LIGHTING

EQUIPMENT AND
SYSTEM
ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
B. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
1. Fluorescent Lamps
- comprises a cylindrical gas tube, sealed
at both ends and containing an inert gas
usually argon & mercury vapors
- built into each end is a cathode which
supplies the electrons to start and
maintain the mercury arc or gaseous
discharge
- this light is absorbed by phosphors in
which the inside of the tube is coated and
is re-radiated in the visible light range
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

B. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
1. Fluorescent Lamps
a. Parts of Fluorescent Lamps
Basically, a fluorescent lamp is made up of five
components.
1. GLASS TUBE - coated on the inside with
fluorescent powders called PHOSPHORS.
2. Two ELECTRODES - (or cathodes) coated with
EMITTER, supported by a glass mount structure, and
sealed at the ends of the tube.
3. FILLING GAS - usually a low pressure of Argon or
Krypton/Argon mixture.
4. Small amount of MERCURY (less than 20 mg),
which vaporizes during the lamp operation.
5. LAMP CAP - cemented to each end of the tube to
connect the lamp to the lighting circuit.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
B. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
1. Fluorescent Lamps
a. Parts of Fluorescent Lamps
Unlike the incandescent lamp, this
requires a ballast to regulate the flow of power
through the lamp. In common tube fixtures, the
ballast is enclosed in the fixture. This is more
efficient than incandescent bulbs of equivalent
in brightness because a greater proportion is
converted to heat, allowing them to run cooler.

Fluorescence – the emission of radiation

especially of visible light, by a substance when
exposed to external radiation.

Phosphor – any of a number of substances that

emit light when energized by radiation.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
B. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
1. Fluorescent Lamps
b. Fluorescent lamps are classified as:
b.1. Classification according to shape:
b.1.1. Standard
b.1.2. Slim-line – does not require a starter, have single pin
bases, comes in diameters ¾”, 1” & 1 ½”, and come in
lengths of 42” (4ft) to 96” (8ft)
LIGHTING
EQUIPMENT AND
SYSTEM
ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
b.1. Classification according to shape:
b.1.3. Circline – doughnut-shaped for circular
luminaires
b.1.4. U-bent – u-shaped and used for square
or rectangular luminaires
b.1.5. Compact Fluorescent – any of the
small and improved efficiency fluorescent
lamps, it has a single, double or U-shaped
tube, and often comes with an adaptor for fitting
in a lampholder
 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
b.2. Classification according to method of
tube operations
b.2.1. Pre-heat – requires a starter which
preheats the cathodes so that less voltage is
LIGHTING required to start an arc. There is a 2-5 second
EQUIPMENT delay in the start of the lamp after switch is on.
This class is also called “switch-start” or “starter-
start” lamp.
AND
b.2.2 Instant Start – when the lamp is first
SYSTEM switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied
between the electrodes to strike the arc without
preheating them. Instant-start lamps start as
soon as current is turned on and eliminates the
need for external starters. They have single-pin
bases which are called “slim-line” lamps.
 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
b.2. Classification according to method of
tube operations
LIGHTING b.2.3 Rapid Start – are the most recent
EQUIPMENT developments and the one that is most widely
used. Rapid start lamps use low resistance
AND electrodes which can be heated continuously
with low current loses. These are the only
SYSTEM fluorescent lamps that can be electrically
dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly as the
instant start lamps; require no external starters;
and the ballasts are smaller and more efficient.
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AND SYSTEM

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

c. Auxiliary Equipment for the
Fluorescent Lamp
Choke Coil or Ballast – all fluorescent
light sources, require a control device or
an auxiliary , called a ballast, located in
the metal base. The ballast serves to
supply the high voltage necessary to
start the arc and limiting the current in
the arc after it is formed.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

c. Auxiliary Equipment for the
Fluorescent Lamp
Automatic Switch or Starter – for the
operation of some fluorescent tubes, an
automatic switch known as a starter is
required, in addition to the normal wall
switch. The starter is self-contained in a
small tubular jacket which is inserted in
the fixture body and is a replaceable
part.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

d. Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature
American System
First letter "F" denotes Fluorescent tube. A
pair of numbers then denotes either the
lamp wattage, or the tube length in inches
(for special types). A letter T indicates the
tubular construction followed by the glass
diameter in eigths of an inch. After a slash
the colour is given, and finally any special
features are indicated.
LIGHTING
EQUIPMENT F - Fluorescent
FC - Circular
AND SYSTEM FUU - Tube T5 - 5/8” miniature
G - Germicidal T6 - 6/8” slimline
ELECTRIC LIGHT T8 - 8/8” standard
SOURCES XX - Watts/Inches T12 - 12/8” standard
T17 - 17/8” high power
d. Fluorescent Lamp
WW- Warm White TD17 - 17/8” dented
Nomenclature
CW - Cool White T10J- 10/8”jacketed
American System N - Natural
D - Daylight RS - Rapid Start
WWX - Warm DX IS - Instant Start
CWX - Cool DX HO - High Output
BLB - Blacklight VHO - Very High Output
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e. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Fluorescent Lamp
Advantages
LIGHTING • Very high luminous efficacy
EQUIPMENT • Color rendering is good to excellent
• Low cost and simple control gear
AND • Long lifetime, highly durable product
SYSTEM • Even and glare-free light distribution
• Can produce almost any shade of white
• Dimmable with special ballasts
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e. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Fluorescent Lamp

