01 Introduction of Signals and

Systems

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr Kismet Anak Hong Ping

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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SIGNALS

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 What is a signal?​

What are the applications of

signals in our life?​

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 Signals
How do ancient people
communicate over
long distances?

How do ants follow

the same trail?
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 Signals

Why do frilled dragons

exhibit their ruff?

Why do skunks emit

pungent smell?
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 Signals
• In nature, animals/ plant display signals to
alert other organisms, ranging to warn
predators or informing there are food nearby
• A form of communication
• In engineering, signals are typically provided
by a sensor, and often the original form of a
signal is converted to another form of energy
using a transducer.

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 Signals
x (t)
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)

𝑡𝑡t
Fig 1.1: An example of signal

A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys information.

A signal is a function of one or more independent variables

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 Signals

Engineering applications:
a) Multiarray LED display; b) Traffic lights

Medical applications:
ECG and MRI signals

Video and image processing 12

 Types of Signals
• Analog & Digital signals • Energy & Power
• Continuous Time & signals
Discrete Time signals • Real & Complex
• Even & Odd signals signals
• Periodic & Non-periodic • Exponential signal
signals • Complex exponential
• Deterministic & Random signal
signals • Sinusoidal signal

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 Continuous-Time vs Discrete-Time
signals
x (t)
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)

t𝑡𝑡

Continuous-Time signals Discrete-Time signals

• use t to denote • use n to denote
continuous variable, discrete variable,
enclosing it in enclosing it in
parentheses ( ) brackets [ ] 14
 Even vs Odd Signals
x(t)
Even signal
A signal x(t) or x[n] is
referred to as an even signal
if x(−t) = x(t), x[−n] = x[n] t

Even signals are symmetric x[n]

about the vertical axis or

time domain.

n
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 Even vs Odd Signals
x(t)
Odd signal
A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred
to as an odd signal if t

x(−t) = −x(t), x[−n] = −x[n]

x[n]
Odd signals are asymmetric
about the time origin.
n

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 Even vs Odd Signals
x(t) x[n] Even signal

t n x(t) = x(-t) for all t

x[n] = x[-n] for all n

x(t) x[n] Odd signal

t n -x(t) = x(-t) for all t

-x[n] = x[-n] for all n

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 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
Periodic signal x(t)
A continuous‐time signal x(t) is
said to be periodic with period T
if there is a positive nonzero t
value of T for which all x(t + T)
= x(t) T

x(t)
Non-periodic signal
Any continuous‐time signal
which is not periodic is called a
non-periodic (or aperiodic) t
signal.
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 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
Let say given a signal:
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥2 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is periodic if the ratio of time period of 𝑥𝑥1 to 𝑥𝑥2 is

a rational number
𝑇𝑇1 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑚𝑚
= = rational number
𝑇𝑇2 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑛𝑛

The fundamental period of 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) is:

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛1 = 𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇2
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 Example:
Determine if the following signal is periodic or
not. If it is, find the fundamental period.

(a) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = sin 4𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + cos 3𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

π
(b) x(t ) = cos 2t + sin t
2

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 Example:
(a) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = sin 4𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + cos 3𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

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 Example:
(a) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = sin 4𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + cos 3𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥1 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑡𝑡)
Solution: 𝑇𝑇1 and 𝑇𝑇2
1) Find the fundamental periods of 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑥𝑥2 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥1 𝑡𝑡 = sin 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 sin 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥2 𝑡𝑡 = cos 3𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔1 = 4𝜋𝜋 𝜔𝜔2 = 3𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
= 4𝜋𝜋 = 3𝜋𝜋
𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2
1 2
𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑇2 =
2 3

𝑇𝑇
2) Check whether 𝑇𝑇1 is a rational number or not.
2
1
𝑇𝑇1 2 3
= = 3
𝑇𝑇2 (2) 4 is a rational number so 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is a periodic signal 22
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3) If 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is periodic, find its fundamental period, T

𝑇𝑇1 3 𝑇𝑇1 3 𝑚𝑚
= = =
𝑇𝑇2 4 𝑇𝑇2 4 𝑛𝑛 So 𝑚𝑚 = 3, 𝑛𝑛 = 4

Fundamental period, 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇2

1 2
𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇1 = 4 = 2s Or 𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇2 = 3 = 2s
2 3
 Example:
π
(b) x(t ) = cos 2t + sin t
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 Example:
π
(b) x(t ) = cos 2t + sin t
2
𝑥𝑥1 (𝑡𝑡)
𝑥𝑥2 (𝑡𝑡)
Solution:
1) Find the fundamental periods of 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑥𝑥2 𝑡𝑡
cos 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥1 𝑡𝑡 = cos 2𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥2 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡
𝜋𝜋 2
𝜔𝜔1 = 2 𝜔𝜔2 =
2𝜋𝜋 2
=2 2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑇𝑇1 =
𝑇𝑇2 2
𝑇𝑇1 = 𝜋𝜋
𝑇𝑇2 = 4
𝑇𝑇
2) Check whether 𝑇𝑇1 is a rational number or not.
2
𝑇𝑇1 𝜋𝜋
=
𝑇𝑇2 4 𝜋𝜋
is an irrational number so 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is a non-periodic signal 25
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 Exercise 1
1. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2

2. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡

3. 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛

4. 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = cos 2𝑛𝑛
5. 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑛𝑛
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Dateline: 27 March 2023
Thank You

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