I

SLAMNOTESUPPERSI
X

Thenat
ureo
ftheQur
an&whyt
heQur
anhass
upr
emeaut
hor
ityfo
rMus
li
ms

 -Mus
li
msbel
iev
etheQur
ani
sthedi
rec
two
rdo
fAl
lah.

 -I
tisdi
vi
ne,
heav
enl
y,andaut
hent
ic&c
ons
ider
edt
obemi
rac
le.

 -Thefi
rst
 sur
aht
ober
eveal
edwas
 sur
ah‘
alaq.Thi
shappenedi
nthec
aveo
f hi
rao
n
t
he 
nighto
fpo l
wer(ayl
atulqadr
)thr
ought
heangel
 j
ibr
ail
 (
a.s
).

 Theent
irequr
anwasr
eveal
edo
veraper
iodo
f23year
s.

 Thepr
ophetMuhammad(
s.a.
w)wo
ulddi
ctat
ethev
ers
est
ohi
ssc
ribes&t
ellt
hem
wher
etowr
iteeac
hver
se&wher
etopl
acet
hem.

 Manyo
fthec
ompani
onsal
somemo
ris
edt
hequr
an.

 Thequr
ani
sspl
iti
nto1
14s
 ur
ahs
(chapt
ers
),3
0 aj
za 
(par
ts)
.
Eac
h s
urahhas
 ayat
 (v
ers
es)
.

 Al
lchapt
ersbegi
nwi
t bi
h  s
mil
lah 
exc s
eptur
aht
aubah.

 I
twasc
ompi
ledi
ntobo
okfo
rmdur
ingt
het
imeo
fabubak
r(r
.a)aft
eranumber
o
f huffaz
 wer
emar
tyr
ed.
Thi
sres
pons
ibi
li
tywasgi
vent
ozai
dibnt
habi
t(r
.a)
.

 Thec
opywask
eptwi
thhafs
a(r
.a)
,thedaught
ero
fumar(
r.a)
.

 Dur
ingt
het
imeo
fut
hman(
r.a)
,di
ffer
enc
esar
osei
nit
srec
itat
ion.
Heas
kedfo
r7
c
opi
est
obemadei
nthedi
alec
toft
hequr
ais
hfr
omt
heo
rigi
nalt
hatwask
eptwi
th
hafs
a(r
.a)
,&hadt
hemdi
str
ibut
edi
ndi
ffer
entr
egi
ons
.Al
lot
herc
opi
eswer
etobe
di
sregar
ded.

AUTHORI
TYOFTHEQURAN(
KORAN)

1
 Thequr
anhas
 supr
emeaut
hor
ityfo
rtheMus
li
msbec
aus
e:

 Theybel
iev
eitc
ont
ainst
heex
actwo
rdso
fAl
lah.

 I
twasbr
oughtt
opeo
plet
hro
ught
hefi
nalpr
ophetMuhammad(
s.a.
w)asames
sage
t
oal
lofmank
ind.

 I
twasr
eci
tedex
act
lybyt
hepr
ophet&r
eco
rdedi
mmedi
atel
y&ac
cur
atel
ybyhi
s
c
ompani
ons
.

 I
thasnev
erbeenc
hanged,
sot
heyar
esur
ethei
rkno
wledgei
sco
rrec
t.

 I
t’sami
rac
lefr
omAl
lahbec
aus
ePr
ophetMuhammad(
s.a.
w)di
dn’
tkno
who
wtor
ead
&wr
ite.

 I
tsho
wst
hemho
wtofo
ll
owt
hes
trai
ghtpat
h.

 I
tins
pir
est
hemt
ost
ruggl
eint
hec
aus
eofAl
lah.

 I
tmak
esc
leart
othemt
hei
robl
igat
ions&dut
iest
owar
dsAl
lah.

 I
tenabl
est
hemt
opr
act
icet
hei
rrel
igi
onpr
oper
ly&t
obegui
ded.

 I
tenc
our
agest
hemt
hro
ught
heex
ampl
eso
ffai
thfulbel
iev
ers
.

 I
tdev
elo
psl
ovefo
rAl
lah.

Res
pec
tfo
rthequr
an.

 Mus
li
mss
howr
espec
tfo
rthequr
anbyper
for
mi wudhu 
ng  befo
ret
ouc
hingi
t.

 Keepi
ngi
tonahi
ghpl
ace.

 Tr
yingt
ofo
ll
ow&pr
act
iceupo
nwhati
tsays
.

 Readi
ngi
tev
eryday.

2
 Av
oideat
ing&dr
ink
ingwhi
ls
treadi
ng.

 Handl
eitwi
thr
esp
ect
.

 I
mpo
rtanc
eofr
evel
ati
ono
fho
lyqur
ant
oPr
ophetMuhammad

 Rev
eal
edo
nthe
 ni
ghto
fpo
wer
 i
nthec
aveo
f hi
ra 
ont
hemo
unt
aino
fli j
ghtabalan-
nur
.

 I
twast
het
imewhent
hefi
rstwo
rdso
fthequr
anwer
erev
eal
ed.

 Hebec
amet
hefi
nalc
hos
enmes
sengerbec
aus
eher
ecei
vedt
hismes
sagefr
omAl
lah.

 I
tpr
ovest
hatt
hequr
ani
sthewo
rdo
fAl
lah.

 I
twast
hebegi
nni
ngo
fmanys
uchr
evel
ati
onswhi
chc
ont
inuedfo
raper
iodo
f23
year
s.

 Qur
ani
sregar
dedasagr
eatmi
rac
le.

 I
tres
tor
edt
heo
rigi
nalmes
sages
entt
opr
evi
ouspr
ophet
s&c
lar
ifi
edt
heer
ror
sof
pr
evi
ousnat
ions
.

 Ev
erys
ounds
truc
tur
emus
thav
eas
oli
dfo
undat
ioni
nor
dert
oremai
nst
rong.
I
slam’
sfo
undat
ioni
sthefi
vepi
ll
arsi
twasbui
ltupo
n,fo
rmi
ngt
hebas
iso
fIs
lami
c
t
eac
hingast
aughtbyPr
ophetMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m),
wher
einhes
aid:

PI
LLARSOFI
SLAM

 I
slami
sbui
ltupo
nfi
vepi
ll
ars
:
 TheDec
lar
ati
ono
fFai
th(
Shahadah)
;
2
.Es
tabl
is
hingr
egul
arpr
ayer
s(Sal
ah)
;
3
.Payi
ngChar
ity(
Zak
ah)
;
4
.Fas
tingt
he(
lunar
)mo
ntho
fRamadan(
Sawm)
;
5
.Pi
lgr
image(
Haj
j)
 Thes
efi
vepi
ll
arsar
eac
orner
sto
neo
faMus
li
m’sl
ife.

3
 De
cla
rat
iono
fFa
ith–SHAHADAH

 Thedec
lar
ati
ono
ffai
thi
sbear
ingwi
tnes
s(t
est
ifyi
ng)t
hatt
her
eisnodei
ty
wo
rthyo
fwo
rshi
pbutAl
lah(
God)
,andt
hatMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)i
sHi
s
Ser
vantandMes
senger
.Itmus
tbebas
edo
nas
inc
ereandfi
rmbel
iefi
nthehear
t,
aswel
lasbei
ngut
ter
edv
erbal
ly.
 Thefi
rstpar
toft
hedec
lar
ati
oni
mpl
iest
hat
:
 Noper
son,
obj
ecto
rbei
nghast
her
ightt
obewo
rshi
ppedex
ceptAl
lahal
one.
The
Ar
abi
cname“
All
ah”r
efer
stot
heOneTr
ueGo
dofal
lmank
indandev
eryt
hing
t
hatex
ist
s.
 Al
lahal
onei
stheCr
eat
orandSus
tai
nero
fal
lthatex
ist
s,andHehaspo
wero
ver
al
lthi
ngs
.
 Al
lahal
onehasper
fec
tat
tri
but
esandi
sfr
eefr
omal
ldefi
ci
enc
ies
.

 Al
lahhasnopar
tner
,equal
,fat
her
,mo
thero
rso
n.

 Thes
eco
ndpar
toft
hedec
lar
ati
oni
sthatMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)i
sAl
lah’
s
Ser
vantandfi
nalMes
senge
r.Hei
sthefi
nalPr
opheti
nal
ongc
hai
nofPr
ophet
s
s
entt
ocal
lthepeo
plet
otheo
bedi
enc
eandwo
rshi
pofAl
lahal
one.
Someo
fthes
e
Pr
ophet
sinc
ludeAdam,
Noah,
Abr
aham,
Ishmael
,Is
aac
,Jac
ob,
Jos
eph,
Mos
es,
Dav
id,
So
lomo
nandJ
esus(
peac
ebeupo
nthemal
l)
.
 ThePr
ophetMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)wass
entwi
tht
heQur
’an(
thefi
nal
r
evel
ati
on)
,ino
rdert
oteac
hthepeo
pleAl
lah’
smes
sage
,ands
erv
easanex
ampl
e
fo
ral
ltofo
ll
ow.
 So
mebenefi
tso
ftheDec
lar
ati
ono
fFai
th:
 Co
mpl
etes
urr
ende
rtot
hewi
llo
fAl
lahandbec
omi
ngHi
str
ues
erv
antand
s
ubj
ect
.
 Pr
oduc
esahi
ghdegr
eeo
fsel
f-r
espec
tandc
onfi
denc
e,whi
leal
sor
emai
ning
humbl
eandmo
des
t.
 Pr
oduc
ess
tro
ngdet
ermi
nat
ion,
pat
ienc
eandper
sev
eranc
e,mak
ingaper
son
br
aveandc
our
age
ous
,aswel
lasdut
iful
andupr
ight
.
 Mak
esaper
sono
beyando
bser
veAl
lah’
sco
mmands
.

4
 Th
ePr
aye
r–SALAH

 “
Indeed,
IamAl
lah!Ther
eisno
newo
rthyo
fwo
rshi
pbutI
,sowo
rshi
pMeando
ffer
t
hepr
ayerfo
rMyr
emembr
anc
e.”
Qur
’an2
0:1
4

 Thefi
vedai
lypr
ayer
sfo
rmt
hemo
sti
mpo
rtantr
itualo
fwo
rshi
pinaMus
li
m’sl
ife;
o
neeac
hatdawn,
noo
n,mi
d-aft
erno
on,
suns
etandni
ght
fal
l.
Pro
phetMuhammad
(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)s
aid:
 “Pr
ayeri
sapi
ll
aro
fther
eli
gio
n(I
slam)
.Who
ever
es
tabl
is
hesi
t,es
tabl
is
hesr
eli
gio
n;andwho
everdes
tro
ysi
t(e.
g.negl
ect
sit
),
des
tro
ysr
eli
gio
n.”
 Pr
aye
res
tabl
is
hesaper
sonalands
pir
itualc
onnec
tio
nbet
weent
heMus
li
mandhi
s
Cr
eat
or,
bas
edo
nfai
th,
lov
e,ho
peandr
eve
renc
e.Whenpr
ayeri
sper
for
med
c
orr
ect
lywi
thc
ompl
etec
onc
ent
rat
ion,
humi
li
tyands
inc
eri
ty,
itwi
llhav
ean
endur
ingeffec
tont
heper
son,
fil
li
nghi
shear
twi
thc
ont
ent
ment
,peac
eand
c
los
enes
swi
thAl
lah.
 Pr
aye
rist
hec
ent
reo
faMus
li
m’sl
ifeandt
hebes
twayt
oac
hiev
esubmi
ssi
ont
o
Al
lah.
Itc
anbeo
ffer
edal
mos
tanywher
ecl
ean:s
uchasi
nfi
elds
,offi
ces
,fac
tor
ies
o
runi
ver
sit
ies
;andt
akeso
nlyafewmi
nut
est
oper
for
m.I
tco
nsi
stso
frec
itat
ion
fr
omt
heHo
lyQur
’an,
suppl
ic
ati
ngt
oandpr
ais
ingAl
lah,
wit
hvar
iousbo
dypo
stur
es
s
uchass
tandi
ng,
bowi
ng,
pro
str
ati
ngands
itt
ing.
Thr
oughpr
ayer
,theMus
li
m
r
emember
sthegr
eat
nes
sofhi
sCr
eat
orands
uppl
ic
atest
oHi
mfo
rhi
sneedsand
wi
shes
.
 Repeat
edl
yhumbl
ingo
nes
elfbefo
reAl
lahp
rev
ent
saper
sonfr
omfal
li
ngi
ntos
in,
andi
sat
ypeo
fpu
rifi
cat
ionfo
rone’
sso
ul,
asment
ionedi
ntheQur
’an:“
Ver
il
y,t
he
pr
ayerpr
event
sonefr
omt
hes
hamefulandev
ildeeds
.” 
Qur
’an2
9:4
5.Pr
ayeri
sal
so
ano
ppo
rtuni
tyfo
rrepent
anc
eands
eek
ingfo
rgi
venes
sfr
omAl
lah.
 TheMes
sengero
fAl
lah(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)as
kedhi
sco
mpani
ons
, 
“Ifo
neo
fyo
u
hadar
iverbyhi
sdo
ori
nwhi
chhebat
hedfi
vet
imesaday,
woul
danyfi
lt
hremai
n
o
nhi
m?”
 Theyr
epl
ied,
 “
No.
” 
Thent
hePr
ophetadded“
Lik
ewi
se,
All
ahwi
pesaway
s
inswi
tht
hefi
vedai
lypr
ayer
s.”

5
 Th
ePr
esc
rib
edCh
ari
ty–ZAKAH

 “
Tho
sewhoes
tabl
is
hthepr
ayer(
sal
ah)andgi
vet
hec
har
ity(
zak
ah)…t
hes
ear
ethe
o
neswhowi
llpr
osp
er.
”Qur
’an3
1:4
-5

 Al
lthi
ngsbel
ongt
oAl
lah,
inc
ludi
ngweal
th,
whi
chi
sco
nsi
der
edasat
rus
t.The
pr
esc
ribedc
har
ity(
zak
ah)i
sano
bli
gat
iono
nev
eryMus
li
mwhomeet
scer
tai
n
c
rit
eri
a(e.
g.at
tai
nedmat
uri
ty,
iss
ane,
hasweal
thabo
veac
ert
aint
hres
hol
d).
A
s
mal
lpo
rti
ono
fweal
th(
inc
ludes2
.5% mo
net
aryandmayi
ncl
udeo
theras
set
s)
whi
chmus
tbepai
dannual
lyt
otho
sewhoar
eel
igi
ble,
aspr
esc
ribedi
ntheQur
’an
(
e.g.
thepo
orandneedy)
.
 ThePr
ophet(
peac
ebeo
nhi
m)s
aid:
“Al
lahhasmadez
akaho
bli
gat
orys
impl
yto
pur
ifyyo
urr
emai
ningweal
th.
”
 Themeani
ngo
fthewo
rd“
zak
ah”
,isbo
th‘
pur
ifi
cat
ion’and‘
gro
wth’
.Thi
siss
imi
lar
t
othepr
uni
ngo
fpl
ant
s,wher
ebyr
egul
arl
ytr
immi
ngpr
ovi
desbal
anc
eand
enc
our
agesgr
owt
h.Byful
fil
li
ngt
hiso
bli
gat
ion,
Mus
li
mspur
ifyt
hei
rremai
ning
weal
th,
aswel
lasens
urebo
thfi
nanc
ialands
pir
itualgr
owt
h.
 So
mebenefi
tso
fzak
ah:
 Pur
ifi
eso
nefr
oms
elfi
shnes
s,ar
roganc
eandagr
eedyhear
t.

 Tr
ainso
net
obes
ympat
het
icandc
ompas
sio
nat
eto
war
dst
hepo
orandneedy.

 Remi
ndso
neo
fthebl
ess
ingsfr
omAl
lahandenc
our
ageso
net
obegr
ateful
.

 Br
idgest
hegapbet
weendi
ffer
ents
oci
o-e
cono
micc
las
sesandgr
oups
,andi
sa
fo
rmo
fso
cials
ecu
rit
y.
 Reduc
espo
ver
tyandens
ure
sequal
it
ybymak
ingi
tobl
igat
oryupo
nther
icht
o
s
har
eso
meo
fthei
rweal
thwi
tht
hel
essfo
rtunat
e“…s
othatt
his(
weal
th)may
no
tci
rcul
ates
olel
yamo
ngt
her
ichfr
omamo
ngyo
u.”Qur
’an5
9:7
 Aper
sonmayal
sogi
veasmuc
hast
heypl
eas
easaddi
ti
onalv
olunt
aryc
har
ity.

Fa
sti
ng–SAWM

 ”
Fas
tingi
spr
esc
ribedfo
ryo
uasi
twaspr
esc
ribedfo
rtho
sebefo
reyo
u,t
hatyo
u
mayat
tai
npi
ety.
”Qur
’an2
:18
3

6
 Aswi
thanyac
tofwo
rshi
p,fas
tingr
equi
reso
bedi
enc
eands
ubmi
ssi
ont
oAl
lah’
s
c
ommandst
hro
ught
hehi
ghe
stdegr
eeo
fco
mmi
tmentands
inc
eri
ty.
Ever
yyear
dur
ingt
hemo
ntho
fRamadan(
the9
thmo
ntho
fthel
unarc
alendar
),Mus
li
msfas
t
fr
omdawnunt
ils
uns
et,
abs
tai
ningfr
omt
hreek
eyhumanneeds–fo
od,
dri
nkand
s
exualr
elat
ions
.Ones
houl
dal
soabs
tai
nfr
omal
lsi
nfulac
tio
ns.
 Fas
tingdur
ingRamadani
sobl
igat
oryo
nev
eryphys
ical
lyandment
all
ycapabl
e
adul
tMus
li
m.Chi
ldr
en,
thes
ick
,thement
all
yunfi
t,t
heel
der
ly,
mens
truat
ing
wo
men,
andt
rav
ell
ersar
eex
empt
.
 So
mebenefi
tso
ffas
ting:
 Pr
omo
tess
pir
ituals
elf-pur
ifi
cat
ionandgr
owt
h.

 Sc
ient
ifi
cal
lypr
ovenheal
thbenefi
ts.

 Sympat
hyfo
rtho
sel
essfo
rtunat
e,pr
ompt
ingmo
rec
har
ity.

 Ameanso
flear
nings
elf-r
est
rai
ntandpat
ienc
e.

