READINGS IN PHIL.

HISTORY AND RIZAL LECTURE HANDOUT 2023

Compiled by:
JONATHAN T. ESTOQUIA, LPT
National Lecturer, CBRC

History is the study and documentation of the past. Events before the invention of writing systems
are considered prehistory. Historians seek knowledge of the past using primary and secondary
sources.

• PRIMARY - documents or other items that provide first-hand, eyewitness accounts of

events. Ex: diary, letters, government documents, pictures, newspaper articles
• SECONDARY - the interpretation, analysis, or commentary about a primary source written
at a time way beyond the event. Ex: books, journal articles

PERIODS IN HISTORY

I. Prehistoric Period - A period when there were no written records of man’s progress.

Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2.5M - 8000BC)

• Greatest achievement: the discovery of fire
• Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Neanderthal Man, and Cro-Magnon Man

Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000BC - 3000BC)

• Period started after the disappearance of the Cro-Magnon Man.
• Greatest achievement – the making of dugouts (the world’s first boats)
• Domestication of animals

Metal Age (4000BC – 1500BC)

• Copper was discovered near Mt. Sinai
• Tin was later discovered.
• By mixing copper and tin, bronze was produced.
• Iron was first used by the Hittites.

II. Historic Period - Man’s progress was recorded.

The Invention of Writing

• Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia invented in 3500 BC the earliest writing called
cuneiform, cuneus “wedge” and forma “form”.
• The first alphabet was invented by the Phoenicians which consisted of 22 letters (all
consonants).
• Later the Greeks improved it by adding vowels.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Prehistory

• 2018 excavations in Kalinga province of northern Luzon - Uncovered 57 stone tools

and 400+ bones of animals. The biggest find was a 75% complete skeleton of a
 rhinoceros. The skeleton indicated evidence of cut marks made by early humans 709,000
yrs. Ago
• Homo luzonensis (“Callao Man”) - Discovered in Callao Cave, Cagayan (2007). It is the
earliest known human remains (metatarsal and teeth) in the Philippines - 67,000 yrs. Old
• Tabon Man (Palawan, 1962) - 22,000 yrs. old, fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone
• Angono Petroglyphs (Rizal) - The oldest known work of art in the Philippines. Human and
animal figures engraved on the rockwall carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000
BC.
• By about 30,000 BC, the Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the
Philippines has not been reliably dated. They were followed by the Indonesians and
Malays, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 BC.

Historical names of the Philippines

• Ma-i (“country of the Blacks”)

• Las Islas de San Lazaru (St. Lazaru’s Islands)
• Las Islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands belonging to Philip)
• Filipinas (Philippines)

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

• Kingdom of Tondo - led by kings under the title “Lakan” which belongs to the caste of
the Maharlika. They were called Hidalgos by the Spaniards.
• Wangdom of Pangasinan - a sovereign Prehispanic Philippine state, notable for having
traded with the Kingdom of Ryukyu, Japan. It was locally known as the Luyag na Kaboloan
which existed in the fertile Agno River valley.
• The Kedatuan of Madja-as - several exiled datus led by Datu Puti led a mass migration
to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of
Borneo. Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from a Negrito
chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of states and named it the Kedatuan
of Madja-as centered in Aklan.
• The Rajahnate of Cebu - The Rajahnate of Cebu was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise
known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty. He was sent by
the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms,
but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead.
• The Rajahnate of Butuan – founded by Rajah Sri Bata Shaja. Evidence of the existence
of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan Silver Paleograph.
• In 1380, Makhdum Karim, an Arab trader and missionary born in Johor (Malaysia)
brought Islam to the Archipelago.
• The Sultanate of Sulu – 1st Sultanate in the Philippines founded by Abu Bakr
• The Sultanate of Maguindanao - The Sultanate of Maguindanao rose to prominence at
the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam
in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun Princess
from Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao.
• The Sultanate of Lanao - The Sultanates of Lanao were founded in the 16th century
through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuwan, who was enthroned as the first Sultan of
Maguindanao in 1520.
SPANISH EXPEDITIONS AND COLONIZATION

