Key Index Use this key index when you want tofind the page number where a specific hey is discussed. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TI-60X, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DEL ys INS 2s AeSeT i Toisas Pex Jin [OFF] aajiy Le ojos [Jes leveaalis Low APD 07 _DR> 37 ScEn> 16 AND 98 7] foe ]37 [a qoa [er Jos [Nor Jos adja Cave dis [toes Lin [ss [x Jo nPr_ sia os 1 o4 IF 94 On ow nce] io [FOS= 10 FTAN=T]s10 [y ]32 Lena sin Loos }si0 Liaw Joo [ye Isa GUIDEBOOK FarD 35 A 94 1B _ a4 _(©_94 _XOR 98 DEC ]o2 [HEX ]os [OcT]os [en ox abe fos Lt jae Lat dae 32 32 cs_49 X__ns7 ¥_x'86 Dowows 3.0 s=_]es [FMmAa]s« [siwul]ra [Te MSD] 8 sedss Lee fio LC yer x |a2 FRO_s4 G {Oss H SLPss | CORSs Rep so Beez foe |e? [am Jer foxnmt]s7 [rer ]s2 ste [7 5 : =| Manual ‘The staff of Texas Instruments Instructional ee te eee jovelopedby: Communications and the TI Corporate Design Center tr 9 [sr Pom By st [ao}i: Ee 5 ba jsz — ‘Tammy L. Richards contributions by: Art Hunter Gary Von Be C¥s_ 45 Acming 8 tgals6 G kglb.26 YESABS 110,52] ary Von Berg ara ¢ Poattos Pumise [eaves Dave Caldwell nou }4a 2 a XC 12 SOF 26 MANT 19 28 02 % Jes FIR ]is [ANS ]24 | = sowvel s+ G) Jee enteal22 & ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC Fi “" Copyright © 1991 by Texas Instruments IncorporatedTable of Contents _—— — This manual describes how to use the T|-60X calculator. ‘The first chapter gives goneral instructions on operating the calculator and offers an opportunity to get acquainted with its features. Chapters 2 through 9 describe the calculator features in detail ls ge pe eee A ert + instruments males no warranty, ether expressed or ao miaiusncen : Important Tlled,includingbut nt limited to ary implied warranties Stated Thee 2 of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, ‘Modifying the Expression. 4 SCgneding these book aterlalsand makes such materials Uae Varables : é on “ys-is” basis. Entering and Evaluating a Formula 8 SreABbLE saan ae Invegrating the Formula 10 Inno event shall exasinstrumentse liable to anyone for Sse EE w ener collateral, inetfenal, or consequential damages in Salvinga Symemof Simeltane a onnection with or arising out of the purchase or use of eimice are aie ean Lote b ‘hese materials and thesoleand excsive ability of Texas ones Tening eT 01 ' Indguments regardemof tteform of action, shallnot Sperating Cee te iii, ! teaveod the purchase pice ofthis product. ‘The Display and indicators t r r Resettingtive Caleulator Decimal Number Formats. Responding to Prompts ¥ Chapter2: Entering and Evaluatingan Equation Entering Chaining Equations and Editing Equation Operating System (B08) Expressions ——_Editingthe Entry Line Chapters: General Math Functions Math Operations Logarithmsand Percentages Fractions Metric Conversions ‘Angle Settings and Angie Conversions. Decimal Degrees and Degrees/MinutesSeconds ‘Trigonometrie Functions Hyperbolic Functions Polar/Rectangular Conversions Chapter4: Using Variables Memory Using the Variabie List . andVariables Example: Enteringand Using Variables. Managing Memory Deleting Variables, Formulas, and Statistical Data Performing Memory Math ey Chapter 5: General Information about Formulas Formula Creatingand Evaluating Formula Programming Example: Findingthe Area of aCircle Usingthe Key This digital apparatus doesnot exceed the Class B limits Fee er ae ena Tine aka Erect, {orradionoise emissions trom digital apparatus set outin Learner pen ear pe ee the Radia Interference Regulations of the Canadian Bayles Canali tes CHE CAA Oe REL Department of Communications. ‘Beampte: interpolatlngData ine table Gy PERE EPS zi feeen PPP ep oeee ct e itTable of Contents (Continued) Getting Started otting Stated introdu prinlpalteturesctinei-eaxs sy eomeottne Chapter 6: Integration ‘Chapter: ‘Simultaneous Equations Chapters: Statistics ‘and Probability Chapter: Number Bases and Logic Operations ‘Appendix A: Reference Information ‘Appendix B: Service Information wv Before Integrating a Formula Integrating Formula Example: Integrating Single Polynomial Example: Integrating en Area Under the Standard ‘Normal Curve. Background on Simultencous Linear Equations « Before Solving Simultaneous Equations Solving Simultaneous Equations Example: Solving a System of Two Equations Example: Analyzinga ManufacturingProblem. Example: Analyzing a Resistance Network Before Entering Statistical Data. Enteringand Removing Statistical Data Enteringand Removing Trend-Line Data Calculating StatisticalResults ‘One-Variable Example: Analyzing Sample ‘Two Variable Example: Linear Regression Bxample: Trend-Line Analysis Calculating Combinationsand Permutations ‘Number Bases and Their Ranges [Nondecimal Operations Entering Hexadecimal Numbers Converting Between Number Bases. Examples: Number-Bise Calculations Logie Operations Syntaxof Functions Calculation Error Corditions Entry-Line Error Conitions Function Ranges ‘Simpson's Rule Memory Messastes Battery Information InCase of Difficulty Suggestions from Customers Service Information ‘One Year Limited Warranty Contents ‘The First Steps se fait 2 Entering and Evaluating an Expression Modifyngthe Expres == i 6 8 Using Variables ............. Entering and Evaluating a Formula. Integrating the Formula. . ro apie Solvinga System of Simultaneous Equations»... 12, Other Features of the TI-60X............. 4t Steps hh ‘Before beginning the sample problems in this section, follow the steps on this page fo ensure that the TI-60X is reset tolts factory settings. Note that resetting the calculator erases all previously entered data. _ 1. Press OM] toturn the TI-60X on. 2. ‘Toreset the calculator and clear ‘memory, press Gig] [RESET] (RESET is ‘marked as the third function of the (EAs) key). CLR_YN? ‘3. Press ‘to respond “yes” and clear the caleulator's memory. CLEARED Resetting the calculator: ‘© Erases all stored variables and formulas. Sets the display format to standard decimal notation with floating decimal point. ‘© Sets the calculator’sangle-unit setting to degrees, ‘You can proceed to the first sample problem ‘without erasing the CLEARED message. If you prefer, you can press to erase the message. 2 Getting Started Entering and Evaluating an Expression loaner paraions and rgumans you would wether. The tod whan you prove CERT. "pression Follow these steps to enter and evaluate the expression: 122 — VERB + -9. 1, Enter 72 2 (=) Z) 648) 9. Notice that: 722. 48+ + The expression contains both the minus key (=), whichis used for subtraction, and the negate key (©), ‘whlch nuaed neuter teegaste number, You press the same oF write iton paper. Review the expression in the display. It you find a mistake, use the (=) and (==) keys to move the cursor to the character ‘you want tocorrect and then type over it. You may also press (GLEAB) and re- enter the entire expression. 2. Press G/ENTEA) to evaluate the expression. 5149544156Modifying the Expression Tho Th-00X' stores the last equation you entered. temporarily {you have not prossedany other keys, you can recall, modify, ‘andve-ovaluate your ast equation, Inthis example, you use the “Last Equation” feature to retrieve the equation from the previous example. You then change the equation to: 82 - (648 + -9) 1, Torecall the last equation, press ad) [EQUI (EQU is marked.as the second function on the GENTE) key). ‘The last equation is displayed, with the cursor blinking under the first character. 2. ‘Type 8 over the 7 and use the (==) key to ‘move the cursorto the 6. 8. Press Ged [INS] (marked as the third function of the [=] key) to turn on the insert function. The INSindicatoris, displayed. 4. Press ({) to begin the parenthetical ‘expression. 4 Getting Started 722-y648+-9 822-y648+-9 ———_ INS 822-y648+-9 NS 822-y(648+-9 5. Use] tomovethecunor to theend of \e expression. Notice the ~indicatorin the top, left corner of the display. It indicates that the beginning of the expression can be viewed by moving the cursor to the left. 6. Press (J) to close the parenthetical expression. ‘Use ©) and (©) toscroll rightand left toreview the expression, ‘when youare ready to evaluate the expression. The cursor does not have tobe at the end of the ‘expression when you press GENTE). 22-y(648+-9 2-y (648+-9) _ 6698.721551jable B (current value: 5.1) |you use (LPHA) B instead of | Iname of the variable is displayed RTE to evaluate the expression. xchange a number with the value fa variable. E Gig) (EXC (marked as the third ‘of the GOLVE) key), and then JENTE). The value 8 is now stored iable B, and 6.1 (the old value Ihown in the display. Irm that the new value of——————————————— 7} that you assign toan: ine. You can recall a formula, ie ——— alwewneneer you A=438+yB+C2_ SOLVE YN? i 6, Teaccept Sas the value for B, press ‘Thenext variable name, C, is displayed. Cisnot currently defined, so youre prompted to enter a value. 7. Toassign a value to, enter 45and press |. The calculator offers you a ‘chance to review the formula’s variables. 8, Press (90) (marked above the (=) key) to solve the formula. Solving the formula causes the result to be stored ina variable with thesame name as the formula. While reviewing the variables, you can press SOLVE) at any time tostop the review and solve the formula. If you try tosolve a formula before defining all its ‘variables, however, an error condition oceurs. REVIEW YN? A=438 001396——e Formula $$ The TI-60X uses Simpson's Rule to integrate a formula, The calculator must be inthe decimal number base for integration. red in the previous ope to demonstrate | uuse2for the lower per limit, and 4 for the by pressing, 438+yB=C2 accept the formula, SOLVE YN? tthe prompts forthe B=8 accept Sas the value for cn45, only one independent gration. For this example, jependent variable ithe I integrate on). ‘To clear the previously assigned value of Cand declare Cas the independent variable, press (LEAR) and then press (2nd) [dx] (marked as the second function of the (] key). Press [/ENTEA). You are prompted for the lower limit Press 2 toenter the lower limit. You are prompted for the upper limit Press 6 toenter the upper limit, You are prompted for the number of intervals. Press 4 EEIED to specify the number of intervals, Inaccordance with ‘Simpson's Rule, the calculations wi twice the number of intervals you enter, ‘The calculator offers you a chance to review the formula's variables, including the independent variable’s limits and the intervals. Press (NO) or (EOLWE) to integrate the formula. The message CALC is displayed briefly, and then the solution appears. ax REVIEW YN? 314.84873 Getting Started 11Solving a System of Simultaneous Equations The TI-60X has a built-in routine for solving a system of, second-or third-order simultaneous equations. The calculator prompts you for the coefficients and assigns each Hom inthe solution set toa variable. ‘This example solves the following system of simultaneous equations. 