EEE 1287-Basic Electrical

Engineering
Topic 07

Taniza Marium
Department of EEE, AUST
Spring 2019
 Topic 7 Outline
• Inductor
• Capacitor
• dc, High and Low-Frequency Effects on L and C
• Impedance
• Complex Number
• Time domain phasor domain conversion
• Phasor Diagram, Impedance Diagram
• Series RLC circuit
• Power ,Types of power, power factor
• Parallel RLC circuit
• Series Parallel combination circuit
 Inductor
• Sending a current through a coil of wire, with or without a core,
establishes a magnetic field through and surrounding the unit.
This component, of rather simple construction is called an
inductor.
• It is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
• When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-
varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.)
(voltage) in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of
induction. According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a
polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that
created it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current
through them.
• An inductor is characterized by its inductance. Its inductance
level determines the strength of the magnetic field around the coil
due to an applied current.
 Inductor
• Voltage drop across an inductor:
The inductance of a coil is also a measure of the change in flux linking the coil due to a
change in current through the coil.

• According to Faraday’s law

 Inductor
Inductive reactance:

• L represents inductance
• Unit: henry (H)
 Capacitor
• A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that
stores electrical energy in an electric field.
• Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the
form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium.
• When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example,
when a capacitor is attached across a battery, an electric field
develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect
on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No
current actually flows through the dielectric. However, there is a
flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is
maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit
ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the
charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.
 Capacitor
• Capacitance: Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge on its
plates—in other words, its storage capacity.

• For capacitor

1
𝑣𝑐 = . න 𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
 Capacitor
Capacitive reactance:
 dc, High and Low-Frequency Effects on L and C

For Inductor,
𝑎𝑠 𝑓 ⇒ ∞ 𝐻𝑧

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙 = 2𝜋 ∞ 𝐿 = ∞

For Capacitor,

𝑎𝑡 𝑓 = 0 𝐻𝑧

𝑎𝑠 𝑓 ↑

𝑎𝑠 𝑓 ⇒ ∞ 𝐻𝑧

1
𝑋𝐶 = = 0Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
 Problem-01
Find current through all inductors and Capacitors

Current through all capacitors are zero

2.5A will flow through both inductors
 Problem-02
Find I1, I2 and V0

I1= I2=1A
V0=4 V
 Problem-03
Find I1, I2 and V0

I1=-5A
I2=0.5 A
V0=1 V
 Impedance
Z=R+jX Where, Z=Impedance
R=resistance
X=reactance
X = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 Where, 𝑋𝐿 = Inductive reactance
𝑋𝐶 = Capacitive reactance

V= 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt+ 𝜃v)

I= 𝐼𝑚 sin (ωt + 𝜃i)
𝑉
In phasor form, 𝑉 = 𝑚 ∠𝜃𝑣
2
𝐼𝑚
𝐼= ∠𝜃𝑖
2

𝑉𝑚
𝑽𝒎 ∠𝜃𝑣 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜃𝑣
2
Z= = 𝐼𝑚 = = 𝒁 ∠𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖
𝑰𝒎 ∠𝜃𝑖 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜃𝑖
2
 Series Parallel Combination of Impedance
Series Combination

Parallel Combination For two impedance in parallel

𝑍1 × 𝑍2
𝑍𝑒𝑞 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2
 Complex Number
1. Rectangular Form:
z=x+iy
2. Polar Form:

Conversion:
i. Rectangular to polar
z=x+iy
|𝑧| = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥

ii. Polar to Rectangular 𝒁 = 𝒁 ∠𝜃

x= z cos 𝜃
y= z sin 𝜃
 Complex Number
Complex number addition and subtraction:

c1= a1 + i . b1
c2= a2 + i . b2
c1+c2 = (a1+a2) + i. (b1+b2)
c1-c2= (a1 - a2) + i. (b1 - b2)

Complex number multiplication and division:

c1= r1∠𝜃1
c2= r2∠𝜃2
c1 * c2 = r1 * r2 (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
𝑐1 𝑟1
= (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑐2 𝑟2
Time domain ,Phasor domain
Time domain to Phasor domain conversion:

Time Domain: Phasor Domain:

𝑉𝑚
V= 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt+𝜃) ⟹ 𝑉= ∠𝜃
2

Example: V= 69.6 sin (ωt) to phasor form

Phasor Domain: Time Domain:

𝑉∠𝜃 V=𝑉 × 2sin (ωt+𝜃)
⟹
Q: Write the sinusoidal expression for the following phasor, if
the frequency is 60 Hz
a) I=10∠30° a) V=115∠ −70°
 Simple Resistive circuit
v= 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt)

𝑽𝒎
Where, 𝑰𝒎 =
𝑹

Writing both voltage and current in phasor form,

𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt) 𝑉𝑚
v= 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt)= = ∠0°
2 2
𝐼
i= 𝐼𝑚 sin (ωt)= 𝑚 ∠0°
2
𝑉𝑚
𝑣 ∠0°
2
𝑍𝑅 = = 𝐼𝑚
𝑖 ∠0°
2
For a purely resistive element the voltage across
or current through the element are in phase.
 Simple Inductive circuit
For Inductor,