• The earliest documented European expedition to the Philippines was that led by
Ferdinand Magellan, in the service of the king of Spain. The expedition first sighted the
mountains of Samar at dawn on the 16th of March 1521, making landfall the following day
at the small, uninhabited island of Homonhon at the mouth of the Leyte Gulf.
• On Easter Sunday, 31 March 1521, at Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte, Magellan
solemnly planted a cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the sea and claimed for the
king of Spain possession of the islands he had seen, naming them Las Islas de San
Lazaru.
• The first Christian mass - officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama on 31 March 1521 at
Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte.
• Magellan then went to Cebu to meet Humabon, the Rajah of Cebu and converted him to
the Catholic faith.
• An order had been issued to the nearby chiefs that each of them was to provide food
supplies for Magellan and his men and convert to Christianity.
• Most chiefs obeyed the order. However, Datu Lapu-Lapu, one of the two chiefs on the
island of Mactan, was the only chieftain to show his opposition.
• On 27 April 1521, Magellan invaded Mactan Island with 60 armed men and 1,000
Cebuano warriors. Lapu-Lapu had an army of 1,500 on land. Magellan waded ashore with
his soldiers and attacked the Mactan defenders.
• Magellan seriously underestimated Lapu-Lapu and his men, and grossly outnumbered,
Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were killed. (April 27, 1521)
• After Magellan's death, Elcano took command of the expedition and continued the journey
across the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope, north along the Atlantic Ocean,
and back to Spain in 1522. Elcano and a small group of 18 men were the only members
of the expedition to make the full circumnavigation.

OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

• Loaísa Expedition (1525) - Garcia Jofre de Loaísa

• Cabot Expedition (1526) - Sebastian Cabot
• Saavedra Expedition (1527) - Alvaro de Saavedra
• Villalobos Expedition (1542) - Ruy López de Villalobos
• Legazpi Expedition (1565) - Miguel López de Legazpi

Why was the Philippines easily conquered?

• The natives lacked unity and a centralized form of government.

• Each barangay existed independently with one another, and the powers that each Datu
enjoyed were confined only to his own barangay. No higher institution united the
barangays, and the Spaniards took advantage of this situation.
• Spaniards used the barangays that were friendly to them to subdue the barangays that
were not.

Political changes

• Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were rewards given by the
Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country. Encomenderos were empowered
to collect taxes, protect, and convert natives to Catholicism.
 • Due to abuses perpetrated by encomenderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced
by a system of provincial governments:
1. Provinces are called Alcaldia headed by Alcalde Mayor for pacified areas and
Corregimentos headed by Corregidors for unpacified areas.
2. Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two Alcalde.
3. The towns are called Pueblos headed by a Gobernadorcillo.
4. Barangays were retained and headed by a Cabeza de Barangay.

NOTABLE SPANISH GOVERNOR GENERALS OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - 1st governor general

• Narciso Clavería - responsible for the use of Spanish surname by the Filipinos
• Jose Basco - implemented the Tobacco Monopoly
• Carlos Maria de la Torre - most loved governor-general in the Philippines because of the
reforms he implemented
• Rafael del Izquierdo – executed GOMBURZA
• Eulogio Despujol - responsible for Rizal’s exile in Dapitan
• Ramón Blanco - gave Rizal (while in exile) permission to serve in Cuba as a volunteer
doctor to minister to victims of yellow fever
• Camilo de Polavieja - approved the execution of Rizal
• Diego de Los Rios - last Spanish governor general

Economic Policies (Spanish Occupation)

• Mostly characterized by a monopoly that favored and benefited the Spaniards.

• Taxation - started as a tribute of 1 peso (Spanish reales). This was abolished in 1884 and
personal cedula, a poll tax based on income, was instituted for residents 18 years of age
and above. Taxes were excessive and most of which went into the pockets of officials.
• Forced Labor - males from 16 to 66 years were required to render service to the
government for 40 days supposedly with daily allowances and meager food ration.
• Galeon Trade or Manila-Acapulco Trade - Doctrine of Mercantilism (monopoly of goods
from colonies) was imposed by Spain. The Philippines traded with Acapulco, Mexico in
the 16th century, and goods were shipped by Spanish galleons. Tobacco was in great
demand in Europe.
• Tobacco Monopoly - The 1782 economic program of Spanish Governor-General Jose
V. Basco that lasted for 100 years. Tobacco production in the Philippines was under the
total control of the government. La Union, Ilocos, Abra, Cagayan Valley, and Nueva Ecija
became centers for planting, growing, harvesting, and processing tobacco. As the tobacco
monopoly fueled further unrest, Spain finally abolished it on 3 Dec 1882.
• Del Superior Govierno – the first Philippine newspaper established in 1811 to 1832.
• Doctrina Christiana – first published book in the Philippines (1593)
• VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA TAGALA - 1st tagalog dictionary (1613)
• DIARIONG TAGALOG – 1st bilingual newspaper

Religious Influence

• Christian religion was introduced replacing the paganist anito worship. Friars were
responsible for spreading the religion such as Augustinians (1565), Franciscans (1578),
Jesuits (1581), Dominicans (1587), and Recollects (1606).
 • Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders found the first school and colleges.
The University of Sto. Tomas was the first university founded in 1611.

