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Nanotechnology Applications In Automobiles: Comprehensive Review Of

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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121

Nanotechnology Applications In Automobiles:

Comprehensive Review Of Existing Data
S S Chavan1, S V Dubal 2
1
(Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University ,College of Engineering, Pune,
India,
sschavan@bvucoe.edu.in)
2
(Research Scholar, Department of mechanical engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering,
Pune, India,
sdubal1585@gmail.com)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract- Today, a life without nanotechnology is hard to imagine. Nanotechnologies can play a serious role within the automotive
business. Nowadays automotive industries heavily investing in research to enhance efficiency, safety and comfort in automobiles. In this
paper, we will discuss an overview of existing nanotechnologies in cars already on the market. The tendency that engineering permits for the
vehicles are lighter however stronger material for better fuel consumption and enhanced safety. (Nanoengineered thermoplastic materials,
Nanosteel, Nanostructured material car tires). Improve fuel consumption of cars by use of fuel additives and nano lubricants which improves
engine potency, reduced environmental impact by eliminating harmful hydrocarbons from exhaust. (Catalyst converter), Increased
passenger comfort and wellness (Naofilters, nanofluid shock absorbers, Antimicrobial and aromatherapy textiles, Self-cleaning and
nanocoatings .nanotechnology possesses high potential in research and development of future automobiles.
Keywords— Nanotechnology, nanomaterials, manufacturing, automotive industry
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is becoming everywhere and has found its
various applications in many commercial products, like
lightweight but stronger materials for cars and planes; filters
and membranes; computer processors and data storage,
Surfaces with self-cleaning property, nanomaterials in
pharmaceutical application for skin, bone, more efficient
solar cells etc. Nanoparticles show different properties at
nanoscale due to large surface area. So material becomes
more chemically reactive and shows the effect on strength
and electrical properties Nanomaterials at its nano range
shows different properties which are far different from their
micro range. In today’s world, there is a necessity for new
materials which can satisfy the required properties. Newly
developed nanomaterials used for manufacturing of new
devices and materials. Existing technologies can be
improved by nanotechnologies significantly. The automobile
sector could be a major client of material technologies.
Nanotechnologies applications ranges from lightweight body
parts, scratch resistant paint, antiglare mirrors, self-repairing
paint, wear resistant tires. Nano-catalytic converters. Fig.1. The vital parts of cars those are formed by nanotechnology.
Stronger but lighter materials, fuel cells, wear resistant tires,
switchable colors. The efficiency of automobiles can be 2. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
increased by increasing the performance of engine parts by AUTOMOBILES
using nanotechnology.
A. Automobile Efficiency
The vital parts of cars those are formed by nanotechnology
are represented in Fig. 1 The efficiency of automobiles can be increased by increasing
performance of engine parts by using nanotechnology.

1) Lightweight body parts:

As the weight of automobile gets reduced the vehicle's
performance, fuel economy increases. While Production and
emission cost will decrease. In order to reduce weight
automakers are investigating in the installation of fuel tanks
made of plastics and car, the body is of Nanosteel.10 %