6x+5y=1 2x+By=4 ‘The terms of these equations are arranged inrow/column order to maten the order in which the calculator prompts you for coefficients. aux + ayy = yx + aay = by 1, Press Gi) (RESET) (FEI to clear the calculator. (Solving simultaneous. ‘equations requires most of the memory.) [SIMUL] (marked as the second function of the ({) key) to begin. You are prompted to specify the order of the ‘equations. 3. Specify the orderby pressing2. You are prompted for the first coefficient, located at row 1, column 1 inthe equations. 12 Getting Started CLEARED. EQUA 2 OR 3? alle, 4, Enter ay and the remaining coefficients as prompted. 6 EET) 1 Gar 3 4 GET) 5. Press [NO] or tosolve the simultaneous equations. The calculator assigns the two items in the solution set, to variables X and Y, and displays X. ‘The $ indicator tells you more results are available. 6. Press EiENTE) to view Y. You can continue pressing to view Xand Y. 7. When finished reviewing the results, press to exit the simultaneous, equations routine. al2=_ bi. a2i=. a22=_ b2=, REVIEW YN?Other Features of the TI-60X ‘The Getting Started sectionhas introduced you to several ‘basic TI-60X operations. The remainder of this guidebook describes the features aiready introduced, as well as the other capabilities of the calculator, in more detail. Fractions EnglishiMetric ‘Conversions. Statistics Number Bases 14 Getting Started You can enter and perform calculations with fractions and convert between fractions and decimals. Entry of fractionsis simple because you may enter them in the traditional numeratorddenominator format. (Chapter 3) You can perform eight metric-to-English and English-to- ‘metric conversions (Chapter 3) ‘You can analyze one- and two-variable statistical data. Statistical results include mean, standard deviation, sum. of thedata, and sum of the squares of the data. You can ‘easily enter trend-line data and perform linear regression. (Chapter 8) ‘The number bases available on the TI-60X include hexadecimal, octal, and binary, as well as decimal. The Boolean logic operators are also available. (Chapter 9) Chapter 1: Operating the TI-60X ‘This chapter contains information fundamental tousing the functions of the calculator. Chapt Contents ClearingData .... ma ‘Turning the TI-60X On and Off 1 seawall Using Alternate Functions of Keys viele HI og L L ‘The Display and Indicators Resetting the Calculator Decimal Number Formats... .....00.. - Responding to Prompts pave Hell Operating the TI-60X 1-1Turning the TI-60X On and Off ‘Totum the calculator on, press End) (OFF. you forget to tu ‘Automatic Power Down feature turns Itoff for you. Clearing Data ‘This information summarizes commonly used clearing ‘operations. Turning the Calculator On Turning the Calculator Off The APD™ ‘Automatic Power Down Feature to turn the TI-60X on. © Ifyou turned the calculator off manually, the display shows a blank entry line with a flashing cursor. The calculator is ready for anew entry. «Ifthe APD feature turned thecaleulator off, the display and cursor will be exactly as you left them, with the excepton described below. Before turning theTI-60X off, make sure you have saved any displayed value that you may want to recall later. ‘Toturn the TI-60X off, press Gna [OFF]. (OFF is asecond function to prevent the calculator from being turned off by mistake.) ‘© ‘The Constant Memory feature retains stored variables, statistical data, formulas, the current angle- unit setting, the decimal display format, and the current fixed-decimal setting. © ‘Thedecimal number base is selected. © ‘The display is cleared, any error conditionis cleared, any variable listing, prompt, or simultaneous equation routine is exited, and the “last answer" and “last equation” are erased, ‘To prolong the life of the batteries, the APD feature turns the TI-60X off automatically after about 15 minutes with no keys pressed. ‘The effect is the same as manually turning off the calculator, except: ‘© ‘The currently selected number base is retained. ‘© ‘Thedisplay, the “last answer,” and the “last ‘equation’ are erased only if a variable listingor simultaneous equation routine was in progress. 12 Operating the TI-60X Clearing Press (GLEAR) to clear: + ‘The entry line, including an expression or displayed result + ‘The valueof a variable, coefficient, or formula youare entering orreviewing. ‘+ Anerror condition (indicated by the displayed message ERROR). * Anunfinished sequence, such as RCL, Youalso can delete variables, formulas, and the statistical data. For instructions, refer to Chapter 4: Memory and Variables. Operating the TI-60X 1-3Using Alternate Functions of Keys —— Using Second ‘and Third Funetions Using Hyperbolic Functions 1-4 Operating the TI-60X ‘Toaccomodate the many functions of the TI~60X, most of the keys can perform mere than one function. The primary funetion of each keys marked on the lower half of the key. ‘Alternate functions are marked as described here. ‘The second function of a key is marked on the upper half of the key and is calor-coded to the Gnd) key. The third function is marked above the key and is color-coded to the Gi key. OR ——— tira tunction _|— secon function uF ‘Tenterasecond ora third function, press the Gad) or Gig) key and then the key marked with the function you ‘want. If you press 2nd) or fd) by mistake, press it again to caneelitseffect. ‘Note: The key markings A through F denote hexadecimal digits For information on entering hexadecimal digits, refer to page 9-4. In this guidebook, second and third functions are shown, in bruckets and are preceded by either the @ng) or ‘symbol; for example, od (OFF } or rd) (RESET) ‘The YB) key, loca'ed next to @ad), lets you use the trigonometric keys to perform hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions. ‘Toentera hyperbolic function, press (YB) and then the appropriate trig key; for example, press (YB) SiN) for hyperbolic sine (sinh). ‘Toenter an inverse hyperbolic function, press EYE) ad and then the appropriate trig key; for example, press (SiN-*] for inverse hyperbolic sine (sinh). Using Alpha Characters ‘The uppercase letters A-I, X, Y, and Zare used for variable and formula names and are marked above and to the left of some of the keys. The letters are color-coded to the (ALPHA) key. AlphaCharacter——— D___ Ex a 4 ‘Toenteranalpha character, press the key marked with the letter you want. When you press , the A (alpha) indicator is displayed, Note: You do not have to press (ALPHA) when using| (ROU), [EXC], or when responding to a displayed pt foran alpha character. For example, you can press instead of| ‘A. Examplesin this guidebook include the key only when itis required. Operating the TI-60X 1-5The Display and Indicators ——— ‘The display can show as many as 12 characters of an ‘expression or a result ata time. Indicators show current ‘settings and alternate functions. ‘The Display Indicators. (A sed an HYP A HEX OCT IN STAT SC ENINS >) indicator Meaning Moreinformation isavailable in the entry line past the left or right edge of the display. Use [=] or [=] to scroll the information into view. ¢ “Moreitems, such asin a list of results, are available above or below the currently displayed item. Press| 1) or Gad [+1 to seroll the previous or next item into view. a “The calculator will access the alphabetical charscter of the next key you press. ‘and, 3rd__ The calculator will access the second or third funetion of the next key you press. aye ‘The calculator will access the hyperbolic function of the next key you press. a ‘Angles are displayed and interpreted as radians instead of degrees. HEX, OCT, The calculator interprets entered numbers: BIN and cisplays results as hexadecimal, octal, or binary numbers. stat ‘The statistics registers contain data. 5¢, EN The calculator displays results in scientific or engineering notation. ins. Numbers and functions you enter willbe inserted into the expression at the cursor position. 1-6 Operating the TI-60X Resetting the Calculator Resetting restores the T!-60X tots factory settings and ‘erases all variables, formulas, and statistics data. Before Using reset, you should consider using one of the deleting ‘methods described in Chapter 4: Memory and Variables. FactorySettings ‘The TI-80X has the following factory settings. Angle unit setting: Degrees Numberbase setting: Decimal Decimal display format: Standard notation with floating decimal point ‘To reset the ealeulator, press ‘shows CLA YN? IRESETI. The display ‘= Torestore the factory settings and erase all variables, formulas, and statistics data, press ‘© Tocancel the reset, press (WO) or Gd [EXIT]. Operating theTI-60X 1-7Decimal Number Formats —— ‘You cen select the display format for decimal results. Formats Include standard, scientific, and engineering notation, all with floating or fixed (rounded) decimals. You can also enter ‘decimal numbers in any of the formats. ee ‘The decimal display format affects only how numeric results are displayed; you don'thave to enter numbers in. the display formst you selected. ‘To cycle the display format among standard, scientific, ‘and engineering notations, press (rd) [SeEn>]. = ‘The S¢or EN indicator shows when you have selected, scientific or engineering notation. If neither indicator shows, you have selected standard notation. + Displayed results are displayed in the new format. However, a result that cannot be displayed in 10 digits or whose absclute value is less than .000000001 is always displayed in scientific notation. ‘The floating-or fixed-decimal setting affects how many digits follow the decimal point. This settingaffects displayed resultsin all three notations. ‘Toselect either the floating: or fixed-decimal format, press ing [FIX]. The FIX prompt appears. '* Toset a fixed number of digits to follow the decimal point, press anumber key (0-9). ‘© Toselect the floating-decimal setting, press [=]. The floating-decimal setting displays as many as 10 digits plus the sign and the decimal point. Ifyou were not entering an expression when you pressed ad [F 1x1, the calculator confirms the new setting by Selecting the Display Format forResults Floating and Fixed Decimal Format redisplaying thelast result. Convertinga Because changing the display format converts a Value from One displayed result, you can convert a number by first Notationto making ita resutt. Another 1. Starting with a cleared display, enter the value and, press E/ENTER to make ita result. The result is displayed in the current display format. 2. Press Gid [ScEn>] as necessary to cycle to the desired notation, The value is displayed in the new notation. 