Growth of Filipino Nationalism

Nationalism developed due to the following factors:

1. Opening the Philippines to world trade

2. Rise of the middle class
3. Racial prejudice
4. Cavite mutiny
5. Execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA)

The campaign for reforms started with the formation of the Propaganda Movement. Foremost
among them were Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Jose Rizal.

Propaganda Movement aims:

1. The Philippines be made a province of Spain

2. Representation in the Cortes
3. Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars (secularization)
4. Freedom of assembly and speech
5. Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

• The movement failed to attain the reforms it demanded. José Rizal, the most celebrated
intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (published
in Berlin,1887), and El filibusterismo (published in Ghent,1891), which greatly inspired
the movement for independence.
• Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan (Kataastaasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng Mga Anak ng Bayan) on July 7, 1892, on a radial platform: to secure independence
and freedom of the Philippines by force.
• The society remained secret until Teodoro Patiño exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil
on August 19, 1896. On August 23, 1896, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting
– “Long-Lived the Philippines” thus making the so-called “Cry of Pugad Lawin”.

Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK Leaders

Dr. Jose Rizal Dimasalang, Laong Laan

Marcelo del Pilar Plaridel, Dolores Manapat
Graciano Lopez-Jaena Diego Laura
Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako
Antonio Luna Taga-ilog
Jose Maria Panganiban Jomapa
Emilio Jacinto Dimasilaw, Pingkian
Andres Bonifacio Agapito Bagumbayan, May pag-asa
Pio Valenzuela Madlang-away
Apolinario Mabini Bini, Paralitico
Juan Luna Buan
Emilio Aguinaldo Magdalo
 • The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez (a
relative of Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
• March 22, 1897 - The Tejeros Convention. The Magdalo faction under Aguinaldo and
Magdiwang under Mariano Alvarez agreed to convene in Tejeros (now part of Gen. Trias)
to settle their differences and to establish a new government that would replace the
Katipunan.
• May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were executed after being
found guilty of treason and sedition by a military court.
• November 1, 1897 – The Biak-na-Bato Constitution was signed. It was prepared by
Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost word for word the Cuban
constitution. It has effectively established the Biak-na-Bato Republic under Emilio
Aguinaldo as the President.
• December 15, 1897 - Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial
Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio
Aguinaldo was signed.
• The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender. Other
revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the
Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into
exile in Hong Kong.

SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR

April 25, 1898 – The USS Maine, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the
safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor.
This event caused the Spanish–American War.

May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval squadron into Manila Bay in the Philippines and
destroyed the anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning engagement that cost only seven
American seamen wounded. Manila itself was occupied by U.S. troops by August.

The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against
the Spanish colonial government. Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer told him that
“The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies.” E. Spencer Pratt, U.S.
Consul, assured him “That the United States would at least recognize the independence of
the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy.” Aguinaldo arrived on May
19, 1898, via transport provided by Dewey.

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

• June 12, 1898 - Between 4 and 5 in the afternoon, Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge
crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the
First Philippine Republic. The Philippine National Flag made in Hongkong by Marcela
Agoncillo was officially hoisted for the first time and Marcha Nacional Filipina composed
by Julian Felipe was played by the San Francisco de Malabon Band.
• December 10, 1898 - The Spanish-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of
Paris. It established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the
United States, and allowed the victorious power to purchase the Philippine Islands from
Spain for $20 million.
Military Government (1898 – 1901) – US Occupation

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–
American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine
government was exercised by the military governor.
• Wesley Merritt (Aug 14 – 30, 1898)
• Elwell S. Otis (Aug 30, 1898 – May 5, 1900)
• Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (May 5, 1900 – Jul 4, 1901)
• Adna Chaffee (Jul 4, 1901 – Jul 4, 1902)

Philippine–American War (1899 – 1902)

• Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined
in a common struggle against Spain.
• However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino
insurgents.
• Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a
statement of support for Philippine independence.
• Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans
were on the islands to stay.

On February 4, 1899, an American soldier, Private William Grayson, shot a Filipino soldier at
the corner of Sociego-Silencio Sts. in Sta. Mesa, Manila. This marked the beginning of the
Philippine-American War, which lasted for three years.

Civil Government (1901–1935) – US Occupation

• The Philippine Organic Act was the basic law for the Insular Government, so-called
because civil administration was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs.
This government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual
independence.