For a sinusoidal current, 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (ωt)

∴

𝑉𝑚 =𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚
𝑉
⟹ 𝑚 = 𝜔L
𝐼𝑚
⟹ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔L
The quantity ωL, called the reactance of an inductor, is symbolically represents by XL
 Simple Inductive circuit

° 𝑉𝑚
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt+90 )= ∠90°
2
𝐼
𝑖𝐿 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (ωt)= 𝑚 ∠0°
2

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝐿 ∠90° 𝑉𝑚
𝑍𝐿 = = 2
𝐼𝑚 = (∠90° -∠0° )
𝐼𝐿 ∠0° 𝐼𝑚
2

𝑍𝐿 = ω𝐿 ∠90° −∠0° = ω𝐿∠90° = 𝑋𝐿 ∠90°

 Simple Capacitive circuit

Where,

𝑉𝑚 1
⟹ =
𝐼𝑚 𝜔C
1
⟹ 𝑋𝐶 =
𝜔C
 Simple Capacitive circuit

𝑉𝑚
𝑣𝐶 = 𝑉𝑚 sin (ωt)= ∠0°
2
𝐼
𝑖𝐶 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (ωt+90° )= 𝑚 ∠90°
2

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝐶 ∠0° 𝑉𝑚
𝑍𝐶 = = 𝐼𝑚
2
= (∠0° -∠90° )
𝑖𝐶 ∠90° 𝐼𝑚
2

1
𝑍𝐶 = −∠90° = 𝑋𝑐 ∠ − 90°
ω𝐶
 Impedance Diagram

For any configuration (series, parallel, series-parallel,

and so on), the angle associated with the total
impedance is the angle by which the applied voltage
leads the source current. For inductive networks, θT
will be positive, whereas for capacitive networks, θT
will be negative.
Series R-L-C Circuit
Series R-L-C Circuit
 Problem 01
Q. Find magnitude and type of z (Impedance) and also draw the voltage and
current wave shapes
 Problem 02
Q. Using complex algebra, find the voltage v for the circuit. Sketch the v and i curves.
 Problem 03
Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit in Figure, Sketch
the vc and iC curves.
 Problem 04
Using complex algebra, find i, VR, VL, VC for the circuit. Also draw the
phasor diagram and impedance diagram
 Power

The power delivered to a load at any instant is defined by the

product of the applied voltage and the resulting current.
P= v.i
Types of Power

1. Real Power / Average Power (P) :

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝑖
for resistive load, 𝜽 = 𝟎°
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2
𝑉2
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 𝑉𝐼 = = 𝐼 .𝑅 = (𝑊)
2 𝑅
For Inductive Load, 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 0 (𝑊)

For Capacitive Load, 𝜽 = −𝟗𝟎°

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠. cos (−90°) = 0 (𝑊)
 Power
Types of Power
2. Reactive Power (Q) :
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Unit: VAR ( volt-ampere reactive)
For Resistive circuit,
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛0° = 0 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
For Inductive circuit,
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° = 𝑉𝐼 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
𝑉
Since, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 or 𝐼 = 𝑋
𝐿
𝑉2
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 . 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
𝐿
For Capacitive circuit,
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 sin(−90°) = −𝑉𝐼 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
𝑉2
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 . 𝑋𝑐 = (𝑉𝐴𝑅)
𝑋𝑐

3. Apparent Power (S) :

𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 (volt-ampere) (VA)
𝑉
Since, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 and 𝐼 = 𝑍
𝑉2
Then 𝑆 = 𝐼2. 𝑍 = 𝑍
 Power Factor

Power factor of a circuit is the ratio of the average power (P) to the apparent
power (S) .
𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑃. 𝐹(𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑆
Here, 𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
For a purely resistive circuit, 𝜃=0°, (𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0°=1
For a purely inductive circuit, 𝜃=90°, (𝐹𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠90°=0
For a purely capacitive circuit, 𝜃=-90°, 𝐹𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = cos(−90°)=0

If the current leads the voltage, the power factor is leading. (Capacitive Load)
If the current lags the voltage, the power factor is lagging. (Inductive Load)
 Power
Power Triangle:
The three quantities, average power , apparent power and reactive power can be related in the vector domain.
𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑗 𝑄𝐶

Power diagram of Inductive load Power diagram of Capacitive load

 Power
Power Triangle:

𝑆 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐
𝑺𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐
 Problem 01
Find real, apparent and reactive power from the circuit .
Also draw power triangle
 Problem 02
Given,

Find real power , apparent power, reactive power and also draw the power triangle.
Problem 03
 Problem 04

d. Draw the phasor diagram

 Parallel AC Circuits
Admittance: Y=1/Z=I/V
As complex quantity, we can write as:
Y=G+jB
Conductance: G=1/R

Susceptance: B=1/X
 Problem 01
Find ZT, YT, E, IR, IC, FP and draw the phasor diagram
Problem 02
Problem 03
Problem 04
Problem 05
Problem 06
 Problem 07
The frequency of the voltage source is 50Hz.

5 120μF
mH