 Pur
ifi
est
hes
oulandhel
psi
tac
qui
ret
hehabi
tofo
beyi
ngAl
lahbyr
est
rai
ning
des
ires
,andpr
omo
tess
teadfas
tnes
s.
 Cr
eat
esani
ncr
eas
edfeel
ingo
funi
tyandc
oll
ect
ivei
dent
ityamo
ngs
ttho
se
fas
ting.
 Cr
eat
esani
ncr
eas
edawar
enes
sabo
utt
hes
tat
eofaffai
rsac
ros
sthegl
obeand
t
hehar
dshi
psendur
ed.
 Fo
rgi
venes
sofs
ins
.ThePr
ophet(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)s
aid,
“Hewhofas
ts
Ramadan,
wit
hfai
thandho
pingfo
rrewar
d(fr
omAl
lah)
,thenhi
spas
tsi
nsar
e
fo
rgi
ven.
”
Pi
l
gri
mage–HAJ
J

 “
AndHaj
j(pi
lgr
imaget
oMak
kah)t
otheHo
use(
Ka‘
bah)i
sadut
ythatmank
indo
wes
t
oAl
lah,
fort
hos
ewhoc
anaffo
rdt
heex
pens
es(
foro
ne’
str
ans
por
tat
ion,
pro
vis
ion
andr
esi
denc
e).
”Qu
r’an3
:97

 Pi
lgr
imaget
otheHo
lyc
ityo
fMak
kah(
inSaudiAr
abi
a)ando
thers
acr
eds
itesmus
t
beper
for
medatl
eas
tonc
einaper
son’
sli
fe,
ift
heyar
ephys
ical
lyandfi
nanc
ial
ly
c
apabl
e.
7
 Per
for
mingt
hepi
l
gri
magei
sat
empo
rar
ysus
pens
iono
fal
lwo
rldl
yac
tiv
iti
es,
andi
s
at
imefo
ronet
orefl
ect
,wo
rshi
p,s
eekt
hefo
rgi
venes
sofAl
lahandat
tai
nHi
s
c
los
enes
s.
 ThePi
lgr
imagei
sanannuale
venti
nthe1
2thmo
ntho
fthel
unarc
alendar(
Dhul
-
Hi
jj
ahi
nAr
abi
c),
whi
chuni
fiespeo
pleo
fev
eryc
olo
ur,
rac
e,s
tat
usandage,
ast
hey
j
oini
nwo
rshi
poft
heOneTr
ueGo
d.Al
lpi
lgr
imswears
impl
eands
imi
larc
lot
hing,
whi
chs
tri
psawaydi
sti
nct
ionso
fcl
assandc
ult
ure,
sot
hatal
lst
andequalbefo
re
Al
lah.
 Pr
ophetMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)s
aid,
 “
Who
everper
for
msHaj
janddo
esno
t
ut
tero
bsc
eni
ti
eso
rco
mmi
tsi
n,wi
llc
omebac
kjus
tli
ket
hedaywhenhi
smo
ther
bo
rehi
m(i
.
e.pur
eofs
ins
).”
 Haj
jinv
olv
esfo
ll
owi
ngi
nthefo
ots
tepso
fPr
ophetAbr
aham,
ast
aughtt
ousby
Pr
ophetMuhammad(
peac
ebeupo
nthem)
.Thi
sgr
eatac
tofwo
rshi
pco
nsi
stso
f
manyc
ompo
nent
sinc
ludi
ngs
acr
ifi
ci
nganani
mal
,suppl
ic
ati
ng,
vis
iti
ngandpr
ayi
ng
atv
ari
ouss
ites
,ci
rcl
ingt
heKa’
bah,
wal
ki
ngbet
weent
womo
unt
ains
,aswel
lasmany
o
therr
itual
s,al
lofwhi
char
eper
for
medo
veraper
iodo
f6c
ont
inuo
usdays
.
 Suc
hanex
per
ienc
eisl
ife-al
ter
ingandhumbl
esaper
son,
mak
ingt
hemmo
repat
ient
andt
hank
fult
oAl
lah.
Bro
ther
hoo
disi
ncr
eas
ed,
asi
sthes
ens
ethatal
lMus
li
ms,
r
egar
dles
soft
hei
rdi
ffer
enc
es,
areo
nenat
ion.

Co
ncl
usi
on

 Thefi
vepi
ll
arso
fIs
lamhav
ebeenpr
esc
ribedbyAl
lah,
andaMus
li
misr
equi
redt
o
bel
iev
eandac
tac
cor
dingt
othem.
Theyar
epr
act
icalaswel
laseas
y,andt
he
bl
ess
ingsandwi
sdo
mbehi
ndt
hemar
emani
fol
d.Whenputi
ntoper
spec
tiv
e,t
hey
c
ont
ribut
etot
hewel
lbei
ngo
fbo
tht
hei
ndi
vi
dualandt
hes
oci
ety,
enhanc
ingt
he
c
har
act
erandmanner
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,andmak
ingbo
ths
oci
etyandi
ndi
vi
dual
s
ac
count
abl
eandc
los
ert
oAl
lah.
 Thes
eno
blepi
ll
arso
fIs
lamar
epur
elyfo
rthebenefi
tofHi
scr
eat
ion,
asAl
lah
(
Glo
rybet
oHi
m!)i
sfr
eeo
fal
lneeds
.Thes
efi
vepi
ll
arspr
ovi
det
hes
oli
dst
ruc
tur
e
and‘
trai
ningpr
ogr
amme
’fo
rthebet
ter
mentands
ucc
esso
fal
lhumani
ty.

8
 

t
ttT

THESHARI
ALAW

 Mo
not
hei
sm,bel
iefi
noneGo
d,i
sthemo
sti
mpo
rtantandfo
undat
ionalc
onc
epti
n
I
slam.
 Mus
li
msbel
iev
eino
neGo
dwhoc
reat
edt
heuni
ver
seandhaspo
wero
ver
ev
eryt
hingwi
thi
nit
.Hei
suni
queandex
alt
edabo
veev
eryt
hingHec
reat
es,andHi
s
gr
eat
nes
scanno
tbec
ompar
edt
oHi
scr
eat
ion.Fur
ther
mor
e,Hei
stheo
nlyo
ne
des
erv
ingo
fanywo
rshi
pandt
heul
ti
mat
epur
pos
eofal
lcr
eat
ioni
stos
ubmi
ttoHi
m.
TheI
slami
cunder
standi
ngo
fGo
disdi
sti
nctfr
omal
lot
herr
eli
gio
nsandbel
iefsi
n
v
ari
ousr
espec
tss
inc
eiti
sbas
edo
napur
eandc
learunder
standi
ngo
fmo
not
hei
sm.
Thi
ses
sent
ial
lyc
apt
urest
hec
onc
epto
fGo
dinI
slam,whi
chwi
llbefur
ther
el
abo
rat
edi
nthi
spamphl
et.

 Mus
li
mso
ftenr
efert
oGo
das
 Al
lah.Thi
sisauni
ver
salnamefo
rGo
danddo
esno
t
r
efert
oanex
clus
ivel
y‘I
slami
c’Go
d.I
nter
est
ingl
y,t
hisnamei
srel
atedt
othe
Ar
amai
candHebr
ewnamesfo
rGo
d,Al
  l
aha  El
and  o
him.Ther
efo
re,
 Al
lah 
iss
impl
y
t
heAr
abi
cnamefo
rGo
dwhi
chaffi
rmst
hatHei
sOnes
ingul
arGo
dwi
thno
par
tner
sorequal
s. Al
Thename  l
ah 
canno
tbepl
ural
iz
edo
rli
mit
edt
oas
pec
ifi
c
gender
,whi
ches
tabl
is
hest
hatGo
disOneandt
hatHei
suni
quefr
omev
eryt
hingHe
c
reat
es.
Mus
li
msc
ont
inuet
ous
ethi
sor
igi
nalAr
abi
cnamefo
rGo
d(Al
lah)s
inc
eit
per
fec
tlyex
pres
sesHi
suni
quequal
it
ies
.

 Go
dist
heCr
eat
orandt
heSus
tai
nero
ftheuni
ver
sewhoc
reat
edev
eryt
hingfo
ra
r
eas
on.
Mus
li
msbel
iev
ethatHec
reat
edhumank
indwi
thas
impl
epur
pos
e–t
o
wo
rshi
pHi
m.Hes
entmes
senger
stogui
depeo
plei
nful
fil
li
ngt
hispur
pos
e.So
meo
f
t
hes
emes
senger
sinc
ludeAdam,
Noah,
Abr
aham,
Mos
es,
Jes
us,
andMuhammad,
peac
ebeupo
nal
loft
hem.
Theyal
ltaughtac
ons
ist
entmes
sageabo
utGo
dby
affi
rmi
ngHi
sgr
eat
nes
sast
heCr
eat
orandgui
dingpeo
plet
owo
rshi
pHi
mal
one.
Thi
sbas
icc
onc
epthasal
waysr
eso
nat
edwi
thpeo
ple’
snat
uralunder
standi
ngo
fGo
d.

9
 (
Cli
ck 
her
e t
olear
nmo
reabo
utpr
ophet
sinI
slam.
)

 Whent
hefi
nal
pro
phet
,Muhammad,
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m(pbuh)
,wasas
kedabo
utGo
d,
t
heans
werc
amedi
rec
tlyfr
omGo
dint
heho
lybo
oko
fMus
li
ms,
theQur
an(
als
o
s
pel
led‘
Kor
an’
):
 “Say,‘
Hei
sGo
dtheOne,Go
dtheet
ernal
.Hebego
tnoo
neno
rwas
Hebego
tten.Noo
nei
sco
mpar
abl
etoHi
m.’
” [
112
:1-4
]Thi
sisac
lears
tat
ementby
Go
ddes
cri
bingHi
msel
ftohumani
tywi
tho
utanyr
oomfo
rco
nfus
ion.
Godi
sOneand
i
sex
alt
edabo
veev
eryt
hingHec
reat
esandHei
scapabl
eov
eral
lthi
ngs
.

 Shar
ial
awi
sthel
awo
fIs
lam.
TheShar
ia(
als
ospel
l Shar
ed  i'a 
orShar
iah)l
awi
scas
t
fr
omMuhammad'
swo
rds
,cal
l hadi
ed" th,
"hi
sac
tio
ns,
cal
l s
ed"unnah,
"andt
heQur
an,
whi
chhedi
ctat
ed.
Shar
ial
awi
tsel
fcanno
tbeal
ter
ed,
butt
hei
nter
pret
ati
ono
f
Shar
ial
aw,
cal
l fi
ed" qh,
"bymuft
is(
Isl
ami
cjur
ist
s)i
sgi
vens
omel
ati
tude.

 Asal
egal
sys
tem,
Shar
ial
awi
sex
cept
ional
lybr
oad.
Whi
leo
therl
egalc
odesr
egul
ate
publ
icbehav
ior
,Shar
ial
awr
egul
atespubl
icbehav
ior
,pr
ivat
ebehav
ior
,andev
en
pr
ivat
ebel
iefs
.Co
mpar
edt
oot
herl
egalc
odes
,Shar
ial
awal
sopr
ior
iti
zes
puni
shmento
verr
ehabi
li
tat
ion,
andt
hepenal
ti
esunderShar
ial
awfav
orc
orpo
ral
andc
api
tal
puni
shment
sov
eri
ncar
cer
ati
on.
Ofal
llegals
yst
emsi
nthewo
rldt
oday,
Shar
ial
awi
sdeemedt
hemo
sti
ntr
usi
veandr
est
ric
tiv
e,es
pec
ial
lyagai
nstwo
men
(
seebel
ow)
,andi
smak
ingi
nro
adsi
ntoWes
ter
ndemo
crac
ies(
see 
Shar
ial
awi
n
Amer
ica,
 Canada,
Eur
ope 
and 
UK)
.

Ac
cor
dingt
oShar
ial
aw 
(seel
ink
sfo
rdet
ail
s):

• Thefti
spuni
shabl
ebyamput
ati
ono
fthehands(
Qur
an5
:38
 -i
ncl
udes
gr
aphi
cimage)
.
•
 Cr
iti
ci
zi
ngo
rdenyi
nganypar
toft
he 
Qur
an 
ispuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 Cr
iti
ci
zi
ng 
Muhammad 
ordenyi
ngt
hathei
sapr
opheti
spuni
shabl
eby
deat
h.
•
 Cr
iti
ci
zi
ngo
rdenyi
ngAl
lahi
spuni
shabl
ebydeat
h(s
ee 
All
ahmo
ongo
d).
•
 AMus
li
mwhobec
omesano
n-Mus
li
mispuni
shabl
ebydeat
h(SeeCo
mpul
si
on)
.
•
 Ano
n-Mus
li
mwhol
eadsaMus
li
mawayfr
omI
slami
spuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.

1
0
•
 Ano
n-Mus
li
mmanwhomar
riesaMus
li
mwo
mani
spuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
•
 Awo
mano
rgi
rlwhohasbeenr
apedc
anno
ttes
tifyi
nco
urtagai
nsthe
r
r
api
st(
s).
•
 Tes
timo
nieso
f4mal
ewi
tnes
sesar
erequi
redt
opr
over
apeo
fafemal
e
(
Qur
an2
4:1
3).
•
 Awo
mano
rgi
rlwhoal
legesr
apewi
tho
utpr
oduc
ing4mal
ewi
tnes
sesi
s
gui
lt
yofadul
ter
y.
•
 Awo
mano
rgi
rlfo
undgui
lt
yofadul
ter
yispuni
shabl
ebydeat
h(s
ee
"
Isl
amo
pho
bia"
).
•
 Amal
eco
nvi
ctedo
frapec
anhav
ehi
sco
nvi
cti
ondi
smi
ssedbymar
ryi
nghi
s
v
ict
im.
•
 Mus
li
mme
nhav
esex
ualr
ight
stoanywo
man/gi
rlno
twear
ing
t
heHi
jab 
(see 
Tahar
rus
h).
•
 Awo
manc
anhav
e1hus
band,
whoc
anhav
eupt
o4wi
ves
;Muhammad 
can
hav
emo
re.
•
 Amanc
anmar
ryani
nfantgi
rlandc
ons
ummat
ethemar
riagewhens
hei
s 
9
year
sol
d.
•
 Gi
rl
s'c
li
tor
iss
houl
dbec
ut(
Muhammad'
swo
rds
,Bo
  o
k41,Ki
tabAl
-Adab,
Hadi
th5251)
.
•
 Amanc
anbeathi
swi
fefo
rins
ubo
rdi
nat
ion(
see 
Qur
an4
:34
and 
Rel
igi
ono
f
Peac
e).
•
 Amanc
anuni
lat
eral
lydi
vor
cehi
swi
fe;awi
feneedsherhus
band'
sco
nsent
t
odi
vor
ce.
•
 Adi
vor
cedwi
fel
osesc
ust
odyo
fal
lchi
ldr
eno
ver6year
sofageo
rwhen
t
heyex
ceedi
t.
•
 Awo
man'
stes
timo
nyi
nco
urt
,al
lo
wedi
npr
oper
tyc
ases
,car
ries
 ½t
he
wei
ghto
faman'
s.
•
 Afemal
ehei
rinher
itshal
fofwhatamal
ehei
rinher
its(
seeMat
hemat
icsi
n
Qur
an)
.
•
 Awo
manc
anno
tdr
iveac
ar,
asi
tle
adst
o fi
tnah 
(upheav
al)
.
•
 Awo
manc
anno
tspeakal
onet
oamanwhoi
sno
therhus
bando
rrel
ati
ve.

1
1
 •
 Meatt
oeatmus
tco
mefr
omani
mal
sthathav
ebeens
acr
ifi
cedt
oAl
lah-
i
.
e.,
be"
Hal
al.
"
•
 Mus
li
msar
etos
ubj
ugat
ethewo
rldunderI
slam(
see 
Qur
an
9
:29
and 
Pal
est
ineI
ssue)
.
•
 Mus
li
mss
houl
dengagei
n Taqi
yyaandl
iet
ono
n-Mus
li
mst
oadv
anc
eIs
lam.

WhoI
sthePr
ophetMuhammad 
?

 Muhammad 
 wasbo
rni
nMak
kahi
ntheyear5
70.
 Si
ncehi
sfat
herdi
edbefo
rehi
s
bi
rthandhi
smo
therdi
eds
hor
tlyt
her
eaft
er,
hewasr
ais
edbyhi
sunc
lewhowas
fr
omt
her
espec
tedt
ribeo
fQur
ays
h. 
Hewasr
ais
edi
ll
it
erat
e,unabl
etor
eado
r
wr
ite,
andr
emai
neds
oti
llhi
sdeat
h. 
Hispeo
ple,
befo
rehi
smi
ssi
onasapr
ophet
,
wer
eigno
ranto
fsc
ienc
eandmo
sto
fthemwer
eil
li
ter
ate.
 Ashegr
ewup,
he
bec
amek
nownt
obet
rut
hfu
l,ho
nes
t,t
rus
two
rthy,
gener
ous
,ands
inc
ere.
 Hewass
o
t
rus
two
rthyt
hatt
heyc
all
edhi
mtheTr
ust
wor
th

 Muhammad 
 wasv
eryr
eli
gio
us,
andhehadl
ongdet
est
edt
hedec
adenc
eand
i
dol
atr
yofhi
sso
ciet
y.

 Att
heageo
ffo
rty,
Muhammad 
 rec
eiv
edhi
sfi
rstr
evel
ati
onfr
omGo
dthr
ought
he
AngelGabr
iel
. Ther
evel
ati
onsc
ont
inuedfo
rtwent
y-t
hreeyear
s,andt
heyar
e
c
oll
ect
ivel
ykno
wnast
heQu
ran.

 Ass
oonashebegant
orec
itet
heQur
anandt
opr
eac
hthet
rut
hwhi
chGo
dhad
r
eveal
edt
ohi
m,heandhi
ssmal
lgr
oupo
ffo
ll
ower
ssuffer
edper
sec
uti
onfr
om
unbel
iev
ers
. Theper
sec
uti
ongr
ews
ofi
erc
ethati
ntheyear6
22Go
dgav
ethemt
he
c
ommandt
oemi
grat
e. 
Thi
semi
grat
ionfr
omMak
kaht
othec
ityo
fMadi
nah,
some
2
60mi
lest
otheno
rth,
mar
kst
hebegi
nni
ngo
ftheMus
li
mcal
endar
.