Commonwealth – US Occupation

• Enacted 24 on Mar 1934, the Tydings–McDuffie Act (Sen. Millard Tydings, John
McDuffie) provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a
transition to full independence after a ten-year period.
• The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935.
The Tydings–McDuffie Act meant that the date of full independence for the Philippines
was set for July 4, 1946.

WWII AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION

• On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii.
• Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga on the morning of
December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. This is the date of
the World War II outbreak in the Philippines.
• On January 2, 1942, Gen. MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an open city to
prevent its destruction. He then left the archipelago with a promise: “I shall return”. Pres.
Quezon and Vice-Pres. Osmeña also left with him.
 • Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942, and
Corregidor on May 6.
• 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the
infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 112 kilometers to the north. About 10,000
Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination.
• Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground guerilla
activity. One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the
Hukbalahap, led by Luis Taruc.
• Japan finally surrendered after Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
were destroyed by atomic bombs.

Constitution – a body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the power of sovereignty is
habitually exercised.

Functions:

• To prescribe the permanent framework of the system of government assigned to the

different departments their respective powers and duties and established certain fixed first
principles on which the government is founded.
• To promote public welfare, which involves the safety, prosperity, health, and happiness of
the people.

EVOLUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

• 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato - established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

• 1899 Malolos Constitution – the 1st republic and the 1st republican constitution in Asia.
• Philippine Organic Act of 1902 – enacted by the US Congress.
• Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 – “Jones Law”
• Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) - Commonwealth
• 1935 Constitution – Commonwealth.
• 1943 Constitution - 2nd Republic, “Puppet Republic”.
• 1935 Constitution (1946-1972) – 3rd Republic
• 1973 Constitution – 4th Republic, modified parliamentary-style government, “the new
republic”
• 1986 Freedom Constitution – provisional constitution.
• 1987 Constitution – 5th Republic

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION - STRUCTURE

Preamble (“preambulare” ‘to walk before’)

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and
our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

• Article I – National Territory

• Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies
 • Article III – Bill of Rights
• Article IV – Citizenship
• Article V – Suffrage
• Article VI – Legislative Department
• Article VII – Executive Department
• Article VIII – Judicial Department
• Article IX – Constitutional Commissions
• Article X – Local Government
• Article XI – Accountability of Public Officers
• Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
• Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
• Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
• Article XV – The Family
• Article XVI – General Provisions
• Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
• Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions

How do we change the constitution?

• By CONGRESS – Senators and congressmen will write
• By CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION – Selected Filipinos will write
• By Peoples Initiative – Filipinos will write

What is a State?

A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of

territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render
obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control.

Elements of a State

(1) PEOPLE - inhabitants living within the state

(2) TERRITORY - the established *area that rightly belongs to the people of the state.
(3) GOVERNMENT - group of people or institutions which run and rule the society.
(4) FREEDOM - implies that the state is independent from external interference

Powers of a State

(1) Police Power - to *regulate individual’s rights and property for the general welfare.
(2) Power of Expropriation - to take possession of a private property for public purposes
and after payment of just compensation.
(3) Power of Taxation - to enforce proportionate contributions from the people for support
of all government programs and services
THE LIFE & WORKS OF RIZAL

Some facts about Rizal

• There were three animals named after Rizal: Apogonia Rizali (beetle), Draco Rizali
(flying dragon), Rachophorous Rizali (toad)
• The Rizal monument in Luneta was not made by a Filipino artist. The design was the
work of Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling.
• Rizal was already a terrific sculptor even at a very young age.
• “Mi Retiro”, the name of his place in Dapitan, was inspired by his favorite park in Spain,
the Parque del Buen Retiro.
• According to Faustino “Tinong” Alfon, Rizal’s former cook in Dapitan, his favorite fruits
were lanzones and mangoes. On the other hand, Rizal’s breakfast was usually
comprised of hot chocolate, rice, and sardinas secas (tuyo).
• Rizal was exceptional and prolific in a wide range of subjects –except music. This is
because he already realized early in life that his singing “sounded like the braying of an
ass.”
• Vital statistics: Rizal was about five feet three inches tall and had a waistline of
about 25″ to 26.”
• Rizal had a third, unfinished novel. Known among historians as “Makamisa,” this
unfinished work was started by Rizal in Hongkong in 1892.
• Not all of Rizal’s skeletal remains were buried under the monument in Luneta. A
vertebra where Rizal was allegedly hit by the bullet was claimed by his family and is now
displayed at the Rizal Shrine, Fort Santiago.
• Jose Rizal’s last words: “Consummatum Est!” (It is finished!) were Rizal’s last words
during his execution by firing squad in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.

