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Pulsating pressurization of two-phase fluid in a pipe filled with water and a

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Pulsating pressurization of two-phase fluid in
a pipe filled with water and a little gas
Cite as: Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0147273
Submitted: 21 February 2023 • Accepted: 30 March 2023 • Published Online: 13 April 2023

Heng Li (李恒) and Bingxiang Huang (黄炳香)

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111

© 2023 Author(s).
 Physics of Fluids ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/phf

Pulsating pressurization of two-phase fluid

in a pipe filled with water and a little gas
Cite as: Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273
Submitted: 21 February 2023 . Accepted: 30 March 2023 .
Published Online: 13 April 2023

Heng Li (李恒),a) and Bingxiang Huang (黄炳香)a)

AFFILIATIONS
State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

a)
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: liheng@cumt.edu.cn and huangbingxiang@cumt.edu.cn

ABSTRACT
Although two-phase flows containing gas and water have received extensive attention, the pulsating pressurization effect of a two-phase fluid
in a pipe is unclear and the influence of the gas-phase content has not been revealed. This paper discusses the pulsating pressurization of
such a two-phase fluid. First, the two-phase Navier–Stokes equations are derived and an algorithm is developed based on MacCormack’s
method. The reliability of the algorithm is examined and validated using Poiseuille’s theory and existing experimental two-phase flow data.
Finally, the influence of several key factors is discussed, including the gas-phase fraction and pipe slenderness. Our results show that a signifi-
cant pulsating supercharging phenomenon occurs when the gas-phase fraction is less than 10
3. When the gas-phase fraction is greater than
this critical value, the pulsating supercharging effect decreases significantly with the increasing gas-phase fraction. The equivalent elastic
modulus of the two-phase fluid rapidly decreases as the gas-phase fraction increases, and the pressure disturbance is absorbed by the gas bub-
bles, causing an apparent weakening of the pulsating supercharging effect. Thus, decreasing the gas-phase content can enhance the pulsating
supercharging effect. The pipe slenderness has a very limited influence on the pulsating pressurization process, and the maximum reduction
is only 7.3% for slenderness ratios of up to 2000. Moreover, we derive and propose a new mathematical expression for the inlet boundary
that is applicable to gas–liquid two-phase flows. To our knowledge, this paper extends the pulsating pressurization range from the single-
phase to two-phase fluid for the first time and reports different physical phenomena and regularity. The present research clarifies the pulsat-
ing pressurization phenomenon in two-phase flows, providing a valuable reference for pulsating pressurization design.
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0147273

NOMENCLATURE p Fluid pressure (Pa)

2 Q Flow rate (m3/s)
A Pipe cross-section area (m )
R Gas constant [J/(Kg K]
Ap Pulse amplitude
Re Reynolds number
a Wave speed (m/s)
T Temperature (K)
c Sound velocity (m/s)
t Time (s)
d Pipe diameter (m)
u Velocity in x direction (m/s)
dt Time step size (s)
v Velocity in y direction (m/s)
F Force (N)
x Streamwise coordinate (m)
f Pulse frequency (Hz)
y Normal coordinate (m)
fop Optimal pulse frequency (Hz)
d Pipe wall thickness (m)
g Gravity acceleration (m/s2)
l Molecular viscosity of fluid (Pa s)
h Semi-height of channel (m)
q Fluid density (kg/m3)
K Elastic modulus of steel (MPa)
U Generalized variable
k Positive odd number
Lx Pipe length (m)
Ly Pipe diameter (m) Superscript
Nx Grid number in x direction
Ny Grid number in y direction Average value

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-1

Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
 Physics of Fluids
Subscript
0 Location at inlet or left element
1 Location of the first grid point
av Average value
g Gas phase
l Liquid phase
m Mixed phase
nx Point next to the endpoint
nxþ1/2 Location of endpoint
nxþ1 Virtual point near the endpoint
i Index value
I. INTRODUCTION
The propagation of pulsating pressure waves is a common physi-
cal phenomenon,1–4 including complex physical processes such as
fluid cavitation. The pulsating waves can also produce pressurization
phenomenon in a water-filled pipe.5,6 Pulsating pressurization has a
wide range of applications in the field of pulsating hydraulic fracturing
and clean energy development.7–12
The pressure waves in a water-filled pipe are internal waves,
which are different from the external pressure waves observed in rivers
and oceans.13–15 A pulsating supercharging phenomenon will occur in
a semi-enclosed water-filled pipe if the pulsating injection has a certain
frequency.5,6 However, when the water contains bubbles, it is not cer-
tain whether the pressurization phenomenon will occur in the pipe. In
other words, the influence of the gas bubbles on the pulsating pressuri-
zation is unclear, puzzling researchers for a long time and hindering
the design of pulsating injection devices. Therefore, it is necessary to
research the pulsating pressurization of gas–liquid two-phase flows in
a semi-closed pipe.
In real pipe flows, the water typically contains bubbles.16–18
Microscale bubbles may exist in the initial water injected by the pump,
and gas bubbles may form due to the escape of gas in the reservoir.
Therefore, gas and water often coexist in pipe flows, which are typical
gas–liquid two-phase flows. Previous studies on pulsating flows have
FIG. 1. Diagram of gas–water two-phase flow in a pipe. (a) Bubble characteristics after and before a square-shaped pressure wave. (b) Bubble characteristics after and before
a sine-shaped pressure wave.
Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/phf
mainly focused on single-phase water flows, ignoring the influence of
bubbles.7 Therefore, it is vital to consider the influence of the gas phase
on the pulsating pressurization process.
Many studies have shown that the propagation speed of the pres-
sure waves decreases with the increasing gas-bubble content.19–26
When the gas-phase fraction is from 0% to 1%, the propagation speed
of the pressure waves rapidly decreases with a slight increase in the
gas-phase fraction.21,25 However, the regularity of this decay in the
pressure wave velocity is unclear. In this paper, we focus on flows with
a low gas-bubble content and discuss the influence of gas-phase frac-
tions that are typically less than 10%. By default, the gas-phase fraction
is the volumetric fraction occupied by the gas-phase.
Our recent research showed that there is a significant pulsating
supercharging phenomenon in a water-filled semi-enclosed pipe when
the pulsating injection frequency takes a certain value.5,6 Although we
observed the pulsating supercharging phenomenon and reported the
pressurization regularity, these results are only valid for the single-
phase water medium. If bubbles exist in the water, the supercharging
mode and intensity may change. These variations have not previously
been revealed and require further research.
Water–gas two-phase fluids have received considerable attention
in recent years,27–30 because their flow has wide applicability in the
fields of aviation, aerospace, machinery, chemicals, energy, and medi-
cine.31–33 The gas bubble volume is closely related to the fluid pressure.
According to the gas equation of state, the gas density is proportional
to the pressure, i.e., the bubble volume decreases as the fluid pressure
increases, and vice versa, as shown in Fig. 1. Usually, for a sine-shaped
pulsating injection, the pressure changes continuously in time and
space, as shown in Fig. 1(b), causing an approximately continuous var-
iation in bubble magnitude. For a square-shaped pulsating injection,
the pressure changes discontinuously in time and space, as shown in
Fig. 1(a), giving rise to an approximately discontinuous variation in
bubble magnitude. The bubbles are larger in the low-pressure region
and smaller in the high-pressure region. The influence of the bubbles
on the propagation of pressure waves is of interest because it will help
us to further understand the pulsating supercharging regularity of
35, 046111-2
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two-phase fluids in pipes. In addition, if there is a rapid reduction in pipe inlet. For a pipe model, the pipe wall and the right blind-end can
fluid pressure, bubble collapse may occur. These interesting physical be regarded as no-slip walls. The left end of the pipe is defined as the
phenomena have attracted extensive research in recent decades. pressure inlet. In our recent studies,5,6 we proposed the following inlet
During pulsating hydraulic fracturing, water is injected in the boundary condition, which includes pressure and velocity expressions:
form of a pulse at the pipe inlet, such as sinusoidal pulsations or square
pulses.5–7 Many researchers have confirmed that the fluid pressure is p0 ¼ Ap sinð 2pf  t Þ þ pav ; (2a)
magnified at the pipe end point. Partial research has shown that the a2 Dx2pfAp cosð 2pf  t Þ
u0 ¼ u1 þ : (2b)
fluid pressure at the pipe end point is suppressed if the pipe slender- a2
ðp1
p0 Þ=q0 q0 a2
ðp1
p0 Þ
ness is sufficiently large,7 where the slenderness is the ratio of length to
diameter. Thus, for gas–water two-phase flows, the influence of the (For the meaning of the variables and symbols in these equations, refer
pipe slenderness on the pressurization should be further discussed and to the nomenclature table.) The dimensions on both sides of the equa-
clarified. tions are the same. In Eq. (2b), the second term on the right-hand side
Based on the above analysis, this paper mainly focuses on is small relative to the first term on the right-hand side. The
gas–liquid two-phase flows during the pulsating supercharging pro- above boundary conditions are derived in Appendix A. Here, the
cess. A sine-shaped injection profile is chosen as the inlet boundary velocity boundary condition is derived by combining ð@p=@tÞ0
condition. The initial gas-phase fraction is in the range 0%–10%. The ¼ 2pf  Ap cosð2pf  tÞ and the continuity equation (mass equation).
pipe slenderness is varied from 10 to 2000 and the average initial fluid Hence, the pressure and velocity boundary conditions are as shown in
pressure is 0.1 MPa. First, we build the weakly compressible single- Eq. (2).
phase Navier–Stokes (N–S) equation to simulate the pressurization Because the right end of the pipe is blind, the no-slip reflection
process and the pressure field when the gas-phase fraction is zero. We condition is used. Along the wall normal direction, the gradients of the
then derive the compressible two-phase N–S equations to simulate the fluid pressure and density are zero, i.e., ð@/=@tÞnxþ1=2 ¼ 0, where / is
pressurization process and the two-phase characteristics when the gas- either pressure or density. The discrete form of the pressure is given by
phase fraction is greater than zero. The main numerical scheme is pnxþ1 ¼ pnx . The right end condition is unxþ1=2 ¼ 0, where i þ 1/2 is
based on MacCormack’s method, which has second-order accuracy in the location of the no-slip wall. For example, the discrete form of the
time and space. The details are described in Sec. II. velocity is given by unxþ1 ¼
unx .
In some cases, the water may contain gas nucleation or bubbles.
II. CONTROL EQUATION AND COMPUTATIONAL For this special situation, the single-phase N–S equations are not suffi-
METHOD cient for describing the gas–liquid two-phase flow. To overcome this
A. Model equation disadvantage of the single-phase N–S equations, the two-phase N–S
For a water-filled pipe, the water is usually regarded as incom- equations are widely adopted.36,37 The two-dimensional form reads as
pressible, so the entire flow is constituted by the incompressible flow @qm @ ðqm uÞ @ ðqm vÞ
inside the pipe. In some special cases, such as in the presence of a þ þ ¼ 0; (3a)
@t @x @y
water hammer or pulse wave, the water is weakly compressible.
Therefore, the weak compressibility of water should be carefully con- @al @ ðal uÞ @ ðal vÞ
þ þ ¼ Sm ; (3b)
sidered. If gas nucleation and cavitation are neglected, the water flow @t @x @y
is the single-phase flow in the pipe. For the two-dimensional model, @ ðqm uÞ @ ðqm uuÞ @ ðqm uvÞ @p @sxx @sxy
the weakly compressible N–S equations can be derived from previous þ þ ¼
þ þ ; (3c)
@t @x @y @x @x @y
studies5,34,35 in the form

