippe. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
12. Country inn Ottens Hof – History (http://www.ottenshof.de/html/geschichte.html) (in German)
13. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 248-249 (in German)
14. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 212 (in German)
15. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 278 (in German)
16. Frischauer, Willi (1953). Himmler, the Evil Genius of the Third Reich. Odhams. (pages 85-
88)
17. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) pp. 218, 224, 225, 226 and 277 (in
German)
18. Karl Höffkes, Stuart Russell: Die Wewelsburg – Das weltanschauliche Zentrum der SS
19. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 223 (in German)
20. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 225 (in German)
21. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) pp. 225–29 (in German)
22. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) pp. 281 and 243 (in German)
23. Historical background (http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hi
ntergrund.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100704180651/http://www.wewelsb
urg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php) 2010-07-04 at the Wayback
Machine (in German)
24. [2] (https://www.schoeningh.de/uploads/tx_mbooks/9783506780942_leseprobe.pdf) Extract
from Mythos Wewelsburg - facts and legends, p. 20 (in German)
25. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) pp. 222–23 (in German)
26. Wewelsburg – Overview (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/la
ngDatensatz.php?urlID=133&url_tabelle=tab_texte) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070311011405/http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDaten
satz.php?urlID=133&url_tabelle=tab_texte) 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (in
German)
27. History of the Jewish population of Salzkotten (http://www.judentum-in-salzkotten.de/Geschi
chte/geschichte.html) (in German).
28. Nicholas Goodrick Clarke: Die okkulten Wurzen des Nationalsozialismus (The Occult Roots
of Nazism), p. 197
29. "Wewelsburg – Historischer Hintergrund" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100704180651/htt
p://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergrund.php). Archived
from the original (http://www.wewelsburg.de/de/wewelsburg-1933-1945/historischer-hintergr
und.php) on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
30. Nicholas Goodrick Clarke: Die okkulten Wurzen des Nationalsozialismus (The occult roots
of national socialism), p. 163
31. Grossly exaggerated architect's plans for the Order Castle Wewelsburg (http://www.lwl.org/w
estfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=485&url_tabelle=tab_
medien) (in German)
32. See architectural drawing (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/med/normal/bh-124-
10.jpg).
33. DVD Schwarze Sonne
34. Julian Strube: Die Erfindung es esoterischen Nationalsozialismus im Zeichen der
Schwarzen Sonne. In: Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft, 20(2), 2012: pp. 223–268.
35. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 197
36. Wewelsburg: SS-cult and KZ-terror (https://web.archive.org/web/20070808120045/http://krie
gsende.ard.de/pages_std_lib/0,3275,OID1192336,00.html) (in German)
37. 60 years end of war – Wewelsburg: SS-cult und KZ-terror (https://web.archive.org/web/2007
0808120045/http://kriegsende.ard.de/pages_std_lib/0,3275,OID1192336,00.html) (in
German)
38. Frischauer, Willi (1953). Himmler, the Evil Genius of the Third Reich. London: Odhams.
pp. 85–88.
39. Kersten, Felix (1957). The Kersten Memoirs: 1940–1945. New York: Macmillan. p. 238.
40. DVD Schwarze Sonne
41. "Hitler and Wagner" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalmusic/8659814/Hitl
er-and-Wagner.html). The Telegraph. 25 Jul 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
42. Blachetta, Walther (1941). Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German
sense characters). pp. 15/16: interpretation of the sun and, p. 80: interpretation of the number
twelve.
43. Blachetta, Walther (1941). Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German
sense characters). p. 80: interpretation of the number twelve.
44. "History of the castle" (http://www.wewelsburg-alte-muehle.de/text/wburg.htm). Wewelsburg-
alte-mehle.de. (In German)
45. DVD Schwarze Sonne, bonus material, interview
46. IVM.org (http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/55/ConferenceWebsite/downloads/Panel2
3.pdf)
47. Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 122.
48. NS-archive.de (http://www.ns-archiv.de/verfolgung/korherr/faksimile-lang/korherr-lang-13.ph
p)
49. The concentration camp Niederhagen (http://www.ns-gedenkstaetten.de/nrw/de/wewelsbur
g/thema_1/) (in German)
50. Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" (http://www.lwl.or
g/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) p. 196
51. Youth Hostels (https://www.jugendherberge.de/en/youth-hostels/wewelsburg-386/portrait/)
52. Kreismuseum Wewelsburg (https://www.expedia.co.uk/Wewelsburg-District-Museum-Buere
n.d6335709.Attraction)
53. Nazi castle turned into museum dedicated to Hitler's dreaded SS 15 April 2020 (https://www.
thelocal.de/20100415/26565)
54. The permanent exhibition deology and Terror of the SS (https://www.wewelsburg.de/en/gede
nkstaette-1933-1945/dauerausstellung.php)
External links
Wewelsburg: SS-cult and KZ-terror (https://web.archive.org/web/20090618010228/http://krie
gsende.ard.de/pages_std_lib/0,3275,OID1192336,00.html) at 60 Jahre Kriegsende (in
German)
NS Memorials in NRW (http://www.ns-gedenkstaetten.de/nrw/wewelsburg/besucherinformati
onen.html) (in German)
22 September 1934 – Takeover of the Wewelsburg by Heinrich Himmler (http://www.lwl.org/
westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/langDatensatz_ebene4.php?urlID=497
&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente) (in German)
Blueprints for the SS Order Castle Wewelsburg (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschicht
e/portal/Internet/finde/langDatensatz.php?urlID=485&url_tabelle=tab_medien) (in German)
Kreismuseum Wewelsburg (http://www.wewelsburg.de/en/index.php) – Official Website
Documentation "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Cult- and terror place of the SS" 4.83 MB (http://w
ww.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/normal/txt234.pdf) (in German)
Hosteling International Page for Wewelsburg Hostel (http://www.djh-wl.de/de/jugendherberg
en/wewelsburg)