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Lesson 1 - GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE (INTRODUCTION

TO BOTANY)
BS Biology (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila)

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GENERAL BOTANY (LEC) Plant Ecology

LESSON 1 (INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY)
- Relationships of plants and environment
Botany – scientific study of plants’:
- Reaction of plants with certain conditions
- structures (internal [anatomical] & external
- Parasitic plants – get their food from host
[morphological])
Plant Pathology
- Factors that affect plant growth
(temperature, amt. of light/gas, type of soil, - Study of plant diseases
etc.) - (viral, bacterial, fungal)
- Development (from seeds, as well as Paleobotany
physical & chemical factors that affect
- Plant fossils and their importance
development)
- Obtain great info among plants that existed
Subsciences of Botany
a long time ago
Plant Taxonomy
- taxis – arrangement/order
Gross Structure of Plants
- naming, nomenclature
Root System
- One of the oldest sciences
- Important because it’s hard to study - Dicot: Tap root (main) & Lateral root
organisms w/out knowing their names
- Monocot: Fibrous root (no primary root)
Plant Anatomy
Shoot System
- More on internal
- Leaves – site of photosynthesis
- Microscope is required
- Petiole – attaches leaf to the stem
- Study of plants’ vessels, vascular system
- Blade
- (xylem, phloem, stomata)
- Apical bud – arises apex
Plant Morphology
- Axillary bud – develops between a leaf and
- More on external
stem
- Plant organs, types of fruit system, leaves
- Internode – space between 2 nodes
- (apex margins, etc.)
Reproductive Shoot
Plant Physiology
- Modified leaves
- Functions of plants
- Petals – for attraction
- (photosynthesis, cellular respiration)
- Carpels – pistils
Plant Genetics
Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms
- Study of plants’ heredity, inheritance of
characteristics, variation. Gymno
- (off springs will have variations from
- Cones – made of scales, geen -> brown,
parents)
woody
- Application is important because of the
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO),  Pistillate – ovulate cone (female)
Cultivars were improved
 Staminate – pollinate (male)
Plant Cytology
- Leaves – needle-likeS
- Study of plant cells
- (chromosome composition) Angio
- Plants are often polyploids (multiple sets of
- Flower
chromosomes)
DEANG, Yoko

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 Ovules – embryosac (female) Cell wall – [prokaryotic: peptidoglycan-

carbohydrates, sugar, amino acids]
 Pollen – germ nucleus, tube nucleus
- [eukaryotic: chemically simple]
(male)
Plasma membrane – sterols- kind of fats, have
- Haploid carbohydrates as receptors

- Except for sporophyte (2n) Cytoplasm – cytoskeleton – cell organelles

- Cytoplastic streaming – moving of plant
Parts of the Flower
parts under the microscope
1. Sepals – group: calyx
Ribosomes – sites of protein synthesis
2. Petals – group: corolla
- S (unit of measurement for sedimentation
3. Stamens – anther & filament (male) coefficient) – Svedberg
4. Carpels/Pistil – stigma, style, ovary (female) Chromosomes – (histones: wool & spool)
- female gametophyte – embryo Cell division – (conjugation)
sac
Cell Specialization
- ovule – becomes seeds
Guard cells – use osmotic pressure to open and
Characteristics of Plants close stomata
- Eukaryotic – nucleus enclosed w/ nuclear - Very important since in regulates the size of
membrane stoma
- Autotrophic – make their own food Brachyslereids – stone cells
- Multicellular - Specialized cells
- Cell walls are made of cellulose - Schlerenchyma (thick secondary cell wall)
- Contain chloroplasts (ch a & ch b; - (e.g. pear)
carotenoids (yellow, orange, brownish),
Astroclereids – star-shaped
anthocyanins (blue, red, violet)
- Found in nymphaea (aquatic plant) and
- Gives off oxygen
helps floatation
- Sessile – can’t move from one place to
Bulliform cells – very large compared to other
another (however, can perform tropism)
cells surrounding it
- Has stomata for gas exchange (mostly on
- Fan-shaped
leaves)
- Usually found in monocot leaves
- Cell specialization
- Sensitive to change humidity, makes leaves
- Alternation of generation – sporophyte
roll in adaptation or protection from heat
gen., gametophyte gen.
*phloem – carries sugar
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells
*xylem – carries water & nutrients
*some important notes only, kindly refer to the table
- Metaxylem
Cytoplasm - where cellular respiration takes place
(prokaryotic) - Protoxylem

Flagellum – 9+2 structure (universal to eukaryotes) – 2 Life Cycle of a Moss

pairs of microtubules [center], 9 pairs of microtubules *important notes only, kindly refer to the illustration
[outer]
Gametophyte – mature female plant – reproductive
Glycocalyx – capsule/ slime organs can be seen
- Present in animal cell Archegonium – the female reproductive organ in ferns,
- Important for cell recognition (serves as mosses & angiosperms (one egg only)
protection) Venther – expanded part (contains the egg)
Water – is required (mosses thrive in wet areas)
DEANG, Yoko

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Antheridium – male gametophyte (multiple cells)

Zygote – fertilized egg
Neck – narrow part
Calyptra – covers the young sporophyte for protection,
the only haploid.
Sporophyte – young plant
 Seta – stalk
 Sporangium
 Foot – bottom
Operculum – covering (breaks open)
Economic Importance of Plants
Basic needs – food
Habitat – for birds, insects, etc.
Medicines – those that have been studied
Soil Integrity – monocots (grass) prevent erosion as well
as dicots.
- Decomposing of organic matter
from plants also improve soil
Air quality & Humidity Levels – absorbs CO2 which is a
greenhouse gas and releases oxygen
Aesthetic Values
Regulates water cycle – through condensation of water
vapor and regulation of groundwater by preventing
erosion

DEANG, Yoko

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