 @ ðqm vÞ @ ðqm vuÞ @ ðqm vvÞ @p @syx @syy
@p @p @p @u @v þ þ ¼
þ þ ; (3d)
þ u þ v þ qa2 þ ¼ 0; (1a) @t @x @y @y @x @y
@t @x @y @x @y
! where qm is the average density of the two-phase fluid, al is the liquid
@u @ ðuuÞ @ ðuvÞ 1 @p l @ 2 u @ 2 u volume fraction, and ag is the gas volume fraction, where al ¼ 1
ag.
þ þ ¼
þ þ ; (1b)
@t @x @y q @x q @x2 @y2 Sm is the mass source term due to the phase transition. The discretiza-
! tion method based on the above equations are introduced in
@v @ ðvuÞ @ ðvvÞ 1 @p l @ 2 v @ 2 v Appendix C. The normal stress and shear stress are written as
þ þ ¼
þ þ ; (1c)

@t @x @y q @y q @x2 @y2 @u 2 @u @v
sxx ¼ 2lm
lm þ ;
where u and v are the velocity components in the x and y directions, @x 3 @x @y


respectively, p is the fluid pressure, q is the fluid density, a is the wave @v 2 @u @v
syy ¼ 2lm
lm þ ; (4)
speed, and l is the fluid viscosity. For the above N–S equations, the @y 3 @x @y
density variation of the water is considered in the continuity equation

@u @v
(1a) but is not considered in the momentum equations (1b) and (1c). sxy ¼ syx ¼ lm þ ;
@y @x
This special consideration of the fluid density avoids the decoupling of
the fluid velocity and pressure. where lm is the average viscosity of the two-phase fluid. The average
The boundary conditions, which determine the model region density and viscosity are defined as
and flow topology, are very important. To achieve the pulsating super-
charging effect, a pulsating injection condition must be assigned at the qm ¼ ql al þ qg ag ; (5a)

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-3

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lm ¼ ll al þ lg ag : (5b) influence of gas phase content instead of the interface on the pressuri-
zation effect. Refer to the previous research, we adopted the mixed-
The equivalent density and viscosity are the averages of the liquid and phase model.
gas phases weighted according to volume fraction. For the sinusoidal
pulsating injection, the fluid pressure at the inlet can be defined by a
B. Method verification
sine function. the liquid and gas are assumed to share the same fluid
pressure. Thus, the inlet fluid pressure is the liquid-phase pressure, We developed a two-phase flow scheme based on the above N–S
which also represents the gas-phase pressure. The detailed expression equations and numerical algorithm. This scheme must first be vali-
is given in Eq. (6a). For the velocity at the inlet, we present, for the first dated. The Poiseuille flow in a pipe or channel is a classical flow case.
time, the expression shown in Eq. (6b). This formula is derived by Because the Poiseuille flow has an analytical solution in the laminar
combining the pressure condition and the continuity equation. To the state, it is widely used as a benchmark for examining the validity of
best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a quantitative formula numerical schemes. For the Poiseuille flow,44 the theoretical expression
has been proposed to describe the velocity boundary of a gas–liquid of the streamwise velocity is as follows:
two-phase flow problem when sinusoidal pressure pulsations are
1 @p  2 
applied at the pipe inlet. The detailed derivation of the velocity bound- uð y Þ ¼ y
h2 ; (7)
ary equation (6b) is given in Appendix B, 2l @x
where the velocity follows a parabolic distribution that is symmetric
p0 ¼ Ap sinð 2pf  t Þ þ pav ; (6a)

 around y ¼ 0, at which point the streamwise velocity reaches its maxi-
q Dxag mum value. The channel flow rate can be computed by integrating the
u0 ¼ m1 u1 þ 2pfAp cosð 2pf  t Þ; (6b)
qm0 qm RT 0 velocity along the y direction from the lower wall to the upper wall.
The flow rate expression is given as follows:
where the dimensions on both sides of these equations are the same,
i.e., m/s. The second term on the right-hand side of Eq. (6a) is small 2 1 @p 3
compared with the first term on the right. See Appendix B for further Q¼
h: (8)
3 l @x
details. We first give the pressure boundary, then combine the control
equation with the pressure boundary to derive the velocity boundary, The flow rate is proportional to the pressure gradient, and there is a
which is mathematically reasonable. If we simplify (2b) and (6b), cubic relationship between the flux rate and pipe radius. The average
ignore small quantities in the velocity boundary, then they can be sim- flow velocity in the channel can then be derived as Q/(2h), namely,
plified to the traditional boundary form (u0 ¼ u1). From this view-
1 1 @p 2
point, the present velocity boundary is more concise compared to the ¼