RA 1425 (Rizal Law)

• Claro M. Recto “The Great Dissenter” - Main proponent of the bill

• Jose P. Laurel - Co-author
• The bill was met with protests by the Catholic Church. CBCP argued that “Rizal violated
Canon Law 1399.”
• Canon Law 1399: forbids or bans books that attack or ridicule the catholic doctrine and
practices.
• Bill was signed into law on 12 June 1956. Signed by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay

Purposes of Studying Rizal

• Re-dedicate ourselves to the ideals of freedom and nationalism
• To develop moral character
• To develop personal discipline
• To develop civic conscience
• To teach the duties of citizenship

Complete name: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda

Born: 19 Jun 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
• The name “Jose” was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of St. Joseph
 • Jose’s family acquired a second surname – Rizal – which was given by a Spanish alcalde
mayor of Laguna, who was a family friend.
• “Ricial” in Spanish means: a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again.

Family members:
Father’s name: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado Y Alejandra II

▪ Born as the youngest of 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado

on May 18, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. He was from the fourth generation of
Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lamco.
▪ School attended: Colegio de San Jose in Manila.
▪ Degree: Philosophy and Latin
▪ He was elected in Calamba as Cabeza De Barangay

Mother’s name: Teodora Alonso Realonda Y Quintos

▪ Born as the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brigida De quintos on

November 9, 1827 in Manila.
▪ School attended: College of Sta. Rosa
▪ Rizal described her as “a woman of higher culture”
▪ She was married to Don Francisco on June 28, 1848.

Siblings of Jose Rizal:

▪ Saturnina “Neneng”
▪ Oldest of the siblings
▪ Attended La Concordia College in Manila
▪ Married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanuan Batangas
▪ In 1909, she published Pascual Poblete’s Tagalog translation of
Noli Me Tangere.
▪ She died on 1913, at the age of 63.
▪ Paciano “Ciano”
▪ Only brother
▪ Jose referred to him as “Uto”
▪ Attended Collegio de San Jose in Manila
▪ He sent a monthly allowance of 50 pesos to Jose Rizal
▪ He became a Military Commander of Katipunan.
▪ He married Severina Decena and they had 2 children.
▪ He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 79
▪ Narcisa “Sisa”
▪ She supported her Brother Jose’s studies abroad.
▪ She could narrate all of the poems of Jose Rizal
▪ Married to Antonio Lopez, a teacher and musician.
 ▪ She relentlessly searched for the grave of Rizal in Paco Cemetry
and after 2 days she found it and marked the grave with the initials
R.P.J.

▪ Olimpia “Ypia”
▪ Married to Silvestro Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila.
▪ Jose loved to tease her; he described Ypia as stout sister.
▪ Attended La Concordia College.
▪ She was the schoolmate of Jose’s first love, Segunda Katigbak.
▪ Lucia “Lucia”
▪ Married to Mariano Herbosa and they had five children.
▪ Mariano died in 1889 Cholera Epidemic, but he was denied a
Christian burial. This was due to the fact that he was Jose Rizal’s
brother-in-law.
▪ In response Jose Rizal wrote the Una Profanacion.
▪ She passed away in 1919.
▪ Maria “Biang”
▪ Married Daniel Faustino Cruz and they had 5 children
▪ One of Maria’s children, Mauricio Cruz, became one of the students
of Rizal in Dapitan.
▪ She was the recipient of many of Rizal’s letters.
▪ Maria passed away in 1945.
▪ Jose “Pepe”
▪ The seventh child of Don Kiko and Doña Lolay.
▪ Known on his pen name Laonglaan, Dimasalang at Agno
▪ Married to Josephine Bracken and had 1 child.
▪ Died on December 30, 1898, at the age of 35
▪ Pepe derived from Saint Joseph P.P. (pater putativus in latin) ‘P’ is
pronounced ‘peh’ in Spanish. That’s why Jose was called as Pepe.
▪ Concepcion “Concha”
▪ Died at the age of three (3)
▪ Cause of death: sickness
▪ Rizal’s first sorrow
▪ Jose played with her and from her he learned the sweetness of a
sisterly love.
▪ Josefa “Panggoy”
▪ She suffered in epilepsy
▪ She joined and was an active member of the Katipunan.
▪ Unmarried and lived with sister Trinidad until death.
▪ She died in 1945.
▪ Trinidad “Trining”
▪ Known as the custodian of Mi Ultimo Adios
▪ She also joined Katipunan when Jose died
▪ Remained single and share a home with her sister Josefa
 ▪ She died in 1951, having outlived all of her siblings