1-8 Operating the TI-60X Entering Numbers You can enter decimal values in scientific or engineering InSclentific notation regardless ofthe selected display format. ‘or Engineering Notation 1. Enter the mantissa. If the mantissa isnegative, press (© before enteringit, Press EE] and then enter the exponent. Ifthe exponents negative, press (@)) before enteringit. The calculator displays an Ebetween the mantissa and the exponent. Example Enter the value .0001 usingscientificnotation and temporarily convert the display format to scientific notation, Procedure Keystrokes Display lear entry Tne inter the mantis Fionn i scien 7 soe woes a 14 Using the Mantissa Function Although the TI-60X can accept numbers with as many as 10 digits in the mantissa, results that are displayed in scientific notation are shown with the mantissa rounded toa maximum of seven digits. ‘To display all the digits of the mantissa, press 3) [MANT]. The 10-digit display of the result is temporary; the next result you calculate will be shown with aseven- digit mantissa. 19Responding to Prompts ‘Some of the TI-60X functions prompt you for data or Instructions. Youmay, for example, be prompted to make ‘Yes/No cholees, enter variable values, or enter data to be used, Inacaleulation. Data-Entry Prompts Yes/No Prompts 110 Operating the TI-60X Data-entry prompts display a name, such as.a variable or coefficient name, and the current value (or __if no value has been assigned). A flashing cursor tells you the calculators waiting for you to enter anew value or accept the current value. For example, when yousolvea formula, the calculator may display a promptsuchas@=__ or @=55.87. * ‘Todefine G with a value, enter the value and press In most cases, you can enter an expression instead of a value. The calculator uses the result of expression as the entered value. ‘© ‘Toaccept a displayed value of G, press GIENTE. Exiting from ‘Prompted Sequence ‘+ Ifyou want to change the value of G, use the editing keys ((CLEAR), [=], (=), Gig) {1NS1, and Grd) (DEL})to- change the value, and then press |. The editing keys are described in detail starting on page 2-8. ‘YN? prompts present a choice. For example, wien you press Gi) [RESET] to reset the calculator, it displays the CLR YN? prompt. You respond to such prompts by pressing either the (YES) or the (NO) key. 0 U 0 Note: When answering YN? prompts, treat YES and NO as ifthey are first functions. You don't have to press| or before pressing Grouped Results The results of simultaneous equations are shown as a list of either two or three results. While you are examining a result, the display shows $ to remind you of the other result(s). ‘= ‘Toscroll downward through the list, press ad (+] or Ceres © Toscroll upward, press Gnd [1]. ‘© Toexit, press ng) (EXIT). At times, you may want toexit froma prompted sequence without completing the operation. ‘+ When the first prompt in the sequence is displayed, you can press (CLEAR) to cancel the operation. ‘© You can always use Gad) [EXIT] or aa) [OFF to cancel ‘the operation. ‘+ You can exit from some prompts by pressing the keys tostart a different prompted sequence. For example, when prompted NAME? during the formula routine, you could press fg) [VAR] to exit and examine variables. Operating theTI-60X 1-11Chapter 2: Entering and Editing Expressions ‘Tho TI-60X lets you enter an expression into the entry line the ‘same as you would write It. You can move through the entry line to review or edit any partof the expression before ‘evaluating it. Most ofthe information about entering and ‘editing applies both to equations and formulas. Chapt Entering and Evaluatingan Equation 2-2 Contents, Chaining Equations... ... 26... 2-4 Equation Operating System (EOS) .. 2-6 Editing the Entry Line 28 Entering and Editing Expressions 2-1Entering and Evaluating an Equation ee ‘Anexpression is asequence of functions and their ‘arguments that can be evaluated to a single result. On the ‘TI-60X, an equation is an expression you enterfor immediate evaluation, Storedexpressions, called “formulas,” are discussed in Chater 5: Formula Programming. Equation Example of an Equation ‘To create and eveluate an equation, you enter the numbers, variable names, and functions and press ‘When you press G/ENTEA), the calculator evaluates the equation and displays the result. ‘The maximum allowable length of an equation can range from 71 to 236 characters, depending on the amount of data (such as variables and formulas) you have stored. Each digit you enter occupies one character, and each ‘operation (such as + , ¥,or LOG) occupiestwo characters. ‘To let you know when you are approaching the limit, the cursor shape changes from an underscore (_)to.a box (W)when withina few characters ofthe limit. Evaluate 3,76+(~7.9 + 5) + log45. Procedure Keystrokes Display Glearentryline. Gaal zs Begin expression 3.7602) 376 Begin parentheses. CU) wr Enter negative 7.9. ‘Add square rootof 5. Complete parentheses. (1) &y-79+V) ‘Add log 4575+ L0G Evaluate equation 0965962759 2-2 Entering and Editing Expressions on Entering ‘+ Tomake expressions easy to read, The TI-60X shows a few symbols differently in the display than on the key labels For example, when you press 16 G3), the display shows 162. ‘* Thecalculator can show as many as 12 characters of tho ontry line. If an expression is longer than 12 characters, as shown by the ~-and-> indicators, use id (=) keys to scroll the expression left and right. ‘* Before entering expressions that include trig functions or polarrtectangular conversions, make sure youselectthe appropriate angle unit (degrees or radians), as described on page 3-7. Entering and Editing Expressions 2-3Chaining Equations —_—_—— ‘You may want to see the intermediate results of specific parts of along expression. Youcan accomplish this on the TI~60X by chaining parte of the expression and evaluating each part separately. Methods of Chaining Example 2-4 Entering and Editing Expressions ‘You can use either of two methods to continue an equation after calculating an intermediate result. The method you use depends on how you want touse the result in the next equation. ‘+ Ifthe next function you want to use is the type that follows its angumnent (such as 254 x-? or 264 y~ 3), simply press >he key for the function and continue the ‘expression, An example isshown below. ‘© Ifthenext function you want is the type that precedes itsargument (suchas sin 254), press the key/ forthe function and then press (nd [ANS ] to recall. the last answer, An example is shown on the next age. Calculate 40* +8, first displaying the intermediate value 0f 40°. Nocalling the Last Answer fxample ‘The TI-60X temporarily stores the result of the last. ‘equation or formula. You can press ng) [ANS] to recall this answer und use it anywhere within an equation or ‘The following events also affect the last answer: + Anerror condition. Thissets the value of st answer * Recalling variable with @GU). This sets last answer to ‘the value of the variable. © Allstatistics functions except x’and y’, Calculate TER, frst spaying the interme value of 12 x .35, set sd Procedure Keystrokes Display Gear entry line. (GLEN) = Bvaluate12 x 95, 122) 55 GE ae Use last answer Gad iaNs] a2 Complete. 2.049090183 EnteringandEditingExpressions 2-5Equation Operating System (EOS) Because the TI-60X follows rules of algebraic hierarchy, you ‘can enter expressions as you would write them. Order of Evaluation 2-6 Entering and Editing Expressions ‘The Equation Operating System uses the following. priorities whenevaluating an expression. High-priority functions are completed before low-priority ones. Operations Tonighest) (xl 21) conversions 2 \/,, logs, trigfunctions, hyperboties, logical NOT, 2's, ABS. ‘combinations, permutations logical OR, logical XOR * The expression is evaluated when you press ‘The cursor can be in any position in the expression when you press * Thenegate function, displayed asa narrow minus sign, is for entering negative values. Torepresent a negative value, you must press (J) before entering the value. You cannot use [=] (the minus key) for this purpose. + Forpriorities 3 through 8, functions within a priority group are evaluated from left to right. + Ifanexpression contains two or more priority-2 functions ina row, they are evaluated from right to left. Ifthe negate function is adjacent to a priority-2 function, negate follows the same rule. For example, = SIN 25 is treated as —(sin25). ‘+ Implied multiplication is not recognized. You must specify (forall multiplication. £05 Example 12? + V225 x.2 yx 3 +4 © 2122+ V2 X.2 yx 3 +4 @ 144+ 15 x2y 344 eee ye 28 © 1444+ 45 x 008 +4 ened O08, @ 1444 12 a a2 gy Oo 144 + 03, 144,03 © Highest priority (negation and x) and nex highe (V Dare completed first. E a @ yriscompleted next because it has higher prior than +, x, and +. Rear ET © Although x and +have equal priority, x is completed fist in thisexpression cause it appears first. @ + is completed before the lower priority + © Remaining operation (+) is completed. You can use parentheses to group parts of an expression ‘that you want evaluated separately from the rest of the ‘expression, For example, in the expression (1+-5)+3, the calculator evaluates (1+5) before performing the division. The result is 6 +3. Note: Parentheses are required for entering rectangular and polar coordinates see Chapter 3). Entering and Editing Expressions 2-7Editing the Entry Line You can move the cursor along the entry line to any point in ‘expression, whele you can then type over items, delete items, ‘and insert new ones. The editing features operate when you ‘are entering expressions and when you are reviewing varia ‘You may want t9 edit the last equation evaluated, either’ tomodify itor to correct an error. Recalling the Last Equation ‘Todisplay the last equation, press @ equation is shown with the flashing cursor on the first character. Ifanerror occurs when you attempt to evaluate an ‘equation or formula, press @ng) [EQU] instead of | to display the equation with the cursor positioned near the probable cause of the error. You can use the editing features to corect the error. Mneerting ‘Characters or fymbols ‘Note: The last equation is only available immediately after evaltiating an equation or formula. Itiserased ‘when you begin anew expression or perform another Operation, such as storinga variable or recalling the answer” ‘The ) and S) keys move the cursor left and right along the entry line, scrolling the line through the disp! if necessary. The cursor stops when it reaches the beginning or end of the expression. ‘Tho Cursor Keys ‘When you press and hold a cursor key, the cursor ‘movement rereats. TheEditKeys _Besidestyping overitemsin the entry line, youcan modify it using the following keys. Deletes the character or symbol at cursor position, ‘Turns the insert mode and the INS indicator on oroff. In the insert you can insert numbers, variable zhames, or functions in the expression} ‘Clears the expression or value. Ga wat fins) 2-8 Entering and Editing Expressions to position the cursor on the character or function you want to delete, 2, Press Si) (DEL ‘The character or function's deleted Allthe characters of a function represented asa group of characters uch as L0G oF SiN) are deleved together. ‘The example on the next page demonstrates deleting. 