 Aft
ers
ever
alyear
s,Muhammad 
 andhi
sfo
ll
ower
swer
eabl
etor
etur
ntoMak
kah,
wher
etheyfo
rgav
ethei
renemi
es.
 Befo
reMuhammad 
 di
ed,
att
heageo
fsi
xty-
t
hree,
thegr
eat
erpar
toft
heAr
abi
anPeni
nsul
ahadbec
omeMus
li
m,andwi
thi
na
c
ent
uryo
fhi
sdeat
h,I
slamhads
preadt
oSpai
nint
heWes
tandasfarEas
tasChi
na.

1
2
  
Amo
ngt
her
eas
onsfo
rther
api
dandpeac
efuls
preado
fIs
lamwast
het
rut
hand
c
lar
ityo
fit
sdo
ctr
ine.
 Is
lamc
all
sfo
rfai
thi
nonl
yoneGo
d,Whoi
stheo
nlyo
ne
wo
rthyo
fwo
rshi
p.

 ThePr
ophetMuhammad 
 wasaper
fec
tex
ampl
eofanho
nes
t,j
ust
,mer
ciful
,
c
ompas
sio
nat
e,t
rut
hful
,andbr
avehumanbei
ng.
 Tho
ughhewasaman,
hewasfar
r
emo
vedfr
omal
lev
ilc
har
act
eri
sti
csands
tro
ves
olel
yfo
rthes
akeo
fGo
dandHi
s
r
ewar
dint
heHer
eaft
er.
 Mo
reo
ver
,inal
lhi
sac
tio
nsanddeal
ings
,hewasev
er
mi
ndfulandfear
fulo
fGo
d.

Tenr
eas
onsPr
ophetMuhammad wast
hebes
tPr
opheto
fal
lti
me.

 AsMus
li
ms,
iti
smandat
oryt
hatwebel
iev
einal
lPr
ophet
sandMes
senger
sofGo
d,
wi
tho
utmak
inganydi
sti
nct
ionbet
weent
hem.
AsAl
lahs
tat
esi
ntheQur
an
r
egar
dingt
hebel
i
ever
s:
 “
Allo
fthemhav
ebel
iev
edi
nAl
lahandHi
sangel
sandHi
sbo
oksandHi
smes
senger
s,
[
sayi
ng]
,“Wemakenodi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenanyo
fHi
smes
senger
s.”

 Qur
an2:
285
 Nev
ert
hel
ess
,al
tho
ughwemak
enodi
sti
nct
ioni
nter
mso
fbel
iev
ingt
hatal
l
Pr
ophet
sandMes
senger
swer
esentbyGo
d,whet
heri
tbeAdam,
Noah,
Abr
aham,

Mo
ses
,Jes
usando
fco
urs
eMuhammad ,
wedoi
nfac
tfav
ourc
ert
ainPr
ophet
s

amo
ngs
tot
her
s.

 AsAl
lahal
sos
tat
esi
ntheQur
an:

 “
Tho
semes
senger
s–s
omeo
fthemWec
aus
edt
oex
ceedo
ther
s.Amo
ngt
hemwer
e
t
hos
etowho
mAl
lahs
poke,andHer
ais
eds
omeo
fthemi
ndegr
ee…”

 Qur
an2:
253

1
3
 Ons
ayi
ngt
his
,weasMus
li
mswho
lehear
tedl
ybel
iev
ethatPr
ophetMuhammad

wast
hegr
eat
esto
fal
lPr
ophet
sduet
othemanyev
idenc
esav
ail
abl
e.Wehav
e
c
ompi
ledal
is
toft
eno
fthes
tro
nges
tsi
gnst
hatpr
ovet
his
,al
ongwi
tht
hei
r
ac
companyi
ngr
efer
enc
es.

1
.Hewast
hefi
nalMes
sengers
entbyGo
dtot
heent
iret
yofhumani
ty.
 Al
lahs
tat
esi
ntheQur
an:

 “
Muhammadi
sno
tthefat
hero
fanyo
fyo
urmen,but(
hei
s)t
heApo
stl
eofGo
d,
andt
he 
Sealo
fthePr
ophet
s:andGo
dhasful
lkno
wledgeo
fal
lthi
ngs
.

 Qur
an33:
40
 Thawbanal
sonar
rat
edt
hatt
heMes
sengero
fAl
lah s
aid:

 “
…AndIamt
hel
asto
fthePr
ophet
s,t
her
eisnoPr
ophetaft
erme.
”
2
.Hewasgi
vent
heQur
an,
thefi
nalr
evel
ati
ono
fGo
d.
 Al
lahs
tat
esi
ntheQur
an:

 Hehass
entdo
wnupo
nyo
u,[
OMuhammad]
,theBo
oki
ntr
uth,c
onfi
rmi
ngwhatwas
befo
rei
t.AndHer
eveal
edt
heTo
rahandt
heGo
spel
.

 Qur
an3:
3
3
.Hewasgr
ant
edt
hel
arges
tfo
ll
owi
ng.

 TheMes
sengero
fAl
lah s
aid:

“
Amo
ngs
ttheapo
stl
esIwo
uldhav
ethel
arges
tfo
ll
owi
ngo
ntheDayo
fRes
urr
ect
ion,
andIwo
uldbet
hefi
rstt
okno
ckatt
hedo
oro
fPar
adi
se.
”
4
.Hei
sthel
eadero
fthec
hil
dreno
fAdam.
5
.Hewi
llbet
hefi
rstt
ober
esur
rec
ted.
6
.Hewi
llbet
hefi
rstt
oint
erc
edeo
ntheDayo
fJudgement
.

 AbuHur
ayr
ah,
nar
rat
edt
hatt
heMes
sengero
fAl
lah s
aid:

1
4
 “
Iwi
llbet
hel
eadero
fthes
onso
fAdamo
ntheDayo
fRes
urr
ect
ion,andt
hefi
rst
o
nefo
rwho
mthegr
avewi
llbeo
pened,andt
hefi
rstt
oint
erc
ede,andt
hefi
rst
who
sei
nter
ces
sio
nwi
llbeac
cept
ed.
’
”
7
.Hewi
llbet
hefi
rstt
ocr
osst
heSi
raatbr
idgeo
verHel
lFi
re.
 I
twasnar
rat
edt
hat‘
Atabi
nYaz
ids
aid:

 “
Iwass
itt
ingwi
thAbuHur
air
ahandAbuSa’
eed.Oneo
fthemnar
rat
edt
hehadi
th
abo
uti
nter
ces
sio
nandt
heo
therwasl
is
teni
ng.Hes
aid:‘
Thent
heangel
swi
llc
ome
andi
nter
cede,andt
hemes
senger
swi
lli
nter
cede.
’Andhement
ionedt
heSi
rat
,and
s
aid:“
TheMes
sengero
fAl
lah( )s
aid:‘
Iwi
llbet
hefi
rsto
net
ocr
ossi
t…”

8
.Hewi
llbet
hefi
rstt
oent
erPar
adi
se.

 Anasbi
nMal
iknar
rat
edt
hatt
hePr
ophet s
aid:

 “
Iwi
llc
omet
othegat
eofPar
adi
seo
ntheDayo
fRes
urr
ect
ionandwi
llas
kfo
ritt
o
beo
pened.Thekeeperwi
lls
ay:‘
Whoar
eyo
u?’Iwi
lls
ay,‘
Muhammad.
’Hewi
lls
ay:‘
I
wasc
ommandedno
ttoo
peni
tfo
ranyo
nebefo
reyo
u.”
9
.Hewasgr
ant
edt
heMaqaamAl
-Mahmo
ud(
ThePr
ais
edSt
ati
on)
.
 Al
lahs
tat
esi
ntheQur
an:

 “
Itmaybet
hatyo
urLo
rdwi
llr
ais
eyo
utoMaqaamAl
-Mahmo
ud(
ast
ati
ono
fpr
ais
e
andgl
ory)
.”
Qur
an17:
79
 I
bnJ
areers
aid,

 “
Mos
toft
hec
omment
ato
rss
aidt
hati
sthepo
sit
ionwhi
chhe wi
llo
ccupyi
nor
der

t
oint
erc
edefo
rthepeo
pleo
ntheDayo
fRes
urr
ect
ion,t
oas
kthatt
hei
rLo
rdmi
ght
gr
antt
hemr
espi
tefr
omt
hegr
eathar
dshi
pthatt
heyar
esuffer
ingo
nthi
sDay.
”
1
0.Hel
edal
lthePr
ophet
sinPr
ayerdur
ingt
heNi
ghtJ
our
ney.

 Thi
spr
ovest
hato
urPr
ophetMuhammad   
 i
sthegr
eat
estl
eader
,andasi
twas

s
tat
edbyI
bnKat
heeratt
hebegi
nni
ngo
fhi
sco
mment
aryo
nSur
ahAl
-Is
ra’
:“Then

1
5
 hi
sho
nour
abl
est
atusands
uper
ior
ityt
othemwasmani
fes
tedwhenhewasmadet
o
gofo
rwar
dtol
eadt
hemi
npr
ayer
,whenJ
ibr
eel(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)i
ndi
cat
edt
o
hi
mthathes
houl
ddos
o.”
 Thes
ear
ejus
tas
elec
tio
noft
hepr
oofst
hati
ndi
cat
ethatt
hePr
ophetMuhammad

wast
hegr
eat
esto
fal
lPr
ophet
stohav
ewal
kedt
hisEar
th.
Mayt
hepeac
eand

bl
ess
ingso
fAl
lah,
GodAl
might
y,beupo
nhi
m,hi
sfami
lyandhi
sco
mpani
ons
.

THESTATUSOFWOMENI
NSLAM
I
ntr
oduc
tio
n

 Thes
tat
uso
fwo
meni
nIs
lami
soneo
fthec
ruc
ialt
opi
csanddo
minantt
hemesi
nthe
mo
der
ner
a,whi
cht
heo
logi
anshav
ebeens
tudyi
ng.
Isl
amr
egar
dsmenandwo
menas
bei
ngo
fthes
amees
senc
ecr
eat
edfr
omas
ingl
eso
ul.
Awo
manhasac
ompl
etel
y
i
ndependentper
sonal
it
yinI
slam.
Int
hispaper
,Iwi
llpr
ovi
deano
ver
viewo
fthe
s
tat
uso
fwo
meni
nIs
lami
ngener
alandt
henIwi
ll
foc
uso
nthei
ssueo
fequal
it
y.

 Onei
mpo
rtantpar
toft
hedi
scus
sio
nwi
llbedev
otedt
ocl
ari
fyt
hec
onc
ept
ual
c
ont
extandt
her
elev
antt
ermi
nol
ogyo
fthes
ubj
ecto
finher
itanc
eandt
oex
plai
n
c
ert
ainr
uli
ngso
finher
itanc
einI
slami
clawt
hatmays
eematfi
rstgl
anc
etobei
n
c
onfl
ic
twi
tht
hei
deao
fequ
ali
ty.

St
atuso
fWo
mani
nIs
lam

 I
ntheI
slami
cper
spec
tiv
e,awo
manhasanho
nour
edpo
sit
ion.
Shehass
pec
ialr
espec
t,
l
ove
,affec
tio
nandgent
lefeel
ingal
ongwi
thherl
egalandc
ivi
lri
ght
s.

 I
ssheno
tthec
ompas
sio
nat
emo
ther
?
 I
ssheno
tthebel
ovedwi
fe?
 I
ssheno
ttheaffec
tio
nat
edaught
er?
 Ac
tual
lyI
slamex
pres
sest
hebes
tex
planat
ionfo
rawo
man’
str
uei
magei
nthe
fo
ll
owi
ngv
ers
esfr
omt
heQu
r’an:
 Wehav
eenj
oinedmant
obeki
ndt
ohi
spar
ent
s.Hi
smo
therhasc
arr
iedhi
mint
rav
ail
,
andbo
rehi
mint
rav
ail
,andhi
sges
tat
ionandweani
ngt
aket
hir
tymo
nths
.Whenhe

1
6
 c
omeso
fageandr
eac
hesfo
rtyyear
s,hes
ays
,‘MyLo
rd!I
nspi
remet
ogi
vet
hanks
fo
rYo
urbl
ess
ingwi
thwhi
chYo
uhav
ebl
ess
edmeandmypar
ent
s,andt
hatImaydo
r
ight
eousdeedswhi
chmaypl
eas
eYo
u,andi
nves
tmydes
cendant
swi
th
r
ight
eous
nes
s.I
ndeedIhav
etur
nedt
oyo
uinpeni
tenc
e,andIamo
neo
fthe
mus
li
ms.
’(46:
15)

 Yo
urLo
rdhasdec
reedt
hatyo
ushal
lno
two
rshi
panyo
neex
ceptHi
m,and[
Hehas
enj
oined]ki
ndnes
stopar
ent
s.Sho
uldt
heyr
eac
hol
dageatyo
urs
ide–o
neo
fthem
o
rbo
th-dono
tsayt
othem,‘
Fie!
’Anddono
tchi
det
hem,buts
peakt
othemno
ble
wo
rds
.Lo
wert
hewi
ngo
fhumi
li
tyt
othem,o
uto
fmer
cy,ands
ay,‘
MyLo
rd!Hav
e
mer
cyo
nthem,j
ustast
heyr
ear
edmewhenIwas[
a]s
mal
l[c
hil
d]!
’(17:
23&24)
 Dono
tco
vett
headv
ant
agewhi
chGo
dhasgi
vens
omeo
fyo
uov
ero
ther
s.Tomen
bel
ongsas
har
eofwhatt
heyhav
eear
ned,andt
owo
menas
har
eofwhatt
heyhav
e
ear
ned.Andas
kGo
dfo
rHi
sgr
ace.(
4:32)

 Si
mil
art
otheQur
’an,
thePr
ophet
ichadi
thsal
soemphas
izet
heho
nourandr
espec
t
o
fwo
menwi
thi
nsu
chafr
ameo
flo
ve,
endear
mentandaffec
tio
n.Thi
sises
pec
ial
ly
t
ruewhent
hehadi
thst
eac
habo
utt
hemo
ther
,thewi
feandt
hedaught
er.
For
ex
ampl
e,t
hePr
ophets
aid:

 Obs
erv
eyo
urdut
ytoGo
dinr
espec
ttot
hewo
men,
andr
eco
mmendt
hemt
obewel
l
t
reat
ed.

 Heal
sos
aid:

 Idono
tthi
nkt
hatamanget
sbet
teri
nfai
thwi
tho
utl
ovi
ngwo
menbet
ter
.

 ThePr
ophethadadaught
erwho
mhel
ovedv
erydeepl
yandt
ender
ly.
Heus
edt
osay:
“
Fat
imahi
sapar
tofme
;who
everwr
ongsherwr
ongsmeandwhopl
eas
esher
pl
eas
esme.

 Hev
isi
tedherfr
equent
ly;ando
nhi
sret
urnfr
omanyj
our
neyhec
all
edo
nherfi
rst
befo
rego
ingt
ohi
sownho
me.
Whenev
ers
heappr
oac
hed,
hiseyesgl
owedwi
thj
oy.
He

1
7
 wo
uldt
akeheri
nhi
sar
m,k
issherwar
mlyando
fferherhi
sowns
eat
.Indeedt
his
k
ind,
tenderpat
ter
nisani
dealmo
delfo
rmank
ind.

 Amanc
amet
othePr
ophetandas
kedhi
m,“
Omes
sengero
fGo
d!Who
msho
uldIbe
mo
redut
ifult
o?”ThePr
ophetr
epl
ied:“
Toyo
urmo
ther
.”Heas
ked,
thent
owho
m.
Thenher
epl
ied:“
Toyo
urmo
ther
.”Themanagai
nas
ked,
thent
owho
m.Thent
he
Pr
ophetr
epl
ied:“
Toyo
urfat
her
.”

Equal
it
y

 I
slamc
ons
ider
sbo
thmenandwo
menequal
lyhumanandgr
ant
sthemequalhuman
r
ight
s.Tho
ught
hei
rtas
ksandfunc
tio
nsmays
omet
imesdi
ffer
,theybo
thhav
e
o
ppo
rtuni
ti
esfo
rac
hiev
ingper
fec
tio
nandc
los
enes
stoGo
d.Thefo
ll
owi
ngv
ers
es
fr
omt
heQur
’anands
ayi
ngso
fthePr
ophets
uppo
rtt
hisar
gument
.Fo
rex
amp
le,
Go
dsays
:

 manki
nd!I
ndeedWec
reat
edyo
ufr
omamal
eandafemal
e,andmade
yo
unat
ionsandt
ribest
hatyo
umayi
dent
ifywi
tho
neano
ther
.Indeed
t
heno
bles
tofyo
uint
hes
ighto
fGo
dist
hemo
stGo
dwar
yamo
ngyo
u.
I
ndeedGo
disAl
l-kno
wing,Al
l-awar
e.(
49:
13)

 manki
nd!Bewar
yofyo
urLo
rdwhoc
reat
edyo
ufr
omas
ingl
eso
ul,
andc
reat
edi
tsmat
efr
omi
t,and,fr
omt
het
woo
fthem,s
cat
ter
ed
numer
ousmenandwo
men.(
4:1)

 Al
soPr
ophetMuhammad(
S)s
aid:

 Al
lpeo
plear
eequal
,ast
het
eet
hofac
omb.
Ther
eisnoc
lai
mofmer
ito
fanAr
ab
andno
n-Ar
ab,
orawhi
teo
verabl
ackper
son,
oramal
eov
erafemal
e.Onl
yAl
lah-
fear
ingpeo
pleme
ritapr
efer
enc
ewi
thGo
d.5

 Themo
sti
mpo
rtants
our
cesi
nIs
lami
ctho
ughti
.
e.t
heQur
’anandSunnahbo
th
c
onfert
hegr
eatmes
sageo
funi
ver
salequal
it
yamo
ngal
lmank
ind.
Theabo
vet
ext
s
ar
eju
stafewex
ampl
esandt
her
ear
emanymo
reav
ail
abl
e.

 Apar
tfr
omt
his
,ther
ear
ehundr
edso
fver
seswhi
cht
aket
hefo
rmo
faddr
ess
:“O

1
8
 mank
ind,
or“
Obel
i
ever
”whi
chr
efert
obo
thmenandwo
men.
Bot
hhav
esi
mil
ar
dut
iest
oper
for
m;fo
rins
tanc
epr
ayer
,ri
tual
s,fas
ting,
toc
ommandt
ogo
odandt
o
pr
ohi
bitfr
omev
il
.Mo
ralv
irt
uess
uchast
oler
anc
e,t
rut
hful
nes
s,ho
nes
tyar
e
r
equi
redfr
ombo
th.
Acc
ordi
ngt
oIs
lam,
per
sonals
uper
ior
ityi
sonl
ybas
edo
npi
ety.