Volume:07 Issue:02 2020 www.ijmtes.com 18

 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science
weight reduction of automobile results in 7 % fuel economy.
[27, 28, 40].Weight reduction up to 40% is achieved with the
use of Nano engineered thermoplastic materials. The strength
of nanocomposites can be increased by using various plastic
and ceramic nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes are 150 times
stronger as compared with steel so carbon nanotube is good
alternative for the parts made of automobile. Use of carbon
nanotubes increases strength with reduced weight [41]
Nanocomposites are also being used to develop hybrid
composites. A Recent study on hybrid composites shows that
use of structural low-density composites in molding parts in
trunk compartments will result in a reduction of mass up to
50 % [26]. LFRT (Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic)
have high flexibility, impact resistance and corrosion
reduction also it offers high strength to weight ratio when
compared with other metals [40].
2) Lubrication:
Lubrication is important for the smooth working of an
automobile engine. If lubrication not done correctly it
shortens the life of the engine. Antiwear and frictional
performance mainly depends on the chemical composition of
nanoparticles. The sizes of nanoparticles show effects on
both friction and wear. Morphology of nanoparticles is also
shown important effect antiwear performance. Various
nanoparticles of metals, metal oxides, sulfides, carbon can be
used as lubricant additives [37] Anti-friction and antiwear
Anti performance of lubricating oil can be improved with Cu
nanoparticles in Oil. [38]. Wu et al. studied the effect of
nanoparticles of CuO, TiO2 and diamond on the tribological
properties of lubricating oils and observed that with CuO
exhibit good antifriction and antiwear properties.[39]. The
experimental studies show that when nanoparticles of TiO2
is added in engine oil enhances the engine oil properties by
reducing the wear and friction rate.TiO2 nanoparticles have
good stability and solubility in the lubricant [1] Research
also showed that when CuO nanoparticles mixed with
Polyalphaolefin (PAO6) results in a reduction in wear and
friction with reference to the base oil. There is reaction in
between nanoparticles and surface which forms compounds
which enhance antifriction property. This formed compound
deposit on damaged surface by tribosinterization action. [16]
3) Fuel Additives:
Greenhouse effect produced by emissions from automobiles.
Complete combustion is achieved by using fuel additives
which reduces carbon dioxide emissions. Iron, aluminum,
boron and ferric chloride are metal based additives used as
combustion catalysts that improve complete combustion
which results in less fuel consumption and reduction in
harmful exhaust emissions. Reduction in fuel consumption
and improvement in exhaust emission is observed with the
addition of aluminum Nano fluid with diesel (Kao et al
2008). Addition of CuO and MnO additives results in
shortening the ignition delay which boosts the combustion
efficiency. On the addition of cerium oxide (Ceo2) results in
increased brake thermal efficiency by 6%nanoparticles in
diesel (Sajeevan & Sajith (2013). In heavy traffic, the air
quality is determined by the percentage of carbon monoxide
Volume:07 Issue:02 2020 www.ijmtes.com
ISSN: 2348-3121
in the air. Fuel additives enhance the quality of fuel. Various
researchers are working on biodiesel emission problem as
Biodiesel is rich in oxygen which increases the NOx
emissions hence nanoparticles used in this experiment to
control the high temperatures which directly affect and
reduce the formation of NOx. CO, HC, smoke were reduced
by the combination of alumina nanoparticles and JOME.
Alumina nanoparticles results in reduced NOx emission in
bio fuelled engines. Nanoparticles prove out to be a good
additive in diesel and biodiesel fuel. Results showed that
nanoparticles are a good solution for problems occurring
during plain diesel and biodiesel operations [2]. Cerium
oxide when added in in diesel and biodiesel shows
improvement in performance also reduction in exhaust
emission observed with improvement in combustion in
experimental investigation done by Arul Selven [17]
4) Catalyst converter:
Catalysts are the material which increases process of reaction
that is used in catalyst converter. Exhaust emission reacts
with these catalyst materials and get converted into carbon
dioxide, steam and nitrogen. Toxic gases can be converted
into nontoxic by using nanotechnologies. Chemical Vapor
deposition technique is widely used for obtaining nano
rhodium and nano palladium Nanomaterials. Spin coating
method is used to deposit nanopowder in the honeycomb
structure. Pollution is reduced by using nano-catalytic
converter [3] porous nanocomposites are used in pollution
filters to reduce emission of soot particles. [29]
5) Nano engineered thermoplastic materials:
The materials used for manufacturing of parts which are
fixed at side of the engine should have high thermal
resistance and with high mechanical strength. Carbon
nanotubes can be used to modify these properties. CNT is
about 150 times stronger as compared with steel. Carbon
nanotubes is good replacement for steel.[11]. Clay
nanocomposites with PP (Polypropylene), PA (Polyamide),
PB (Polybutylene terephthalate), and PC (Polycarbonates)
are widely used polymer nanocomposites. It is observed that
use of this clay in polymers results in thermal resistance and
flame retardant properties.
6) Fuel Shells:
Fuel cells might solve a series of issues. Platinum is an
expensive material which is required for electrode catalysts.
Production of hydrogen is costly and also difficult to store.
The fuel cell uses Platinum which is costly material. This is
used as the electrode material. The cost of catalysts can be
reduced by using the nanostructured platinum material or by
using other cheaper materials like a cobalt-polypyrrole