u h: (9)
traditional velocity condition. 3 l @x
To solve the above Eqs. (3), MacCormack’s method38 is adopted. The flow Reynolds number describing the two-phase flow can be
This method38 is a classical numerical computation method in the defined in terms of the average fluid density, viscosity, velocity, and
field of computational fluid dynamics and guarantees second-order characteristic length as
accuracy in time and space. The main idea of MacCormack’s method
is that, after first predicting the pressure and velocity at time step  2h
qm u 2 q @p 3
Re ¼ ¼
m h; (10)
t þ dt, the corrected pressure and velocity are solved at time step lm 3 l2m @x
t þ dt, following which the procedure is repeated. The detailed imple-
mentation of the MacCormack scheme is shown in Appendix C. The where 2h is the characteristic length of the pipe or channel, represent-
calculation program is developed by the Fortran language, and partial ing the pipe diameter or channel height.
original codes are also provided in Appendix C. Without loss of generality, we choose the typical parameter val-
For the simulation, the mesh adopted by us is the Cartesian grid. ues listed in Table I to conduct the validation. The channel length is
The mesh is uniform in the x direction and nonuniform in the y direc- 0.5 m, and the channel height is 0.02 m. At a temperature of
tion considering the existence of wall. To capture the boundary layer, T ¼ 20  C, the fluid density and viscosity of the water and gas are given
the grid is denser near the wall. in Table I. The grid used in the numerical simulations consists of 20
For the gas–liquid two-phase flow simulation, two methods are and 40 cells in the x and y directions, respectively.
frequently used in the past decades. The first method is based on the
mixed-phase model where no gas–water interface exists and the fluid TABLE I. Parameters of the simulation validation case for the Poiseuille flow.
density is an averaged value of gas and liquid density. The second
method is based on the interface model, such as the Level Set method, Parameter Value Parameter Value
where the gas–water interface is considered. Both methods have their
own application scenarios. For some cases such as the wave breaking @p=@x (Pa/m)
0.1 ll (Pa s) 1.0  10–3
and interface evolution,39,40 the gas–water interface should be consid- Lx (m) 0.5 lg (Pa s) 1.81  10–5
ered. However, for many cases, the gas–water interface is not impor- h (m) 0.01 ql (kg/m3) 1000
tant, especially for the water flow containing a small amount of gas. T/K ( C) 293 (20) qg (kg/m3) 1.190
Based on this reason, many previous research studies41–43 adopted the Nx 20 ag 0–1
first method and ignored the effect of the gas–water interface. During Ny 40 dt (s) 10–8–10–6
the pulsating pressurization process, we pay more attention to the

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FIG. 2. Comparison of velocity profiles for ag ¼ 1; the theoretical solution is the

Poiseuille laminar solution at Re ¼ 242.2.
Objectively, the two-phase flow equations are suitable in the gas
fraction range 0 < ag  1. First, we test the upper limit, ag ¼ 1, which
represents the pure gas-phase flow. According to its definition, the cor-
responding flow Reynolds number is 242.2 under the pressure gradi-
ent condition listed in Table I. The flow in the channel is steady and
laminar after a sufficiently long time. We compare the streamwise
velocity profile with the theoretical solution in Fig. 2. Clearly, the pre-
sent simulation results agree very well with the analytical solution of
the Poiseuille flow.
Subsequently, we tested the gas–liquid two-phase flow in a chan-
nel with ag ¼ 0.1 and ag ¼ 0.01. The pressure gradient and other con-
ditions are the same as for the above single-phase example. Here, the
corresponding Reynolds numbers are Re ¼ 73.79 and Re ¼ 67.32,
respectively. The results in Fig. 3 show that the present numerical solu-
tions are completely in accord with the theoretical values. Good agree-
ment between the present results and the theoretical solution indicates
that the present program is capable of achieving sufficient accuracy
and satisfactory results for single- and two-phase flows (Table II).
During the pulsating injection process, the gas fraction in the
water may be very low. Thus, we further examine the applicability of
the present two-phase flow model and program for gas fractions of
ag ¼ 10
4 and ag ¼ 10
6. The velocity profiles are compared in Fig. 4.
The numerical results are again in good agreement with the theoretical
solution. The extracted pressure contours and distribution, as shown
in Fig. 5, indicate that the pressure distribution p-x is linear for
ag ¼ 10
4, which agrees with the Poiseuille flow theory. However, for
FIG. 3. Comparison of velocity profiles for ag ¼ 0.1 and ag ¼ 0.01; the theoretical
solutions are the Poiseuille laminar solutions at Re ¼ 73.79 and Re ¼ 67.32,
respectively.
ag ¼ 10
6, the pressure distribution fluctuates and the pressure profile
fluctuates violently around the theoretical pressure line, as shown in
Fig. 5. These results indicate that the present equations and program
are not suitable for very-low gas-phase fractions such as ag ¼ 10
6.
In fact, the two-phase N–S equations are only suitable for
0 < ag  1. As ag approaches zero, the applicability of the equations
begins to fail. The main reason is that the pressure and velocity are
coupled by the compressibility of the gas-phase in the continuity equa-
tion. However, the coupling weakens, and even fails, when the gas
fraction approaches zero, causing the fluctuations in fluid pressure.
Therefore, this paper only discusses two-phase flows for which
ag  10
4. For flows containing zero or extremely low gas-phase frac-
tions, we adopt the weakly compressible single-phase N–S equations,
instead of the two-phase N–S equations, to simulate the supercharging
process in the pipe flow.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Basic parameters and conditions
In our previous research,5,6 we observed a significant supercharg-
ing phenomenon in a water-filled pipe when a pulsating injection was
applied at the pipe inlet. We also confirmed that the pressurization
effect is most apparent at a certain pulsation frequency. The optimal
pulsation frequency is fop ¼ 0.25ka/Lx, where a is the wave speed and
Lx is the pipe length. This formula is suitable for sinusoidal and square
pulsating injection profiles.

TABLE II. Comparison of the maximum velocity for different gas fractions.

Gas fraction, ag Viscosity, lm (Pas) Density, qm (kg/m3) Re Theory umax (m/s) Present umax (m/s) Relative error (%)
–5
1.0 1.810  10 1.190 242.2 0.276 243 0.276 24 <0.01
0.1 9.018  10–4 900.12 73.79 0.005 544 0.005 544 <0.01
10–2 9.902  10–4 990.01 67.32 0.005 050 0.005 046 <0.1
10–4 9.999  10–4 999.90 66.67 0.005 001 0.005 000 <0.1
10–6 1.000  10–3 999.99 66.67 0.005 000 0.005 04 <1

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TABLE III. Computation parameters for the two-phase flow simulations.

