Quadratic Functions and

Equations in One Variable

Form 4 Mathematics Chapter 1

2023
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Identify and describe the characteristics of quadratic expressions in one variable

Quadratic expression is an expression in the form of

 , where a, b and c are constants ; x is a variable.

Quadratic expressions have only one variable (any letter) and the highest degree of the variable is 2.

Quadratic expressions are special relations such that each inputs (domain) has only one image in the
codomain.

Domain is the set of inputs

Codomain is the set of outputs

1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Identify and describe the characteristics of quadratic expressions in one variable
Example 1:

State whether each of the following of the expressions is a quadratic expression (one variable) or not. Show your
justification.

a) 

b) 

c) 

d) 
Solution:

A. Quadratic expression. The expression only contains one variable with the highest degree of 2.

B. Not a quadratic expression. The highest degree of the variable is 3.

C. Not a quadratic expression. The expression contains two variables p and q.

D. Not a quadratic expression. The degree of the variable is 1/2 which is not a whole number.
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Recognise quadratic functions
Quadratic function as many-to-one relation. (Two inputs to one output)

Characteristics of quadratic function:

Curved shape graph ( Parabola shape )
It has a minimum point or a maximum point
Axis of symmetry of the graph is parallel to y-axis Graphs of Functions



 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Recognise quadratic functions
Example 2:
Given the quadratic equation 
a) Explain the many-to-one relation of the above quadratic function.
b) Sketch the graph  by describing the characteristics of the quadratic function.
Solutions:

b)

 The quadratic function has a

minimum point (0,1) and the
axis of symmetry is parallel to
the y-axis.
a) when x = -2 and 2, they mapped to one y-value which
is 5; when x = -1 and 1, they mapped to one y-value
which is 2. Therefore, it is a many-to-one relation.
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
Horizontal line test
1. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at one point - one-to-one relation
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation

Example 3:

Draw the graphs  for a =1 and a = -1 where -2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Hence, determine the relation between the graphs  and .
Solutions:

The graphs  and  are congruent and are reflections on the x-axis
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
Horizontal
Example 4: line test

Draw1. the
Anygraphs
straight
line
for that
a =1,cuts
a = the graph
2 and a =3ofwhere
the function
-2 ≤ x ≤at2.one pointmake
Hence, - one-to-one relationon the effect of changes for values
a generalisation
of a on the graph.
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
Solutions:



When the values of a increase, the graph  becomes steeper.
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
Horizontal
Example 5: line test
1. aAny
Make straight lineabout
generalisation that cuts the graph
the effect of the function
of change at oneofpoint
for the values c on -the
one-to-one
graph ,relation
, 
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
Solutions:
The graph  is the translation of the graph , 3 units upwards
Whereas the graph  is the translation of the graph , 2 units downwards


 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
Horizontal
Example 6: line test
1. aAny
Make straight lineabout
generalisation that cuts the graph
the effect of the function
of change at oneofpoint
for the values b on-the
one-to-one
graph ,relation
 and .
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
Solutions:
The axis of symmetry  of the graph changes with the value of b.

 
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
 Horizontal line test
1. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at one point - one-to-one relation
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
Horizontal line test
1. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at one point - one-to-one relation
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Generalisation on the effect of changing values of a, b and c on graph
 Horizontal line test
1. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at one point - one-to-one relation
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Form quadratic functions
Horizontal line test
1.Example
Any straight
7: line that cuts the graph of the function at one point - one-to-one relation
2. Any straight line that cuts the graph of the function at two points - many-to-one relation
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Roots of a quadratic equation
Roots are the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.

Example 8:
Determine whether each of the following values of x is the root of the quadratic equation .
x =1 , x = 2, x = -3
Solutions:
When x =1,  = -4 ( 0). Therefore x =1 is not the root of the equation.
When x =2,  = 0. Therefore x =2 is the root of the equation.
When x =-3,  = 0. Therefore x =-3 is the root of the equation.
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Determine the roots of the quadratic equation
Roots are the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
Example 9:

Cross Multiplication Method

1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Sketch Graphs of Quadratic Functions
Roots are the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Sketch Graphs of Quadratic Functions
Roots are the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
Example Example 11:
10:
1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Sketch Graphs of Quadratic Functions
Roots are the
Example 12:values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic
Example equation.
13:
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Problems Solving
Roots are
Example 14:the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Problems Solving
Roots are
Example 15:the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Example 17:
Problems Solving
Roots16:
Example are the values of the variables that satisfy the quadratic equation.
 1.1 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Problems Solving
Example 18:
Sketch the graph for 
Thank You