▪ Soledad “Choleng”
▪ Youngest of the Rizal’s siblings
▪ Married Pantaleon Quintero and had 5 children
▪ Most educated among rizal’s sister
▪ She was an Educator
▪ She passed away in 1929

Education of Rizal

▪ 1. Calamba
▪ Doña Teodora – First Teacher
▪ Taught Jose Rizal the ABC’s
▪ Stimulated her son’s imagination by telling many stories
▪ Encouraged to write poems
▪ Uncle of Rizal – Influences
1. Tio Jose Alberto - cultivate his artistic ability
2. Tio Manuel - physical exercises
3. Tio Gregorio - intensified avidness to read good books
▪ The Private Tutors
1. Maestro Celestino – was Jose’s first private tutor.
2. Maestro Lucas Padua - was the second private tutor.
3. Leon Monroy – Tutor in Spanish and Latin. He was a classmate
of Don Francisco.
▪ 2. Biñan
▪ First formal Schooling
▪ June 1869
▪ Rizal was only 9 years old
▪ Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Strict disciplinarian.
▪ Pedro – the bully.
▪ Andres Salandanan – challenged him to an arm-wrestling match.
o During Rizal’s early education, two disheartening events drew his attention and
disturbed him.
1. The imprisonment of Doña Teodora
• Arrested for an alleged attempt to poison her sister-in-law.
• She was around 45 years old
• Walk 50 km around Laguna
• Imprisoned for 2 years without trial
2. The Death of GomBurZa
• 200 workers staged a mutiny led by Fernando La Madrid
• Mariano Gomez – Bacoor Priest
• Jose Burgos – Manila Priest
• Jacinto Zamora – Marikina Priest
▪ 3. Ateneo De Municipal
 ▪ Excellent School for boys
▪ Bachelor Of Art Degree - Sobresaliente
▪ Initially denied admission:
1. Was already late for registration
2. He was frail and sickly.
▪ He was admitted because of the intervention of Manuel Xeres Burgos.
▪ To encourage healthy competition, classes in Ateneo were divided into
two groups:
1. Roman empire
2. Carthaginian empire

Individual competitions were used to win these honors, in which one had to catch one’s
opponent in error three times. When an individual from one empire was caught in error by one
from the opposing empire, a point was awarded to the latter. As a newcomer, Jose was placed
at the back of the class at first, but he was quickly promoted and continued to be promoted
until, at the end of one month, he attained the rank of Emperor.

• JOSE BECH - a man with mood swings. He was a bit of a lunatic with a
sporadic sense of humor.
• FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ - best professor, a model of decency,
solitude, and love for the student.
• Rizal also participate in the following:
o Gymnastics
o Fencing
o Sculpture – Romualdo de Jesus
o Drawing and painting – Don Agustin Saez
• Books encountered:
o The Count of Monte Cristo – the first foreign book read by Rizal.
o Travels in the Philippines – book which had the greatest influence upon
the young man’s career.

▪ 4. University of Sto. Tomas

• Enrolled on April 1877
• Nearly 16 y/o
• Study Philosophy and Letters
• He enrolled for 2 reasons:
• His father like it
• He is unsure of what career to pursue
• After his first year, he enrolled in medicine.
• He pursued medicine for the following reasons:
▪ To cure his mother’s failing eyesight
▪ Fr. Pablo Ramon recommended medicine
• Land Surveyor and Assessors Degree – Ateneo.
 • In 1879, he joined Artistico-Literario and submitted his poem A La Juventud
Filipina. He won First Place and received a feathered-shaped and gold-ribbon-
decorated silver pen.
• His allegorical drama, El Consejo De Los Dioses, won First Place.
• He received a gold ring engraved with a bust of Cervantes.
• Cervantes, Spanish author of Don Quixote.
• The book had a major influence on the literary community, as evidenced by
direct references in Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers (1844), Mark
Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Edmond Rostand's
Cyrano de Bergerac (1897),
• Other works published by Rizal:
▪ Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma (1879)
▪ Junto al Pasig (1880) Zarzuela performed by Ateneans.
▪ A Filipinas (1880) – a sonnet
▪ Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (1881) – a poem in tribute to Ateneo’s rector.
• RIZAL STOP ATTENDING CLASS on 1882
▪ Reasons:
• The Dominican Professor were hostile to him
• The Spaniards discriminated Filipinos based on their race.
• The teaching method was antiquated and oppressive
• He did not receive high scholastic honors as a result of his
professors’ attitude.
• 5. Universidad Central de Madrid
• On Nov 3, 1882, he enrolled in coursed:
• Medicine - Fair
• Philosophy and Letters – with honours.
• On June 1884 he was awarded with the Degree of Licentiate in Medicine -
• Dr. Miguel Morayta – “freedom of Science and the teacher should be protected”