 I
slam’
sregar
dfo
rwo
meni
sno
tsi
mpl
ygi
vi
ngherac
hanc
etos
urv
ive.
Mus
li
ms,
men
andwo
men,
aret
oldt
oseekk
nowl
edgeandeduc
ati
onwher
evert
heyfi
ndi
tandt
o
us
ethi
skno
wledget
ohel
pfel
lo
whumanbei
ngs
.Thi
sisadut
yabo
utwhi
cht
heywi
ll
beques
tio
nedo
nJudgementDay.
His
tor
ytel
lsusabo
utt
hei
mmens
eco
ntr
ibut
iono
f
Mus
li
mwo
ment
othec
ommuni
ty.
Onel
adyi
.
e.t
heLadyKhadi
jah,
daught
ero
f
Khuwayl
id,
ando
neyo
ungbo
ywer
ethefi
rstt
obel
iev
einI
slam.
LadyKhadi
jahwasa
gr
eats
uppo
rtero
fIs
lamandt
hePr
ophet
.

Ananal
ysi
sofequal
it
y

 Ther
ear
efo
url
ogi
calc
har
act
eri
sti
cso
fequal
it
y,whi
char
ecr
uci
ali
nQur
’ani
c
per
spec
tiv
e:

 Equ
ali
tyi
nrel
igi
ousmat
ter
s;
 Equ
ali
tyi
net
hic
alo
bli
gat
ionsandr
ewar
ds;
 Equ
ali
tyi
neduc
ati
on;
 Equ
ali
tyi
nlegal
right
s.

Equal
it
yinr
eli
gio
usmat
ter
s
 TheQur
’anc
ommandsequal
it
yfo
rmenandwo
menr
egar
dingr
eli
gio
uso
bli
gat
ions
andr
ewar
ds.
Wer
ead:

 I
ndeedt
hemus
li
m(o
rsubmi
ssi
ve)menandt
hemus
li
m(o
rsubmi
ssi
ve)wo
men,t
he
fai
thfulmenandt
hefai
thfulwo
men,t
heo
bedi
entmenandt
heo
bedi
entwo
men,
t
het
rut
hfulmenandt
het
rut
hfulwo
men,t
hepat
ientmenandt
hepat
ientwo
men,
t
hehumbl
emenandt
hehumbl
ewo
men,t
hec
har
itabl
emenandt
hec
har
itabl
e
wo
men,t
hemenwhofas
tandt
hewo
menwhofas
t,t
hemenwhoguar
dthei
rpr
ivat
e
par
tsandt
hewo
menwhoguar
d,t
hemenwhor
ememberGo
dgr
eat
lyandt
hewo
men
whor
emember[
Godgr
eat
ly]
-Go
dho
ldsi
nst
orefo
rthemfo
rgi
venes
sandagr
eat

1
9
 r
ewar
d.(
33:
35)

Equal
it
yinet
hic
alo
bli
gat
ionsandr
ewar
ds

 Sec
ondl
y,t
heQur
’anr
eveal
stomank
indt
hedes
iredequal
it
yoft
het
wos
exesby
es
tabl
is
hingt
hes
ameet
hic
alo
bli
gat
ionsandr
ewar
dsfo
rwo
menandmen:

 Andwho
everdo
esr
ight
eousdeeds
,whet
hermal
eorfemal
e,s
houl
dheo
rshebe
fai
thful-s
uchs
hal
lent
erpar
adi
seandt
heywi
llno
tbewr
onged[
somuc
has
]the
s
pec
konadat
e-s
tone.(
4:124)

 Who
everac
tsr
ight
eous
ly,[
whet
her
]mal
eorfemal
e,s
houl
dhebefai
thful
,-Wes
hal
l
r
evi
vehi
mwi
thago
odl
ifeandpayt
hemt
hei
rrewar
dbyt
hebes
tofwhatt
heyus
ed
t
odo
.(16:
97)

 I
fGo
dhadno
tdee
medt
het
wos
exeso
fequals
tat
usandv
alue,
suc
hex
pli
ci
t
s
tat
ement
soft
hei
requal
it
yinet
hic
alo
bli
gat
ionsandr
ewar
dswo
uldno
thav
ebeen
madei
ntheQur
’an.

Equal
it
yineduc
ati
on

 Al
tho
ught
hemo
res
pec
ifi
cco
mmandsfo
rtheequalr
ight
sofwo
menandment
o
pur
sueeduc
ati
onc
anbefo
undi
nthehadi
thl
it
erat
ure
,theQur
’ando
esatl
eas
t
i
mpl
ythepur
sui
tofk
nowl
edgebyal
lMus
li
msr
egar
dles
soft
hei
rsex
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,i
t
r
epeat
edl
yco
mmandsal
lreader
stor
ead,
tor
eci
te,
tot
hink
,toc
ont
empl
ate,
andas
wel
last
olear
nfr
omt
hes
igns(
ayat
)ofGo
dinnat
ure.
Infac
t,t
hev
eryfi
rst
r
evel
ati
ont
oPr
ophetMuhammad(
S)wasc
onc
ernedwi
tht
hemes
sageo
fkno
wledge.

 I
ntheQur
’ani
cper
spec
tiv
ether
ecannev
erbear
est
ric
tio
noft
hisk
nowl
edget
oone
s
ex.
Iti
sthedut
yofev
eryMus
li
mmanandev
eryMus
li
mwo
mant
opur
sue
k
nowl
edget
hro
ugho
utl
ife,
eveni
fits
houl
dleadt
hes
eek
ert
o“Chi
na,
”wear
eto
ld.
ThePr
ophetev
enc
ommande
dthatt
hes
lav
egi
rl
sbeeduc
ated,
andheas
kedShi
fa’
bi
nt‘
Abdi
ll
aht
oeduc
atehi
sownwi
fe–Hafs
ahbi
nt‘
Umar
.

 Audi
enc
eso
fbo
thmenandwo
menat
tendedl
ect
ureso
fthePr
ophet
;andbyt
he
t
imeo
fthePr
ophe
t’sdeat
h,t
her
ewer
emanywo
mens
cho
lar
s.6

2
0
Equal
it
yinl
egalr
ight
s

 Afo
urt
hev
idenc
eint
heQur
’anfo
rtheequal
it
yofmenandwo
meni
sit
s
s
pec
ifi
cat
iono
flegalr
ight
swhi
char
eguar
ant
eedfo
rev
eryi
ndi
vi
dualfr
omc
radl
e
t
ogr
ave.
TheQur
’anpr
ocl
aimst
her
ighto
fbo
thwo
menandmeni
nenj
oyi
ngfu
ll
l
egalr
ight
s.Shemaybuy,
sel
l,
ear
nal
iv
ingandmanagehero
wnmo
neyand
pr
oper
ty.
InI
slamt
hewo
manhasal
egal
lyi
ndependentper
sonal
it
yandher
o
bli
gat
ionsar
eindependentfr
omt
hos
eofherfat
her
,hus
bando
rbr
other
.

 Thus
,thewo
mani
nIs
lamenj
oysal
lri
ght
sandi
str
eat
edequalt
omani
nthi
sre
spec
t.

 I
naddi
ti
ont
othes
eri
ght
s,t
heQur
’angr
ant
sthewo
manas
har
eint
hei
nher
itanc
e
o
fthefami
ly(
4:7
-11
)andwar
nsagai
nstdepr
ivi
nghero
fthati
nher
itanc
e(4
:19
),
s
pec
ifi
est
hatt
hedo
wry(
mahr
)ofhermar
riages
houl
dbel
ongt
oheral
oneand
nev
erbet
akenbyherhus
band(
2:2
29;4
:19
-21&2
5)unl
esspr
esent
edbyt
hewo
man
her
sel
fasafr
eegi
ft(
4:4
4).

 Aswi
thanypr
ivi
lege,
thes
eri
ght
sofwo
menc
arr
yco
rres
pondi
ngr
espo
nsi
bil
it
ies
.If
s
hec
ommi
tsac
ivi
loffenc
e,t
heQur
’ant
ell
sus
,awo
man’
spenal
tyi
snol
esso
rno
mo
ret
hant
hato
famani
nas
imi
larc
ase(
e.g.
24:
2).
Ifs
hei
swr
ongedo
rhar
med,
s
hei
sent
itl
edt
oco
mpens
ati
onj
ustl
ik
eaman.

 I
tisc
leart
hatt
heQur
’anno
tonl
yrec
omme
nds
,buti
sal
soi
nsi
stentupo
n,t
he
equ
ali
tyo
fwo
menandmenasanes
sent
ialc
har
act
eri
sti
cint
heQur
’ani
c
per
spec
tiv
e.

Ac
rit
icalanal
ysi
sofequal
it
y

 Ther
ear
eso
medi
scus
sio
nsabo
utawo
man’
sequal
it
yinheri
nher
itanc
e,educ
ati
on
ands
oci
alr
ight
s.Aswehav
eal
readydi
scus
sed,
ther
eli
gio
nofI
slamhasc
lear
ly
r
equi
redt
hatequal
it
yhast
obeex
erc
isedr
egar
dles
soft
hephys
icalgender
.
Ho
wev
er,
ther
emaybeadi
ffer
enc
ebet
weent
het
heo
ryo
fIs
lamandt
hepr
act
ice
o
fMu
sli
ms.
Ino
rdert
ounder
standwhatI
slamhases
tabl
is
hedfo
rwo
man,
ther
eis
noneedt
olo
okatwr
ongc
ust
omst
hatmayex
isti
nso
meMus
li
mso
ciet
ies
.

2
1
 Obj
ect
ivel
y,r
eli
gio
nmeanshumani
ty,
notc
ruel
tyo
rbr
utal
it
y.Ho
wev
er,
some
c
ult
uresmayhav
ejus
tamas
kofI
slambuti
nreal
it
yther
ear
eso
mel
ocalc
ult
ural
pr
obl
emsbehi
ndt
hemas
k.Fo
rex
ampl
e,o
newr
iters
ays
:

 Men’
sener
giess
houl
dbeex
pendedi
nwo
rshi
p,r
eli
gio
usac
tiv
iti
esandi
nthes
ear
ch
o
fkno
wledge.

 Thi
sist
obeat
tai
nedbymak
ingwo
mendev
otet
hems
elv
est
oser
vingt
hei
rmeni
n
t
heho
me,
prepar
ingfo
odanddr
ink
,was
hing,
cleani
ngandc
ari
ngfo
rthec
hil
dren
andel
der
ly.

 Ho
wev
er,
theabo
vei
deasar
eno
trel
atedt
ogenui
neI
slami
cper
spec
tiv
esas
demo
nst
rat
edi
ntheQur
’anandHadi
th.
Thi
swr
iterhasj
ustr
ever
tedbac
ktopr
e-
I
slami
ccul
tur
e.Bas
edupo
ntheabo
vet
ext
sfr
omt
heQur
’anandSunnah,
thes
e
i
deasar
eno
tpl
aus
ibl
e.I
fwewer
etoas
kthewr
iter
,“wher
ear
ethes
e
c
har
act
eri
sti
csi
ntheQur
’anandHadi
ths
?”wewi
llbeas
sur
edo
fas
il
enc
ethat
wo
ulds
peakv
olumes
.

 Ac
cor
dingt
oIs
lami
cpo
into
fvi
ew,
awo
manhasnoo
bli
gat
iont
opr
epar
efo
odand
dr
ink
,was
handc
leanfo
rherhus
bando
rhi
sfami
ly.
Ofc
our
se,
hus
bandsandwi
ves
whofo
rmafami
ly,
sho
ulds
har
eandc
aret
omai
ntai
nfami
lyl
ifewi
thmut
ual
under
standi
ng.

 I
nthec
aseo
finhe
rit
anc
e,t
heques
tio
nofequal
it
yisful
lyappl
ic
abl
e.I
npr
inc
ipl
e,
bo
thmanandwo
manar
eequal
lyent
itl
edt
oinher
itt
hepr
oper
tyo
fthedec
eas
ed
r
elat
ionbutt
hepo
rti
onst
heygetmayv
ary.
Ins
omei
nst
anc
esmanr
ecei
vest
wo
s
har
eswher
easwo
manget
sonl
yone.
Thi
sisnos
igno
fgi
vi
ngpr
efer
enc
eor
s
upr
emac
ytomano
verwo
man.
Ther
eas
onswhyamanget
smo
rei
nthes
epar
tic
ular
i
nst
anc
esmaybec
las
sifi
edasfo
ll
ows
:

 Fi
rst
,amani
sso
lel
yres
pons
ibl
efo
rthec
ompl
etemai
ntenanc
eofhi
swi
fe,
his
fami
lyandanyo
therneedyr
elat
ions
.Iti
shi
sdut
ybyLawt
oas
sumeal
lfi
nanc
ial
r
espo
nsi
bil
it
iesandmai
ntai
nhi
sdependent
sadequat
ely.
Iti
sal
sohi
sdut
yto
c
ont
ribut
efi
nanc
ial
lyt
oal
lgo
odc
aus
esi
nhi
sso
ciet
y.Al
lfi
nanc
ialbur
densar
e

2
2
 bo
rnebyhi
mal
one.

 I
nco
ntr
ast
,awo
manhasnofi
nanc
ialr
espo
nsi
bil
it
ieswhat
soev
erex
ceptv
eryl
it
tle
o
fherper
sonalex
pens
es,
e.g.
thehi
ghl
uxur
ioust
hingst
hats
hel
ik
est
ohav
e.Shei
s
fi
nanc
ial
lys
ecur
eandpr
ovi
dedfo
r.

 I
fshei
sawi
fe,
herhus
bandi
sthepr
ovi
der
;ifs
hei
samo
ther
,iti
sthes
on;i
fshei
s
adaught
er,
iti
sthefat
her
;ifs
hei
sas
ist
er;i
tist
hebr
other
,ands
oon.
Ifs
hehas
nor
elat
ionso
nwho
mshec
andepend,
thent
her
eisnoques
tio
nofi
nher
itanc
e
bec
aus
ether
eisno
thi
ngt
oinher
itandt
her
eisnoo
net
obequeat
hanyt
hingt
oher
.

 Ev
eni
fshehasnoo
net
olo
okaft
ers
hewi
llno
tbel
eftt
ost
arv
e;mai
ntenanc
eof
s
uchawo
mani
sther
espo
nsi
bil
it
yoft
hes
oci
etyasawho
leandt
hes
tat
e.Shemus
t
begi
venai
doraj
obt
oear
nherl
iv
ing,
andwhat
evermo
neys
hemak
eswi
llbeher
s.
So
,int
hehar
des
tsi
tuat
ionawo
man’
sfi
nanc
ialr
espo
nsi
bil
it
yisl
imi
ted,
whi
lea
man’
sfi
nanc
ial
res
pons
ibi
li
tyi
sunl
imi
vement
sfo
rMus
li
mwo
ment
oseekr
olesi
n
nat
ional
leader
shi
phav
einc
reas
edr
api
dly.
Great
ero
ppo
rtuni
ti
esfo
rwo
meni
n
educ
ati
onhav
efur
therenc
our
agedt
hei
rinv
olv
ementi
npo
li
ti
cs.

 Themo
stpr
omi
nentMus
li
mfemal
eleader
sar
efo
rmerpr
imemi
nis
ter
o
fPak
ist
anBenaz
irBhut
to 
(ser
ved1
988
-19
90and1
993
-19
96)
,Indo
nes
ian
Pr
esi
dent
 Megawat
iSuk
arno
put
ri(
bec
amep
res
ident2
001
),fo
rmerTur
kis
hPr
ime
Mi
nis
ter
 Tans
uCi
ll
er(
ser
ved1
993
-19
95)
,fo
rmerSenegal
esePr
imeMi
nis
ter
 Mame
Madi
orBo
ye(
appo
int
ed2
001
), 
Bangl
ades
hi 
Pri
meMi
nis
ter
s BegumKhal
eda
Zi
a (
ser
ved1
991
–96and2
001
–06
)and 
Shei
khHas
inaWaj
ed 
(ser
ved1
996
-01
,
2
009
–pr
esent
),fo
rmerI
rani
anVi
cePr
esi
dent
Mas
oumehEbt
ekar
 (s
erv
ed
1
997
–20
05)
,Mal
ianpr
esi
dent
 Ci
sséMar
iamKaï
damaSi
dibé 
(el
ect
edi
n20
11)
,
Ko
sov
anPr
esi
dent
 At
ifet
eJahj
aga(
ser
ved2
011
–16
),c
urr
entPr
esi
dento
f
Maur
iti
us 
BibiAmeenahFi
rdausGur
ib-Fak
im 
(el
ect
edi
n20
15)andCur
rent
Pr
esi
dento
fSi
ngapo
re 
Hal
imahYac
ob(
elec
tedi
n20
17)

 Daral
-Ift
aal
-Mi
sri
yyah,
anI
slami
cins
tit
utet
hatadv
isesEgypt
'smi
nis
tryo
f
j
ust
ice,
iss
ueda 
fat
wa 
stat
ingt
hatfemal
erul
ersandj
udgesar
eal
lo
wedi
nIs
lam.
[2]

2
3
  The 
Qur
’an 
cont
ainsv
ers
est
hatappeart
osuppo
rtt
her
oleo
fwo
meni
npo
li
ti
cs,
suc
h
asi
tsment
iono
fthe 
Queeno
fSheba,
whor
epr
esent
edar
ulerwhoc
ons
ult
edwi
th
andmadei
mpo
rtantdec
isi
onso
nbehal
fofherpeo
ple.
Fur
ther
,the 
Hadi
th 
pro
vides
numer
ousex
ampl
eso
fwo
menhav
ingpubl
icl
eader
shi
pro
les
. 
Muhammad’
sfi
rst
wi
feKhadi
jabi
ntKhuwayl
id 
washi
schi
efadv
iseraswel
lashi
sfi
rstandfo
remo
st
s
uppo
rter
.Hi
sthi
rdwi
fe 
Ais
haAbuBak
r,awel
l
-kno
wnaut
hor
ityi
nmedi
ci
ne,
hi
sto
ry,
andr
het
ori
c,o
ftenac
compani
edt
hePr
ophett
obat
tles
,ev
enl
eadi
ngan
ar
myatt
he 
Bat
tleo
ftheCamel
.
Howev
er,
iti
sal
sowi
thi
nthec
ont
exto
fthi
sbat
tle
t
hatafamo
ushadi
thi
sas
cri
bedt
oMuhammadwher
ehes
ays"
Nev
erwi
lls
ucc
eed
s
uchanat
ionasmak
esawo
mant
hei
rrul
er.
"Ho
wev
er,
cont
empo
rar
ysc
hol
arshav
e
c
astdo
ubto
ntheaut
hent
ici
tyo
fthi
sHadi
th,
cit
ingt
heo
ddt
imi
ngo
ftheHadi
th'
s
fi
rstr
eleas
e,i
tsc
ont
radi
cti
onwi
tht
hev
ers
eso
ftheQur
an,
andt
hemo
stl
ik
elyus
e
o
ftheHadi
thfo
ras
pec
ifi
cper
sonatt
het
ime(
Queeno
fPer
sia)r
athert
hanasa
gener
alr
uleo
radv
ice.

