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Modelo Europeu DC Powerworld
Modelo Europeu DC Powerworld
782 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 2, MAY 2005
Abstract—Research into transmission pricing and congestion ferent stakeholders (member States, regulators, system opera-
management in interconnected power systems, such as those tors, consumer associations, power exchanges, brokers etc.) to
found in USA and Europe, requires an appropriate benchmark discuss and build some consensus on the multitude of problems
system to test different methodologies. Creation of a realistic
benchmark system is difficult as utilities are often unwilling hindering the aim of achieving internal electricity market (IEM).
to disclose details of their own systems because of commercial Despite publishing a number of documents outlining technical
sensitivity and security reasons. This paper presents development problems and possible solutions to the questions of transmis-
of an approximate model of a European interconnected system sion pricing and congestion management, the progress has been
which could be used to study the effects of cross-border trades. In slow which is not surprising taking into account the number and
creating the load-flow model, only publicly available information
was used. Comparison of simulation results conducted on the test diverse interests of all the stakeholders.
system with the published cross-border flows and power transfer Academic community has recognized the problems created
distribution factors showed a very good correlation, exceeding by cross-border trades a long time ago as signified by a large
90%. number of papers published on that topic. However the lack
Index Terms—Interconnected power systems. of publicly available load flow model of the European inter-
connected system makes it impossible to test and compare dif-
I. INTRODUCTION ferent proposed approaches. Often very simplified, or even ra-
dial, models of the interconnected network are used which do
defined borders of utilities. Such model could be used to validate • technical reports from European Commission website
and benchmark different methodologies for assessing the effects concerning cross-border information.
of cross-border trades and we would hope that our model could
form a first step in developing such a tool. This paper shows how D. Transmission Network Data Collection
such a model has been developed using publicly available infor-
mation and validated against actual UCTE cross-border flows Transmission network is the backbone of the load flow model
and power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs). and creating a model of the transmission network took most of
time. Although the electrical parameters of transmission lines
II. FORMING LOAD FLOW MODEL FROM PUBLIC DATA are generally not available to the public, they can be estimated
from the lengths and voltage levels of the lines, because typ-
A. European Network ical reactance values per kilometer for overhead lines are widely
The extra high voltages (EHV) of European transmission net- used by electrical engineers, given the voltage level and oper-
work consists of several voltage levels: 380-kV or 400-kV (stan- ating frequency. We have assumed that for single circuit 220-kV
dard in UCTE, GB and NORDEL—Organization for Nordic and 380-kV lines, the typical reactance values are 0.31 ohm/km
Electric Power Co-operation) and nonstandard voltage levels and 0.28 ohm/km at 50 Hz [5].
varying from 220 kV or 225 kV to 300 kV [3]. 750 kV is applied Transmission network maps are available from the websites
only in Hungary for one line [4]. of some TSOs, therefore both the reactance and the connection
UCTE has 21 member countries. Due to the war in the were roughly given. UCTE also published its transmission net-
Balkans in the 90 s, the UCTE area is divided into two syn- work map [6], giving the voltage level, number of circuits of
chronous areas, which were re-connected via the asynchronous each EHV line, as well as its geographic location.
dc link between Greece and Italy [4]. This paper deals with Transmission capacity limits between the countries were ob-
so-called “1st synchronous UCTE region” composed of 18 tained from [7], and the thermal limits of tie-lines were obtained
continental European countries: Portugal (P), Spain (E), France from UCTE yearbook [8].
(F), Belgium (B), Luxemburg (LX), Switzerland (CH), Italy The following assumptions were used in building up the
(I), Netherlands (NL), Germany (D), Denmark west (DK), model.
Czech Republic (CZ), Slovakia (SK), Poland (PL), Austria (A), 1) Only those lines with voltage levels above and in-
Hungary (H), Slovenia (SV), Croatia (CRT) and part of Bosnia cluding 220 kV are taken into consideration. This
and Herzegovina (BIH). Different market mechanisms, regu- assumption is generally accepted for transmission
latory rules and geographic structures exist in all the member network carrying bulk energy. Although there are a
countries. number of tie-lines operating at 110 kV, they have
Recently the AC connection has been extended to Northern relatively small capacities and play a less important
Africa. The 1st synchronous UCTE region is also connected role in power interactions.
with UKTSOA (United Kingdom Transmission System Oper- 2) The resistance and shunt admittance were ignored, be-
ators Association) and NORDEL via dc connections. cause we only consider dc power flow method. Some
long distance transmission lines may have series ca-
B. Classification of Data pacitors installed but they were also ignored.
The data needed to build up the load flow model can be di- 3) All the circuit breakers on the map are assumed to be
vided into the following categories: closed under normal operation in order to make full
• transmission network data; utilization of the whole network. In fact, they can be
• power plant locations, fuel types and capacities; open, depending on the operation modes. For example,
• load center locations and capacities. the 220-kV line between Belgium and Luxembourg
For the reason of simplicity, we have used dc power flow does not tend to be energised. This makes all the power
model so the network information required included reactance, flows deviate from the actual values due to the loop
voltage levels and topologies of transmission lines. flow effect.
