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Forma Com Googleearth Formula Distancia
Forma Com Googleearth Formula Distancia
beginning and at the end of the path are used to define the C. Name and Description of Each Network Element
shown part of the 380 kV transmission line. With increasing It is very important to name and describe every marked
length of the line, more geographic coordinates are necessary element in Google Earth, so it can be identified again in the
as the line changes direction several times. The goal is to final PSSTMNETOMAC model. In Fig. 3 the definition table
represent the real tracks of the transmission lines, as this of a “placemark” is shown. It is equal to the definition table of
information is used to calculate the length of the line. a path. There are different possibilities to characterise a
If it is not possible to find the following tower in Google “placemark”. The text in the field called “Name” is shown in
Earth, the map in Fig. 2 shows the line tracks in a simplified the Google Earth map above the “placemark” and in the
way and so can also provide assistance. program area “Places” (see marking in Fig. 4).
A. KML TO EXCEL
Fig. 5: Structure of the element description code as defined in [1] 1) Read Out Network Elements: Within the first script, all
defined “placemarks” and paths in Google Earth with a
D. Structure of KML-files description code are extracted from the KML-file. They are
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is a notation based on identified by the asterisk in the description code, as shown in
Extensible Markup Language (XML) which was developed Fig. 5. The information is stored in a MATLAB cell array.
for use with Google Earth. It is possible to express geographic 2) Find Next Code: This script collects information about
annotation and visualization within Google Earth. As the data the used description code and generates a text file with the
is text based, KML-files can be opened with every text editor. next unused description code for each type of network
So the paths and “placemarks” set in Google Earth can be element.
found in this file. For example in Fig. 6 the section defining
the “placemark” for the 380/220 kV transformer “Transformer 3) Calculate Line Length: As every transmission line in
Pulverdingen1 (380/220)” is shown. Google Earth is represented by a path with an arbitrary
number of points. The points are given as geographic
<Placemark> coordinates in degrees. The way of calculating the distance is
<name>Transformer Pulverdingen1 (380/220)</name>
<description>*id000001</description> described in [9]. First the coordinates have to be converted to
<Point> radians by multiplying with ʌ/180°. To get the length of the
<coordinates>9.044186,48.902830,0</coordinates> transmission line, all the differences between two back-to-
</Point> back points must be summed. First the angle between two
</Placemark>
Fig. 6: Code for the “placemark” “Transformer Pulverdingen1 (380/220)”
points (A, B) has to be calculated. The scalar product of two lodged there. Typical sets of parameters shown in the
unit vectors which point at the coordinates of the points is literature ([10]-[12]) are used. These types can be defined by
defined as the user as they are depending on the regarded network. The
number of types is not limited, so arbitrarily complex
sin Alat cos Alon sin Blat cos Blon
networks can be modeled. The connections between the
cos Į = sin Alat sin Alon ൩ · sin Blat sin Blon ൩.
network elements and the different types are realized with
cos Alat cos Blat
numbers representing each type. All information which has to
By transposing the equation and multiplying with the earth be input to the lists is shown in TABLE II.
radius REarth the radian measure can be calculated as follows: TABLE II
-1 INFORMATION TO FILL IN THE DIFFERENT MS EXCEL FILES
l= REarth ·cos ( sinሺBlat ሻ · sinሺAlat ሻ +
Name of
+ cosሺBlat ሻ · cosሺAlat ሻ·cos༌(Blon -Alon )).