1. Use (©) or) to position the cursor on the charac in front of which you want to insert. sa = 2. Press Sia] (INS). ‘The INSindieator shows in the display, 3, Enter the items you want to insert 4. End the insert in one of the following ways: UNS] again. + Press [=] or =]. You don’t have to use insert with aa) [ANS] or "The last answer or recalled variable values aw inserted ahead of the cursor position. mein ‘The example on the next page demonstrates inserting. (continued) Entering and Editing Expressions 29Editing Example 2-10 Entering and Editing Expressions Editing the Entry Line (continued) Evaluate the equation: 345 x VIFF Tone ‘Then recall the equation and edit itto calculate: 82 x VBOF+ Ines Glear entry line. = Enter the equation. 345 32) 7) oi oa st) a Evaluate, Recall the equation. Gad] (QU Change L0G ton. Gores LN2 Evaluate new equation, Chapter Chapter Contents Math Operations ‘Tho T-60X can perform a wide range of math operations. The ‘operations are grouped by category In this chapter. General Math Functions a2 Logarithms and Percentages «20... 0..0002 a Fractions....... 34 Metric Conversions |.” 3-6 ‘Angle Settings and Angie Conversions =. ..21..) 3-7 Decimal Degrees and Degrees/MinutesSeconds... 3-8 ‘Trigonometric Functions 210 Hyperbolic Functions. . . SL ga Polar/Rectangular Conversions B12 Math Operations 3-1General Math Functions Logarithms and Percentages ‘These tables list fhe most commonly used math operations andfunetions. Youcan calculate common and natural logs and perform ,evoral percentage functions. Arithmetic, Power, and Root Functions 78122 Ham = (negation) (a o.st47i81 . oe {oT 68 68 11985716553 Poroontage Operation Example Keystrokes Display % 150% of 2(2)150 Gnd (ml __2x180% 3 Wadaon 145 + 16% 515% Notes '» Thenegate key, [EI] , is for entering negative values. ‘You must press [C1] before entering the value. You a5 20% 60.06 Javea tal eons cannot use the (= ] minus key for this purpose. ee -. ) ‘# x-tisthe eqaivalent of the reciprocal (1/2). ‘ato 3= 150% 82) 150 Gad (v1 feta? Gay Number Functions Gd tass})8 ABs -9 Note ‘The range of x values for factorial (x!) calculationsis 0-69 (integers only). 3-2 Math Operations Math Operations 3-3ere, Fractions ‘The TI-60Xlets you enter fractions and mixed numbers. You Can perform calctlations on fractions and on combinations Of frctions, mixed numbers, and decimal numbers. Ifyou Store a fraction asa variable and ater recall itn the decimal ‘number base, itisdisplayed as a fraction. Displaying Converting Fractions and Decimals. EnteringPure _‘Toenterapure fraction (suchas 1/6) or an improper Fractions fraction (such as 6/4) as af: 1, Enter the digits for aand press ‘The display shows “1” toseparate afromb. 2, Enter the digits forb. You can use as many as six digits fora and as many as three digits for b. EnteringMixed —Toenteramixed fraction (such as3 1/6) as able: Fractions 1. Enter the digits foraand press 5) ‘The display shows “1” toseparate a from 2, Enterthe digits forb and press ‘The display shows “I” to separate b frome. 3, Enter the digits fore. ‘You can use as many as three digits each for a, b, ore. Example Evaluate 57/8 + 3 V3. Procedure Keystrokes Glearentryline _ (GLEAR) ss Enter578. 5 (bs 7 Be) 8 Display Not all decimal fractions can be displayed in fractional Limitations form. The result of (09%, for example, contains more forFractional than three digits in its integer portion (9950), Such. Results results are displayed in decimal form. 3-4 Math Operations fample When the result of a calculation isa mixed-number fraction, the mumberls displayed init proper form such ‘To temporarily display the result as an improper fraction, such as 56/8, press Gad) [ale]. The number is restored to its proper form when you press Ba operation key. (dielorany Ifyou press Gad [alc] while entering an equation, the calculator immediately evaluates the equation. Ifthe result isa mixed number, itis displayed as an improper ‘Note: You cannot include @ad [dic] in a formula. Ifthe last operation evaluated in an expression involves a fractional argument and the result has a non-integer portion, the result is displayed as a fraction. Thisis, ‘subject to the display limitations described on the previous page. ‘Toconvert a result between its fractional and decimal fonms, pret} [F->0] EERIE while the result isin the isplay. Evaluate 3.1/6 ~ 7/8, Display the result asan improper fraction and then convert it toa decimal number. Procedure Keystrokes Display Clearentryline. (GLEAR) = Galeulate ai 31/6 - 7/8. & Cienres) 27104 Display result as improper fraction. Gad) de] 55424 Convert to decimal. Gia) (F«>o] GIENTER) ‘Note: As soon as you press id) [F<], the entered fraction 55/24is displayed as a mixed number, 2.201668667 Math Operations 3-5Metric Conversions ihe ‘This table lists thebuiltin Englishimetric conversions. The conversion keys aro grouped toward the bottom of the keyboard. Angle Settings and Angle Conversions Before you begin calculations that involve angles, such as trig functions and polarirectangular conversions, be sure to set ‘the calculator for the correct angle unit. You can select dogrees orradians. nus ‘n2Celsius wo “Fahrenheit Examples 3-6 Math Operations gallons to liters minerstoUS. gallons rid tr ex 8937007874 ex 3.786410784 mx 26ANT2OR24 ‘nd Ib-ko im x 45850297 1m x 2,204622622 (m-32) x (6/9) nig) OF (8x n+ a2 Convert the following: ‘= .03inchesto centimeters. ‘* 24 gramsto pounds. Gear entry ine. Convert 03inches. Convert 24 grams 024 Gia) (ko-b) (024 kg). ae jetwoon Degrees When you evaluate an expression, the calculator interprets angles in the expression according tothe currently selected angle-unit setting. Angle results are displayed in the current angle unit unless you convert them. ‘Toalternate the angle-unit settingbetween degrees and, radians, press Grd) [OR]. When the selected angle unit is radians, an Rindicator shows in the display. No indicator is displayed when you select degrees (the default unit) Note: Pressing {id [DR>] does not convert a displayed angle, but the new setting affects all subsequent calculationsinvolvingangles. ‘To convert result, press either ag) [D>] (convert degrees to radians) or Gig) {Rr0] (convert radians to degrees), and then press GENTE) ‘These two functions temporarily override the current angle-unit setting. Find the aresine, in radians, of .58. Then convert the resulting angle to degrees. Procedure Keystrokes ———=lsplay Glear entry tine, (GLEAR) = Select radians. Enter expression Evaluate. 618720601 Convert todegrees, Gd (RD) 35.45054264 Reselectdesrees. Gra) [OR 3545054264 Math Operations 3-7Decimal Degrees and Degrees/Minutes/Seconds ——_—_—— Youcan enter adopree angle in degrees, minutes, and, ‘seconds (OMS format), provided you convert the entry to ‘decimal for calculations. You can convert degree angles ‘between decimal and DMS. This feature also can be used with hours, minutes, ard seconds. Example ‘To represent an angle in degrees, minutes, and seconds, enter the angle as described below and press, {omse00}. D.MM SS 5 Integer degrees(*) I Minutes(’)_____| Seconds(* )____] Fractional part of a second «Integer degrees (D) and fractional parts of a second (s) can have mukiple digits, provided the entire DMS number doesnot exceed 10 digits. ‘* Minutes (MM) and seconds (SS) are two-digit values. Include leading or trailingzeros where needed to place the digits in the proper positions. For example, enter the angle 9°7'50.55" as 9.075055. Unless. a DMS number is followed immediately by id] [oWSe00], the calculator interprets it asa decimal. When you include Gnd [OMS00], the calculator interprets the umber as a DMS angle and converts it to its decimal equivalent for calculation. Bvaluate5°50'45" + 8°35°30" Note: Select the decimal number base before entering this example. Ga 5.5045 Zag) [oms+00) Glear entry line. Enter first angle. Entersecond angle. 8.353 Gad) [OMS»00} Show decimal result. 3-8 Math Operations Converting fan Angle to OMS Format Example ‘Toconvert a decimal-degree angle to DMS format, enter the angle and press ig) [00>0M5] ‘The converted angle is displayed with temporary symbols for degree, minute, and second (DDD°MM’SSs*). (if you use Grd) [D> DMS] in a formula, the temporary symbolsare not shown in the result.) ‘When you press. key, the temporary symbols are removed and the decimal point replaces the degree symbol. The number is not converted to its decimal ‘equivalent; it represents a DMS angle as you would enter it Afthe integer degree (DDD) portion of a DMS result is «greater than 999, an error condition occurs. Evaluate 6.25° + 6°25/30’ and convert the result to DMS. Note: Select the decimal number base before entering thisexample. Procedure Keystroke: Gear entry Enter decimal angle. 6.25| a2 EnterDMSangle. 6.253 ng) (OMSe0D] __+6.25300 Evaluate ‘CienTEA) 12675 Convert toDMS. Gig) [00eDws] ae 1254030." ‘Math Operationsre Trigonometric Functions ily periorm calculations involving sine, cosine, thelr nverses. Because allnumbers that ar@ interpreted according to the current ‘angle-unit setting be sure to set the calculator for the correct 19le unit before you begin your calculation. Hyperbolic Functions ‘You use the trig keys to perform hyperbolic functions. Unlike “with trig functions, however, the angle-unit setting does not affect the results of hyperbolic functions. Using the Hyperbolic Functions ‘The above examples assume the degree angle-unit setting. ‘+ SIN-1, COS~1, and TAN~1 are the inverse trig functions aresine, arccosine, and arctangent, respectively. The ‘TI-60X calculates the smallest angle that satisfies the! description. Kaampto ‘© The tangent of 90° (or any odd-numbered multiple of 908, such as 270°) is undefined. Attempting to caleulate the :angent of such an angle causes an error. + Piis stored asa constant in the TI-60X. The symbol displayed and the value 3.14159265359 is used in calculations. 3-10 Math Operations Key Sequence Function a Thyperbolic sine (inh) (XD Gad IsIN-"1 inverse hyperbolic sine (sinh-") Ihyperbolic cosine (cosh) (HVE) nd [C0517 inverse hyperbolic cosine (cosh-") ‘hyperbolic tangent (tanh) TTAN-17 inverse hyperbolic tangent (anh) Pressing (HYP) displays the HYP indicator. If you press (YB) and thena key that does not have a hyperbolic function, the key performs its normal function. If you press HYP} by mistake, press it again to cancel its effect. Caleulatesinh Sand tanh-! 