catalyst which results from 0.15 W power densities in H2-02
cell and there is no degradation in performance. Oxygen
reduction reaction is propagated by active sites with use of
heteroatomic [4]
B. Automobile Comfort
1) Passenger Wellness
1.1) Antimicrobial textiles:
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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science
Automobile consist of seat covers, safety belts, body liners,
airbags that are made up of flexible textiles. Flexible
reinforcements are also used in tires, bumper, water hoses
and varieties of belts. [5,6]. Microorganisms grow due to
human body at proper temperature and humidity this may
leads to various diseases to human so in order to control this
researchers are working on incorporation of nanoparticles in
the textile matrix. anti-microbial agents are silver, zinc oxide
nd copper, titanium oxide, gold, and silver-based
nanostructured materials, carbon nanotube (CNT), nanoclay,
gallium, liposomes loaded nanoparticles, titania nanotube
(TNT).[7] Silver nanoparticles have a high degree of
compatibility and resistivity to sterilization it also shows
good antimicrobial properties which is result of their large
surface area which confirms good contact with
microorganism. Nanoparticles penetrate inside bacteria and
react with bacterial membrane also interact with proteins in
the cell so silver nanoparticles are widely used an
antimicrobial and antibacterial agent. Low molecular weight
region forms when silver nanoparticles enter the cell, the
death of bacteria occurs due to the attack of nanoparticles on
respiratory chain cell division. Bactericidal activity enhances
as soon as silver ions releases in the bacterial cell.
1.2) Dirt Protection:
Static electricity is generated on the surface of vehicle
compartments which is main reason for accumulation of dirt
and dust on compartment surface. There are chances of fire
due to accumulation of this energy in insulators. Addition of
1.3 wt. % Silver nanoparticles in long-chain aliphatic amines
and amides, polyols results in draining the charges from
surface which is result of Coulomb blockade effect [9].
Antistatic properties are introduced for the parts which are
used in automobiles with carbon nanotubes as filler [10]
1.3) Aromatherapy textiles:
Nowadays a research is going on finishing of automobile
textiles to impart functional properties like antimicrobial,
antiodor, textiles with fragrance and textiles with cosmetics
for extra skin care and so on. Fragrance oil can be used in
order to enhance properties like antimicrobial and smell
retention and researchers are working in this direction.
Chitosan is natural biopolymer which can be used for various
applications to achieve mentioned properties [14, 36]
1.4) Plasmonic glass coatings:
The glass of windows in automobile must be transparent and
also it should block infrared radiations. This is important
while considering heat convey to a vehicle from in and out
which will also save energy consumption of automobile Air
conditioning system various nanoparticles are used to tackle
this problem like mixtures shaped plasmonic nanocrystals.
Nanoparticle of various noble metals such as Ag , Au and
alternative materials like TiN, Al and Cu and plasmonic
materials (Ag, Cu, Al, and TiN) show good performance as
IR-blocking element[15]. Harmful rays of sunlight is
absorbed and get reflected by using zinc oxide and titania
nanoparticles which improve UV resistance.[34].
Volume:07 Issue:02 2020 www.ijmtes.com
ISSN: 2348-3121
1.5) Vehicle Suspension:
The main function of the suspension system is it gives
stability, steering control and comfort while you are traveling
on the road with full of bumps. It increases the lifespan of
accessories by absorbing shocks. It maintains correct wheel
alignment also. Nanofluid play important role in vehicle
suspension shock absorber system. The viscosity of magnetic
fluid can be changed by strength of magnetic field. The
viscosity of magnetic fluid is also depending upon size of
nanoparticle. Magneto-Rheological nanofluid is prepared by
suspending nanoparticle in base fluid. Components of
aircraft are subjected to electromagnetic radiation which can
be shielded by Single walled carbon nanotube. Vibrations in
airplane are common and can cause discomfort to passengers
and can cause damage to different parts of airplane these
vibrations can be damped by using nanomaterials.
Dissipation of vibrations is done through halting slip motion.
[30, 31, 32]
1.6) Naofilters:
Air quality in car is important concern when we think about
comfort in car cabin. Air quality is depending on filtration of
particle and gas pollutants. Dirt particles should not adhere to
foam material and to tackle this nanotechnology is used som
that foam should not polluted. Nanofibers are fitted in nano
filters which results in lower air resistance and air can be
transported without any pressure loss.. Activated carbon and
fiberglass are widely employed in air filtration business.
Nanofibers are widely used in such applications; nanofibers
are smaller than typical fibers. Nanofibers have high surface-
to-volume ratio also it has low resistance, and increased
filtration performance create nanofibers a promising material
for wide variety of applications. The lung diseases and
asthma can be avoided by reducing pollution in breathing air.
Nanofibers filters play important role in removal of VOC’s
and reduces air pollution. [33]
2) Product attractiveness
2.1) Scratch Resistance coating:
Nowadays scratch on a car is a common problem and
customer wants to fix it with minimum cost. The various
researcher are working to fix this problem by different ways
one promising solution is to apply scratch resistance coating
on car exterior body surface so that the problem will fix
permantely.0.2 to 2 wt% of Alumina nanoparticles were
dispersed in a UV curable coating and testing of coating is
done to measure haze formed due to scratch. The
performance of neat coating is compared with the alumina