Parameter Value Parameter Value

Lx (m) 10 ll (Pa s) 1.0  10–3

Ly (m) 0.1 lg (Pas) 1.81  10–5
f (Hz) 25 ql (kg/m3) 1000
T (K) 293 qg (kg/m3) 1.190
Nx 250 ag 0–0.1
Ny 100 dt (s) 10–8–10–6

FIG. 4. Comparison of velocity profiles for ag ¼ 10
4 and ag ¼ 10
6; the theoreti-
cal solution is the Poiseuille laminar solution at Re ¼ 66.67.
The present study focuses on the influence of the gas content on
the pulsating pressurization effect at the optimal pulsation frequency.
The gas content can be quantitatively described by the volume fraction
occupied by gas bubbles. Two pipe lengths are tested: Lx ¼ 10 and
Lx ¼ 250 m, with corresponding injection frequencies of 25 and 1 Hz,
respectively. We focus on sinusoidal pulsating injection and discuss
the influence of the gas-phase fraction on the supercharging process.
The detailed computation parameters are listed in Table III for case
Lx ¼ 10 m and f ¼ 25 Hz. The second case, Lx ¼ 250 m and f ¼ 1 Hz,
has the same parameters except the length and frequency.
B. Influence of gas-phase fraction on the pulsating
pressurization effect
Four initial gas fractions are tested: ag ¼ 10
1, ag ¼ 10
2,
ag ¼ 10
3, and ag ¼ 10
4. The inlet pressure and velocity boundary
conditions are given in Eq. (6). The average fluid pressure is
pav ¼ 105 Pa, and the pulsation amplitude is Ap ¼ 104 Pa. The injection
pulsation frequency is 25 Hz when the pipe length is 10 m. The right
end of the pipe is closed. In this section, the wall friction drag is
ignored because the length–diameter ratio of the pipe is not very large.
The initial volume fraction of the gas phase is preset in the numerical
simulations. The gas fraction injected at the pipe inlet is the same as
the initial gas fraction of the pipe fluid.
The results are shown in Fig. 6. The inlet pressure follows the
sine wave function represented by the red line, the period of which is
0.04 s. When the gas-phase fraction is ag ¼ 10
4, the inlet pressure dis-
turbance rapidly propagates to the right end point of the pipe. As
shown in Fig. 6(d), the end point fluid pressure begins to increase
from t ¼ 0.01 s, indicating that the propagation speed of the inlet dis-
turbance is 1000 m/s. Clearly, this propagation speed is in accord with
the assumed wave speed. If the wave speed in water is assumed to be
1000 m/s, the pipe length is 10 m, then the theoretical propagation
time is 0.01 s. The present numerical results at ag ¼ 10
4 are consistent
with this theory. The peak fluid pressure at the pipe end point
increases intermittently, indicating that there is a significant super-
charging process.
The results for a gas-bubble fraction of ag ¼ 10
3 are shown in
Fig. 6(c). The inlet pressure disturbance propagates to the right end
point of the pipe after approximately t ¼ 0.03 s. Obviously, the propa-
gation speed decreases with increasing gas-bubble content. The pres-
surization phenomenon is also observed, but the pressurization
strength is weaker than when ag ¼ 10
4.

FIG. 5. Fluid pressure distribution in the pipe for different gas fractions. Left: pressure curves extracted from the pipe center, y ¼ 0.01 m. The theoretical distribution of the fluid
pressure satisfies the linear relationship p ¼
0.1x þ 105. Right: two-dimensional distribution of pressure contours.

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 Physics of Fluids
FIG. 6. Pressure variation curves at the left inlet, midpoint, and right end point of the pipe. The horizontal ordinate is the time t and the vertical coordinate is the fluid pressure
p. The pipe length is 10 m. (a) ag ¼ 10
1, (b) ag ¼ 10
2, (c) ag ¼ 10
3, and (d) ag ¼ 10
4.
Further increasing the gas bubble fraction to ag ¼ 10
2 reduces
the propagation speed of the inlet pressure disturbance again, and the
end point pressure change is delayed until approximately t ¼ 0.1 s, as
shown in Fig. 6(b). Similarly, the pressurization phenomenon appears,
but the pressurization effect is not as strong as for ag ¼ 10
4.
When the gas-bubble fraction is ag ¼ 10
1, Fig. 6(a) shows that
the propagation speed of the inlet pressure disturbance decreases even
further and the end point pressure change does not occur until
t ¼ 0.28 s. The supercharging phenomenon is no longer apparent for
this case.
Figure 7 shows the evolutionary patterns of the two-phase fluid
pressure and gas-phase volume fraction when the initial gas fraction is
ag ¼ 10
1. There is a staggered distribution of high- and low-pressure
regions because of the sinusoidal pulsating injection profile. The void
fraction is larger in the low-pressure zone and smaller in the high-
region region, as validated by Fig. 8. These phenomena are consistent
with the gas theory of compression and expansion.
When decreasing the initial void fraction from ag ¼ 10
1 to
ag ¼ 10
4, Figs. 7 and 9 illustrate some remarkable changes that occur
in the evolutionary patterns of the two-phase fluid pressure and gas-
phase volume fraction. There is a significant supercharging process
while t < 0.1 s when the initial gas fraction is ag ¼ 10
4. In contrast,
Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273
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the pressurization is not apparent for the case of ag ¼ 10
1. At t ¼ 0.1
s, Fig. 10 demonstrates that the end point fluid pressure increases
remarkably with ag ¼ 10
4, reaching 0.24 MPa. However, Fig. 8 shows
that the end point fluid pressure is only 0.1 MPa when ag ¼ 10
1,
which indicates that the initial pressure does not change.
Our results show that the pressurization effect induced by pulsat-
ing injection gradually weakens as the gas-phase fraction increases.
The key reason is that the elastic waves in water are absorbed by the
gas bubbles, causing the compression and expansion of the water to
weaken. As a result, the pulsating pressurization effect disappears.
The pressurization process is closely related to the propagation of
elastic compression waves in water. Previous research has confirmed
that the propagation speed of the pressure disturbance decreases with
an increase in void fraction.21,25 The propagation speed of the pressure
disturbance is exhibited in Fig. 11. At ag ¼ 10
4, the propagation speed
is approximately 1000 m/s, which agrees with the theoretical wave
speed. At ag ¼ 10
3, the monitored propagation speed is 333 m/s. In
the case of ag ¼ 10
2, the monitored propagation speed decreases fur-
ther to 111 m/s. Finally, at ag ¼ 10
1, the monitored propagation
speed is just 36 m/s. The present monitored velocities are slightly
smaller than the experimental data given by Henry et al.21 The reason
is that the present initial fluid pressure is 0.1 MPa, which is lower than
35, 046111-7
 Physics of Fluids
the experimental pressure of 0.178 MPa.21,25 According to the work of
Henry et al., reducing the initial average pressure of the fluid would
decrease the propagation speed of the pressure disturbance.21,25
Therefore, the present monitored results are reasonable.
We now examine the supercharging phenomena in a 250 m-long
pipe at gas-phase volume fractions of ag ¼ 10
1, ag ¼ 10
2, ag ¼ 10
3,
and ag ¼ 10
4. Similar phenomena can be observed in Fig. 12. The
fluid pressure at the end point remains constant at 0.1 MPa over the
first 3 s when ag ¼ 10
1, indicating that there is no pressure magnifica-
tion, i.e., no supercharging effect. When the gas fraction decreases to
ag ¼ 10
2, the supercharging phenomenon appears, but the pressure
magnification is very limited, indicating that the pressurization effect
Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273
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FIG. 7. Evolutionary patterns of the two-
phase fluid pressure and gas-phase vol-
ume fraction when the initial gas fraction
is ag ¼ 10
1. (a) Fluid pressure contours.
(b) Void fraction contours.
is weak. When ag ¼ 10
3, the supercharging phenomenon becomes
clearer, and at ag ¼ 10
4, the supercharging phenomenon is very sig-
nificant. The peak fluid pressure intermittently increases at the pipe
midpoint and end point. These phenomena further confirm that
reducing the gas-phase fraction can remarkably enhance the pulsating
supercharging effect.
C. Influence of the pipe diameter
In real pipe flow, the fluid has viscosity, so viscous friction drag
exists on the pipe wall. In fact, the friction drag is related to the flow
Reynolds number and is, thus, controlled by the pipe diameter, pipe
35, 046111-8
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FIG. 8. Spatial distribution characteristics

of the two-phase fluid pressure and gas-
phase volume fraction alone the pipe axis
direction when the initial gas fraction is
ag ¼ 10
1 at t ¼ 0.1 s.