The Loves of Rizal

1. Segunda Katigbak Puppy Love. From Lipa, Batanggas. First Love. Engaged to
Manuel Luz. Rizal referred to her as “Miss L” “Fair with seductive
and attractive eyes”
2. Leonor Valenzuela Tall girl from Pagsanjan. Known as “Orang”. He wrote love letters
in invisible ink.
3. Leonor Rivera “Taimis”, Cousin from Camiling, Tarlac. Antonio Rivera’s “Casa
Tomasina”. Longest love of Rizal. Inspiration for Maria Clara.
She was married to Henry Kipping
4. Consuelo Ortiga Daughter of Civil Governor. Had a short affair with Rizal
Engaged pa si Rizal kay Leonor Rivera at that time
Type siya ni Eduardo De Lete, friend ni Rizal.
5. Seiko Usui Rizal called her as “O-Sei-San”. They shared passion on Arts
Anak ng Samurai, improved Nihonggo of Rizal. Help Rizal on
Japanese Painting and Rizal 45 days in Japan was one of the
happiest periods of his life.
 6. Gertrude Beckett “Gettie” Daughter of Landlord in London. She has blue eyes and
brown hair. They had Short relationship.
7. Nellie Boustead An emotional rebound. Reason for failed marriage proposal:
Nellie demanded that he give up his Catholic faith and convert to
Protestantism and Nelly's mother did not approve of Rizal.
8. Josephine Bracken “Common-Law-Wife”
18 years old petite Irish girl
Adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong
Give birth prematurely to a stillborn baby.
They had son named “Francisco”, only lived for 3 hours.

Comparative Analysis of Noli Me tangere and El Filibusterismo

Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo

• Published date: March 21, 1887
• Berlin, Germany
• SOCIAL CANCER
• Touch Me Not (John 20:13-17)
• Dedicated to Fatherland
• Inspired on Uncle Tom’s Cabin
By Harriet Beecher Stowe
• MAXIMO VIOLA - SAVIOUR OF
NOLI
• 64 Chapters
• Published date: Sept 18, 1891
• Gent, Belgium
• REIGN OF THE GREED
• Dedicated to GOMBURZA
• Inspired on The Count of Monte
Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
• VALENTIN VENTURA -
SAVIOUR OF EL FILI
• 38 Chapters

• Romantic Novel • Political Novel

• “Work of the Heart” • “Work of the Head”
• Book of Feeling • Book of thought
• It has: • Contains:
• Freshness • Bitterness
• Color • Hatred
• Humor • Pain
• Lightness • Violence
• Wit • Sorrow

Noli Me Tangere

Characters Description
Crisostomo Ibarra He is a Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years and the son of
Don Rafael Ibarra. He is Maria Clara’s sweetheart and love
interest.
Elias He is Ibarra’s mysterious friend. He is a master boater who helps
Ibarra to escape; he is also a fugitive.
Maria Clara He is Ibarra’s sweetheart and the beautiful daughter of Capitan
Tiago. She is the illegitimate daughter of Father Damaso and Pia
Alba.
Father Damaso Full name as Damaso Vedolagas; the Franciscan friars and
Maria Clara’s biological father
 Padre Salvi Full name: Bernardo Salvi, He is in love with Maria Clara.
Capitan Tiago Full name: Don Santiago De los Santos
Captain General Most powerful official in the Philippines, a hater of secular priests
and corrupt officials; and a friend of Ibarra.

El Filibusterismo

Characters Description
Simoun He is Crisostomo Ibarra who reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler.
Isagana He is poet and Basilio’s bestfriend; portrayed as emotional and
reactive; Paulita Gomez boyfriend before being dumped for
student Juanito Pelaez.
Tiburcio De Henpecked husband of Dona Victoria
Espadaña
Ben Zayb Spanish journalist who wrote only articles about the Filipinos
Padre Camorra Parish Priest of Tiani
Basilio Medical student in the novel famous for his successful cures and
extra ordinary treatment.
Padre Florentino Priest with sad and serious features perhaps tried by deep moral
suffering

