5 Vectors

1.
i. (C)
a  b   b  c  c  a 
=  a  b  b  c  b  a  c  c  c  a
=  a  b  b  c  b  a  c  a
= a   b  c  0  0 + 0  0  b   c  a 
= a b c  b c a 
= a b c  a b c
=0
ii (B)
a bc= 0
 ab= c
2 2
 ab = c
2 2 2
 a  b  2a  b = c

 32 + 52 + 2 a b cos  = 72
 2  3  5cos  = 15
 30cos  = 15
1
 cos  =
2

 =
3
2.
1 1
i. cos  = =
2. 2 2

 =
3

ii. The distance from (4, 2, 6) to the Z-axis is

x2  y 2 = 42   2
2

= 16  4
= 20
= 2 5 units

3. Let p , q and r be the position vectors of points P, Q and R respectively.

 p  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ , q   5iˆ  2jˆ  5kˆ , m:n = 3:2
R divides the line PQ internally in the ratio 3: 2.
 By using section formula for internal division,
mq  np
r =
m +n

1
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Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - I

=
  
3 5iˆ  2jˆ  5kˆ  2 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ 
32
15i  6j  15kˆ  4iˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ
ˆ ˆ
=
5
ˆ ˆ ˆ
11i  4 j  9k 11 ˆ 4 ˆ 9 ˆ
 r = = i  j k
5 5 5 5

4. a = 24 and b = 7 …[Given] b =7
2 2 2
ab = a + b
= (24)2 + (7)2
= 576 + 49 a = 24
2 ab
 a  b = 625
By taking square root of both sides, we get
a  b = 25

5. a = b = 1, a  b = 0 …[Given]
Consider a  b  c = 0
 ab= c
Squaring on both sides, we get
2 2
ab = c
2 2 2
 a + 2ab + b = c
2
 12 + 2(0) + 12 = c
2
 c =2

 c = 2

6. 3l + m + 5n = 0 …[Given]
 m =  3l  5n …(i)
6mn  2nl + 5lm = 0 …[Given]
 6n(3l  5n)  2nl + 5l(3l  5n) = 0 …[From (i)]
 18nl  30n2  2nl  15l2  25nl = 0
 30n2  45nl  15l2 = 0
 2n2 + 3nl + l2 = 0
 2n2 + 2nl + nl + l2 = 0
 (2n + l)(n + l) = 0
 l = 2n or l=n
Substituting l = 2n in (i), we get
m = 3(2n)  5n
 m = 6n  5n
 m=n
 (l, m, n) = (2n, n, n) = (2, 1, 1)
 (a1, b1, c1) = (2, 1, 1)
Also, substituting l = n in (i), we get
m = 3(n)  5n
 m = 3n  5n
 m = 2n
 (l, m, n) = (n, 2n, n) = (1, 2, 1)
 (a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, 1)
2
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Chapter 5: Vectors
Angle between two lines is given by
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
cos  =
a  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c22
2
1

 cos  =
 2 1   1 2   1 1
  1   1 1   2   1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2  2 1
 cos  =
6 6
1
 cos  =
6
1  1 
  = cos  
6

7. Let b  xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ

a  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , c  ˆj  kˆ
a × b= c
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 1 1 1 = ˆj  kˆ
x y z

 ˆj  kˆ = î (z  y)  ĵ (z  x) + k̂ (y  x)
 By equality of vectors, we get
z  y = 0, (z  x) = 1 and y  x = –1
 z = y, z = x  1 and y = x – 1
Now,
a b = 3
 ˆi  ˆj  kˆ    xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ  = 3
 x+y+z=3
 x+x–1+x–1=3
 3x = 5
5
 x=
3
5 2
 y=x1= –1=
3 3
2
 z=y=
3

5ˆ 2ˆ 2 ˆ 1 ˆ
b  i  j  k  5i  2jˆ  2kˆ
3 3 3 3
 
8. Let a , b , c and d be the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C and D respectively of the parallelogram
ABCD.
A B

D C
Then, l(AB) = l(DC) and AB || DC. …[Opposite sides of a parallelogram]
3
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Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - I

 AB = DC
 b  a = c  d
 a + c = b + d
ac bd
 =
2 2
ac bd
The position vectors of the midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD are and and they are equal.
2 2
 The midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD are the same.
This shows that the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
Conversely, suppose that the diagonals AC and BD of ABCD bisect each other.
 They have the same midpoint.
 The position vectors of the midpoints of AC and BD are equal.
ac bd
 =
2 2
 a + c = b + d
 b  a = c  d
 AB = DC
 l(AB) = l(DC) and AB || DC.
 ABCD is a parallelogram.
9. If points A  a  , B  b  , C  c  , D  d  are coplanar, then AB , AC , AD are also coplanar.
 AB   AC  AD = 0 …(i)
Here, AB = b  a
AC = c  a
AD = d  a
From (i), we get
 b  a    c  a    d  a  = 0
  b  a   c  d  c  a  a  d  a  a  = 0
  b  a   c  d  c  a  a  d  0 = 0
  b  a   c  d  c  a  a  d  = 0
 b  c  d  b  c  a   b  a  d  a  c  d + a  c  a  + a  a  d = 0
 b c d   b c a    b a d   a c d  + a c a  + a a d  = 0
 
 b c d   a b c + a b d  + c a d  + 0 + 0 = 0
 
 a b d  + b c d  + c a d  = a b c 

10. Let O-ABC be a tetrahedron.

Let a , b , c be the position vectors of points A, B, C respectively.
OA,BC; OB,AC; OC,AB are the pairs of opposite edges of the tetrahedron.
OA  BC , OB  AC …[Given] O
Prove that OC  AB
Consider, OA  BC
 OA  BC = 0
 a   c  b = 0
 ac  ab = 0
ac = ab …(i) C B
Also, OB  AC
 OB  AC = 0 A
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Chapter 5: Vectors
 b  c  a  = 0
 b c  b a = 0
 b c  ab = 0
 b c = ab …(ii)
 ac = b c …[From (i) and (ii)]
 b c  ac = 0
 b  a  c = 0
 AB  OC = 0
 AB  OC
 In a tetrahedron, if two pairs of opposite edges are perpendicular, then the third pair of opposite edges is also
perpendicular.