0.5. Entertanh 0.5, 5 TANH-1 5 Evaluate, Geren) 9.549906144 MathOperations 3-11Polar/Rectangular Conversions ‘conversions. Chapter 4: Memory and Variables ——— seine puree: See aa Entering Rectangular and Polar Coordinates Converting Coordinates Example 3-12 Math Operations Coordinate pairs must be in the decimal number base. "The pairs must be enclosed in parentheses, with the two: ‘separatedby a comma. For example, the coordinal pair (7.8,7.5) isentered with the following keystrokes: Mmoao Bither part of coordinate pair an bea value oran expression, such as(in6,y'2)and(7-htan-! 3) ‘Toconvert from rectangular to polar, enter the coordinate as (x, y) and press rd) [RP] ‘The resulting polar coordinate is displayed with an angle ‘symbol separating r and 8. ‘Toconvert from polarto lar, enter the coordinate as (f, €)and press Gad [P>R) EiENTER). The resulting rectangular coordinate is displayed with a ‘comma separating x and y. Convert the rectangular coordinates (0,4) to polar and ‘then convert the result back to rectangular. Note: Select the decimal number base and the degree angle unit before entering this example. Enter rectangular coordinates. Convert to polar. Convert back io rectangular. Boos 04) Chapter Contents Uoitig Variablad is oe. ashisas eves. elutes 42 Using the Variable List... 44 Example: Enteringand Using Variables + 46 Managing Memory se 46 Deleting Variables, Formulas, and Statistical a era 4-8 femory Math. 4-10 Memoryand Variables 4-1—_—_———_—— variable isa single alphabetical character that refers toa Tocation in memory where a value is stored. The value can bea real numberora fraction. Storing a Value toa Variable Variable Names and Formula Names Exchanging Values 4-2 Memory and Variables ‘A variable is undefined until you store a value to it. After’ ‘you have stored ¢ value toa variable, you can use that ‘Value in an expression by entering the name of the Variable. If you use an undefined variable in an operation, (except for the formula routine), ERROR is displayed. ‘The 70) key allows you tostore a value to a variable. The, ALPHA functior is built into the STO function, so you don'thave to press. before you pressthe key for an. alphabetical character. Example Keystrokes: ‘Variables and formulas both occupy memory space, as described on page 4-6. They alsoshare the characters A. ‘through I, , ¥,andZasnames. ‘Whena formulais evaluated, it creates variable with thesame name as the formula and stores the result of the formula in the variable. Ifa variable with this name is already defined, its value is replaced by the result of the formula, ‘The Gad [EXC] key sequence lets you store anew value to a variable and display its old value in one operation. For example, assume that 25 is currently stored in A and you. enter the following keystrokes: 88 Gq [exc] A GENTE "The new value of 88 isstored in A, and the old value of 25) is displayed. Note that the ALPHA function is built into the EXC function. Using the Value ‘Thdisplay the value of a variable, enter one of the following key sequencesin the entry line: + GUA + GawA ‘The ALPHA functionis built into the RCL function, ‘When you press the (ACU) key, RCLis displayed until you press the key for an alphabetical character. Then RCLand the variable name are replaced by the value of the variable, ‘To use the value ofa variable in an expression, you can either recall the value directly with the GU) key, or you ‘can include the variable name in the expression. ‘© When you use the G0) key to recall a variablein an expression, the value of the variable is displayed as soonas you press the key for the variable name. ‘+ When you use the (PHA) key toreference a variable inan expression, the variable name remainsin the expression. The current value of the variable is used ‘to evaluate the expression when you press Example Keystrokes Effect C CENTED Inserts the value of Cinthe expression, addsit to2, and displays the result, (Gia) CERNE Adds the value of Cto2and displays the result. (Keeps ‘the variable name in the expression.) Memory and Variables 4-3Using the Variable List The key sequence allows you to review and edit the varlables you have defined. You can also define anew varlable with ng) [VAR]. Entering and Using Variable: Inthe example below, one variable is defined before the ‘equations entered, and one variable is defined within th ‘equation. The equation s then edited and re-evaluated, and ‘the final result is stored ina variable. Reviewing Stored Variables: Editing the Valueof a Variable Defining a New Variable with Gnd (van) 4-4 Memoryand Variables 1. Press fg) [VAR]. The display shows NAME? 2. Press EEX The display shows the name and value of the first variable (in alphabetical order) that has been defined. If more than one variables defined, the # indicator appears. 8, Press EIBNTEA)or Gd] [+] todisplay the next variable, ‘or press nd [+] to display the previous variable. ‘When youhave finished reviewing variables, press Gad) [EXIT] to return to the normalentry line. Note: Any valuein the list that has an exponent of ess ‘than ~1 (such asthe value .09)is displayed in scientific notation, regardless of the notation used to enter the value. For example, a variable stored as .004 is displayed as AE-03, ‘When you display a variable with the & sequence, you cen editits value by using cursor keys, Qi [DEL], Gg) [INS], and the editing techniques dese-ibed on pages 2-8 and 2-0. Note: Pressing while a variable is displayed only clears the displayed value; it does not set the variable value to zero. You must enter a value to continue reviewing the lis of variables. After editing the value, press tostore thenew value and display the next variable in the list. 1, When the NAME? prompt appears, press the alphabetical character for the new variable name. ‘An = symbolappearsnext to the variable name. 2. Enter the value or expression that defines the variable and press ‘The TI-60X stores the value in the variable and displays the next defined variable in the lis. Solve the following equation: ASB4+10 where A = 225 B= (+7) Store A in memory before entering the equation. After evaluating the equation, edit the value of Bto (8* + 2.5), and re-evaluate the equation. Store the final result in C. Then review the values ofall, the variables. Procedure Keystrol ‘Gear the entry ine. = Define A A GEE Startequation.__ GipHa) ALS) 7m Enterexpression (05 = forBandstoreit. 7 B 247) STO B Complete equation. [+110 7.08128 Redisplay equation. ig [EU] +6247) STO Changedtos. SI Ss Ax@247) STO. Change 7 to 2.5. 2 INS = Ga UNS15 Axe2425) § Reeval 1.38945065 Siore result in 79.98945005 Review variables has BH065 ¢ 13:3834506 Exit variable istTTI Managing Memory {In the TI-60X, merrory is shared among variables, formulas, alistical data, simultaneous equations, andthe last ‘equation. You can delete data from memory as needed, ‘described on pages 4-B and 4-9, o free memory space for newdata. Checking ‘Available Memory How the TI~60X Uses Memory ‘The TI-60X has amaximum of 12 registers in which you can tore variables, formulas, and statistical data. An ‘additional five registers are available for entering an ‘expression, excegt when you are solving simultaneous ‘equations, enterng two-variable statistical data, or integratinga formula. Forequations and formulas, each digit you enter ‘occupies one of 15 character positions available ina register, and eaca operation you enter (such as +, V", or LOG) occupies two characters. Additionally, an equation requires a 4-character overhead and each formula, requires a 6-character overhead. Enteringa set of two-variable statistical data leaves ten registers for variables and formulas and three registers foran expression. This limits the complexity of ‘expressions youcan evaluate with two-variable data in the statistical registers, Entering and so'ving simultaneous equations requires all of the memory registers. Before entering simultaneous ‘equations, you ruust reset the calculator’s memory (described on pege 1-7). While entering the coefficients, ‘you have a minimum of three registers for an expression. Memory Mossages Deciding What toDolote ‘The memory requirements for different types of operationsare shown below. TaskiOperation ‘Number of Registers Required Storinga variatie. 1 Enteringand evaluating anequation, Storing and solving, a formula. per every 12 characters (approximately) T per every 12 characters (approximately), and 1 for storing the result variable (: page 4-2) Enteringand saving simultaneous equations, All 12 (temporarily) Entering two-variable statistical data. statisticaldate; OS 4-6 Memory and Variables ‘To check the remaining amount of memory at any time, press @rd) [CHK M]. The display shows the number of | registers currently available for storage. For example, if you have 10 registers available, the display shows 10REG AVAIL. Ifyou approach the memory limits while entering data, the calculatorlets you know by changing the cursor from an underscore (_)toa block (Ml). fan operation requires more memory than is available, ‘one of two messagesis displayed: CLR XXREG, where XX represents the number of registers you should clear, or REGSINUSE. (The specific situations for each message are listed on page A-14.) You can clear either message by ‘pressing (CLEAR). To proceed with the operation, you must clear one or more registers by deleting variables, formulas, or the statistical registers. Ifyou need to clear some registers before proceeding ‘with an operation, consider these suggestions: * Ifyou have stored two-variable statistical data that, youno longer need, you can clear two registers by pressing Grd) [CS]. ‘+ When deleting variables to clear memory space, you may first want to delete any that are not used in formulas. You regain one register foreach variable you elete. + Remember that, when you solve a formula, a variable with the same name as the formula is created. If you delete the variable, you can easily redefine it ater by solving the formula again. ‘Memory and Variables 4-7Deleting Variables, Formulas, and Statistical Data ________) Instead of resetting the calculator, which clears all the deta ‘stored in memory, you can delete specitic variables and formulas or stored statistical data. These two pages describe the procedures for deleting selected data from memory. Deleting All ‘Todelete all your defined variables; Variables. 1, Press Gi) (cvs (Clear Variables), ‘The prompt CLAYN? appears. 2. Pross (YES) to clear all the variables, or press [HG] to leave the variables unchanged. Deleting a ‘Todelete one or more variables by name: Specific Variable 1. Press ad [VAR]. The NAME? promptis displayed. You caneither: ‘* Press GENER. Then press ENTE), Gnd) [+ 1, or Gad) {+1 untilthe variable you want to delete is displayed. ‘+ Pressthe character for the variable name, 2. When the variable is displayed, press Gz) [CFV] (Clear Formula or Variable). The CLA YN? promptis displayed. ‘* Todelete the variable, press (YES). The message CLEAREDis displayed. * Tokeep the variable, press (NO). The variable is displayed again, 3. Ifyou wish, press GiENTEA), Gna} [4], or Gnd) [+] to continue going through the list of variables. 