 Tho
ughl
eader
shi
poppo
rtuni
ti
esfo
rMus
li
mwo
menar
ecement
edi
nrel
igi
oust
ext
andc
ont
inuet
oex
pandt
oday,
ear
li
ergener
ati
onshaddi
ffer
entunder
standi
ngso
f
wo
men’
sro
les
.

 Des
pit
emo
der
ndev
elo
pment
sandgr
eat
eri
ncl
usi
ono
fMus
li
mwo
meni
npo
li
ti
call
ife,
t
her
ear
eMus
li
msi
ncer
tai
nco
unt
rieswhomai
ntai
nthatt
hei
dealMus
li
mwo
man
s
houl
dco
nfi
neher
sel
ftot
her
oleo
fmo
therandwi
fe.
Howev
er,
ther
ehav
ebee
n
s
cho
lar
sinav
ari
etyo
frel
igi
ousfai
thsandc
ult
urest
hathav
eadv
ocat
edfo
rthe
s
amet
hing.

Et
hic
sinI
slam

I
slamhast
heuni
quec
apac
ityt
otr
ans
for
mit
svar
ioust
heo
logi
calt
enet
sandv
alues
i
ntopr
act
ical
andmo
ralp
rinc
ipl
es.
Infac
t,t
heI
slami
cShar
iahwass
pec
ifi
cal
lyes
tabl
is
hed
wi
thaneyet
oins
til
li
nggr
aci
ousbehav
iorandl
oft
ymo
ral
samo
ngi
tsadher
ent
sandt
o
r
efi
net
hei
rchar
act
ers
,al
lofwhi
chc
ont
ribut
est
ogener
alwel
lbei
ngamo
ngpeo
pleand
t
hro
ugho
utt
hel
and.

Thes
ego
alsar
eai
medatguar
ant
eei
ngas
afeandpeac
efulex
ist
enc
efo
reac
h

2
4
per
sonandpr
otec
tingal
las
pec
tso
fthel
iv
eso
findi
vi
dual
s,whet
heri
nthear
enao
fbel
iefs
,
weal
th,
hono
r,o
rpeac
eofmi
nd.

-Ac
cor
dingt
oIs
lam,
humanwel
lbei
ngbegi
nsandendswi
thmanner
sandmo
ral
s.I
tbegi
ns
wi
tht
hec
allfo
rpeo
plet
oac
ceptgu
idanc
eandr
ight
eous
nes
sandc
ulmi
nat
esi
npr
oduc
ing
behav
ior
samo
nghumanbei
ngsi
ndi
cat
iveo
fhumani
ty,
nobi
li
ty,
andl
ove.

-I
slamhass
etdo
wnl
awsandr
uleswhi
ch,
byt
hei
rnat
ure,
ser
vet
oens
uret
he
es
tabl
i
shmento
fgo
odmo
ral
sandmanner
swi
thi
nIs
lami
cso
ciet
y,whet
heratt
hel
eve
lof
i
ndi
vi
dual
sast
heydealwi
tho
neano
thero
ratt
hel
evelo
fso
ciet
iesi
nthegr
eat
erwo
rld.
The
ser
ulesens
uret
hes
urv
ivalandpr
otec
tio
nofI
slam’
set
hic
als
truc
tur
e,t
husal
lo
wing
humanbei
ngst
oli
veamo
ngo
neano
thero
nthebas
iso
fpeac
eandmut
ualc
ooper
ati
on.

-Ther
ear
eregul
ati
onsgo
ver
ningt
hepo
ordue,
char
ity,
pledges
,ex
piat
ions
,andfi
nanc
ial
guar
ant
eesaswel
lasr
ulest
ouc
hingupo
njo
intr
espo
nsi
bil
it
iesnec
ess
aryt
othe
pr
eser
vat
iono
fas
tabl
eso
ciet
yamo
ngMus
li
ms.
Ther
ear
erul
esr
egar
dingt
hepuni
shment
o
fcr
imi
nal
s,t
rai
tor
s,k
il
le
rs,
andadul
ter
ersduet
othefac
tthatt
hei
rdi
sregar
dfo
rmo
ral
v
aluespo
sesat
hreatt
othegr
oupandt
rans
gres
sesagai
nsts
oci
etyandi
tsi
ntegr
ity.
Iti
s
nec
ess
aryt
otr
eats
ucho
ffender
shar
shl
yino
rdert
oguar
ant
eeas
afeandpeac
eful
s
oci
ety.

Co
ncepto
fJi
had

Meani
ngo
fJi
had

-J
ihadi
sanAr
abi
cter
m,andi
tspl
ainc
onno
tat
ioni
s“t
ost
riv
eorwo
rkhar
dfo
rso
met
hing”
.
So
,itdo
esno
tmean“
theHo
lyWar
”agai
nstno
n-Mus
li
ms,
whi
cht
heWes
thasas
soc
iat
ed
wi
thi
t.Theabs
olut
eanal
ysi
soft
hisr
eli
gio
usac
tio
nisdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wos
ect
ions
,Maj
orand

2
5
Mi
norJ
ihad.
Thefo
rmeri
sas
pir
itualeffo
rtwhi
chbi
ndsaMus
li
mtofi
ghti
tsi
nners
elf
agai
nstt
hes
atani
cdes
ires
.Iti
sano
ngo
ingpr
oces
sthr
ougho
uto
ne`
sli
fet
il
ldeat
h.The
l
att
erfo
rmi
sthephys
icals
truggl
eagai
nstt
heenemi
eso
fIs
lam.
Buti
tisgr
eat
ly
mi
stak
enasameanso
fvi
ol
enc
e,al
tho
ughi
nIs
lam,
ther
eisnor
oomfo
rki
ll
ingo
fbl
amel
ess
,
buts
houl
donl
ybeus
edfo
rdefendi
ngo
nes
elfagai
nstt
heenemi
es.
Forfur
ther
el
abo
rat
ingt
hedel
ic
acyo
fthi
smat
ter
,letusdi
scus
siti
nthel
ighto
ftheHo
lyQur
anand
t
heSunnaho
ftheHo
lyPr
ophet(
PBUH)
.

J
ihadi
nQur
an

-Li
keanyo
thero
bli
gat
oryands
upr
emeac
tsi
nther
eli
gio
nofI
slam,
Jihadi
sal
soaGo
d
gi
venr
espo
nsi
bil
it
ytot
heMus
li
ms,
whi
chs
houl
donl
ybeanal
yzedac
cor
dingt
otheSac
red
Sc
ript
urei
.
e.TheHo
lyQur
an,
andno
twhatt
heuni
nfo
rmedpeo
pledobymani
pul
ati
ngi
ts
ac
tualdeno
tat
ion.
All
ahSWTs
aysi
nFur
qaneHameed:

“
Theo
neswhohav
ebel
iev
ed,
emi
grat
edands
tri
veni
nthec
aus
eofAl
lahwi
tht
hei
rwe
alt
h
andt
hei
rli
vesar
egr
eat
eri
nranki
nthes
ighto
fAl
lah.
Andi
tist
hos
ewhoar
ethe
at
tai
ner
s(o
fsuc
ces
s).
”[Qur
an,
9:2
0]

-So
,Ji
hadi
sac
tual
lyt
henameo
fdo
ingo
ne`
sbes
tint
ermso
fbo
thfi
ght
ingandex
pendi
ng
ev
eryt
hingo
nehas
.Aspr
oper
tyi
samo
ngt
hemo
sti
mpo
rtantt
hingso
nehas
,soi
tis
i
mper
ati
vet
ospendasmuc
haso
nec
an,
bes
idesgo
ingi
ntodi
rec
tbat
tlewi
tht
heenemi
es
o
fIs
lam.

-No
w,t
heac
tofwar
far
eneedst
obeel
abo
rat
ed,
asi
tisgr
eat
lymi
sj
udgedandl
ink
edwi
th
wr
ongmo
tiv
es.
All
ahAl
might
ysaysi
ntheHo
lyQur
an:

“
Fighti
nthewayo
fAl
laht
hos
ewhofi
ghtyo
ubutdono
ttr
ans
gres
s.I
ndeed.
All
ahdo
esno
t
l
ik
etr
ans
gre
sso
rs.
”[Qur
an,
2:1
90]

-Thephr
ase“
WhoFi
ghtYo
u”c
lear
lyi
ndi
cat
est
hatt
heAl
might
yhaso
rder
edt
ocl
ashwi
th

2
6
o
nlyt
hos
ewhobr
awlwi
thMus
li
msandt
ryt
odes
tro
ythem.
So,
ther
eisnowayo
nec
oul
d
s
ayt
hatJ
ihadi
sanal
ter
nat
enamefo
rspr
eadi
ngaggr
ess
ionands
laught
eri
ngpeo
ple.
It
al
someanst
hato
nec
anno
tins
tigat
eawaragai
nsto
ther
s,buto
nlyt
odefendt
hems
elv
es.

-Aft
eri
thasbec
omeev
identt
hatJ
ihadi
sonl
yme
antfo
rsel
fdefens
eandno
ttheo
ther
wayar
ound,
iti
snec
ess
aryt
ohav
eal
ookatt
hefo
ll
owi
ngv
ers
eint
hes
ameChapt
er(
Sur
ah
Baqar
ah)
:

“
Andk
il
lthemwher
everyo
uov
ert
aket
hemandex
pelt
hemfr
omwher
evert
hey
hav
eex
pel
ledyo
u………Andi
ftheyc
eas
e,t
heni
ndeed,
All
ahi
sFo
rgi
vi
ngandMer
ciful
.
”
[
Qur
an,
2:1
91-1
92]

-Hat
erso
fIs
lamo
nlyquo
tet
hev
eryfi
rstl
ineo
ftheabo
vev
ers
es,
andar
guet
hatMus
li
ms
ar
ecr
uelandar
emeantt
oki
llo
the
rswher
evert
heyfi
ndt
hem,
butt
hati
sno
tac
tual
ly
t
rue.
Ithasbeenaddedi
nthefo
ll
owi
ngv
ers
ebyAl
lahSWTt
hati
ftheyas
kfo
rmer
cy,
t
hent
her
eisnoneedt
ofi
ghtandk
il
lthem.
Thi
sist
hewho
lec
onc
epto
fJi
hadfr
omabo
ve
l
ine
sofQur
anandi
tsho
uldno
tbemi
squo
ted.

-Onano
theri
nst
ant
,theAl
might
ysai
d:

-Wo
uldyo
uno
tfi
ghtapeo
plewhobr
oket
hei
roat
hsanddet
ermi
nedt
oex
pelt
heMes
senger
,
andt
heyhadbegun[
theat
tac
kupo
n]yo
uthefi
rstt
ime?Doyo
ufeart
hem?ButAl
lahhas
mo
rer
ightt
hatyo
usho
uldfearHi
m,i
fyo
uar
e[t
rul
y]bel
iev
ers
.[Qur
an,
9:1
3]

-So
,it
scr
yst
alc
learfr
omt
hepr
evi
ousl
ineso
fQu
rant
hatc
ombat
ingi
sonl
yobl
igat
edo
nce
Mus
li
msar
eunderat
tac
k,andwhent
heyneedt
opr
otec
tthems
elv
es.

-J
ihadi
ssai
dtobe“
fight
ingfo
rthec
aus
eofAl
lah”
,butt
her
eisi
ncr
eas
edr
equi
si
tet
o
c
ompr
ehendwhatt
hisphr
aseac
tual
lymeans
,ast
hewo
rdfi
ght
ingi
sbei
ngmi
sus
edby
ex
tremi
sto
rgani
zat
ionso
per
ati
ngi
ndi
ffer
entr
egi
onso
fthewo
rdandpo
rtr
ayi
tast
he
r
eli
gio
usdut
y.Al
lahSWTs
aysi
ntheHo
lyQur
an:

“
Andwhati
s[t
hemat
ter
]wi
thyo
uthatyo
ufi
ghtno
tint
hec
aus
eofAl
lahand[
for
]the

2
7
o
ppr
ess
edamo
ngmen,
women,
andc
hil
drenwhos
ay,
“OurLo
rd,
tak
euso
uto
fthi
sci
tyo
f
o
ppr
ess
ivepeo
pleandappo
intfo
rusfr
omYo
urs
elfapr
otec
torandappo
intfo
rusfr
om
Yo
urs
elfahel
per
?”[
Qur
an,
4:7
5]

-Manyo
fthebel
iev
ersandnewl
yadmi
ttedper
sonst
oIs
lams
til
lres
idedi
nthel
ando
f
Mak
kahev
enaft
ermas
smi
grat
iont
oMadi
nao
fMus
li
msundert
heMes
senger(
PBUH)o
f
Go
dear
li
er.
Tho
sewhowe
rel
eftbe
hindwer
esev
erel
ydeal
twi
thando
ppr
ess
edbyt
he
po
lyt
hei
stsanddi
sbel
iev
ers
.Then,
God,
theEx
alt
eddi
rec
tedMus
li
mst
ohel
pthems
ave
fr
omt
yrannyandr
epr
ess
iont
heywer
efac
ing.
Itmeanst
hateffo
rtmadefo
rthi
scaus
eis
J
ihadandi
sdeart
oAl
lah.

-So
,theper
cept
iono
fJi
hadi
nQur
anr
evo
lvesar
ounds
tri
vi
ngi
nAl
lah`
sCaus
e,fi
ght
ing
whe
nbei
ngat
tac
kedbyr
ival
s,hel
pingo
utt
heo
ppr
ess
edo
nes
,andhav
epeac
eift
hey
c
eas
etofi
ght
.

I
slamandEnv
iro
nment
.

-Env
iro
nmentpr
otec
tio
nisani
mpo
rtantas
pec
tofI
slam.
Bei
ngs
tewar
dso
ftheEar
th,
iti
s
t
her
espo
nsi
bil
it
yofMus
li
mst
ocar
efo
rtheenv
iro
nmenti
napr
oac
tiv
emanner
.Ther
eisa
defi
nit
epur
pos
ebehi
ndt
hec
reat
iono
fdi
ffer
ents
pec
ies
,bei
tpl
ant
sorani
mal
s.Mus
li
ms
ar
eenc
our
agedt
orefl
ecto
nther
elat
ions
hipbet
weenl
iv
ingo
rgani
smsandt
hei
r
env
iro
nmentandt
omai
ntai
ntheec
olo
gic
albal
anc
ecr
eat
edbyAl
lah.
Pro
tec
tio
noft
he
env
iro
nmenti
ses
sent
ial
toI
slami
cbel
iefsandmank
indhast
her
espo
nsi
bil
it
ytoens
ure
s
afec
ust
odyo
ftheenv
iro
nment
.

Env
iro
nmentPr
otec
tio
nandRes
our
ceCo
nser
vat
ion

-TheI
slami
cper
spec
tiv
eonenv
iro
nmentpr
otec
tio
nrefl
ect
sapo
sit
ivei
mageabo
utI
slam
andho
witembr
acesev
erys
ingl
emat
tert
hehumansfac
eonear
th.
TheI
slami
cat
tit
ude
t
owar
dsenv
iro
nmentandnat
uralr
eso
urc
eco
nser
vat
ioni
sno
tonl
ybas
edo
npr
ohi
bit
iono
f
o
ver
-ex
plo
itat
ionbutal
soo
nsus
tai
nabl
edev
elo
pment
.TheHo
lyQur
ans
ays
:

2
8
"
Iti
sHewhohasappo
int
edyo
uvi
cer
oysi
ntheear
th…t
hatHemayt
ryyo
uinwhatHehas
gi
venyo
u."(
Sur
ah6
:16
5)

-"
Ochi
ldr
eno
fAdam!…eatanddr
ink
:butwas
teno
tbyex
ces
s,fo
rAl
lahl
ovesno
tthe
was
ter
s."(
Sur
ah7
:31
)

-Pr
ophetMuhammad(
SAW)enc
our
agedt
hepl
ant
ingo
ftr
eesandt
hec
ult
ivat
iono
f
agr
icul
tur
ewhi
char
eco
nsi
der
edasgo
odac
ts.
Thi
sisi
ll
ust
rat
edi
nthefo
ll
owi
ngt
radi
ti
ons
:
Nar
rat
edbyAnasbi
nMal
ik(
RA)t
hatAl
lah’
sMes
senger(
SAW)s
aid:"
Ther
eisno
ne
amo
ngs
ttheMus
li
mswhopl
ant
sat
reeo
rso
wss
eeds
,andt
henabi
rd,
oraper
sono
ran
ani
maleat
sfr
omi
t,buti
sregar
dedasac
har
itabl
egi
ftfo
rhi
m." (
Buk
har
i).

-I
slami
sagai
nstt
hec
utt
ingo
rdes
truc
tio
nofpl
ant
sandt
reesunnec
ess
ari
lyasi
sev
ident
i
nthefo
ll
owi
ngHadi
th:Abdul
lahi
bnHabas
hir
epo
rtedt
hatPr
ophetMuhammad(
SAW)s
aid:
"
Hewhoc
utsal
ote
-tr
ee[
wit
houtj
ust
ifi
cat
ion]
,Al
lahwi
lls
endhi
mtoHel
lfi
re.
"(Abu
Dawud)
.Thel
ote
-tr
eegr
owsi
nthedes
ertandi
sver
ymuc
hneededi
nanar
eawhi
chhas
s
car
cev
eget
ati
on.
Thedev
ast
ati
onc
aus
edbydefo
res
tat
ioni
nmanyc
ount
riesc
aus
ess
oil
er
osi
onandk
il
lsmanyo
fthebi
odi
ver
sit
yoft
heear
th.