LIGHTING Disadvantages
• Contains toxic mercury vapor
EQUIPMENT • Quite sensitive to ambient temperature
AND • Light output drops in cold areas
• Light output drops in hotter luminaires.
SYSTEM
• Flickering light on 50Hz magnetic ballasts
• Lumen output decreases through lifetime
• Very long tubes can be difficult to handle
LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM
ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
2. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP
- is a type of lamp designed to fit into roughly the
same space as an incandescent lamp, but with the
advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Compared to
incandescent lamps of the same luminous flux,
CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy.
Although it costs more than incandescent lamps of
the same output, this cost maybe quickly recouped
in energy savings.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

2. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) come in a
variety of sizes and shapes including :
(a) twin-tube integral,
(b and c) triple-tube integral,
(d) integral model with casing that reduces
glare,
(e) modular circline and ballast, and
(f) modular quad-tube and ballast.
CFLs can be installed in regular incandescent
fixtures, and they consume less than one-third
as much electricity as incandescent lamps do.
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3. NEON VAPOR LAMP
- it is a cold-cathode lamp emitting a
glow when a high voltage is applied
across two electrodes. In a neon-
filled glass tube. A cold cathode lamp
is a discharge lamp having cathodes
that emits electrons without having to
be heated.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

C. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)
LAMPS
- are members of the electric discharge family of
light sources (as are fluorescent lamps). Light is
produced when a high-pressure electric arc is
passed through a gas vapor, rather than by a
low-pressure arc as in fluorescent lamps. HID
lamps are typically used when high levels of
light over large areas are required, and when
energy efficiency and/or light intensity are
desired. This includes gymnasiums, large public
areas, warehouses, movie theaters, etc.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

C. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE
(HID) LAMPS
1. MERCURY VAPOR LAMP – contains
mercury vapor in clear quartz arc tube,
which when electrically excited,
produces visible light of characteristically
blu-green color. It is suitable only for
limited industrial areas, general outdoor
applications and street lighting.
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AND SYSTEM

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

C. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE
(HID) LAMPS
3. HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
(HPS) LAMP – are the newest
addition to the HID field. Its arc tube
is made of high-density
polycrystalline alumina and contains
a mixture of primary sodium.
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AND SYSTEM

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
- is a type of lighting that utilizes light
emitting diodes (LEDs). The term solid-
state refers to the fact that light in this type
of lamp is emitted from a solid object,
which is a block of semi-conductor, rather
than from a vacuum or gas tube, as in the
case of incandescent and fluorescent
lamps. Unlike traditional lighting however,
SSL creates visible light with reduced heat
generation.
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AND SYSTEM

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
LEDs are produced in a variety of
shapes and sizes. The 5 mm
cylindrical package (red, fifth from
the left) is the most common,
estimated at 80% of world
production. The color of the plastic
lens is often the same as the actual
color of light emitted, but not always.
 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
a. Advantages and Disadvantages of LEDs
Advantages
Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than
LIGHTING incandescent bulbs.
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color
EQUIPMENT without the use of color filters that traditional lighting
methods require. This is more efficient and can lower
AND initial costs.

SYSTEM Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2)

and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red
indicator LED will achieve full brightness in
microseconds. LEDs used in communications
devices can have even faster response times.
 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
a. Advantages and Disadvantages of LEDs
Advantages

LIGHTING Cycling: LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are
subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent
lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled
EQUIPMENT frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before
restarting.
AND Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by
Pulse-width modulation or lowering the forward current.
SYSTEM Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs
radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause
damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy
is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.
Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time,
rather than the abrupt burn-out of incandescent bulbs.
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D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
a. Advantages and Disadvantages of LEDs
Advantages
Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One
LIGHTING report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though
time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes

EQUIPMENT typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending

partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at
1,000–2,000 hours.
AND Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are
difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and
SYSTEM incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to
focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often
require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a
usable manner.
Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent
lamps.
 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES
D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
a. Advantages and Disadvantages of LEDs
Disadvantages
High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive,
LIGHTING price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than most
conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense
EQUIPMENT partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the
drive circuitry and power supplies needed.

AND Temperature dependence: LED performance largely

depends on the ambient temperature of the operating
environment. Over-driving the LED in high ambient
SYSTEM temperatures may result in overheating of the LED
package, eventually leading to device failure.
Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the
voltage above the threshold and a current below the rating.
This can involve series resistors or current-regulated power
supplies.
Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that
differ significantly from a black body radiator like the sun or
an incandescent light.
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D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
a. Advantages and Disadvantages of LEDs
Disadvantages
Area light source: LEDs do not approximate a “point
LIGHTING source” of light, but rather a lambertian distribution. So
LEDs are difficult to use in applications requiring a
EQUIPMENT spherical light field.
Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-
AND white LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the
so-called blue-light hazard in eye safety.
SYSTEM Blue pollution: Because cool-white LEDs (i.e., LEDs with
high color temperature) emit proportionally more blue light
than conventional outdoor light sources such as high-
pressure sodium lamps, the strong wavelength
dependence of Rayleigh scattering means that cool-white
LEDs can cause more light pollution than other light
sources.
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D. SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
b. Applications
• Automotive lighting
• Bicycle lighting
• Billboard displays
LIGHTING • Display lighting in art galleries to achieve a low
EQUIPMENT heating effect on pictures etc.
• Domestic lighting
AND • Emergency lighting
• Flashlight (Electric torches)
SYSTEM • Floodlighting of buildings
• Public Transit Vehicle Destination signs
• Railway signals
• Stage lighting
• Traffic lights
• Train lights