MS Excel Information to fill in the lists
In this case the earth is regarded as a sphere with a radius of files/tabs
6371 km. Number
Lines Type of parallel Active/ Inactive (1/0)
4) Generate Node Names: This script generates node names
lines
automatically. First the script goes through all 380 kV lines Active Rated Active/
and compares the first point of each line with the first and last Turbine
Generators Type AVR Power Voltage Inactive
points of the other 380 kV lines. If the difference of the Controller
[MW] [p.u.] (1/0)
latitudes and longitudes of the points is smaller than an angle
Transformers Type tap
equal 500 m, both line ends get the same node name. The Type Active/ Inactive (1/0)
(380/220 kV) changer
name is a number, starting with 1. In the next step the script
compares the last point of each 380 kV line with the first and Transformers Active
Reactive Load Active/ Inactive
the last points of the other lines. These steps are also (380/110 kV, Type Load
[MVAr] (1/0)
processed with all 220 kV lines. If more than one line end is 220/110 kV) [MW]
found in the area of 500 m · 500 m, it is ensured that all of Active Load Reactive Load Active/ Inactive
Loads
them get the same node name. In the next step all coordinates [MW] [MVAr] (1/0)
of the other network elements are compared to the line ends Short-circuit
and they get the same node name. During the comparison Active/ Inactive
Grids Capacity R/X
different voltage levels are considered. (1/0)
[MVA]
5) Generate Lists for MS Excel: Now all information is
B. EXCEL TO NETOMAC
prepared for export to MS Excel files. The file names and the
used tabs in every file are shown in TABLE I. After the MS Excel files are filled with the relevant
parameters for network modelling by defining different types
TABLE I
for lines, generators, transformers and grid equivalents the
MS EXCEL FILES WITH NAMES OF USED TABS
second part of the tool is processed. Five different steps are
Name of processed in this part.
Tabs
MS Excel file
1) Read MS Excel files: First all data in the MS Excel files
Lines 380 220 Type 380 Type 220 is stored in cell arrays and then the manually added
Generators 380 220 Type 380 Type 220 information is combined with the information of the KML-file
380/220 380/110 220/110 generated during “KML TO EXCEL”. Cell arrays are output
Transformers Type Type Type Type tap containing geographic information from Google Earth, node
380/220 380/110 220/110 changer names and electrical parameters according to the different
Loads 380 220 types.
Grids 380 220 2) Sort Information for 110 kV Voltage Level: There are no
names defined for the 110 kV nodes. As with collecting the
In TABLE I the tabs written in bold letters are filled with information of the load connected to the 110 kV nodes
information generated and prepared with “KML TO EXCEL”. (compare TABLE II, “Transformers 380/110 kV,
Different voltage levels are considered. Name and description 220/110 kV”), node names are defined according to the next
code of each generator, transformer, load and grid are free number (compare section III.A). The result is a cell array
exported to these tabs. In the MS Excel file “Lines” containing the numbers of all loads connected to 110kV nodes
information about the length of each line is also added. The and the name of the nodes. This information is needed for
other tabs are there to define different types of lines, generating the PSSTMNETOMAC file.
generators and transformers. Finally the type data is used to
generate a model of each element for PSSTMNETOMAC. The 3) Generate Equivalent Generators: The script identifies
necessary parameters of the different network elements are all generators connected to the same node. To reduce the
complexity of the final model these generators are reduced to
one generator model. Automatically the type is changed to one relative locations [13]. The usedd MATLAB command and the
with an equivalent apparent power and the active power feed- necessary input data are shown below:
in is summarized. To give an overview of the changes to the
F = scatteredInterpollant(x, y, v, ‘M’, ‘EM’)
user, a new MS Excel file, called “EquivaalentGenerators”, is
generated. Here, the final generator data is saved.
s F… Interpolation fitting a surfaace of the form v = F(x,y)
x… Sample points x-coordinatees.
4) Generate Final List of Network Elem ments: To make it
y… Sample points y-coordinatees.
easier for the user of the model to identiify each connected
v… Sample values at the sample points.
element for a certain node, an MS Excel file is generated
‘M’… Interpolation method.
where all network elements with descriptiion code and node
‘EM’… Extrapolation method.
name are listed. Furthermore this script geenerates a so called
NZD-file that can be used by PSSTMNETO OMAC to replace in By using the MAT-file (seee section III.F), containing
the result file node names and names of thee branches with the information of Google Earthh and load flow results of
full name of each element. PSSTMNETOMAC, the input data can be generated with
MATLAB. The main task off the script is to connect the
5) Generate PSSTMNETOMAC File andd Saving MATLAB
geographical information with the calculated results. This is
Workspace: The last script prepares all coollected and sorted
realized by comparing the node names of both data sources.
information to generate a PSSTMNETOMA AC conformal text
To plot the interpolation, it has h to be evaluated at query
file. Basically, the input files for PSSTMNETTOMAC consist of
locations. A meshed grid wiith a mesh size of 0.2 ° is
80 columns which are grouped to input fields with different
generated. So between all evvaluated locations there is a
sizes. For example the input fields for nodee and branch names
distance of 0.2 °. This is a reaasonable compromise between
are limited to eight characters. That is thhe reason why the
resolution of the final interpolattion plot and computing time.
description code is limited to eight chaaracters (see II.C).