-Theappr
oac
hofI
slamt
owar
dst
heus
eofnat
ural
res
our
ceswasbr
il
li
ant
lyputfo
rwar
dby
t
heFo
urt
hCal
iphHaz
ratAl
iibnAbi
-Tal
ib(
RA)whos
aid“
Par
tak
eofi
tgl
adl
ysol
ongasyo
u
ar
ethebenefac
tor
,no
tades
poi
ler
;ac
ult
ivat
or,
notades
tro
yer
.Al
lhumanbei
ngsaswel
l
asani
mal
sandwi
ldl
ifeenj
oyt
her
ightt
oshar
eEar
th’
sres
our
ces
.Man’
sabus
eofany
r
eso
urc
eispr
ohi
bit
edast
hej
uri
sti
cpr
inc
ipl
esays‘
Whatl
eadst
othepr
ohi
bit
edi
sit
sel
f
pr
ohi
bit
ed”
.

-WhenAbuMus
a(RA)wass
entt
oAl
-Bas
rahast
henewgo
ver
nor
,headdr
ess
edt
hep
eopl
e
s
ayi
ng:"
Iwass
entt
oyo
uby'
Umari
bnAl
-Khat
tab(
RA)i
nor
dert
oteac
hyo
utheBo
oko
f
yo
urLo
rd[
i.
e.t
heQur
’an]
,theSunnah[
ofyo
urPr
ophet
],andt
ocl
eanyo
urs
treet
s."Abu
Hur
air
ahr
epo
rtedt
hatt
heMes
sengero
fAl
lah(
Peac
eBeUpo
nHi
m)fo
rbadet
hataper
son
r
eli
evehi
msel
finawat
ers
our
ceo
ronapat
hori
napl
aceo
fshadeo
rint
hebur
rowo
fa
l
eav
ingc
reat
ure.Thes
eval
ueshi
ghl
ightI
slam’
sst
res
sonav
oidi
ngpo
ll
uti
ono
fcr
iti
cal
r
eso
urc
esandi
mpo
rtanc
eofc
leanl
i
nes
s.

2
9
Sp
readi
ngEnv
iro
nment
alAwar
enes
s

-Ther
ear
evar
iouswayswhi
chyo
ucanr
ais
eenv
iro
nment
alawar
enes
sinyo
urper
sonaland
pr
ofes
sio
nalc
irc
les
.Thepo
pul
ari
zat
iono
fso
cialnet
wor
kingamo
ngyo
unggener
ati
onmak
es
i
teas
ierandat
trac
tiv
etos
preadenv
iro
nment
alawar
enes
sus
ingFac
ebo
ok,
Twi
tter
,
Go
ogl
e+et
c.As
impl
eandeffec
tiv
emet
hodwhi
chIus
eist
hedi
str
ibut
iono
fQRCo
des
(
Qui
ckRes
pons
eCo
des
)inmyc
oll
egec
ampus
.

-Ano
thergr
eati
deawo
uldbet
ost
artyo
uro
wns
cho
ol,
col
legeo
rwo
rkpl
acec
ampai
gnfo
r
pl
ant
ingt
rees
.St
udent
s,fac
ult
ymember
sandc
o-wo
rker
scanbemo
tiv
atedt
odo
nat
ea
no
minalamo
unto
fmo
neyt
owar
dspl
ant
ati
onc
ampai
gn.
Keepi
ngpl
ant
sar
oundyo
urho
me,
s
cho
olo
rwo
rkpl
acei
sno
tonl
yaes
thet
icanddec
orat
ivebutal
sok
eepyo
uheal
thyand
i
mpr
ovei
ndo
orai
rqual
it
y.Ac
cor
dingt
oHaz
ratJ
abi
r(RA)r
epo
rtedt
hatPr
ophet
Muhammad[
S.A.
W]s
aid:“
NoMus
li
m,whopl
ant
sas
hoo
t,ex
ceptt
hatwhat
everi
seat
eno
r
s
tol
enfr
omi
t,o
ranyo
neo
btai
nst
hel
eas
tthi
ngfr
omi
t,i
sco
nsi
der
ed[
li
kepayi
ng]
al
msgi
vi
ngo
nhi
sbehal
funt
ilt
heDayo
fJudgement
."(
Mus
li
m)

Co
ncl
usi
ons

-Env
iro
nment
alawar
enes
sandpr
otec
tio
nofnat
uralr
eso
urc
eisani
ntegr
alpar
tofI
slami
c
bel
iefs
.Asv
icer
oyso
fAl
laho
nthi
sear
th,
wehav
etout
il
iz
enat
uralr
eso
urc
esi
na
s
ust
ainabl
emanneri
nor
dert
oens
uret
hatAl
lah’
sBo
unt
iest
oco
nti
nue.
Thepr
inc
ipl
eof
c
ons
erv
ati
oni
sbeaut
iful
l
yil
lus
trat
edbyt
her
ulewhi
chs
ayst
hatwhi
lemak
ingabl
uti
ons
(
wudu)wes
houl
dbeabs
temi
ousi
ntheus
eofwat
erev
eni
fwehav
ear
iverato
urdi
spo
sal
.
Ashumans
,wear
ekeeper
sofal
lcr
eat
ion,
inc
ludi
ngs
oil
,ai
r,wat
er,
ani
mal
sandt
rees
.A
maj
oro
bjec
tiv
eofI
slami
cteac
hingsandPr
ophet(
Peac
eBeUpo
nHi
m)t
radi
ti
onsi
stobui
ld
andmai
ntai
naheal
thyandc
leanenv
iro
nmentwhi
chi
sdev
oido
fanys
our
ceo
fpo
ll
uti
on
andmi
sus
e.

PRI
NCI
PLESOFGOODGOVERNANCEI
NISLAM

I
ntr
oduc
tio
ntoI
slam

3
0
-Thewo
rdI
slami
sder
ive
dfr
omAr
abi
cwo
rdSLMandi
tsmeans
urr
ender
,obedi
entandas
wel
laspeac
eandt
hismeant
hataper
sonc
anhav
eaphys
icalandment
alpeac
eonl
ywhen
heful
lys
urr
ender
stoal
lmi
ght
yGOD

-Thi
srel
igi
ouss
yst
emi
sbeens
tar
tbyMuhammadSWTPeac
ebeuphi
mats
event
hce
ntur
y
andI
slami
soneo
fthefas
tes
tgr
owi
ngr
eli
gio
nsi
nthewo
rldandi
neac
hfi
veper
sono
nei
s
aMus
li
minal
lar
oundt
hewo
rldt
her
eis3mi
ll
io
noft
heMus
li
ms(
Mal
ik
,20
03)

-TheHo
lyQur
andes
cri
besgo
odgo
ver
nanc
east
hel
awo
fjus
tic
e,aj
ustandpr
inc
ipl
ed
o
rderandc
ompl
ianc
eofr
ight
sandr
espo
nsi
bil
it
iesi
nas
oci
ety.

-TheQur
’andec
lar
es:“
Tho
sewhengi
venaut
hor
ityi
nland,
est
abl
is
h(s
yst
emo
f)s
alah,
giv
e
z
akahandenj
oinwhati
sgo
od(
mau
ruf)andfo
rbi
dwhati
swr
ong(
munk
ar)(
Qur
an,
al-Haj
j,
2
2:4
1)

-I
tfur
thers
ays
:“Oyo
uwhobel
iev
est
andupasawi
tnes
sfo
rAl
lahi
nal
lfai
rnes
s,anddo
no
tlett
hehat
redo
fpeo
pledev
iat
eyo
ufr
omj
ust
ice(
‘adl
).Bej
ust
,thi
sisc
los
estt
opi
ety
(
Qur
an,
Al-Mai
dah,
5:8
)

-I
slami
cvi
ewo
fgo
odgo
ver
nanc
eisqual
it
ati
veandno
tmec
hani
cal
.Maj
orfeat
ureso
fgo
od
go
ver
nanc
ecanbepr
éci
sedunders
evenfundament
als

Rul
eso
fLaw(
As-Shur
a)

Khi
lafah

Ac
count
abi
li
ty

Tr
ans
par
enc
y

J
ust
ice

Equi
ty

Al
-amrbi
lmar
ufwanahianal
-munk
ar

Rul
eso
fLaw(As
-Shur
a)

-As
-shur
aiso
neo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtantc
ons
tit
uti
onalpr
inc
ipl
esi
ntheI
slami
cLaw.
Asi
t’
s
v
eryi
mpo
rtantt
hat
’swhyi
t’
sbeenment
ionedi
nQur
anMo
reo
ver
,as
ura(
chapt
er)i
nthe

3
1
ho
lyQur
’anwasnamedaft
ert
hatpr
inc
ipl
e.I
tisc
all
ed“
Shur
a”.
Thi
ssho
wthei
mpo
rtanc
e
o
fthi
spr
inc
ipl
einal
ltheaffai
rso
fMus
li
ms.
Thewho
les
yst
emo
ftheI
slami
cst
atefr
om
i
tsbegi
nni
ngt
othes
elec
tio
noft
heKhal
ifao
fthes
tat
eandal
ltho
sei
nkeypo
sit
ionsas
wel
lasi
tsc
ommuni
cat
ionsmus
tbel
edbyShur
a,s
oits
houl
dbec
arr
iedo
utdi
rec
tlyo
r
i
ndi
rec
tlyo
vers
elec
tedo
rno
minat
edc
ounc
il
s

-Ther
eisment
ioni
nQur
an:Oyo
u,whobel
iev
e,bec
ust
odi
anso
fjus
tic
e(and)wi
tnes
sfo
r
Al
l
ah,
event
houghagai
nstyo
urs
elv
eso
ryo
urpar
ent
soryo
urr
elat
ives
.Whet
heramani
s
r
icho
rpo
or,
All
ahi
sthegr
eat
estwel
l-wi
shert
hanyo
u.Sofo
ll
owno
rthebehes
tso
flus
t,
l
estyo
uswer
vefr
omj
ust
ice(
Qur
an,
An-Ni
sa,
4:1
35)

-Ev
ent
hePr
ophet
,al
tho
ughhewast
her
ecei
vero
fdi
rec
tgui
danc
efr
omt
heAl
might
y
Al
l
ah,
wasc
ommand-ed.
All
ahs
ays
:

-Co
nsul
tthemi
naffai
rs(
ofmo
ment
).Then,
whenyo
uhav
etot
akeadec
isi
onputt
het
rus
t
i
nAl
lah.
ForAl
lahl
ovest
hos
ewhoputt
hei
rtr
ust(
inHi
m).
(Qur
an,
Al-I
mran,
3:1
59)

-Fo
ll
owi
ngt
hisadv
iceandl
ead,
Khal
ifaUmaradmo
nis
hedt
hat
:

-Ther
eisnok
hil
afahwi
tho
utc
ons
ult
ati
on.

-Thus
,Thes
amemec
hani
smwasfo
ll
owedbyt
hefo
ll
owero
fMuhammadSWTfo
rthe
s
elec
tio
nofKhal
ifaandI
twast
hefi
rstMus
li
mel
ect
edfo
urk
hul
afahgui
danc
e,al
tho
ugh
t
hes
elec
tio
nandappr
ovalpr
oces
svar
ies
.Thei
mpo
rtantpr
inc
ipl
eist
het
rut
hand
ac
count
abi
li
tyandpubl
icc
onfi
denc
eint
hos
eel
ect
edbyt
hec
ommuni
ty.

Thei
mpo
rtanc
eofShur
a

-Thebas
icfu
ndament
also
fIs
lami
cpo
li
ti
cals
yst
emi
scal
ledShur
a.i
tsi
sres
pons
ibl
efo
ral
l
t
heaffai
rso
fMus
li
ms.
Thus
,theI
slami
cst
atemi
ghthav
epr
ecededt
hemo
der
n
demo
crat
ics
yst
emswi
thr
egar
dtot
henec
ess
ityo
fagr
eemento
verc
hoo
singt
heo
newho
r
unsi
tsaffai
rsandc
aresfo
rit
sint
eres
ts,
somet
hingwhi
chs
tres
sest
hev
alueand
effec
tiv
enes
sofunani
mit
yamo
ngMus
li
ms(
Al-Nuz
um,
p24
,25
).

Dec
isi
onmak
ero
fShur
a

-Agr
oupo
fMus
li
mpeo
plewhohav
ethepo
wert
omak
edec
isi
onar
eal
lcal
ledShur
a.And

3
2
t
hos
ewhoar
emember
sofShur
amus
thav
eso
mequal
it
iesl
ik
eEduc
ati
on,
Wis
eandJ
ust
ice
s
oitc
anbes
aidt
hatt
heShur
apeo
plear
esc
hol
arsandl
eader
s.

-Fo
rappl
yingt
her
uler
sit
’si
mpo
rtantandnec
ess
aryt
ohav
eaShur
a.I
tcanbes
aidt
hati
t
i
soneo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtantmani
fes
tat
ionso
fci
vi
li
zat
iont
hatMus
li
msc
ont
ribut
edt
oit
s
c
reat
ionandc
ons
oli
dat
ioni
ntheMus
li
mco
mmuni
ty.
So,
Shur
awasak
indo
fex
pres
sio
nof
t
hedi
vi
newi
llo
nthebas
iso
fwhatt
hePr
ophet(
peac
ebeupo
nhi
m)s
aid:“
Mynat
ions
hal
l
no
tagr
eeupo
naner
ror
.”(
Maj
ah).
InHer
eIwo
uldl
ik
etoment
iont
hatKhal
ifai
nIs
lam
c
an’
tgi
vet
heRi
ghtt
oex
pres
sthedi
vi
newi
ll
.I.
e.hei
sno
taut
hor
izedt
opas
slegi
sl
ati
on,
bec
aus
ethepo
wero
flegi
sl
ati
oni
sent
itl
edt
otheMus
li
mco
mmuni
tyo
rthewho
lenat
ion(
Al
-Sanhur
i)andt
his
,ofc
our
se,
happensi
ntheabs
enc
eofc
learev
idenc
efr
omt
heQur
’an
andt
hePr
ophet
’st
radi
ti
ons
.

-Di
ffer
enc
ebet
weenShur
aandde
moc
rac
y

-Wes
houl
dsayt
heI
slami
cShur
aismuc
hdi
ffer
entfr
ommo
der
ndemo
crac
ysys
tem.
Demo
crac
yist
hepeo
plemader
ulesandas
sumedbypeo
pleandpeo
ples
houl
dmak
ethei
r
o
wnc
ons
tit
uti
onandl
aw,
Ino
rderfo
rpeo
plet
oas
sumel
awmak
ingaut
hor
ity,
setl
awsand
di
sti
nctbet
weenaut
hor
iti
es,
gener
alel
ect
ionsar
ehel
dtos
elec
tagr
oupo
findi
vi
dual
swho
ar
eabl
etomo
nit
oral
laut
hor
iti
es,
andt
hos
eper
sonshav
ether
ight
stor
emo
veo
rbr
ing
mi
nis
ter
sorheado
fas
tat
e

-I
slami
cShur
ahav
eadi
ffer
entv
iew.
Shur
ainI
slami
sbas
edo
nther
uleo
fAl
lah’
sand
Su
nnaMuhammadSWTandl
oyal
tyt
otho
ser
ulesi
nbas
iso
ffai
th.

-Sc
hol
arsar
ethepeo
pleo
fpo
weranddec
isi
on.
Theyc
omeatt
het
opo
fthepeo
pleo
f
Shur
a.Gi
venAl
lah’
srul
es,
scho
lar
sdo
n’thav
ethei
rownc
ons
ult
ati
onl
awst
heyj
usthav
eto
pr
ovet
het
exti
sfr
omQu
ranands
unnah.

-Thet
rut
hist
hatdemo
crat
ics
yst
emc
anbeeas
il
yco
ntr
oll
edo
rav
oidbys
omepo
wer
ful
par
tieso
verpo
li
ti
calac
tio
nsi
nac
ount
ryandt
heywi
llandpo
li
tel
ypar
tiesandt
heywi
ll
fo
rcet
oappl
ybyt
henat
ion.
Howev
ert
heI
slami
cShur
aiss
upr
emac
yfo
rAl
laho
nlyand
andgi
vet
hepr
ior
ityt
oAl
lah’
srul
ewhi
chl
eadt
otheemer
genc
eofmenl
iv
ingi
nthe
c
ompanyo
fAl
lahandfear
ingHi
mHo
nes
tly(
Ghal
ush)

3
3
Khi
lafah

-Khal
ifai
sanAr
abi
cwo
rdmeanss
ucc
ess
or.
Thewo
rdc
ali
phi
ssi
mpl
yanAngl
ic
izedv
ers
ion
o
fkhal
ifa.
Thet
ermsk
hil
afatandc
ali
phat
e,t
houghder
ivedfr
omk
hal
ifaandc
ali
ph
i
ndi
vi
dual
ly,
hav
edi
ffer
entmeani
ngs
.Khi
lafatr
efer
stot
heI
slami
cins
tit
uti
ono
fspi
ri
tual
s
ucc
ess
ors
hip,
wher
easc
ali
phat
eindi
cat
esapo
li
ti
co-r
eli
gio
usMus
li
mst
atego
ver
nedbya
c
ali
ph

-Whent
hePr
ophetMuhammedSAWpas
tawayi
n(6
32C.
E.)
,Haz
ratAbuBak
rsuc
ceededt
o
hi
sspi
ri
tual
,admi
nis
trat
ivepur
pos
esass
ucc
ess
oro
fthemes
sengero
fGo
d(k
hal
ifar
asul
Al
l
ah)
.Ber
nar
dLewi
s,t
hepr
eemi
nenthi
sto
riano
fIs
lam,
obs
erv
es:

“
AbuBak
rwasgi
vent
het
itl
eofKhal
ifao
r‘Deput
y’(
oft
hepr
ophet
)…andhi
sel
ect
ion
mar
kst
heappo
int
mento
fthegr
eathi
sto
rici
nst
itut
iono
ftheCal
iphat
e.Hi
svo
ter
scan
hav
enoi
deao
flat
erpur
pos
esandgr
owt
hoft
heo
ffi
ce.
Att
het
ime,
theymadenoeffo
rt
t
odefi
nehi
sdut
ieso
rpo
wer
s.Theo
nlys
tat
eofhi
ssel
ect
ionwast
hemai
ntenanc
eoft
he
i
nher
itanc
eoft
hePr
ophet
.”(
Lewi
s,1
993
)

-Al
lahhaspr
omi
sedt
otho
seamo
ngyo
uwhobel
iev
eandac
tri
ght
ly,
thatHewi
lls
urel
y
mak
ethemSuc
ces
sor
s(k
hal
ifas
)int
heear
th,
asHemadeSuc
ces
sor
sfr
omamo
ngt
hos
e
whower
ebefo
ret
hem;andt
hatHewi
lls
urel
yes
tabl
is
hfo
rthemt
hei
rrel
igi
on,
whi
chHe
hasc
hos
enfo
rthem;andt
hatHewi
lls
urel
ygr
antt
hems
ecur
ityandpeac
einpl
aceo
f
t
hei
rfear(
Qur
an,
Alno
or,
24:
54)

-I
nthi
sver
se,
theHo
lyQur
anpr
esent
sthei
nst
itut
iono
fkhi
lafatasar
ewar
dfo
r
c
oll
ect
ivev
irt
ue.
Iti
soft
enunder
sto
odt
opr
ovi
deabas
isfo
ranI
slami
cor
gani
zat
ion
fo
undedupo
nthedemo
crat
icl
inesheadedbyak
hal
ifawho
seo
ffi
cei
s,i
npr
inc
ipl
e,el
ect
ive
andbo
undbyt
heQur
anandt
hes
unnah.