nanoparticle dispersed coating and it is observed that there is
X times improvement with neat coating. Researchers
observed 9 times improvement in scratch resistance of
coating. The results show same improvement with alumina
in composite coating. [19].
2.2) Anti-fingerprint:
There are various applications in which the surface must be
clean and without any dirt such as medical instruments,
calibration measuring instrument etc...in order to achieve
anti-fingerprint surface silica nanoparticles are added in base
solvents like 4-chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and
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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science
Isopropyl alcohol and ceramic binder. On variety of glass
substrates solution is applied by spin coating technique with
30 minutes curing time. The results shows superhydrophobic
behavior with a static CA ≥160 [20]
2.3) Self-cleaning:
The dust in the atmosphere gets deposited on the surface of
an automobile which makes surface dirty this is a common
problem in developing country where the percentage of
pollution is at a higher level. Researchers are working on
self-cleaning material with Nano-TiO2-Coated SiO2
Microsphere Composite with self-cleaning property. TiO2
self-cleaning film is produced under irradiation of ultraviolet
light react with pollutants on the surface results in
decomposition of pollutants. The self-cleaning film has
super-hydrophilicity property which results in washing out of
decomposed product by rain so the clean surface can be
maintained. [21]
C. Automobile Safety
Safety is most important concern in automobile and the
requirement of the same is increasing day by day. In the
modern era the evolution of automobile at a great peak. The
number of automobiles on road is constantly increasing. The
main issue is about the safety of the passenger. Modern
automobiles come with both active and passive safety
features out of which are mostly working on
microelectromechanical systems. Nanotechnology plays
important role in this microsystem to increase efficiency and
performance of the system.
1) High Strength steel body:
The automobile chassis should be a lightweight and high
strength so it will satisfy safety requirements.
Nanotechnologies will give possible way to produce high
strength steel Carbon nitride nanoparticles increase the
strength of steel and it is observed that there is an increase in
the stability of steel by 0.002 percent dispersion of carbon.
Carbon nitride nanoparticle shows outstanding properties of
5 to 10-nanometer sizes. [35]
2) Anti-glare rear mirrors with Electro-chromatic layers:
Traffic safety is most important. The reflection of light
falling on the mirror is unwanted and which is dangerous for
drivers which may cause accident due to poor vision. When a
functional layer of electrochromic properties applied over the
glass and mirrors optical properties get changed which
directly influences the behavior of light penetration into a
transparent material. Voltage is generated when light falls on
the mirror due to which charge move to middle layer. So the
light get soak up by color centers at electrode which results
in small quantity of get reflected. Sensor measures and
controls the power of light that fall on the mirror it’s the
same like charging and discharging of any battery as soon as
pole changes glass of mirror will get back to actual state.[18]
3) Tires:
The safety of the vehicle is mainly depending upon tire
condition. Tire grip is depending on wear of tire. The tire
Volume:07 Issue:02 2020 www.ijmtes.com
ISSN: 2348-3121
should low rolling resistance as well as it should have good
grip. High fuel efficiency and durability can be achieved
with nanostructured soot in the tire as a filler material. Soot
particles are used in tire as they have coarser surface. There
is strong interaction between nanoparticles and natural
rubber molecules as a result of increased surface area of
nanoparticles which confirms better rolling resistance with
reduction in inner friction as nanoparticles have very high
surface energy. [22, 23, and 24]. 10 % of nano silica when
added in natural rubber results in increased wear resistance
and grip. Combination of natural rubber with 3 % of
multiwall carbon nanotube increases the tensile strength and
hardness. When 3% of montmorillonite clay is mixed with
natural rubber results in the increased behavior of tire in
longitudinal and transverse direction. [25].
D. CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology influenced the development of the
automobile industry. Both properties (physical and chemical)
of the conventional material can be improved at the
nanoscale. Automobile emissions can be reduced by
improving properties of the material at nano range and by
increasing its reactivity in the catalytic converter which
results in reduced emission. Various Other applications
where nanotechnology is likely to be employed gainfully are
use of nanofluid in magneto-rheological dampers, Vibration
control efficiency also increased with use of nano fluids in
shock absorbers. plasmonic layers on windiw mirrors for
reflecting UV radiations, Nanosteel for lightweight high
strength steel body, scratch proof nano coating, gas
separation membranes in fuel cells, for glue and textiles used
for the seats in automobile as well as parts made of
composite materials. Nanotechnology is going to rule the
automobile industry to a significant extent and shall furnish
products in the future which are very difficult to imagine
today. Few topics have been shown above, where
nanotechnology, especially nanoparticles have a striking
impact on car components.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank Dr.Sachin Chavan for his
valuable guidance during the preparation of review paper.
The author would also like to thanks all the peoples who
have helped directly or indirectly for the preparation of this
paper.
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