4, Whenyou have deleted all he variabies you want, pres ag [ex] toretum tothe normal entry line 4-8 Memory and Variables 1, Press nd) [FMLA]. The NAME? prompt is displayed. Doletinga You can either: Formula Press (ENTER) and then press Gad [+] or until the formula you want to delete is displayed. *+ Press the character for the formula name. 2. When the formulas displayed, press Gig) [FV] (Clear Formula or Variable). The CLR YN? prompt is displayed, ‘* ‘Tdelete the formula, press (YES). The message CLEAREDis displayed. * Tokeep the formula, press (NO). The formula is displayed again, 8. Ifyou wish, press Gad) [J or Gad) [1] toreview and/or delete other formulas. 4, When you have deleted all the formulas you want, press nd) [EXIT] toreturn to thenormal entry line. Press Gia] [CS] (Clear Statistics). The CLR YN? prompts, displayed. + ‘Todelete the statistical data, press_| The message ‘CLEARED is displayed and the Star indicator iserased. Press (GLEAR) or start entering an equation to return to ‘the normal entry line. Deleting Statistical Data * Tokeep the data, press (80). The normal entry line is displayed, Memory and Variables 4-9niin drat wes sin ane he Bt Otuncon wtnannran the value of a variable without affecting 10 change | ‘He result of the exprossion you are entering, Chapter 5: Formula Programming Int formula routine provides a simple way of prooramming te calculator Ins chaptar conan ne Information needed to crest store andevaluato formulas. Thor ae iso several oxamples tet domonsate formule programming. Operations on a Variable When you perform anarithmetic operation on a variable, ation replaces the previous Note: You can not perform memory math on an. undefined variable. ‘The entry procedure for each memory operations identical 1. Enter the value with which to operate on the stored value. 8. Press the character for the variable name on which you want to operate You don’t have to press Example Keystrokes ‘Adds 17 to previous contents of A. ‘Subtracts 200 from Multiplies previous contents of Bby 9, of Bby7. Se ee ‘The result of the operation is stored when you press to evaluate the expression, Result (Stored in Variable) Previous contents of A. Divides previous contents Chapter Contents Using the SOLVE) Key =e eee Example: Calculating the Flight Time of a Projectile. sa se 7 a Formula + Bo Recalling and Baiting a For ee i 5-2 General Information about Formulas ........ Creating and Evaluatinga Formula 4 Example: Finding the Area of aCircle os Using the Result of One Formulain Another , Example: Calculating the Capacity ofa Freight Elevator ‘Bramplrlnerpolating Datei Table coeneees Bl 5 Formula Programming 5-1General Information about Formulas ‘Aformula is an expressionthat you define, name, and store for repeated use. An equation s an expression that youenter for immediate evaluation. Thore are several other ditterences Inthe way the calculator handles equations and formulas. Differences Equations. ‘and Formulas Formula Names Equations Formutai Best forquick, onetime Best for repeated results involving short solutions to similar expressions, problems and solutions to problems with longer expressions. Resuitnotautomatically Solution automatically stored asa-variable, stored in a variable with although it isavailable the same name as the through the “last answer” formula. Solution also feature (End (ANS). available as “last answer” Last-evaluated equation _Alwaysavailable with isavailable through the Gag [FMLA] unless you “last equation” feature, _ delete them or reset the provided you havenot calculator. begun entering a new ‘equation. Allvariablestobeusedin Formula routine prompis, the equation must be you to enter the values of defined before youenter _variablesafter you enter the equation. the formula, When you press Gd) [FMLA] to begin the formula routine, youspecify a formula name consisting of asingle alphabetical character. You can choose from the characters A-I, X, Y, andZ. You do not have to press before pressing the character key. Exiting from the Formula Routine Displaying the List of Formulas ‘There are several ways to exit from the formula routine. Pressing Gad (EXIT leaves the formula routine and returns to the entry-line display. ‘Pressing Zid) [OFF] turns the calculator off. When you turn the calculator on again, itis no longer in the formula routine. * Ifyou press Gia) [FMLA] and display the NAME? prompt by accident, you can press any key sequence thatstarts another prompted routine to exit the formula routine and begin the new routine. ‘Todisplay all the currently stored formulas, follow this procedure: 1. Press ag) [FMLA] to begin the formula routine. 2. Press EXENTES) or Gnd) [| ] to display the first formula in the list. (Formulas are stored alphabetically by name.) 8. Continue pressing 2nd) [+] or remaining formulas. 1} to view any Note: Anytime you are viewing a formula—even while entering it—you can use End [+] or Bag) [t] to examine your other formulas, Ifyou need more memory fora new formula, for example, you can look for a formula you no Jonger need, delete it, and then finish entering the new formula.Creating and Evaluating a Formula ——— “The procedure on these pages shows youhow to enter and ‘evaluate & new formula tha‘ has not been previously stored. ‘through the entry and Example: Finding the Area of a Circle By crating formula, you can program the T1-0X aosolacclewitanrada fanetanetn ie capies 2 previous examples use theedlinglayetochangett. " nousmamples Entering and Evaluating Formula 1. Press Gig] [FMLA] to begin the formula routine. The NAME? prompt appears. 2, Pressasingle alphabetical character (A-I, X, ¥, or) toname your formula. You do not have to press bofore pressing the character key. 3. Enter the expression for the formula, and press (GENIEA). The SOLVE YW? prompt appearsin the display. 4, Respond to the SOLVEYN? prompt: tostore the formula without solvingit ‘and exit from the formula routine. ‘+ Press [¥EG) to solve the formula. The prompt for the. first variable is displayed. The prompt consists of the variable namefollowed by = with a flashing 5. Define each of the formula’s variables by entering a value, an expression, or the name of a previously defined variable. 6. Press to move to the next variable, When the last variable isdefined, the REVIEW YN? prompt appears. 7. Respond to the REVIEW YN? prompt: «= Press (YES) to review the formula's variables. As each variable is displayed, you may change it or press GIENTEA) to accept it and move to the next variable. When the last variable is displayed, REVIEW YN? appears again + Press (HO) tosolve the formula, When the evaluation is completed, the result is displayed, 5-4 Formula Programming Example Find the area of acircle with a radius of em, ‘The formula for finding the area of acircle is: A-me Enter the formulas A = » x Bt where: A = areaof the circle. B = radiusof the circle. Procedure Keystrokes Display lear entry line. ‘Begin formularoutine. Grd) [FMLA] NAME? Enterformulaname. A Aa Enter formula. Gbg BO) SOLVE YN?’ Evaluate formula Ba Enter radius. REVIEW YN? Solve—no review. wo A= 165.09804 ‘The area of the circle is 153.93804em? Formula Programming 5-5Using the Key Youcan use the key o save keystrokes when you have ddofined all your variables and to quickly solve a formula for ‘several difforont values of to same variable. Example: Calculating the Flight Time of a Projectile This example demonstrates how to use (GOLVE) torepeat a formula, changing one variable each time. Ia variable inthis, sxample is displayed with a value leftover from previous, ‘examples, use the editing keys to chang ‘You can use the SOLVE) key to bypass the SOLVE YN? and [REVIEW YN? prompts. If you have defined all the variables inyour formula and do not wish to review them, use (SOLWE) to bypass the review process. You can also review some of the variables and then use (GOL) to bypass the rest. 1. With the formula displayed, press ‘© Ifthe formula contains variables, the first variable in the formula appears, Ifnecessary, enter or edit the variable, pressing ‘EBD to accept the value for the variable and play the next variable. Review and edit as many of the variablesas you wish. * Ifthere are no variables, the formula is evaluated and the result is displayed. to evaluate the formula and display the ‘You may need to evaluate a formula for several values of the same variable (see the example on the next page). If possible, arrange the formula so that the variable that variables. You will then be prompted for the changing variable first. Since the other variables need no changes, you.can then use to bypass them and solve the formula. When the olution appears, press evaluation. To use this feature, you must press. efore pressing any other key. Note: If you use (GOLVE) to bypass variables you have not vet defined, an error condition occurs. 5-6 Formula Programming ‘will change for each evaluation occurs ahead of the other Problem Calculate the flight time of a projectile fired from ground Statement level and traveling over level terrain, given the following variables: (firing velocity) = 20m/see (gravitational acceleration) ~ 9.80665m/sec? A{angle of elevation): Solve for 208 603 and 89° Time Use the formula: B(flighttime) = sinA x2 x C+G. (continued) Formula Programming 5-7Example: Calculating the Flight Time of a Projectile (continued) Recalling and Editing a Formula Youcan recall a formula by name, or you can recall thelist of all currently stored formulas. Anytime a formula is displayed, youcan editor delete It. Refer to Chapter 2for more deals, ‘about editing and Chapter 4 for details about deleting. Formula Gear entry tine. Set angle unit to degrees. Bvaluateformula, (2S) Enter first angle. 20 GENTE) Enter velocity. 20 ETE Enteracceleration. 9.80665 ENTER) REVIEW YN? Evaluate—no review. Repeat for next angle. Enternextangle _ 60(60.vE) Repeat for next angle. Enternextangle. 