The final plot with positionns of the equivalent generators
Finally all defined cell arrays and variabbles, the so called
and the generator names is shhown in Fig. 8. The nominal
workspace in MATLAB, are stored to a MAT-file.
M This type
voltage of all shown nodes is 380 kV. The corresponding
of file can be loaded to MATLAB again and a the information
voltage of each color can be foound on the color scale on the
in the cell arrays and variables can be used to visualize load
right side of the figure. Calculated voltages are ranged
flow results of PSSTMNETOMAC.
between 1.0 p.u. and 1.1 p.u..
IV. VISUALIZATION OF LOAD FLOW W RESULTS
The results of load flow calculations in PSSTMNETOMAC
are only shown as lists. The standard resuult list for branches
contains following information:
• Nominal voltage
• Node name
• Voltage magnitude in p.u.
• Voltage angle in degree
• Branch name
• Active Power in MW
• Reactive Power in MVAr
• Apparent Power in MVA
• Cosij
Because of the size of the model the interpretation and
analysis of the results in list form is not practical.
p To get an
overview of the results, node voltages annd power flows on
each transmission line are visualized.
A. Visualization of Node Voltages
The node voltages, e.g. within the Gerrman Transmission
Grid, should range between 1.0 p.u. and 1.1 1 p.u.. To get an
overview of the highest and lowest voltagges in the grid and Fig. 8: Interpolated node voltages of voltage level 380 kV and position of
connected equivalent generators
their geographical position, an interpolationn based on the node
voltages and the geographical position of the nodes is In Fig. 9 the interpolation of thee calculated voltages at every
generated with MATLAB. node on the 220 kV voltage leveel is shown in combination
With MATLAB it is possible to interpoolate scattered data with the equivalent generator poositions and the generator
such as voltages at certain nodes in a gridd. Scattered data is names. The voltages are also in the range of 1.0 and 1.1 p.u..
defined as a set of points with no struccture among their Generally the voltages are lowerr than in the 380 kV voltage
level, but higher than 1.0 p.u. att every node.
V. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
In this paper a tool is presented to generate a [1] Th. Ahndorf, “Netzanschluss von Offshore-Windparks an das Deutsche
Übertragungsnetz”, dissertation, Technische Universität München,
PSSTMNETOMAC compatible model with input data from
München, Deutschland, June 2013.
Google Earth by using MATLAB and MS Excel. The tool [2] A. Kanevce, I. Mishkovski, L. Kocarev, “Modeling long-term
consists of two parts. The first part “KML TO EXCEL” dynamical evolution of Southeast European power transmission
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be completed with appropriate electrical parameters. After International Conference on Science and Technology, November 2011.
[5] T.J. Overbye, J.D. Weber, “Visualization of power system data”, IEEE,
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load flow calculations.
[7] (2014) The Google Earth website. [Online]. Available:
The load flow results in PSSTMNETOMAC are presented in http://www.google.de/earth/index.html.
listed form. To give an overview of the node voltage and the [8] (2014) FNN network map 2014. VDE website. [Online]. Available:
power flow results two different visualization tools are https://www.vde.com/en/fnn/news/Pages/n20120210.aspx.
[9] N. De Lange, “Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis”, 2nd ed., Ed.
presented. For this purpose, the collected geographical
Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2006.
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voltages makes it possible to detect voltage problems and their
[12] K. Heuck, K. Dettmann, D. Schulz, “Elektrische Energieversorgung”,
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locations. The power flow plot shows the distribution of load [13] (2014) MathWorks website. [Online]. Available:
flows in the grid. Highly loaded tracks can be identified and http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/interpolating-scattered-
data.html.
appropriate changes concerning transmission lines can be
made.