-I
nawel
l-k
nownhadi
th,
thePr
ophetMuhammadSWTi
srepo
rtedt
ohav
eobs
erv
ed:

-Pr
ophetHo
ods
hal
lremai
namo
ngyo
uasl
ongasGo
dwi
ll
s.Thenk
hil
afato
nthepat
ter
nof
pr
ophetho
odwi
llc
ommenc
eandr
emai
nasl
ongasHewi
ll
s.Ac
orr
uptmo
nar
chys
hal
lthen
fo
ll
owandi
tshal
lremai
nasl
ongasGo
dwi
ll
s.Ther
eshal
lthenbeao
ppr
ess
ivedes
pot
ism
whi
chs
hal
lremai
nasl
ongasGo
dwi
ll
s.Theno
nceagai
nkhi
lafatwi
llar
iseo
nthepr
inc
ipl
e

3
4
o
fpr
ophetho
od(
Mas
nad-Ahmad)

-Thi
shadi
thno
tonl
yreas
sur
esusabo
utt
her
epet
iti
ono
fwel
lgui
dedk
hil
afatbuti
tal
so
per
mit
sahi
sto
ric
alj
udgmento
nwhatwast
ofo
ll
owt
heear
lyKhi
lafat
.

-Thefamo
ushi
sto
riano
fIs
lam,
MuhammadSWTi
bnJ
ari
rAlTabar
i,nar
rat
est
hefo
ll
owi
ng
i
nci
dent

-Umars
aidt
oSal
man:‘
AmIak
ingo
rak
hal
ifa?’andSal
manans
wer
ed:‘
Ifyo
uhav
elev
ied
fr
omt
hel
andso
ftheMus
li
mso
nedi
rham,
ormo
re,
orl
ess
,andappl
iedi
tunl
awful
ly,
you
ar
eak
ingno
tak
hal
ifa’
.AndUmarwept

-Her
eHaz
ratUmar
,thes
eco
ndKhal
ifa,
who
sego
odnes
s,s
ens
eofj
ust
ice,
andpur
itani
cal
s
tri
ctnes
swer
ewel
l-k
nown,
camet
otear
sbyt
hemer
ement
iono
fthepo
ssi
bil
it
yof
mi
sus
ingas
ingl
eco
infr
omt
hepubl
icex
chequer
.Thi
sinc
idenc
eunder
sco
rest
he
c
har
act
eri
sti
coft
her
ight
ly-gui
dedk
hil
afat
.(AlTabar
i,Tar
ikhal
-Rus
ulWalMul
uk)

-AsGo
d’ss
over
eignt
yex
tendso
vert
heuni
ver
se,
thefi
nali
dealo
fapubl
ici
nIs
lami
sa
uni
ver
salfeder
ati
ono
ras
soc
iat
iono
findependents
tat
es,
rel
atedt
oget
herfo
r
mai
ntenanc
efr
eedo
mofi
ntegr
ity,
fort
hemai
ntenanc
eofpeac
e,andfo
rco
oper
ati
oni
n
pr
omo
tinghumanwel
far
ethr
ougho
utt
hewo
rld(
Khan,
Feb1
993
)

-Ak
hal
ifahast
hepr
omi
seo
fdi
vi
nes
uppo
rts
olo
ngasi
tremai
nsfi
rml
ybas
edo
nthe
pr
ecep
tofpr
ophetho
od–t
hati
s,t
hepr
inc
ipl
esandpr
oto
typesdemo
nst
rat
edbypr
ophet
s.
Hei
sbo
undbyt
her
uleso
fgr
eatl
aw.
Hedec
idesques
tio
nso
frul
eaft
erdi
scus
sio
nwi
th
t
hec
hos
enr
epr
esent
ati
veso
fthepeo
ple.

-I
ngo
ver
ningt
hec
orpo
rat
ion,
mani
sseenast
hee
ssent
ialel
ementfo
rthes
yst
emt
obe
effec
tiv
elywo
rki
ngi
nther
ightway.
Asmani
sthes
har
eho
lder
,cr
edi
tor
,ex
ami
ner
,
r
egul
ato
r,manageraswel
last
hedi
rec
tort
hus
,it
smani
fes
tthatmanpl
ayst
hepr
inc
ipal
r
olesi
nmanagi
ngandl
edt
otheac
compl
is
hmento
fco
mpany’
svi
si
onandmi
ssi
on.
Thei
ssues
o
fmani
nter
mofv
alues
,et
hic
sandmo
ralc
onduc
tther
efo
reneedt
obewel
ldet
ainedi
n
t
hefi
rstpl
acet
oens
uret
hec
onc
erno
fthes
oci
etyc
oul
dbet
akenc
are.
Thec
onc
ern
amo
ngo
thert
hingsar
emai
ntenanc
etr
ust
,mai
ntai
ningho
nes
ty,
exer
cis
ingt
rans
par
enc
y
andac
count
abi
li
ty,
tradi
ti
onali
nmanagi
ngr
eso
urc
es,
car
ingandc
onc
erno
fthe

3
5
env
iro
nment
.Thefai
lur
etoi
mpr
esst
hes
eval
uesmaypo
ses
eri
ouspr
obl
emt
othepubl
icat
l
arge.

Ac
count
abi
li
ty

-I
ntheHo
lyQur
'an,
thewo
rdhes
abi
srepeat
edmo
ret
hanei
ghtt
imesi
ndi
ffer
entv
ers
es
(
F,1
997
)Hes
abo
r'ac
count
'ist
her
ooto
fac
count
ing,
andt
her
efer
enc
esi
ntheHo
ly
Qur
'anar
eto'
acc
ount
'ini
tsgener
ics
ens
e,r
elat
ingt
oone'
sres
pons
ibi
li
tyt
o'ac
count
'to
Go
donal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ohumaneffo
rtfo
rwhi
chev
eryMus
li
mis'
acc
ount
abl
e'.

-TheMus
li
msbel
iev
eint
het
ermso
fac
count
abi
li
tyt
hatt
heywi
llbej
udgedfo
rwhat
ever
t
heydoi
nthi
swo
rldi
ntheher
eaft
er(
li
feaft
erdeat
h).
InI
slam,
It’
sthedut
yofeac
h
Mus
li
mtoful
fil
lthewi
ll
sofAl
lahi
nor
dert
oseekhi
spl
eas
ureandt
hepr
omi
sedpr
izesi
n
t
hel
ifeaft
erdeat
h.Thus
,itr
equi
resev
eryac
tio
nandwo
rdi
nthi
swo
rldmus
tbei
nli
ne
wi
tht
heI
slami
cteac
hings
.Itdo
esno
tmat
terwhatac
tio
ntheMus
li
msdoei
theri
badah
(
sol
ah)o
rpur
chas
ings
har
esi
nthes
toc
kmar
ket
,eat
ing,
sleepi
ngl
ik
edai
lyj
obst
heymus
t
fo
ll
owt
heI
slami
cteac
hingfr
amewo
rkc
areful
ly.
Thei
mpo
rtanc
eofac
count
abi
li
tyt
othe
man’
sli
feal
sohasbeenment
ionedbyHo
lyQur
an:“
…Lot
hehear
ingandt
hes
ightandt
he
hear
t–o
feac
hoft
hes
ewi
llbeas
ked”(
Qur
an,
BaniI
srai
ll
,17
:36
)

-Abdul
lahr
epo
rtedt
hatAl
lah’
sMes
sengerMuhammadSWTs
aid:Ev
eryo
neo
fyo
uisa
guar
dianandac
count
abl
e(mas
’ul
)fo
rhi
schar
ge.
Thust
heKhal
ifai
sac
ust
odi
ano
fthe
peo
pleandHei
sres
pons
ibl
efo
rthem.
Andamani
saguar
diano
fhi
sho
useho
ldandhei
s
ac
count
abl
efo
rthem;andawo
mani
sinc
har
geo
ftheho
useho
ldandherc
hil
drenands
he
i
sac
count
abl
efo
rthem;andas
erv
anti
sguar
diano
fhi
smas
ter
’spr
oper
ty,
ever
yoneo
f
yo
uisac
count
abl
efo
rhi
ssubj
ect
s(Buk
har
i)

-I
nthev
iewo
fco
rpo
rat
ego
ver
nanc
epr
act
ices
,asfarasI
slami
sco
ncer
ned,
thec
ount
ry
di
rec
tor
s,managementaswel
last
heaudi
tors
houl
dper
for
mthei
rpr
ofes
sio
naldut
ieswi
th
t
heo
bjec
tiv
eofs
ati
sfyi
ngt
heneedso
fthePubl
icandt
oAl
lahaswel
l.
Suppo
sing,
ther
e
s
houl
dbenos
uchdi
seas
e(i
.
e.fr
aud;mat
eri
almi
sst
atement
)ex
isti
nthec
ount
ryi
fthi
s
c
onc
eptc
oul
dbeaffec
tedandc
oul
dber
efl
ect
edi
nthei
rco
nduc
ts.
Unfo
rtunat
ely,
mos
t
o
fthemhav
ebeenfo
ll
owedbyt
hephys
icalex
per
ienc
edl
ifewhi
chhasl
edt
othebad
behav
ior
sthatc
aus
etheo
wner
s(c
ommuni
ty)o
fthec
ount
rys
uffert
hepenal
ti
es.

3
6
Tr
ans
par
enc
y

-Thec
onc
epto
ftr
ans
par
enc
yhasbeendi
vul
gedbyAl
lahi
nthefo
ll
owi
ngAyat
:“Oyo
uwho
bel
iev
e!Whenyo
udealwi
theac
hot
her
,int
rans
act
ionsi
nvo
lvi
ngfut
ureo
bli
gat
ionsi
na
fi
xedper
iodo
fti
me,
reduc
ethemt
owr
iti
ng.
Letas
cri
bewr
ite
-do
wnfai
thful
lyasbet
ween
t
hepar
ties
…”(
Qur
an,
Al-Baqar
ah,
Begi
nni
ngo
ftheAyat
,2:
282
).Thi
sver
ses
tat
est
hat
ev
eryt
rans
act
ionmus
tbewr
itt
ent
oav
oidj
ust
ice.

-Appl
yingt
hec
onc
epto
ftr
ans
par
enc
y,c
orpo
rat
ions
houl
dal
sodi
scl
osei
nfo
rmat
ion
r
egar
dingi
tss
trat
egy,
act
ions
,co
ntr
ibut
iont
othec
ommuni
tyandt
heus
eofr
eso
urc
es
andpr
otec
tio
nofenv
iro
nment(
Hani
ffa,
200
2)

-Tr
ans
par
enc
yist
henec
ess
ityfo
ropennes
sinal
lpubl
icaffai
rs.
Trans
par
enc
yal
lo
ws
Co
mmi
tteet
ogat
heri
nfo
rmat
iont
hatmaybeuns
afet
oex
pos
uremi
sus
esanddefendi
ng
t
hei
rbene
fit
s.

-Ac
cor
dingt
oAyeet
rans
par
enc
yent
ail
sthat
:ci
ti
zenshav
ear
ightt
oav
ail
abl
e
i
nfo
rmat
ionper
tai
ningt
o,fo
rex
ampl
e,awar
dofc
ont
rac
ts,
pri
vat
izat
iono
fst
ate
ent
erpr
ises
,rul
esagai
nstc
orr
upt
iono
rthefundi
ngo
fpo
li
ti
calpar
ties(
Ayee,
200
0).
A
t
rans
par
entgo
ver
nmenti
sthatwhi
cho
ffer
schanc
etoc
iti
zenst
ofi
ndo
utt
het
ruepr
oofs
atfi
rsthand,
wit
houtt
hemat
eri
albei
ngc
hangedo
rpr
esent
edt
hro
ughami
srepr
esent
ing
mi
rro
r.

-I
nco
re,
trans
par
enc
yisbas
ical
lyc
onc
ernedwi
tho
penandes
tabl
is
heds
yst
emo
f
go
ver
nment
,theex
ter
minat
iono
fco
rrupt
ionandt
hei
nst
itut
ional
iz
ati
ono
fas
yst
emt
hat
i
sfai
r,j
ustandbas
edo
nther
uleo
flaw.
Trans
par
enc
yoro
pennes
singo
ver
nanc
eis
i
mpo
rtanti
nthepr
oces
sofgr
owt
h.I
tiss
eri
ousi
ntheel
imi
nat
iono
fco
rrupt
ionandt
he
pr
omo
tio
nofr
espo
nsi
bil
it
yint
hec
onduc
tofgo
ver
nmentbus
ines
s.To
day,
theques
tfo
r
t
rans
par
entper
for
manc
ehasbec
omeawo
rld-wi
depheno
meno
nwi
tht
heTr
ans
par
enc
y
I
nte
rnat
ional
.

J
ust
ice

-I
ntheI
slami
cwo
rldv
iew,
jus
tic
emeanspl
aci
ngt
hingsi
nthei
rri
ght
fulpl
ace.
Ital
someans
gi
vi
ngo
ther
sequalt
reat
ment
.InI
slam,
jus
tic
eisal
soanho
nes
tqual
it
yandafeat
ureo
f

3
7
humanper
sonal
it
y,asi
tisi
ntheWes
ter
ntr
adi
ti
on.
Jus
tic
eisc
los
etoequal
it
yint
he
wi
sdo
mthati
tcr
eat
esas
tat
eofequi
li
bri
umi
nthedi
str
ibut
iono
fri
ght
sanddut
ies
,but
t
heyar
eno
tequal
.So
met
imes
,jus
tic
eisac
compl
is
hedt
hro
ughi
nequal
it
y,l
ik
einunequal
di
str
ibut
iono
fweal
th.
(Mus
li
ms)

-J
ust
icei
ntheI
slami
cgo
ver
nment
als
yst
em,
inc
ludi
ngs
oci
alj
ust
ice,
whi
chmeanst
hatt
he
go
ver
nments
houl
dar
ranget
omeetandpl
eas
etheneedsandneedso
fal
lthepeo
pleas
t
heyhav
eav
ali
dpar
toft
hec
ount
ryandc
iti
zenso
fthec
ount
ry.
Thi
sco
ntai
nst
hefac
il
it
y
o
fjo
b,meanso
fex
ist
enc
eandfi
nanc
ialj
ust
ice.
Thi
sint
urns
ugges
tst
hati
tist
hedut
yof
t
hego
ver
nmentt
opr
ovi
defo
od,
hous
ingandc
lot
hingfo
ral
lthepeo
plei
nthec
ount
ry.
Ec
ono
micj
ust
iceai
medatequi
tabl
esuppl
yofl
ifes
tyl
eandc
hec
kst
heawar
enes
sofweal
th
i
nafewhands
.

TheI
mpo
rtanc
eofJ
ust
ice

-TheQur
an,
theho
lys
cri
ptur
eofI
slam,
cons
ider
sjus
tic
etobeahi
ghes
tvi
rtue.
Iti
sa
bas
ico
bjec
tiv
eofI
slamt
othedegr
eet
hati
tst
andsnex
tino
rdero
fimpo
rtanc
etobe
lief
i
nGo
d’sex
clus
iver
ightt
owo
rshi
p(Tawheed)andt
het
rut
hofMuhammadSWTpr
ophe
t
ho
od.
Goddec
lar
esi
ntheQur
an:Go
dco
mmandsj
ust
iceandfai
rdeal
ing.
.
.(Qur
an,
Al-Nahal
,
1
6:9
0).

Andi
nano
therpas
sage:

• yo
uwhobel
iev
e,beupr
ightfo
rGo
d,and(
be)bear
erso
fwi
tnes
swi
thj
ust
ice!
..
(
Qur
an,
Al-Mayeeda,
5:8
).

-Ther
efo
re,
onemayac
hiev
ethatj
ust
icei
sanr
espo
nsi
bil
it
yofI
slamandunfai
rnes
sis
fo
rbi
dden.
Thei
mpo
rtanc
eofj
ust
icet
otheQur
ani
cval
ues
yst
emi
ssho
wedbyt
he
fo
ll
owi
ngv
ers
e:

-Wes
entOurMes
senger
swi
thc
lears
ignsands
entdo
wnwi
tht
hemt
heBo
okandt
he
Meas
urei
nor
dert
oes
tabl
is
hjus
tic
eamo
ngt
hepeo
ple…(
Qur
an,
Al-Hadeed,
57:
25)
.

-Thephr
ase‘
OurMes
senger
s’s
howst
hatj
ust
icehasbeent
hego
alo
fal
ladmi
ssi
onand
s
cri
ptur
ess
entt
ohumani
ty.
Thev
ers
eal
sos
howst
hatj
ust
icemus
tbemeas
uredand
app
li
edbyt
hev
aluesandr
uless
etbyadmi
ssi
on.
Isl
am’
sappr
oac
htoj
ust
icei
sco
mpl
eteand

3
8
c
ompl
ete.
Anypat
hthatl
eadst
ojus
tic
eisbel
iev
edt
obei
nac
cor
dwi
thI
slami
cLaw.