TABLE I
CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND
Fig. 3. Winter 2002 peak cross-border flows in UCTE network and the differences between the actual and simulated cross-border exchanges.
Fig. 3, in fact may consist of a number of tie-lines. Sometimes In order to keep the total generation/demand within Slovenia
power may even flow in opposite directions in different tie-lines unchanged, after the adjustments in step 2, the unbalanced gen-
linking any two countries. eration/demand should be balanced by the other generators or
loads in this country.
B. Model Modifications Similar adjustment work can be done for other countries. As
the UCTE network is highly meshed, the existence of loop flows
Although the correlation factor of about 90% between the ac- makes it impossible to achieve 100% similarity by simply ad-
tual and modeled cross-border exchanges was quite good an at- justing the nodal injections. Final results are shown in Fig. 4 and
tempt was made to improve it. Considering the assumption that plotted in Fig. 5. The correlation factor between the actual and
all nodal injections are proportional to their installed capacities, simulated cross-border exchanges was increased to 99.28%.
which is far from the reality, further modifications can be made The 2002 winter night and summer cases were then used in
to bring the testing network closer to the real system. Possible order to check whether the model network is still valid under
changes on the model can be different scenarios. Cross-border power flows for each scenario
• increasing/decreasing the generation at certain loca- were obtained simply by scaling down the generation/demand
tions within generation limit; values in all the countries from the values in case 1 to those in
• increasing/ decreasing the load at certain place to make case 2 and 3. The resulting correlation factors between the ac-
it fit the local population more precisely. tual and calculated cross-border flows for the scenarios 2 and
Basically these increases and decreases on the nodal injec- 3 were also quite high and equal to 97.34% and 94.72%, re-
tions were done manually to make the cross-border exchanges spectively. Thus the model network seems to be suitable for
closer to the real values. When making modifications, care has analysing UCTE network performance in terms of cross-border
to be taken to recognize the influence of transit power flows in power flows at different loading levels.
order to avoid unnecessary adjustments as explained below.
Transit power flows can be easily detected. For example, V. VALIDATION OF PTDF VALUES
Croatia (CR, on the bottom right of the map) is connected The basic tool for congestion management is Power Transfer
with both Hungary (H) and Slovenia (SV), and power flow Distribution Factor (PTDF) which assesses sensitivity of a given
deviations on the interfaces (H CR and CR SV) are line flow to the changes in nodal generations and demands.
MW and MW, respectively. Inspection of the PTDF factors are used to measure the impacts of a commercial
map leads to a conclusion that the deviations are caused by transaction on the physical power flows in the critical transmis-
the transit power from Hungary to Slovenia. Thus, instead of sion lines/ or interfaces. Based on the values of PTDFs, transac-
adjusting nodal injections within Croatia, one should adjust the tions are curtailed and increased in order to relieve lines over-
injections in Hungary or Slovenia in order to reduce the power loads. Due to the phenomenon of loop flows in a meshed net-
flow deviations. work, PTDF calculation requires the full network information.
The adjustment in Slovenia can be done using the following In order to test the applicability of the UCTE network model
procedure: under various dispatch conditions, the published PTDF values
1) Find all the interfaces and their power flow deviations. were compared with the calculated ones. Although not all PTDF
Slovenia has three interfaces, they are: (48.2 MW), values are publicly available, some of the PTDFs in the UCTE
( ) and ( ). network were obtained from European Commission reports [7]
2) Find the border buses (Slovenia side) of the interfaces, and and [16]. As our study was focused on the cross-border con-
change their injections to reduce power flow deviations. gestions, we were interested only in the values of PTDFs on
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ZHOU AND BIALEK: APPROXIMATE MODEL OF EUROPEAN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM 787
Fig. 4. Winter 2002 actual and simulated cross-border flows after modifications.
