6 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION CAUSES OF BOTTLENECK EFFECT * Volcanic eruptions *

Earthquake * Over-hunting * Radiation poisoning

* Artificial Selection * Natural Selection * Genetic Drift *
Mutation * Recombination * Gene flow
(1)Artificial Selection - Humans can select the variations that
are useful to them. - This can be done through selective
breeding. - Breeders are able to produce wide range of plants
& animals that look very different from the ancestors.
Founder Effect * Happens when there is a loss of genetic
variations because migration of a small subgroup in a
population
(4) Mutation - A change in a structure of a gene caused by
alterations in a DNA sequence of an organism

EX. corgi + husky DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATION

(2) Natural Selection - It is the process through which species Substitution- occurs when the genetic codon has one altered
adapt to their environment - It is the engine that drives nitrogenous base
evolution - This can only takes place if there is variations or
Insertion- characterized by the addition of an extra set of
differences among individuals in population
base pairs to the genetic material
EX. Dodo bird
Deletion- occurs when the set of a base pairs in the genetic
(3) Genetic Drift - A change in the frequency of an allele material is omitted
within a population over time - A mechanism of evolution in
(5) Recombination - A rearrangement of genes - Naturally
which allele frequencies of a population change over
occurs during the crossing over stage in meiosis, where there
generations due to chance occur in all populations of non-
is an exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes
infinite size, but its effects are strongest in small population
(6) Gene Flow - It is the exchange of alleles between two or
EX. Population bottleneck, Founder Effect
more population - For this reason it is sometimes referred to
Population Bottleneck * Occurs when the sudden sharp as Allele Flow or Gene Migration
decline in the population