-Go
dhasr
equi
redj
ust
iceand,
alt
houghHehasno
tpr
esc
ribedadefi
nit
epat
h,has
pr
ovi
dedgener
alr
ules
,onho
wtoac
hiev
eit
.Hehasnei
thergi
venafi
xedmeansbywhi
chi
t
c
anbefo
und,
norhasHes
tat
edunac
cept
abl
eanys
pec
ifi
cmeanso
rmet
hodst
hatc
anl
ead
t
ojus
tic
e.Ther
efo
re,
allmeans
,pr
oces
ses
,andmet
hodst
hatenabl
e,i
mpr
ove,
andadv
anc
e
t
hec
aus
eofj
ust
ice,
anddono
tint
err
uptt
heI
slami
cLawar
eval
id(
Qar
zawi
)

-Equal
it
yinJ
ust
ice

-TheQur
ani
cst
andar
dso
fjus
tic
eex
ceedt
hought
sofr
ace,
rel
igi
on,
col
or,
andfai
th,
as
Mus
li
msar
eor
der
edt
obej
ustt
othei
rfr
iendsandenemi
ess
imi
lar
,andt
obej
ustatal
l
l
evel
s,ast
heQur
anput
sit
:

• yo
uwhobel
iev
e!St
ando
utfi
rml
yfo
rjus
tic
e,aswi
tnes
sest
oAl
lah,
eveni
fitbe
agai
nstyo
urs
elv
es,
yourpar
ent
s,andyo
urr
elat
ives
,orwhet
heri
tisagai
nstt
her
icho
rthe
po
or.
.
.(Qur
an,
Al-Ni
sa,
4:1
35)

-Ac
cor
dingt
oano
therQur
ani
cpas
sage:

-Letno
tthehat
redo
fapeo
ples
wer
veyo
uawayfr
omj
ust
ice.
Bej
ust
,fo
rthi
sisc
los
estt
o
r
ight
eous
nes
s…(
Al-Mayeeda,
Qur
an(
Al-Mayeeda)
,5:
8)

-Thes
cho
lar
soft
heQur
anhav
edec
idedt
hatt
hes
edec
isi
onsappl
ytoal
lnat
ions
,fo
ll
ower
s
o
fal
lfai
ths
,asamat
tero
ffac
ttoal
lhumani
ty(
Kamal
i)
Int
hev
iewo
ftheQur
an,
jus
tic
e
i
sar
espo
nsi
bil
it
y.Thati
swhyt
hePr
ophetwast
old:

-…I
fyo
ujudge
,judgebet
weent
hemwi
thj
ust
ice…(
Al-Mayeeda,
Qur
an(
Al-Mayeeda)
,5:
42)

-Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hePr
ophetwass
entasaj
udgebet
weenpeo
ples
,andt
old:

-…Say:Ibel
iev
eint
heSc
ript
ure
,whi
chGo
dhass
entdo
wn,
andIamc
ommandedt
ojudge
j
ust
lybet
wee
nyo
u..
.(Al
-Shur
a,4
2:1
5)

-TheQur
anwantt
hatj
ust
icec
anbeenc
ount
eredfo
ral
l,
andt
hati
tisac
har
act
eri
sti
c
r
ighto
fal
lhumanbei
ngsunderI
slami
cLaw(
Qut
b)

-Tor
educ
ejus
tic
eisat
rus
tthatGo
dhasdi
scus
sedo
nthehumanbei
ngand,
li
keal
lot
her

3
9
t
rus
ts,
itsc
ont
ent
mentmus
tbedi
rec
tedbyl
ogi
cofac
count
abi
li
tyo
uts
ides
impl
e
t
radi
ti
onal
is
mtos
etr
ules
.

-Ther
efer
enc
etoj
ust
icewhi
chdi
rec
tlyfo
ll
owsar
efer
enc
etoful
fil
lmento
ftr
ust
s
i
ndi
cat
est
hati
tiso
neo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtanto
fal
ltr
ust
s(Raz
i,Al
-Tafs
iral
-Kabi
r)

Equi
ty

-Thepr
inc
ipl
eofequal
it
yiso
neo
fthemo
sti
mpo
rtantc
ons
tit
uti
onalpr
inc
ipl
esupo
nwhi
ch
t
hec
ont
empo
rar
ysys
temr
est
s.Thi
smeanst
hatt
hepr
inc
ipl
eofequal
it
yco
ntai
nedi
nthe
i
ndi
vi
dualc
ommuni
ti
esar
eequali
nri
ght
s,r
espo
nsi
bil
it
iesandpubl
icdut
iest
hatwi
llbe
enj
oyedbyal
lwi
tho
utdi
scr
imi
nat
iono
frac
e,o
rigi
n,l
an-meas
ureo
rbel
ief.
Thepr
inc
ipl
eof
equal
it
yhasbeeni
nit
iat
edbyt
heQur
'anandSunnahandt
heex
pans
iono
fIs
lamdur
ing
s
omeasapr
ecedenti
nIs
lami
clawandi
tso
wnt
imeandpl
ace

-Thi
sval
ueo
fequal
it
yisno
ttobei
nco
rrec
tfo
rorc
onfus
edwi
ths
imi
lar
ityo
rst
ereo
type.
I
slamt
eac
hest
hati
nthev
iewo
fAl
lahAl
might
y,al
lpeo
plear
eequal
,butt
heyar
eno
t
nec
ess
ari
lyi
ndi
sti
ngui
shabl
e.Ther
ear
evar
ianc
eso
fcapabi
li
ti
es,
abi
li
ti
es,
det
ermi
nat
ions
,
weal
thands
oon.

-Yet
,no
neo
fthes
edi
ffer
enc
esc
anbyt
hems
elv
esfo
undt
hes
tat
uso
fleado
fonemano
r
r
aceo
verano
ther
.Thes
tandar
dofman,
hiss
kinc
olo
r,t
heamo
unto
fcapi
talhehasandt
he
degr
eeo
fres
pec
theenj
oyshasnoat
tit
udeo
ntheper
sonal
it
yoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualasfaras
Al
l
ahi
sco
ncer
ned.
Theo
nlydi
ffer
enc
e,whi
chAl
lahi
dent
ifi
es,
ist
hedi
ffer
enc
ein
r
eli
gio
usnes
stheo
nlys
tandar
dwhi
chAl
lahappl
ies
,ist
hes
tandar
dofgo
odnes
sand
s
pir
itualex
cel
lenc
e.I
ntheQur
an,
All
ahAl
might
ySays(
whatmeans
):Omank
ind,
indeedwe
hav
ecr
eat
edyo
ufr
ommal
eandfe
mal
e,andhav
emadeyo
uint
onat
ionsandt
ribes
,that
yo
umayk
nowo
neano
the
r.I
ndeedt
hemo
stho
nor
edo
fyo
uint
hes
ighto
fAl
lahi
sthemo
st
r
ight
eous
.Indeed,
All
ahi
sKno
wingandAc
quai
nted(
Qur
an,
Al-Huj
rat
,49
:13
).

-Thi
sist
odec
lar
ethati
nIs
lam,
nonat
ioni
smadet
obeabo
veo
thernat
ionso
rtor
iseabo
ve
t
hem.
Man'
sval
uei
nthee
yeso
fmenandi
ntheeyeso
fAl
lahi
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
hego
odhe
do
es,
andbyhi
sres
pec
ttoAl
lah.

-Thedi
ffe
renc
eso
frac
e,c
olo
rors
oci
als
tat
usar
eonl
ysuppl
ement
ary.
Theydono
taffec
t

4
0
t
het
rues
tandi
ngo
fmani
nthev
isi
ono
fAl
lah.
Agai
n,t
hev
alueo
fequal
it
yisno
tsi
mpl
ya
s
ubs
tanc
eofc
ons
tit
uti
onal
right
sort
heagr
eemento
fno
bleso
rco
ndes
cendi
ngc
har
ity.
It
i
sanar
tic
leo
ftr
ust
,whi
cht
heMus
li
mtak
ess
eri
ous
lyandt
owhi
cht
hemus
tfo
ll
ow
ho
nes
tly.
Thefundament
also
fthi
sIs
lami
cval
ueo
fequal
it
yar
eex
tremel
ydeep-r
oot
edi
n
t
hear
rangemento
fIs
lam.
Its
temsfr
ombas
ici
deo
logi
ess
uchast
hefo
ll
owi
ng:

-Al
lmenar
ecr
eat
edbyOneandt
heSameEt
ernalGo
d,t
heSupr
emeLo
rdo
fal
l.

-Al
lmank
indbel
ongt
othehumanr
aceands
har
eequal
lyi
nthec
ommo
npar
ent
ageo
f
Aadam(
Adam)andEv
e(Hawa)
.

-Al
lahi
sJus
tandKi
ndt
oal
lHi
scr
eat
ures
.Hei
sno
tpar
tialt
oanyr
ace,
ageo
rrel
igi
on.
The
who
leUni
ver
sei
sHi
sDo
mini
onandal
lpeo
plear
eHi
scr
eat
ures
.

-Al
lpeo
plear
ebo
rnequal
,i
nthes
ens
ethatnoo
nebr
ingsanypo
sses
sio
nwi
thhi
m;and
t
heydi
eequali
nthes
ens
ethatt
heyt
akebac
kno
thi
ngo
fthei
rwo
rldl
ybel
ongi
ngs
.

-Al
lahj
udgesev
eryper
sono
nthebas
iso
fhi
sownmer
itsandac
cor
dingt
ohi
sowndeeds
.

-Al
lahhasdi
scus
sedo
nman,
ati
tl
eofho
noranddi
gni
ty.

-Tho
sewer
eso
meo
fthepr
inc
ipl
esbehi
ndt
hev
alu
eofequal
it
yinI
slam.
Whent
hisc
onc
ept
i
sful
lyut
il
iz
ed,
itwi
lll
eav
enopl
acefo
rpr
ejudgmento
rhar
ass
ment
s.Andwhent
hisGr
eat
r
ulei
sful
lyappl
ied,
ther
ewi
llbenor
oomfo
rdo
minat
iono
rco
nques
t.Co
ncept
sofc
hos
en
andgent
il
epeo
ples
,wo
rdss
uchas‘
pri
vi
leged’and‘
condemned’r
aces
,wo
rdss
uchas“
soc
ial
c
las
ses
”and“
cit
izens
”wi
llal
lbec
omewo
rthl
essando
utdat
ed.

-Pr
ophetMuhammadSWTs
aid:Omank
ind,
yourLo
rdi
soneandyo
urfat
heri
sone.
Youal
l
des
cendedfr
omAadam,
andAadamwasc
reat
edfr
omear
th.
Hei
smo
stho
nor
edamo
ng
yo
uint
hes
ighto
fGo
dwhoi
smo
stupr
ight
.NoAr
abi
ssuper
iort
oano
n-Ar
ab,
noc
olo
red
per
sont
oawhi
teper
son,
orawhi
teper
sont
oac
olo
redper
sonex
ceptbyTaqwa(
piet
y)(
At-
Ti
rmi
thi
).

-Ther
efo
re,
itwo
uldbei
mpr
obabl
etodec
lar
ethec
ompl
eteequal
it
yofhumanbei
ngs
,
al
tho
ughhumansar
ees
sent
ial
lyequali
nri
ght
s,du
tiesandac
count
abi
li
ty,
andt
her
eis
s
omedegr
eeo
fsi
mil
ari
tyi
nphys
icalandment
albehav
ior
s,whi
chenabl
est
hemt
o
under
standandappl
yrul
esandl
aws
.Att
hes
amet
ime,
iti
sunder
standabl
ethatt
her
eisa

4
1
nat
uralr
angeamo
nghumanbei
ngsi
nter
mso
fqual
it
iesandabi
li
ti
es;t
her
efo
ret
her
ewi
ll
bel
imi
tsi
nnat
ural
,co
mmo
nandpo
li
ti
calpo
sit
ions
.So
meo
fthel
imi
tsar
etempo
rar
y,s
ome
per
manent
;so
mear
erar
e,s
omer
egul
ar.
Howev
er,
aco
ntr
oli
sspec
ifi
ctoapar
tic
ular
s
ituat
ion.
Itmayno
tbegener
ali
zedt
oinequal
it
yino
therr
ight
s.Aper
sonwhoi
smo
ral
ly
upr
ighti
sno
tequal
toas
taffi
nter
mso
fmo
ral
it
y,butt
heymaybeequalo
ther
wis
e.No
ris
ani
ntel
li
gentper
sonequalt
oadul
lone,
butt
heyar
eequali
not
hers
pher
es.
Int
hes
ame
way,
awo
mani
sno
tindi
sti
ngui
shabl
etomani
nherc
har
act
ers
,gi
ftsands
kil
ls
.

-Al
-amrbi
lmar
ufwanahianal
-munk
ar

-Amo
ngs
tthegr
eat
estr
espo
nsi
bil
it
iesar
eamr
-bi
l
-Ma’
roo
f(o
rder
ingfo
rac
kno
wledged
v
irt
ues
)andnahi
ani
lmunk
ar(
for
biddi
ngfr
oms
in)
.Al
lahs
ays
:“Andt
her
esho
uldbea
gr
oupamo
ngs
tyo
uwhoi
nvi
tet
owar
dsgo
od,
orderfo
rac
kno
wledgedv
irt
ues
,fo
rbi
dfr
om
s
inandt
hes
eiti
sthatar
ethes
ucc
ess
fulo
nes
”(Qur
an,
Al-I
mran,
3:1
04)
.

TheHo
lyPr
ophetSWTs
aid:“
Howwi
l
litbefo
ryo
uwhenyo
urwo
menwi
llc
ommi
tsi
nsand
yo
uryo
uthwi
llt
rans
gres
sandyo
uwi
llno
tor
derfo
rac
kno
wledgedv
irt
uesno
rfo
rbi
dfr
om
s
in?I
twass
aidt
ohi
m:“
Wil
lthathappenOmes
sengero
fAl
lah?”ThenheSWTs
aid:Yes
.
The
nhes
aid:“
Howwi
lli
tbefo
ryo
uwhenyo
uor
derfo
rsi
nsandfo
rbi
dfr
omac
kno
wle
dged
v
irt
ues
?”Theni
twass
aidt
ohi
m:“
Omes
sengero
fAl
lahSWT!Wi
llt
hathappen?”Thenhe
s
aid:“
Yesandwo
rset
hant
hatho
wwi
lli
tbefo
ryo
uwhenyo
uper
cei
veac
kno
wledgedv
irt
ue
ass
inandper
cei
ves
inasac
kno
wledgedv
irt
ue?”

-I
mamSadi
qsai
d:Wo
etot
hepeo
plewhodono
tsup
por
tther
eli
gio
nofAl
lahbyenj
oini
ng
go
odandfo
rbi
ddi
ngev
il(
Sadi
q)

-Theex
pre
ssi
on'
amrbial
-ma'
rufwa-nahyanal
-munk
ar'i
sav
eryi
mpo
rtanto
ne.
Iti
s
as
soc
iat
edt
oJi
had,
thati
s,do
ingo
ne'
shi
ghes
ttounder
standaai
m.J
ihadi
sno
tes
sent
ial
ly
warfo
ughto
nthebat
tlefi
eldfo
rwhi
cht
hes
pec
ifi
cAr
abi
candQur
ani
cter
mis'
qit
al.
'
J
ihadhasav
erywi
demeani
ngands
tat
est
ost
riv
ingfo
rthec
aus
eofAl
lahAl
might
yto
pr
omo
tego
odnes
sandel
imi
nat
eev
il
.Amuj
ahi
disaper
sonwhoc
arr
ieso
utJ
ihado
rwo
rks
har
dfo
rthec
aus
eofendo
rsi
ngt
hev
alueso
ftheGl
ori
ousQur
an.

-Thus
,Amrbi
lma‘
rufwanahyanal
-munk
arwhi
chmeanso
rder
inggo
odandfo
rbi
ddi
ngev
il
,
i
saJ
ihadr
elat
edpr
inc
ipl
e.I
tseek
stoi
ntel
li
gent
lyc
arr
ythebenefi
tso
fIs
lamt
othe

4
2
peo
pleandt
oinfo
rmt
hemo
fthemeani
ngo
fwhatdev
ildo
.TheQur
anc
all
sMus
li
mst
he
mo
delc
ommuni
tywhi
chr
equi
rest
oco
nveyt
hePr
ophetSWTmes
saget
oent
irehumani
ty
andt
oli
vet
heQur
an,
jus
tast
hePr
ophetdi
d.

"
Amrbi
lMa'
rufwaNahyanalMunk
ar"i
sani
mpo
rtantI
slami
cdut
y,t
oget
herbel
iev
edby
al
lMus
li
ms.
Thedi
ffer
enc
eisi
ntheunder
standi
ngo
fit
.So
mec
ons
idert
hati
tiseno
ught
o
ac
compl
is
hthedut
ybyt
he"
hear
tandt
ongue,
"whi
chmeanso
nes
houl
dsuppo
rtal
-ma'
ruf
ando
ppo
seal
-munk
ari
nhi
shear
tandus
ehi
sto
nguet
ospeako
utfo
ral
-ma'
rufand
agai
nstal
-munk
ar.
Butt
her
ear
eso
mewhoj
ust
ifyt
aki
ngupar
ms(
ifnec
ess
ary)fo
rthe
s
akeo
fful
fil
li
ngt
hisdut
y.

EXAMPLESOFGOODGOVERNANCEFROMI
SLAMI
CHI
STORY.

-I
slami
chi
sto
ryi
srepl
etewi
thno
bleex
ampl
eso
fgo
odgo
ver
nanc
efr
omt
heSunnaho
fthe
Pr
ophet(
SAW)andt
hepr
act
iceo
fthepi
ousc
ompani
ons
.So
meo
fthes
eex
ampl
esar
e
her
einpr
esent
edwi
thav
iewt
oent
hus
ingust
odot
her
ightt
hingsandfo
rbi
dthewr
ong.
Ho
wev
er,
iti
simpo
rtantt
okeepi
nmi
ndt
hatnei
thert
hePr
ophet(
SAW)no
rhi
sco
mpani
ons
wasanangel
.Al
so,
theypr
act
isedI
slamno
tinamo
rec
onduc
iveenv
iro
nmentt
hano
uro
wn;
r
athert
heyi
nfl
uenc
edt
hei
renv
iro
nmentc
ons
tant
lyal
bei
tpo
sit
ivel
yunt
ilAl
lahas
sis
ted
t
hemt
obr
ingabo
utt
hec
hanget
heydes
iredi
nthe
irc
li
meandepo
ch.
‘Fo
rindeedAl
lahwi
ll
no
tthec
ondi
ti
ono
fapeo
pleunt
ilt
heyc
hanget
hatwhi
chi
sint
hei
rownmi
nds
.’(
Qur
’an1
3
v1
1)

4
3