length, and flow rate. In this section, we focus on the pipe diameter For a small disturbance, the wave speed is equal to the sonic
and length and discuss their influence on the pulsating supercharging velocity. According to Laplace’s viewpoint,44 the propagation of a
process. In our recent research, we discussed the effect of the pipe small disturbance is an isentropic process, rather than an isother-
diameter in a single-phase water-filled pipe flow.6 It was revealed that mal process as proposed by Newton.44 The Laplace equation
the pulsating supercharging effect decreases slightly as the pipe diame- describing the wave speed is c2 ¼ dp/dq, which is correct for small-
ter is reduced. However, for two-phase flows containing bubbles, the disturbance problems. The wave speed in a fluid44,45 can also be
influence of the pipe diameter on the pulsating supercharging process written as
has not been clarified. sffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffi
Thus, we discuss the friction drag effect by considering different dp K
c¼ ¼ ; (11)
pipe length–diameter ratios. The slenderness ratio is a comprehensive dq q
indicator that reflects the influence of pipe length and diameter. In the
simulations, the slenderness ratio was varied from 10 to 2000, covering where K ¼ dp=ðdq=qÞ is the volume bulk modulus of the fluid and q
the common application scope in engineering. The viscosity and den- is the fluid density.
sity of the water and gas were the same as in the above cases. For two-phase fluids with a small gas fraction, the bubbles can be
Considering the pulsating phenomena, the initial gas-phase fraction assumed to be uniformly distributed in the water. From this viewpoint,
was set to ag ¼ 10
4. Partial results are shown in Figs. 13 and 14. we propose an equivalent model in which the two-phase fluid consists
The slenderness ratio clearly affects the pressurization process of a great number of basic elements. The basic element is also a two-
and the peak pressure of the fluid at the pipe end point. As the pipe phase fluid containing water and gas. In these elements, the gas-phase
slenderness ratio increases, the pressurization effect decreases. Taking fraction is ag and the liquid-phase fraction is 1
ag. For the gas–liquid
the third wave crest in Fig. 13 as an example, the peak pressure two-phase fluid, the wave speed is defined as
decreases from 0.2417 to 0.2244 MPa as the slenderness ratio increases sffiffiffiffiffiffi
Km
from 10 to 2000. More detailed variations are exhibited in Fig. 14. c¼ ; (12)
When the slenderness ratio is less than 100, wall friction drag effects qm
can be ignored. When the slenderness ratio is greater than 100, there is
where qm is the density of the mixed two-phase fluid and Km is the
an approximately linear decrease in the peak pressure with respect to
equivalent bulk modulus of the two-phase fluid. The mixed two-phase
increases in the slenderness ratio. However, the reduction in peak
density can be computed as the weighted density of the water and gas
pressure is very limited. Even for the largest slenderness ratio of 2000,
fractions, i.e.,
the peak pressure only decreases by 7.3%. Therefore, the influence of
the pipe slenderness ratio is very limited in the range of Lx/Ly < 2000. qm ¼ aw qw þ ag qg ; (13)

where qm is the average density weighted by the phase volume, which

D. Discussion also represents a mass-weighted average. The essential definition of
Based on the results presented above, the supercharging effect the bulk modulus is the ratio of stress to strain: K ¼ r/e ¼ p/(dL/L).
weakens as the gas-phase volume fraction increases. A further explana- The equivalent bulk modulus can be assessed by the unit force and
tion of the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is necessary. unit total deformation, namely,

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-9

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FIG. 9. Evolutionary patterns of the two-

phase fluid pressure and gas-phase vol-
ume fraction when the initial gas fraction
is ag ¼ 10
4: (a) fluid pressure contours
and (b) void fraction contours.

p p where Kg is the bulk modulus of the gas, which is Kg ¼ cp. This expres-
Km ¼ ¼  
dL=L aw ðdLw =Lw Þ þ ag dLg =Lg sion can be derived from the gas bulk modulus Kg ¼ dp/(dq/q).
Because the propagation process of the small disturbance is widely
p 1
¼ ¼ ; (14) believed to be isentropic, dp/dq ¼ cp/q. As a result, Kg ¼ dp/(dq/q)
aw p=Kw þ ag p=Kg aw =Kw þ ag =Kg ¼ cp, where c is the specific heat ratio of the gas (for air, c ¼ 1.4).

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-10

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FIG. 10. Spatial distribution characteris-

tics of the two-phase fluid pressure and
gas-phase volume fraction alone the pipe
axis direction when the initial gas fraction
is ag ¼ 10
4 at t ¼ 0.1 s.

The new wave speed model proposed in this paper is given by Eqs.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pressure, because the bulk modulus of the gas is far smaller than that
P P
(12)–(14). This model can also be written as c ¼ 1= ai qi ðai =Ei Þ, of the liquid. For a basic element, when the gas-phase fraction is not
where subscript i is the ith phase. fact, Nguyen et al.46 very small (for example, ag > 10
5), the influence of (aw/Kw) on the
.n In
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi equivalent bulk modulus can be neglected because (aw/Kw) (ag/Kg)
proposed a similar wave model c ¼ 1 aw ðaw =c2w Þþ½ag qw =ðqg c2g Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffio in Eq. (14). This conclusion is validated by Fig. 15(a), which shows
þ ag ðag =c2g Þþ½aw qg =ðqw c2w Þ ; we have confirmed that the present that (aw/Kw) is 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than (ag/Kg).
Therefore, Eq. (14) reduces to Km
Kg/ag. Clearly, the equivalent bulk
model is highly consistent with Nguyen’s model. However, Nguyen’s
modulus of the two-phase fluid is inversely proportional to the gas-
model is based on the principle of slug gas–liquid flow, which does not
phase fraction. Hence, for 10
5 < ag < 0.01, the equivalent bulk mod-
clearly reflect variations in the compressibility and density of the mixed
ulus Km decreases rapidly with increasing gas-phase fraction, as shown
fluid. In view of this, we discuss the wave propagation and supercharging
in Fig. 15(b), especially in the range 10
5 < ag < 10
3.
phenomenon based on our model of Eqs. (12)–(14).
Compared with the significant reduction in the equivalent bulk
For the gas–liquid two-phase fluid, the unit deformation of the
gas is far larger than the deformation of the liquid under the same modulus Km, the average density of the two-phase fluid only decreases
slightly, as shown in Fig. 15(b). Based on the definition of qm, the aver-
age density does not obviously change in the range 10
5 < ag < 0.01.
Ultimately, the sonic speed in the two-phase fluid reduces sharply
from 1470 to 100 m/s with a slight increase in the gas-phase fraction
from 0 to 0.01, as shown in Fig. 15(c).
This analysis reveals that the supercharging effect weakens with
the increasing gas-phase volume fraction. The essential reason is that
the equivalent bulk modulus Km decreases rapidly as the gas-phase
fraction increases. The pulsating pressure disturbance weakens due to
the existence of the gas phase. The weakening effect is more significant
when ag > 10
3, causing the pulsating supercharging effect to disap-
pear. The underlying mechanism for the weakening effect may be
attributed to the absorption and buffering of elastic waves by the gas-
phase medium.
Based on the above discussion, it is apparent that the pulsating
supercharging effect weakens remarkably as the gas-phase fraction
increases. To avoid this scenario, water should first be injected into the
pipe to enhance the fluid pressure and reduce the volume fraction of
gas bubbles. The injection should then stop until the gas content is suf-
ficiently low, i.e., ag < 10
4. Finally, pulsating injection can be applied
FIG. 11. Relationship between propagation speed of the pressure disturbance and
gas volume fraction. The experimental data21 and model data25 are based on to achieve the pulsating supercharging process.
pav ¼ 0.178 MPa. The present numerical data are based on pav ¼ 0.1 MPa. It is In the recent research,6,47 the single-phase water is focused dur-
assumed that the theoretical wave speed is 1000 m/s when ag ¼ 0. ing the pulsating pressurization process. The supercharging