Poems of Rizal

Poem Description
TO MY FELLOW (Sa Aking Mga Kababata, 1869) It was believed to be the
CHILDREN national hero’s first written Tagalog poem at the age of
eight.
MY FIRST Jose Rizal’s poetic verses show his eternal love and
INSPIRATION (Mi appreciation for his mother. This is somehow his way of
Primera Inspiracion, paying tribute to all the efforts of her dear mother.
1874)
FELICITATION The 14 year old Rizal wrote this poem to congratulate his
(Felicitacion, 1875) brother-in-law, Antonio Lopez (husband of his sister
Narcisa), on Saint’s day.
IN MEMORY OF MY (Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo, 1876) The poem was written
TOWN to express his love and appreciation for the place where he
grew up.
TO THE PHILIPPINE It is said to be a classical piece of Philippine literature for
YOUTH (A la reasons that (1) Spanish literary authorities recognize it as
Juventud Filipina, an impressive poem written in Spanish by a Filipino and (2)
November 1879) it was the foremost literary piece to display the nationalistic
belief that Filipinos were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”
THE FLOWERS OF Expresses prayer for the wellbeing of his native land.
HEIDELBERG April
1886)
 MY RETREAT (Mi In the poem, he gave a narrative account of his peaceful life
Retiro, 1895) while exiled in Dapitan--where he lived a well-rounded life as
a farmer, teacher, and a merchant.

Essays of Rizal

• “El Amor Patrio” (The Love of Country)

• “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)
• “Una Profanacion” (A Desecration/A Profanation)
• “Llanto Y Risas” (Tears and Laughter)
• “Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos” (The Philippines within One Hundred
Years)
• Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala” (On The New
Orthography of The Tagalog Language)
• “Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (The Indolence of the Filipinos)
• To The Young Women of Malolos”

Rizal in Dapitan

▪ From July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896

▪ a period of four years and 13 days –Jose Rizal lived the life of a political exile in
Dapitan, the northern Mindanao which today is part of the province of
Zamboanga del Norte, near Dipolog
▪ An accomplished young life. Jose Rizal was 31 years by the time he was put by
the Spanish colonial authorities into exile. At that age, he had essentially
accomplished most of the works for which he would be martyred as a hero.
▪ Achievements of Rizal in Dapitan
▪ Established community school for boys
▪ Invented wooden machine for making bricks
▪ Engaged in farming and commerce
▪ Practice medicine
▪ Created a large relief map of Mindanao
▪ Created a water system
▪ Gather specimen of flowers, insects, shell and reptiles
▪ Conducted scientific research
▪ Established Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers
▪ Invented Sulpukan – wooden cigarette lighter

Trial and Execution

▪ Lt. Luis Taviel De Andrade – Rizals’ Lawyer

▪ He was imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
▪ Military Court – trial took place on Dec 26, 1898
 ▪ Gov. Gen Camilo De Polavieja –signed the decision of the court martial to
execute Rizal on 7:00 AM, Dec 30, 1898 at Bagumbayan.
▪ On the charge of Rebellion.
▪ Buried in Paco, Cemetery.

APPENDICES

PRESIDENT VICE PERIOD

EMILIO F. AGUINALDO MARIANO TRIAS REVOL UTIONARY 1ST REPUBLIC
MANUEL L. QUEZON SERGIO OSMEÑA COMMONWEALTH
BENIGNO AQUINO, SR. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
JOSE P. LAUREL 2ND REPUBLIC
RAMON AVANCEÑA "PUPPET REPUBLIC"
SERGIO OSMEÑA
COMMONWEALTH
MANUEL ROXAS ELPIDIO QUIRINO
MANUEL ROXAS ELPIDIO QUIRINO
ELPIDIO QUIRINO FERNANDO H. LOPEZ
RAMON MAGSAYSAY CARLOS P. GARCIA
3RD REPUBLIC
CARLOS P. GARCIA DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL EMMANUEL PELAEZ
FERDINAND E. MARCOS FERNANDO H. LOPEZ
FERDINAND E. MARCOS ARTURO M. TOLENTINO "THE NEW SOCIETY" 4TH REPUBLIC
CORAZON C. AQUINO SALVADOR LAUREL
FIDEL V. RAMOS JOSEPH E. ESTRADA
JOSEPH E. ESTRADA GLORIA MACAPAGAL - ARROYO
GLORIA MACAPAGAL - ARROYO TEOFISTO GUINGONA 5TH REPUBLIC
GLORIA MACAPAGAL - ARROYO MANUEL DE CASTRO
BENIGNO C. AQUINO III JEJOMAR BINAY
RODRIGO R. DUTERTE MA. LEONOR ROBREDO