01 Introduction of Signal and

Systems

Revisit/Recall…

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 Transformations of variables
RECAP:
Can we change signals?

How do we change them?

What will happen to the signals?

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 Transformations of variables
RECAP:
Modifications on the independent variables will transform
signals, leading to :
Shift
Reflection
Scaling
Original signal

x (t)

Shifted Reflected Scaled

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 Example 3a
A continuous time signal 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) is shown in
figure below:
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)

𝑡𝑡
-2 -1 0 1 2

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 Example 3a
Sketch and label the following signals:
(i) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢(1 – 𝑡𝑡)

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 Example 3a - Solution
Sketch and label the following signals:
(i) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢 1 – 𝑡𝑡

Answer:

1 t < 1
u (1 − t ) = 
0 t > 1
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 Example 3a
Sketch and label the following signals:
(ii) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) [𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) – 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 – 1)]

1 0 < t ≤ 1
u (t ) − u (t − 1) = 
0 otherwise

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 Example 3a - Solution
Sketch and label the following signals:
(ii) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) [𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) – 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 – 1)]

Answer:

1 0 < t ≤ 1
u (t ) − u (t − 1) = 
0 otherwise

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 Example 3a
Sketch and label the following signals:
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(iii) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 − )
2

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 Example 3a - Solution
Sketch and label the following signals:
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(iii) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 − )
2

Answer:

x(t )δ (t − 3 / 2) = 2δ (t − 3 / 2)

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 Example 3b
A continuous time signal is shown below:
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
x(t)
2

1
t𝑡𝑡
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Sketch and label the following:

x(t ) [u (t ) − u (t − 1)]
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 Example 3b - Solution
Thus x(t ) [u (t ) − u (t − 1)]

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 1
x(t)
2

𝑡𝑡 t

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
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 Exercise 3.1
x(t)

1
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Sketch and label the following signals for 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) signal above:
i. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
ii. 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 1 − 2𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
iii. 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 3)
iv. 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 3)
v. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 2𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 −𝑡𝑡
vi. −𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(2 − 𝑡𝑡)
vii. −𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 1 + 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 3
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 Exercise 3.2

Sketch and label the following signals for 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) signal above:
i. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
ii. 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 1 − 2𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
iii. 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 3)
iv. 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 2𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 −𝑡𝑡
v. −𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(2 − 𝑡𝑡)
vi. −𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 1 + 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 3
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 Quiz 3a
Sketch and label 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)[2𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 3)] for a
continuous signal shown below:

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)

𝑡𝑡

-1

-2
Submit in eleap before ……. 15
 Quiz 3b
Sketch and label 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)[ 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 2 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)] for
a continuous signal shown below:

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)

𝑡𝑡

-1

-2
Submit in eleap before ….. 16
SYSTEMS

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What is a system?

Input system Output

signals signals

A system is a process which manipulates one or

more variables as inputs to accomplish a function,
resulting in new signals as outputs.

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Examples of systems?

Digestive system Respiratory system Computer system

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Car/ transportation system
Continuous & Discrete Time systems
Continuous Time System:
- when inputs and outputs are 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡), 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)
CT
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)
system

Discrete Time system:

- when inputs and outputs are 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛], 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

DT
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
system
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 System Representations

𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
System System
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦2

(a) Single input single (b) multiple input

output system multiple output
system

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Feedback systems
In a feedback system, a portion of output
signal is fed back and added to the input
signal.

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

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Interconnection of systems
PARALLEL

T1

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

T2

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Interconnection of systems

SERIES / CASCADE

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] T1 T2 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

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Interconnection of systems

FEEDBACK

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + T1 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

T2

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 Example 4
Find the input output relation of the feedback
system shown in Fig.4

+
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
Ʃ Unit
delay
-

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 Solution

Input to the unit delay = 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] – 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

Thus the output 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛] = 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 1] – 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

Rearranging, 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

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 Example 5
Write the input output relationship for Fig.5

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
Ʃ
+

a
Unit
delay

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 Solution
Write the input output relationship for Fig.5

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎[𝑛𝑛 − 1] 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]

Ʃ
+ 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

a
Unit
delay
𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

The output: 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

Rearrange equation: 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎[𝑛𝑛 − 1] = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 29
 Example 6
Write the input output relationship for Fig.6

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
Ʃ Ʃ
+ +
Unit
delay
2 3

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 Example 6
Write the input output relationship for Fig.6

+ 𝑞𝑞[𝑛𝑛]
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] + 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
Ʃ Ʃ
+ +
Unit
delay
2 3

𝑞𝑞[𝑛𝑛 − 1]

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Solution
 Solution
𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 = 2𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 … . (1)
𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 + 3𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 − 1 … . (2)

From (2) 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 – 3𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 − 1 … (3)

Let 3 = 1 , we have
1
𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 − 1 = 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) … . . (4)
5
Let 5 = 4 , we have
Substitute (4) in (2) 1 2 3
𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) = 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
5 5 5
1
𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 + 3 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) Rearrange:
5
2 3
𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 1 2 1 3
5 5 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
5 5 5 5
Substitute 𝑛𝑛 to 𝑛𝑛 − 1
2 3 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 2𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 3𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 − 1 = 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1 … (5)
5 5
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 Exercise 4.1
Write the input-output relationship for below:

Submit in eleap before …… 34

 Exercise 4.2
Write the input-output relationship for below:

Submit in eleap before …… 35

 Exercise 4.3
Write the input-output relationship for below:

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 Quiz 4a
Write the input output relationship for below:
Unit
2
delay
-
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑦𝑦[𝑛𝑛]
2
+ Ʃ
+

Submit in eleap before …… 37

 Quiz 4b
Write the input output relationship for below:

Submit in eleap before …… 38

Thank You

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