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-11

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FIG. 12. Pressure variation curves at the

left inlet, midpoint, and right end point of
the pipe. The horizontal ordinate is the
time t and the vertical coordinate is the
fluid pressure p. The pipe length is 250 m:
(a) ag ¼ 10
1, (b) ag ¼ 10
2, (c)
ag ¼ 10
3, and (d) ag ¼ 10
4.

phenomenon is significant if the injection frequency is equal to the res- example, the pressurization effect provided by ag ¼ 0.01 is not as good
onance frequency of water column. To show the influence of gas as the one provided by the single-phase water. However, comparing
phase, we plot the pressure curves in Fig. 16. It is seen that the pressur- Figs. 6 and 16, it is found that trace gas (ag ¼ 10
4) provides a slightly
ization effect weakens with the increase in gas-phase fraction. For better pressurization effect than the single-phase water. Nevertheless,

FIG. 13. Pressure variation curves at the left inlet, midpoint, and right end point of FIG. 14. Influence of the pipe length–diameter ratio on the pulsating pressurization
the pipe. The horizontal ordinate is the time t and the vertical coordinate is the fluid effect at the pipe end point, where pe is the third peak pressure of the fluid at the
pressure p. The pipe length is 10 m: (a) ag ¼ 10
1, (b) ag ¼ 10
2, (c) ag ¼ 10
3, end point, pa is the average injection pressure of the fluid at the inlet, Lx is the pipe
and (d) ag ¼ 10
4. length, and Ly is the pipe diameter.

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FIG. 15. Influence of the gas-phase fraction on the equivalent bulk modulus and sonic speed. (a) Unit deformation of water and gas with respect to the gas-phase fraction. (b)
Equivalent bulk modulus and average density of the two-phase fluid. (c) Sonic speed in the two-phase fluid.

increasing the gas-phase fraction is adverse to the pressurization when
ag  0.001.
Although this paper has revealed the pulsating supercharging
regularity of two-phase flows, two important topics require further
research. One is the phase transformation that may occur in the later
stages of the pulsating supercharging process. Specifically near the low
peak pressure, the cavitation may occur. The second is the collapse of
the bubbles, which may also appear in the later stages of the pulsating
supercharging process. These two physical phenomena48,49 may affect
the later pulsating supercharging process and its effects. The present
study provides a comprehensive picture of the pulsating pressurization
process in two-phase fluids, and clarifies the influence of the initial
gas-bubble fraction on the supercharging process.
It is necessary to clarify the fluid physics of this work. In a pipe
filled with water, the water column can be regarded as an elastic body.
According to the theory of vibration mechanics, the resonance phenom-
enon of the elastic body will occur under a specific excitation condition,
which is that the excitation frequency is equal to the natural vibration
frequency of the elastic body. The water column is no exception. Our
research5,6 found that when the pumping pressurization frequency at
the inlet of the pipe is equal to the natural frequency of the water col-
umn, there is a significant pressurization phenomenon at the end of the
water column. The root cause behind this is the resonance phenomenon
of the water column, which is essentially consistent with the resonance
of other elastomers. The above is the fluid physics to explain the reso-
nance pressurization of single-phase water in this article.

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-13

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 Physics of Fluids
FIG. 16. Comparison of fluid pressure between the single-phase water and two-phase fluid: (a) the pressure curves at midpoint and (b) the pressure curves at end point.
For gas–water two-phase fluid, the physical mechanism can be
explained as follows. The gas–water two-phase fluid inside the pipe
can still be regarded as an elastic body if the gas-phase content is not
large, but the elastic modulus of the elastic body decreases sharply
with the increase in the gas phase content, resulting in a significant
weakening of the resonance effect at the excitation frequency. This is
the fundamental physical mechanism of pulsating pressurization phe-
nomenon for the gas–water two-phase fluid in a semi-closed pipe.
A more intuitive explanation is as follows. If there is only single-
phase water in the pipe without gas, the water column is like an elastic
beam as shown in Fig. 17, and the longitudinal (axial) excitation is
applied at one end, where the excitation frequency is equal to the natu-
ral frequency of the elastic beam. Then the elastic beam will have
forced vibration in the longitudinal direction, and the amplitude will
gradually increase, which explains why the single-phase water column
has a significant pulsating pressurization phenomenon. For the water
column containing gas, at this time, the water column is similar to a
number of short elastic bodies connected by the middle spring or
sponge body as shown in Fig. 17. The longitudinal excitation is applied
FIG. 17. Fluid physics meaning of pulsating pressurization in a semi-closed pipe
containing water and gas. The water column without gas is like an elastic beam.
The water column containing gas is like some beams connected by springs. The
axial resonance is limited by the spring.
Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273
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at one end. Even if the excitation frequency is equal to the natural fre-
quency of the elastic beam, the forced vibration of the elastic beam is
still not obvious, because the resonance phenomenon is greatly weak-
ened due to the presence of the spring. The existence of the gas-phase
is like the spring in between the short beams, which will inhibit the
effect of pulsating pressurization. The above discussions clearly show
the physical meaning of pulsating pressurization for the single-phase
and two-phase fluid.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we focused on pulsating two-phase flows and dis-
cussed the influence of the gas content on the pulsating pressurization
effect. Compared with single-phase pulsating pressurization, the two-
phase pulsating pressurization process has several unique properties.
Zhai et al.7 reported the pulsating pressurization of single-phase water
in a fissure. Hou et al.10 also discussed the pulsating pressurization
problem of single-phase water in a pipe. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first time that pulsating pressurization has been applied to
two-phase flows. The key innovation of this paper is that we extend
the pulsating pressurization study from single-phase to two-phase
flow. Distinctive physical phenomena were observed and a number of
important findings have been reported for the first time. These impor-
tant findings can be summarized as follows:
(1) For the pulsating pressurization of a two-phase flow, a new
mathematical expression (6) was proposed to describe the injec-
tion condition in terms of the pressure and velocity at the pipe
inlet. This new expression is different from the case of single-
phase shown in formula (2). This expression is suitable for
gas–liquid two-phase flows.
(2) The pulsating pressurization regularity of two-phase flows was
revealed. It is found that the pulsating pressurization effect
decreases as the increasing gas-phase fraction when ag  10
3.
Specifically, the pressurization effect is not obvious when
ag > 10
2. The main reason is that the pulsating compression
waves are absorbed by the gas phase. Because the previous
researches mainly focused on the single-phase water in the
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pulsating pressurization process, these phenomena and regular- @p @p @p @u @v
þ u þ v þ qa2 þ ¼ 0: (A1)
ity in two-phase fluid have not been reported in previous @t @x @y @x @y
researches.
(3) There is an extremely low gas-phase fraction at which the pressuri- At the inlet, a sine-shaped pulse is applied and the inlet pressure
zation effect is slightly better than the pure liquid-phase pressuriza- function is
tion. The main reason for this may be attributed to the gas–liquid p0 ¼ Ap sinð 2pf  t Þ þ pav : (A2)
interaction. The friction drag of the pipe wall has a certain influence
At the inlet, the normal velocity is ignored, and so the continuity
on the pulsating pressurization effect. As the pipe slenderness ratio
equation reduces to
increases, the pressurization effect weakens. However, the weaken-
ing effect is not significant when the pipe slenderness ratio is less @p @p @u
than 2000, where the maximum reduction is only 7.3%. þ u þ qa2 ¼ 0: (A3)
@t @x @x
(4) A new wave speed model is proposed. This model is given
in formula (12) In discrete form at the inlet boundary (i ¼ 0), this can be written as
P P and it can also be written as
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi follows:
c ¼ 1= ai qi ðai =Ei Þ where subscript i is the ith phase.
The present model is different from the previous model pro- @p0 p1
p0 u1
u0
posed by Nguyen et al.46 and Huang et al.25 The proposed þ u0 þ q0 a2 ¼ 0; (A4)
@t Dx Dx
model has a relatively simpler expression, which is theoretically
applicable to the multiphase fluid, not just two-phase fluid. where a forward difference is adopted to replace the pressure gradi-
(5) A suggestion was proposed for two-phase flow pressurization. ent and velocity gradient. This can be further written as
Our research results suggest that water should first be injected h i @p0
into the pipe to reduce the gas-phase fraction to ag < 10
4. q0 a2
ðp1
p0 Þ u0 ¼ q0 a2 u1 þ Dx : (A5)
@t
Pulsating injection can then be conducted to realize the super-
charging process. According to the pressure boundary shown in Eq. (A2), we then
obtain the pressure gradient at the inlet as
@p0 =@t ¼ 2pf  Ap cosð2pf  tÞ. Finally, the inlet velocity boundary
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS is obtained as follows:
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation a2 Dx2pfAp cosð 2pf  t Þ
of Jiangsu province of China (Grant No. BK20221123) and the u0 ¼ u1 þ : (A6)
a2
ðp1
p0 Þ=q0 q0 a2
ðp1
p0 Þ
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant
Nos. 2022QN1018 and 102522170). The research is also financially So far, for the sinusoidal pulse injection, we have derived the veloc-
supported by the State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe ity boundary for the single-phase weakly compressible N–S equa-
Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Grant No. tion, which is suitable for single-phase flows.
SKLCRSM22X003).
APPENDIX B: VELOCITY BOUNDARY OF TWO-PHASE
FLOW
AUTHOR DECLARATIONS
Conflict of Interest For two-dimensional two-phase compressible flows, the conti-
The authors have no conflicts to disclose. nuity of mass equation is given as follows:
@qm @ ðqm uÞ @ ðqm vÞ
Author Contributions þ þ ¼ 0: (B1)
@t @x @y
Heng Li: Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Formal anal-
ysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Software At the inlet, a sinusoidal pulse profile is applied and the inlet pres-
(equal); Validation (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). Bingxiang sure function is given by
Huang: Conceptualization (equal); Funding acquisition (equal); Project p0 ¼ Ap sinð 2pf  t Þ þ pav : (B2)
administration (equal); Resources (equal); Supervision (equal).
At the inlet, the normal velocity is ignored, so the continuity of
mass equation simplifies to
DATA AVAILABILITY @qm @ ðqm uÞ
þ ¼ 0: (B3)
The data that support the findings of this study are available @t @x
from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. This can be written in discrete form at the inlet boundary (i ¼ 0) as
@ ðal ql þ ag qg Þ qm1 u1
qm0 u0
APPENDIX A: VELOCITY BOUNDARY OF SINGLE- þ ¼ 0; (B4)
@t Dx
PHASE FLOW
where a forward difference is adopted to replace the gradient in the
For the two-dimensional single-phase weakly compressible convective term. Because al , ag , and ql are constant at the inlet, this
flow, the continuity of mass equation is given as follows: expression further reduces to