89} ‘The flight times for the projectile are: for20° 1.395, seconds; for 60° 3,632 seconds; and for 89° 4.078 seconds, Recalling ‘Begin the formula routine by pressing Gd [FMLA]. Formula + Torecall a formula by name, respond tothe NAME? prompt by pressing the character (A-I, X, ¥, orZ) that {isthe formulaname, + Tofinda formula amongall the currently stored formulas, respond to the NAME? promptby pressing EXEMEEA) or nd [to display the first formula in the list (formulas are listed alphabetically by name), o ad {to display the last formula in the list. Continue pressing @ad [1] or Gad) [+] tosee any remaining formulas Editing ‘When the formula is displayed, you can edit it by using a Formula (GLEAN), the cursor keys, Gra) (DEL), (rd) [INS], and the editing techniques described on pages 2-8 and 2-9. Deleting ‘With the formula in the display, press (id) [CFV]. The a Formula prompt CLR YN? appears, Press (YES) to delete the formula. The message CLEARED is displayed. Press (NO) to return the formula to the display without deleting it 5-9‘Using the Result of One Formula in Another ‘When you solve a formula, the calculator stores the result ina ‘variable with the same narve as the formula. By using that variable ina second formula, you can link the first formula to the second. An example ofthis Is shown on the next page. Calculating the Capacity of a Freight Elevator 98 the solution of one formula ina second the editing keys to This example Considerations for Linking Formulas. Benefits of Linking Formulas ‘AVVariation of Linking Here are some facts to consider when you link two formulas together by using the result of one formula in another, * ‘Thesecond formula uses the most recently evaluated result of the first formula. * ‘The first formula is no: re-evaluated automatically when you evaluate the second formula, ‘Some reasons you may want tolink formulas include: ‘+ Linking gives you a way to examine intermediate results, * Bylinking, you can break your formulas into small, logical modules that may be usable in several subsequent formulas, ‘+ After evaluating the first of the smaller formulas, you can accept ts result urchanged in subsequent formulas, rather than having to re-enter the value for cach formula, For some iterative calculations, you can use a formula's resultas a variable within the formula itself (for example, A = A + B2), After assigning an initial value to variable A, you can repeatedly solve this formula, accepting the newly calculated value of variable A at each iteration 5-10 Formula Programming Problem Calculate the number of 60-kg boxes that can be lifted by Statement a freight elevator, given the following variables: A (motor power) = 50,000w B (mass of each box) = 60kg (velocity) = Imisee distance) = 200m E (mass of empty elevator) = 500kg G (gravitational acceleration) = 9.80665m/sec? You can use two formulas: one to calculate the work and separate one to calculate the number of boxes the elevator can lift. (workin Newton * meters) = A x D=C ¥ (umber of boxes) = (X+D+G ~ E} First Formula Procedure Keystrokes Display Resetcalculator Ga) RESET] CLEARED Begin formula routine, Enterformala ve — Enter power. 50000 D: Enter distance. 200 GIENTER) ce Enter velocity andsolve, X= 10000000 ‘The work performed (10,000,000 Newton * meters)is| now stored as variable X. You can use X in the second, formula. (continued) Formula Programming 5-11Example: Calculating the Capacity of a Freight Elevator (Continuec) Example: interpolating Data in a Table ————=— OE ‘This example shows you how to formula to interpolate a ‘ale between two given values in tabla you proferto ale this ype of prablom using linear regression, raft the Similar example on page 8-10. Second Formule procedure Formula A table contains these values: Begin formula IfA- ThenB- routine 104 0.8508 Enter formula 105 0.8531 ‘You want tointerpolateaB value where A= 1.044 ‘The formula that interpolates desired value, B between two values n'a table can be entered as Kecept work B=(A~D)+(C- D)x(E -F) + Fwhere ‘Accept distance. : A = the A value for which you want tointerpolate B. Enter gravitational Soteaneminnee D> thetable value below A. Enter mass of E ~ the Bvaluein he table at C empty elevator. F = the B value in the table at D. Entermassof one — os box and evaluate . Exam Procedure Keystrokes Display formula. 60 GE) y=7e.0000177 ae The elevator capacity is 7éboxes, 5-12 Formula Programming Enter the formula. @ ea FO) GupHa F SOLVE YN? Evaluatethe formula. (YES) Enter value for A. 044 CED EntervalueforD. 1.05 EntervalueforC. 1.04 EntervalueforE, 8608 GENTE EnterFandevaluate 8531 SOLVE) oir FormulaProgramming 5-13ww Chapter 6: Integration ‘With a series of prompts, the TI-60X guides you through Integration, the process of estimating a specitied area under ‘curve. This chapter describes the integration procedure and, includes examples for integration. Chapter Before Integratinga Formula ....... 62 Contents Integrating a Formul: 4 bog Example: Integrating aSimpie Polynomial... 6-5 Hsanpleclnfeeratingan Area Under‘he Standard Normal Curve ........2:.0020600. 6-6 Integration 6-1Before Integrating a Formula ee ‘The integration routine is aspecialized branch ofthe formula routine, The T-80X uses Simpsons Rule to caleulate an Integral. Requirements forintegrating aFormula How the Calculator ‘The values you enter in the integration routine must be. real, decimal values. If the formula to be integrated contains trigonometric functions, you must select the appropriate angle unit setting (degrees or radians) for correct results, ‘The Gad) [4x] key sequence is used to indicate the independent variable during the formula routine’s prompting sequence. Youcan integrate on only one variable, Anerror will occurif dxis used to respond to ‘more than one variable prompt in a formula. ‘The integration routine operates on a formula that you enter. It evaluates your formula at several sample points and uses Simpson's Rule to determine the areas of the intervals. (See Appendix A for more information on ‘Simpson's Rule.) Inthe formula routine, you are prompted to define the formulas variables. You may select one variable to integrate on (independen: variable) by pressing [ad] (x1 in response to the variable prompt. ‘The integration routine then prompts you for the upper and lower limits of the independent variable and the number of intervals. F—bower Limit -— Upper Limit wtorvoe Tp Pt ‘When you press or |, the integrated solution is calculated and displayed, and the upper limit (orits nearest calculated equivalent) is stored in the independent variable, 6-2 Integration ‘Tigonometric Integrals ‘Tables of trigonometric integrals are usually based on. radian angles. To obtain the same answer when integrating on the calculator, you must select radians as the angle unit before performing the integration. ‘To evaluate the integral between limitsin a table of trigonometric integrals, you find its value at the upper mit and subtract its value at the lower limit. Although a funetion may not contain any trigonometric functions, its integral may be an inverse trigonometric function. For such a function, the answeris in terms of radians, regardless of the angle-unit setting Forexample, the indefinite integral of 1\/Ix=xtis cos-i(I ~ x). If you evaluate Si UN 2x38 dx with the integration feature using 25 intervals, you set 0.523508776, regardless of the angle- unit setting Butt youevaluate cosa] = €08(1-1.5) ~c0s 1-1) you must set the calculator to radians to get the same ‘answer (0.523598776). Integration 6-3Integrating a Formula ——— Follow the steps on these pages to integrate a formula. A ‘orles of prompts for integration is initiated when you Identity, the independent variable during the formula routine, The Example: Integrating a Simple Polynomial cnet oer a escereeeneren seta ee {formula can be one that youare currently entering or one that ‘examples, use the editing keys to changeit youhave stored. = 4x0 with respect tox, usinga Stepstor Integrating Integrate the functiona ~ 4x* wit Integrating enter a new formula ordisplay a previously stored ‘Manually lower limit of .5 and an upper limit of 1.5. Formula formula and press GOL). feta = fi axtax 2, Define each variable ard press GENTE) (Do not press ols to bypass the variable prompts.) When you are prompted for the independent variable, press toclear the current value, and then press fad) [ax] 3. The integration promptsare displayed one at a time: * LoW= prompts forthe lower limit. Enter the lower limit and press * p= prompts for the upper limit, Enter the upper limit and press ‘+ INTRV= prompts for the number of intervals. Enter the number as an integer from 1 through 99 and press GENT). (In accordance with Simpson's Rule, the calculator usestwice this number of subintervals) Note: Calculation speeds affected by the number ofintervals Continue defining variables until the REVIEW YN? prompt appears. 4. When REVIEWYN?is displayed: ‘Press (NO) or GOLVE) tosolve the integrated formula, ‘oreview the variables, including the -nt variable's upper and lower limits and the number of intervals. ‘The message CALC is displayed while the calculator integrates. The integrals displayed and stored ina variable with the same name as the formula. The upper-limit value you entered (or its nearest calculated equivaient) isnow stored in the variable you declared as the independent variable. 6-4 Integration ‘The integralisa=(x1)'$-1.54-.54=5. Integratingon Enter the formulainto the calculator as the Calculator AnAxXy3 and integrate it using 4 intervals. Procedure ‘Keystrokes Display Glear the entryline. LEAS) Begin formula routine id {FMLATA rtheformula. 40) GLH X Hate pete Ao Aetna Integrate. = Declare Xtobe the bee re) independent variable. ENTER Low=_ Enterthelowerlimit. 5 UP=_ Enter theupperlimit. 1.5 INTRV>_ Specify dintervals, 4 GiENTER) REVIEW YN? Galeulate the result. A= 3 Integration 6-5yn? onChapter 7: Simultaneous Equations ‘Youcan solve second- and third-order systems of ‘simultaneous linear equations using the TI-60X. This chapter Includes the procedures for ordering, entering, and solving ‘simultaneous equations, as well as some usoful examples. Chapter Background on Simultaneous Linear Equations . Before Solving Simultaneous Equations ... Solving Simultaneous Equations 5 Sai ‘Example: Solving a System of Two Equations ‘Example: Analyzinga Manufacturing Problem Example: Analyzing Resistance Network ‘Simultaneous Equations “atBackground on Simultaneous Linear Equations a Describing a physical situation often requires more than one ‘equation. A set of two or more linear equations that impose conditions simultaneously on a setof unknowns is called a ‘systemof linear equations. Before Solving Simultaneous Equations ee ir simultaneous equations with the terms (x,y,z) in serene, eee tee sonoma ‘Systems of linear equation can have any number of unknowns. For LinearEquations example, 6x -2y = 13 x+ By = 23 isa second-order system (two equations in two unknowns), and x+ by - 42-48 Bx- dy + 22-7 2x+ By+ 22= 44 isa third-order system (three equationsin three unknowns). The TI-60X salves second-and third-order systems. Note that the unknowns ofa linear equation only occur w the first power, Solutionsto _—_The solution to.asystem of equations is aset of values for Systems of the unknowns that solves each equation. To solve for LinearEquations each unknown, there mustbe as many equations in the system as there are unknowns. Solutions are displayed in standard notation with a floating decimal point, regardless of the currently, selected display format and fix-decimal setting. Asystem of linear equatiors may have one set of solution, ‘values, no solution, or many solutions, If there is no. solution or more than one set of solutions, the TI-60X displays the ERROR message. If the ERROR message appears when yousolve simultaneous equations, you can press Gnd [EQU] or to review and edit the coefficients, or press ra) [EXT] toexit, ‘Note: Very large coefficients can also cause an error. In ‘this case, pressing @ng} [EQU] or (GLEAR) exits the simultaneous equations rottine. Simultaneous Equations ‘You may need to rearrange your equations to fit the sing a Siem followingrowicolamn order: Equations — ‘Second-Order System aX + apy = Dy aX + gy = be Third Order System ayX + Ay + age = Dy ax + Bay + diye = be agix + Apay + Asst = By ‘You must enter a zero.as the coefficient for any term that is missing from your equations. Requirements Consider these facts when entering coefficients for forEntering _ simultaneous equations: Coefficients ‘© Thecoefficients must be real, decimal values, fractions, or expressions that evaluate to real, decimal values. = Youcannot use the store and exchange functions while entering coefficients. The results, however, are stored as variables X, Y, and (for third-order equations) Z. Simultaneous Equations 7-3sntered, the display ‘the equations. The play a single result, the splays a list of results. [prompt appears, press nity using the and the editing ‘Band 2-0.