TABLE III
PTDFS FOR FRANCE–NETHERLANDS TRANSACTION [16]
TABLE II
PTDFS FOR BELGIUM–ITALY TRANSACTION [17]
VI. CONCLUSION
Research into transmission pricing and congestion manage-
ment in interconnected power systems, such as those found in
USA and Europe, requires an appropriate benchmark system
to test different methodologies. Creation of such a benchmark
system is difficult as utilities are often unwilling to disclose de-
tails of their own systems because of commercial sensitivity and
security reasons. This paper has presented development of an
approximate model of a European interconnected system which
could be used to study the effects of cross-border trades. In cre-
cross-country interfaces rather than individual PTDFs for all in- ating the load-flow model, only publicly available information
ternal lines within each country. was used. Comparison of simulation results produced using the
Tables II–IV give the PTDF factors (in percent) on the cross- developed test system with published cross-border flows and
border interfaces for the transactions from Belgium to Italy [17], PTDFs showed a very good correlation. For the cross-border
Authorized licensed use limited to: b-on: UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA. Downloaded on June 18,2023 at 22:39:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
788 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 2, MAY 2005
TABLE IV [4] UCTE Operation Handbook: Transforming UCTE Rules and Recom-
PTDFS FOR FRANCE–ITALY TRANSACTION [16] mendations into Binding Security and Reliability Standards, UCTE,
2003.
[5] M. G. Say, Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book, 13 ed. London,
U.K.: Butterworth, 1973.
[6] UCTE Interconnected Network, UCTE, 2001.
[7] (2001) Analysis of Electricity Network Capacities and
Identification of Congestion – Final Report. European Com-
mission. [Online]. Available: http://europa.eu.int/comm/en-
ergy/en/elec_single_market/index_en.html
[8] UCTE Statistical Yearbook 2001: Transmission Lines and Inventory of
Power Stations. UCTE. [Online]. Available: http://www.ucte.org
[9] Q. Zhou, “Cross-Border Congestion Management in Electricity Power
Markets,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Durham, Durham, U.K., 2004.
[10] The European Fossil-Fueled Power Station Database Used in the SEI
CASM Model. Stockholm Environment Institute SEI, York. [Online].
Available: http://www.sei.se/dload/1996/TEFFPSDUITSCM.pdf
[11] (1995) World List of Nuclear Power Plants. Comedition.com. [On-
line]. Available: http://www.comedition.com/Science%20and%20Tech-
nology/NuclearTechnology/listofnuclearpowerplants.htm
[12] Univ. of Edinburgh. Bert Whittington Chair
of Electrical Engineering. [Online]. Available:
http://webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/see/staff/staff.cfm?person=jbialek
[13] “Common data format for the exchange of solved load flow data,” IEEE
Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-92, pp. 1916–1925, Nov./Dec. 1973.
[14] Half-Yearly Report I/2002. UCTE. [Online]. Available: www.ucte.org
[15] Half-Yearly Report II/2002. UCTE. [Online]. Available: www.ucte.org
[16] H.-J. Haubrich and W. Fritz, Study on Cross-Border Electricity Trans-
mision Tariffs. Aachen, Germany: European Commission, 1999.
[17] Net Transfer Capacities (NTC) and Available Transfer Capacities (ATC)
in the Internal Market of Electricity in Europe (IEM) –Information for
User, ETSO, 2000.
[18] . [Online]. Available: http://www.powerworld.com
Qiong Zhou received the B.Sc. degree in 1994 and the M.Sc. degree in 1997,
flows, the correlation was well above 90%. For the PTDFs under both in electrical engineering, from Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Elec-
the three published cross-border transactions, the correlation trical Engineering (now Wuhan University), Wuhan, China, and the Ph.D. de-
was between 90% and 97%. The results suggest that the devel- gree in 2004 from the University of Durham, Durham, U.K.
She was with the North China Electrical Power University. Beijing, China,
oped system replicates well main characteristics of the Euro- from 1997 to 2000. She is currently a Research Associate with the University of
pean system and can be used as a benchmark for the research Edinburgh. Her interests are in transmission and distribution network modeling.
into effects of cross-border trades. The model data files can be
downloaded from [12].
REFERENCES Janusz W. Bialek received the M.Eng. degree in 1977 and the Ph.D. degree in
[1] J. W. Bialek, “Are blackouts contagious?,” Inst. Elect. Eng. Power Eng., 1981, both in electrical engineering, from Warsaw University of Technology,
vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 10–13, Dec. 2003. Warsaw, Poland
[2] . [Online]. Available: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/electricity/flo- He was a Lecturer at Warsaw University of Technology from 1981 to 1989.
rence/index_en.htm From 1989 to 2002, he was with University of Durham, Durham, U.K., and
[3] Unit Costs of Constructing New Transmission Assets at 380 kV within currently, he holds the Bert Whittington Chair of Electrical Engineering at the
the European Union, ICF Consulting Ltd, Norway and Switzerland, University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, U.K. His research interests are in the lib-
2002. eralization of the electricity power industry and in power system dynamics.
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