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-15

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8
@qg >
> ðqm Þi;j
ðqm Þi;j
> ðqm uÞiþ1
ðqm uÞi ðqm vÞjþ1
ðqm vÞj
tþDt t t t t t
Dxag þ qm1 u1
qm0 u0 ¼ 0: (B5) >
@t >
> ¼

;
>
> Dt Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1
>
>
According to the state equation qg ¼ p=ðRTÞ and the pressure >
>
>
> ðal ÞtþDt
i;j
ðal Þi;j ðal uÞtiþ1
ðal uÞti ðal vÞjþ1
ðal vÞj
t t t
boundary shown in Eq. (B2), we obtain the pressure gradient at the >
>
>
> ¼

þ Sm ;
inlet as @p0 =@t ¼ 2pf  Ap cosð2pf  tÞ. Finally, the inlet velocity >
> Dt Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1
>
>
boundary is obtained as follows: >
>
>
>

 >
> ðq u  ÞtþDt
ðqm uÞti;j ðqm uuÞiþ1
ðqm uuÞi
t t
qm1 Dxag > m i;j
> ¼

u0 ¼ u1 þ 2pfAp cosð 2pf  t Þ: <
(B6) Dt Dxiþ1
qm0 qm RT 0
>
> ðqm uvÞjþ1
ðqm uvÞj ptiþ1
pti
t t
>
>
For a sinusoidal pulse injection profile, we have derived the velocity >
>

þ Visx ;
>
> Dyjþ1 Dxiþ1
boundary based on the two-phase N–S equations. This is suitable >
>
>
>
for two-phase flows. >
>
> ðqm v Þi;j
ðqm vÞi;j
tþDt
> t
ðqm vuÞiþ1
ðqm vuÞi
t t
>
> ¼

>
> Dt Dxiþ1
APPENDIX C: MACCORMACK SCHEME OF GAS–LIQUID >
>
>
>
TWO-PHASE FLOW >
> ðqm vvÞjþ1
ðqm vvÞj ptjþ1
ptj
t t
>
>
>
>

þ Visy :
For the two-dimensional gas–liquid two-phase flow, the N–S : Dyjþ1 Dyjþ1
equation (3) given in Sec. II can be rewritten as follows:
8 (C3)
>
> @qm ¼
@ ðqm uÞ
@ ðqm vÞ ;
>
>
tþDt
From above discrete equations, the prediction variables ðqm Þi;j ,
>
> @t @x @y
>
>
>
> ðal ÞtþDt  tþDt
i;j , u i;j , and 
v tþDt are obtained. Then, the predicting gas-
>
> @a @ ða u Þ @ ða v Þ
i;j
>
>
l
¼

l


l
þ Sm ; phase fraction and pressure are obtained as follows:
< @t @x @y
(C1) 8
> @ ðqm uÞ @ ðqm uuÞ @ ðqm uvÞ @p >
> tþDt
> ðag Þi;j ¼ 1
ðal Þi;j ;
tþDt
>
>
>
> ¼


þ Vis ; >
>
> @t
> @x @y @x
x
>
>
>
> >
<  tþDt

ðal ÞtþDt
>
> ðqm Þi;j i;j ql
> @ ðqm vÞ
>
@ ðqm vuÞ @ ðqm vvÞ @p qg tþDt ¼ ; (C4)
: @t ¼
@x
@y
@y þ Visy ;
> >
> i;j tþDt
ðag Þi;j
>
>
>
>  tþDt  tþDt
>
>
where Visc and Visy are the viscous terms, which can be discretized : pg ¼ q
i;j
RT;
g i;j
by the second-order central difference scheme. For the gas–liquid
two-phase flow, the main idea of the MacCormack method is that, where subscript g represents the gas-phase, R is the gas constant,
after first predicting the density, pressure and velocity at time step and T is the temperature. The liquid-phase and gas-phase share the
t þ Dt, the corrected density, pressure, and velocity are solved at same pressure based on the mixed-phase model assumption. Hence,
time step t þ Dt, following which the procedure is repeated. The dif- the ðpg ÞtþDt also represents the predicting liquid-phase pressure
i;j
ferential equation can be written in the discrete form,
ðp ÞtþDt
i;j .
8
t
> q u t
q u t ðq vÞt
ðqm vÞtj The predicting derivative terms are given by Eq. (C5),
> @qm ¼
ð m Þiþ1 ð m Þi
m jþ1
>
> ;
>
> 8

> @t i;j
>
>
Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1 >
> @qm
tþDt
ðqm u  Þti
ðqm u  Þti
1 ðqm v Þj
ðqm v Þj
1
t t
>
>
t >
> ¼

;
> >
> @al ¼
ðal uÞiþ1
ðal uÞi
ðal vÞjþ1
ðal vÞj þS ;
t t
> t t
>
> @t i;j Dxi Dyj
>
> >
>
> @t
> Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1
m >
>

>
> i;j >
> @al tþDt  Þti
ðal u
t
 Þti
1 ðal v Þj
ðal v Þj
1
t
>
> >
> ðal u
>

> t > ¼

þ Sm ;
ðqm uuÞiþ1
ðqm uuÞi ðqm uvÞjþ1
ðqm uvÞj >
t t t t
>
> @qm u >
> @t i;j Dxi Dyj
>
< ¼