‘This example shows how toenter and evaluate a simple, ‘system of two linear equations. Problem Statement Given the following second-order system: bx - 2y = 13 x+ By = 23 solve for the two unknowns, Procedure Keystrokes Display Reset calculator. TRESET] CLEARED Begin entry sequence. iSIMUL]__ EQUA 2 OA 3? Specify2ndorder. 2 a Enter the row 1, column 1 coefficient. 5 ais Enterthe coefficient. [2 bie, Enter the row 1 solution, 13 aah, Enter the row2, column I coefficient, 1 GiENTER) Enter the coefficient. 3 (continued) Solution (continued) Display REVIEW YN? + xes a yoo In this system of equations, x is equal to5, andy isequal 106, 4Example: Analyzing a Manufacturing Problem This example shows how to snalyze a manufacturing situation by solving a systemof three linear equations. Problem A small manufacturing conpany produces three types of ‘Statement products. Three departments, assembly, testing, and packaging, are required to produce each product, with the amount of time shown in the table below. ProductX ProductY —_ProductZ Department _(Hre/unit) _(Hrsunity _(Hrs.unity Kssembly 03 ot 02 Testing 02 O38 o2 Packaging 0.1 oO OL ‘The assembly department has 340 work-hoursavailable each week; the testing department has 280 hours available each week; and te packaging department has 160 hours available each week. Ifthe company operates, at full capacity, how many of each product can be produced every week? Solution ‘The system of equationsis: Ox + dy +22 = 340 2x + By + 22 = 280 Ax + By +12 ~ 160 Procedure Kaystroker Reset calculator. [RESET] CLEARED Beginentry sequence. @ig) [SIMUL] __ EQUA 2 OR 3? SpecifySrdorder. 3 Enter the row 1, column 1 coefficient. Enter the coefficient, Enter the coefficient, Enter the row 1 solution. 340 ERENTER) 7-8 Simultaneous Equations Solution (Continued) Procedure Display Enter therow2, column 1 coefficient. ame Enter the coefficient. a= Enter the coefficient. bee Enter therow 2 solution. ast Enter therow 9, column 1 coefficient. a32=_ Enter thecoefficient. 2 33=_ Enterthecoefficient. 1 GITE) a: Enter therow3 solution. 160 REVIEW YN? 3 Show Xsolution. xE200 Show Y solution. ¥=400 + Show Z solution, 600 Each week, the company can manufacture 200 of Product X, 400 of Product ¥, and 600 of Product 2. Simultaneous Equations 7-9Example: Analyzing a Resistance Network ‘The techniques of node analysis and me used to analyze a resistance network. This example ‘node analysis to solve the volages at all nodes in acircult of resistors. Touse node analys's, write equations based on the {act thatthe algebraic sum oj currents flowing into a node is Principle Problem Statement Any circuit has two or more nodes, Components are connected between the nodes to form current paths. The current entering a node must equal the current leaving, the node. One node is the reference node for voltage measurements across components. The current in an individual current path is defined as either of the following: Statement (Continued) * The reciprocal of the resistance (1/R) multiplied by the voltage (v) across that component. ‘+ The value of acurrent source in that path, ‘To write a system of simultaneous equations describing the circuit, place all the 1/K x v terms on one side of the = sign, and place all the current-source termson the other side. ‘The following circuit has four nodes. Solution Node 1 R, Node 4 (Reference node) ‘The current equations at the nodes are: 1 dw,-+) + Le,-v,) = Nodet: eM + Ow + lw) =o Node2: re + Eeve-vy) = iy 3: hy + he) + Lev - Noded: jg ¥y + Wate) + Wav) =O (continued) 7-10 Simultaneous Equations Regrouping the coefficients of voltage yields: Given the following values, R,-10002 R= 859 Ri= 4002 Ry =-20009 R= 2009 iy = Ola Solve the system of equations for v,, v2, and v3. Procedure Keystrokes Display Reset calculator giresen CLEARED Begin entry sequence. TSIMUL] EQUA 2 OR 8? SpecifySrdorder ~ 3 Entera,(therow1, 1000067) column 1 coefficient). 400 (4) 2000 BE7) aie Enter ay Enter ais bie Bnterb, (the row 1 solution). (continued) Simultaneous Equations 7-11Example Analyzing a Resistance Network (Continued) _ Solution (Continued) Procedure Enter tg, Bntera Enterays Enterby. Bnterag, Enter an, Enter as. Enterby, ‘Show the X solution (v,). Show the Y solution (vs). Show the Zsolution (v.). Leave the solution set. ‘The voltages at the three nodes with respect tothe reference node are approximately v, = —1.54, Vp = ~2.83, and v, = -0.72 volts, 7-12 Simultaneous Equations Chapter 8: Statistics and Probability ‘The T|-60X performs one- and two-variable statistical culations, Including linear regression and trend-line ‘analysis. You also can calculate combinations and permutations. Chapter Contents Before Entering Statistical Data .. 82 Entering and Removing Statistical Data see 84 Entering and Removing Trend-Line Data 8-6 CalculatingStatistical Results ..... a7 ‘One-Variable Example: AnalyzingaSample |... 8-9 ‘Two Variable Example: Linear Regression 8-10 Example: Trend Line Analysis... osu GalculatingCombinationsand Permutations... 8-12 StatisticsandProbability 8-1Before Entering Statistical Data ‘These pages contain background information for performing statistical analyses on the T!-60X. Kinds of Forone-variable (unpaired) data, each data point Overviewof _Hereisan overview of the process forenteringdataand consists of asingle number(x). ) Statistical ‘calculating results. Detailed instructions are contained Calculations —_on the following pages, and examples begin on page 8-9. For two-variable (paired) data, each data point consists, ‘of twonumbers candy). When entering two-variable ‘+ Clear the statistical data registers. Thisis necessary data, you must separate x and y with a comma, each time you start anew dataset. ‘One-variable ‘wo-veriable ‘+ Enter the data points, The TI-60X has features to help, Examples Examples youenter trend-line data and recurring data points in 55 31,7.8 oo 53 2169 : Fo 2ee8 ‘+ Press the keys for the results you want to display. 58 34,70 Kinds of Anytime after entering the data set, you can display: For trend-line analysis, in which the value of xis ad incremented by I for eachalue of y, you only have to ¢ Thetotal numberof datapoints entered inns ‘© Mean and sample or population standard deviation, Requirements Then : Requrementa‘Themumbersyouenter ada points o Aeterna ouch eran icese Data Points, + Must evaluate to decimal values, Make sure the araiiee: |-60X isset to the decimal number base. THOR Lave * Linear regression results, such as slope, intercept, and + Must all be one-variable or two-variable points. You correlation coefficient (for two-variable data), « - variable data. Pie a Storing Anytime a statistical result is displayed, you can store the Statistical —_valueasa variable and then use the variable inan ‘+ May be either numeric values (including fractions, recalled variables, and “last answer") or simple ‘expressions. For exampie, you could use 4+5.5412 to centeralength of 4 feet 5.5 inches, If you use a erase ties Yeast eset GR Ses er praes t My (A= variable, it must be oneyou have already defined. 1,X, Y,orZ) for the variable name. ult ‘equation or formula. Note: Dueto the memory requirements of statistical calculations, expression complexity is limited toa ‘maximum of two pending operations when the statistics registers contain data. 8-2 Statistics and Probability Statistiesand Probability 8-3Entering and Removing Statistical Data The first time you press the (E+) key to enter a data point, the calculator shows the STAT ndicatortoletyouknow the Statistical registers conta data. The indicator remains Glsplayeduntl you clear tho statistics registers. Clearing the Statistical Data Registers Entering Statistical Data Before starting a new staiisties problem: j 1, Press Gd [C8] to clear the registers, 7 ‘The display shows CLAYN? 2, Press ZEB) to clear or {35 to cancel If you press (VES), the display shows CLEARED and the STAT indicator iserased. Removing Data Points 1, Enter the number, expression, or variable name for ‘the x value of the firstdata point. 2, Ifenteringtwo-variable data, press(=] and then enter the corresponding y value, a 3. Use one of these methods to enter the point into the statistics registers: ‘* Ifthe data point ocrurs only once in the set, press ‘+ Ifthe data point ocvursina few placesin the set, press (Z+] for each occurrence. * Ifthe data'point oevurs many times, press Gig) [FRQ}, enter the number of occurrences (from 1 t0 999), and then press z3] toenter all the occurrences.asa group. ‘ Each time you enter adata point, the calculator displays the total number of points entered (n). 4, Repeat steps I to3 foreach data point in the data set. Note: Because sums are calculated as you enter data, entering large data points can exceed the calculator’s range. If this happens, the calculator clears the statistics registers and the display shows ERROR. You may have to adjust the magnitude of each data point (dividingit by 1000, for example) before re-entering the data set. 8-4 Statisticsand Probability ‘To remove a data point immediately after pressing press Zag (2-]..The data point is removed and the display shows the adjusted number of data points. ‘To remove a data pointafter you have entered additional data: 1, Enter the same value, expression, or variable name you used to enter the x value of the data point. For ‘two-variable data, press] and enter the value for y. 2. Ifapplicable, use Gi@ [FRO to specify the number of ‘occurrences you are removing, ‘The data point is removed and the display shows the adjusted number of data points. Note: If you use fd (2~] to remove the only remaining data point, the ERROR message is displayed. Statisticsand Probability 8-5