>
>
@t i;j Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1 >

> tþDt
(C2) >
> @qm u ðqm u u Þti
ðqm u  Þti
1 ðqm u
u  v Þtj
ðqm u
 v Þtj
1
> >
> ¼


>
> piþ1
pi
t t <
>
>
þVisx ; @t i;j Dxi Dyj
>
> Dxiþ1
>
> >
>  
>
>
t >
> ðp Þ
ðp Þi
1
t t
> >
i þ Visx ;
> ðqm vuÞiþ1
ðqm vuÞi ðqm vvÞjþ1
ðqm vvÞj >
t t t t
>
> @qm v >
> Dxi
>
> ¼

>
>
>
>
> @t i;j Dxiþ1 Dyjþ1 >
@q vtþDt
>
> ðqm v u  Þti
ðqm v u  Þti
1 ðqm v v Þj
ðqm v v Þj
1
t t
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
m
¼


>
> pt

p t
>
> @t i;j Dxi Dyj
>
:

jþ1 j
þVisy : >
>
Dyjþ1 >
>  
>
> ðp Þj
ðp Þj
1
t t
>
>
þ Visy :
: Dyj
The time derivative term is discretized into the difference form,
including the predicting variables, as follows: (C5)

Phys. Fluids 35, 046111 (2023); doi: 10.1063/5.0147273 35, 046111-16

Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
 Physics of Fluids ARTICLE scitation.org/journal/phf

Finally, the corrected density, liquid-phase fraction and velocity are
(rho(i,j þ 1)v(i,j þ 1)v(i,j þ 1)
rho(i,j)v(i,j)
obtained as follows: v(i,j))/dy(i,j þ 1)&
8 "
t
tþDt #
(p(i,j þ 1)
p(i,j))/dy(i,j þ 1)þDify(i,j)
>
> q tþDt ¼ q t þ Dt
>
>
@qm
þ
@qm
;
enddo;enddo
>
> ð m Þi;j ð m Þi;j do i ¼ 1,nx;do j ¼ 1,ny
>
> 2 @t i;j @t i;j
>
> " # afal1(i,j)¼afal(i,j)þdaldt(i,j)dt
>
>
t
tþDt
>
> Dt @al @al afag1(i,j)¼1.d0-afal1(i,j)
>
> tþDt
¼ t
þ þ ;
< ð l Þi;j
> a ð l Þi;j
a
2 @t i;j @t i;j rho1(i,j)¼rho(i,j)þdrdt(i,j)dt
"
t
tþDt # (C6) rhog1(i,j)¼(rho1(i,j)-rhol0afal1(i,j))/afag1(i,j)
>
>
>
> Dt @q u @q u p1(i,j)¼rhog1(i,j)RT
>
> ðqm uÞi;j ¼ ðqm uÞi;j þ
tþDt t m
þ m
;
>
> 2 @t i;j @t i;j u1(i,j)¼(rho(i,j)u(i,j)þdrudt(i,j)dt)/rho1(i,j)
>
>
>
> "
t
tþDt # v1(i,j)¼(rho(i,j)v(i,j)þdrvdt(i,j)dt)/rho1(i,j)
>
>
>
> Dt @qm v @qm v enddo;enddo
>
: ðqm vÞi;j ¼ ðqm vÞi;j þ 2
tþDt t
þ ;
@t i;j @t i;j call Boundary1
do i ¼ 1,nx;do j ¼ 1,ny
8
> drdt1(i,j)¼
(rho1(i,j)u1(i,j)
rho1(i
1,j)u1(i
1,j))/dx(i,j)&
> ðag Þi;j ¼ 1
ðal Þi;j ;
tþDt tþDt
>
>
>
(rho1(i,j)v1(i,j)
rho1(i,j
1)v1(i,j
1))/dy(i,j)
>
>
< ðqm Þi;j
ðal Þi;j ql
tþDt tþDt daldt1(i,j)¼
(afal1(i,j)u1(i,j)
afal1(i
1,j)u1(i
1,j))/dx(i,j)&
ðqg Þi;j ¼
tþDt
; (C7)
(afal1(i,j)v1(i,j)
afal1(i,j
1)v1(i,j
1))/dy(i,j)
>
> ðag ÞtþDt þSm(i,j)
>
> i;j
>
>
>
: ðpg ÞtþDt ¼ ðqg ÞtþDt RT: drudt1(i,j)¼
(rho1(i,j)u1(i,j)u1(i,j)
rho1(i
1,j)
i;j i;j u1(i
1,j)u1(i
1,j))/dx(i,j)&

(rho1(i,j)u1(i,j)v1(i,j)
rho1(i,j
1)u1(i,j
1)
The calculation process and steps are as follows:
v1(i,j
1))/dy(i,j)&
(1) Set initial value and boundary value.
(p1(i,j)
p1(i
1,j))/dx(i,j)þDifx(i,j)
(2) Calculate the derivative value of each parameter at time t drvdt1(i,j)¼
(rho1(i,j)v1(i,j)u1(i,j)
rho1(i
1,j)v1(i
1,j)
according to Eq. (C2). u1(i
1,j))/dx(i,j)&
(3) Calculate the predicted value of liquid phase according to Eq.
(rho1(i,j)v1(i,j)v1(i,j)
rho1(i,j
1)v1(i,j
1)
(C3). v1(i,j
1))/dy(i,j)&
(4) Calculate the predicted value of gas phase according to Eq.
(p1(i,j)
p1(i,j
1))/dy(i,j)þDify(i,j)
(C4). enddo;enddo
(5) Define the predicted value on the boundary. do i ¼ 1,nx;do j ¼ 1,ny
(6) Calculate the predicted derivative of each parameter at the drdt(i,j)¼0.5d0(drdt(i,j)þdrdt1(i,j))
time of t þ Dt according to Eq. (C5). daldt(i,j)¼0.5d0(daldt(i,j)þdaldt1(i,j))
(7) Calculate the corrected value of liquid phase at the time of drudt(i,j)¼0.5d0(drudt(i,j)þdrudt1(i,j))
t þ Dt according to Eq. (C6). drvdt(i,j)¼0.5d0(drvdt(i,j)þdrvdt1(i,j))
(8) Calculate the corrected value of gas phase at the time of t þ Dt enddo;enddo
according to Eq. (C7). ! Correction section
(9) Define the corrected values on the boundary. rho0 ¼ rho
(10) Repeat steps (2)–(9). above until the calculation termination rhog00 ¼ rhog
conditions are met. do i ¼ 1,nx;do j ¼ 1,ny
afal(i,j)¼afal(i,j)þdaldt(i,j)dt
Partial calculation codes developed by Fortran language are afag(i,j)¼1.d0-afal(i,j)
shown below for reference only rho(i,j)¼rho(i,j)þdrdt(i,j)dt
! Prediction section rhog(i,j)¼(rho(i,j)-rhol0afal(i,j))/afag(i,j)
do i ¼ 1,nx;do j ¼ 1,ny p(i,j)¼rhog(i,j)RT
drdt(i,j)¼
(rho(i þ 1,j)u(i þ 1,j)
rho(i,j)u(i,j))/dx(i þ 1,j)& u(i,j)¼(rho0(i,j)u(i,j)þdrudt(i,j)dt)/rho(i,j)

(rho(i,j þ 1)v(i,j þ 1)
rho(i,j)v(i,j))/dy(i,j þ 1) v(i,j)¼(rho0(i,j)v(i,j)þdrvdt(i,j)dt)/rho(i,j)
daldt(i,j)¼
(afal(i þ 1,j)u(i þ 1,j)
afal(i,j)u(i,j))/dx(i þ 1,j)& enddo;enddo

(afal(i,j þ 1)v(i,j þ 1)
afal(i,j)v(i,j))/dy(i,j þ 1) call Boundary
þSm(i,j) ……
drudt(i,j)¼
(rho(i þ 1,j)u(i þ 1,j)u(i þ 1,j)

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