unit

Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Adverbs modifying adjectives and verbs Personality More personality
traits traits
Adverbs modifying Adverbs modifying
adventurous agreeable
adjectives verbs
ambitious considerate
I'm very optimistic. She works slowly . careful decisive
He 's rea lly stubborn. You make friends easily. curious fair
easygoing honest
• Use adve rbs such as really, very, extremely, a nd fairly to modify adjectives.
optimistic mature
The adve rbs come before th e adjective.
outgoing patient
They 're fa irly sure. NOT They're .1t1ffftii1·/.r.
• Adve rbs modifying verbs go after th e verb or the ve rb and its object. stubborn reliable
I work quickly. NOT I qtiickl) ·~·C!rk.
• Adverbs usua ll y end in -ly. Some irregular adverbs are well, fast, and hard.
Functions
Present perfect with for and since Giving an opinion
• Use the present pe rfect to describe an action that bega n in the pas t and In my opinion, .. .
contin ues to now. If you ask me, .. .
I 've lived here for six years. (A nd 1 still live here.) Maybe it 's just me , but I think .. .
I 've studied English since January. (A nd I' m still studying English.)
• Use for to specify the amount of time. Asking for agreement
She hasn 't seen him for a long tim e. Don't you agree 7
He 's had his new car for one week. Don't you think so?
• Use since to specify the starting point. Don 't you think that's true 7
We 've known each other since high school.
He 's had his new car since Monda y.

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unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Quantifiers Environmental Tips to help the
impacts environment
Quantifiers with count nouns Quantifiers with noncount nouns
e-waste Buy local food .
There are too many plastic bottles Big cars use too much gas . global warming Fix leaky faucets.
in the ocean. hybrid car Grow your own
There aren't enough hybrid cars. We don't recycle enough trash. nuclear energy food.
We should use fewer plastic bags . Peop le should use less electricity. organic food Pay bills online.
People should use more stee l water We should try to conserve more plastic bags Take public
bottles. energy. po llution transportation .
recycling bin Use a clothesline.
• Too means that we have more th an we need or want.
• Not enough is th e opposite of too, and it means that we need or want more solar energy Use cloth shopping
of somethin g. wind farm bags.
• Use more and not enough with both plural count nou ns and noncount nouns. Use rechargeable
• Use fewer and too 111any with plural count nouns. batteries.
• Use less and too much with noncou nt nouns.

First conditional Functions

If clause + simple present Main clause + will I may I might I Giving an approximate answer
could I'd say about .. .
I'd say maybe .. .
If I use less gas, I'll save money.
Probably ...
If people recycle more, the re will be less trash in landf il ls.
If we don't stop global warming, we may have severe weather. Avoiding answering
If they grow their own food, they could save a lot of money. I'd rather not say.
I'd prefer not to say.
• Use a comma after the if' clause (the condition) . I'd rather not answer that.
Main clause + will I may I might I If+ simple present
could
I'll save money if I use less gas.
There will be less trash in landfills if peop le recycle more.
We may have severe weather if we don't stop global warming.
They coul d save a lot of money if they grow their own food .

•Don't use a co mma after the main clause.

• Use may, might, or could in the main clause when you're less certain about the resu lts.

Yes I no questions Short answers Short answers

Affirmative Negative
Wi ll there be enough landfill Yes , there wi II . No, there won't.
space if we don't reduce
trash?
Wi ll we need less oil if we Yes, we will . No, we won't.
develop more electric cars?

Wh- questions
What will happen if we don't stop global warming?
What wi ll we do if the pollution gets worse?

• Use first conditional sentences to describe real future possibilities.

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unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Expressions with infinitives Relationship Inseparable
behaviors phrasal verbs
It's+ adjective + infinitive It's+ noun phrase + infinitive
apo logize break up
It's important to apologize . It 's a good idea to compromise argue coun t on
sometimes . communicate drop by
It's not helpful to gossip . It 's not a bad idea to apologize . compromi se get along
criticize get together
• Use infiniti ves after It 's+ an adjective.
forgive grow up
• You ca n also use infiniti ves after It 's + a noun phrase.
• An infinitive is to + base fo rm of a verb. The base form never changes. gossip pi ck on
judge run into
Modals for speculating lie take after
Speculating with more certainty Speculating with less certainty
She must be sick. She never misses She might have a doctor 's Functions
class. appointment or something.
Apologizing
They must not get along. They don't They may not know each other very
I'm sorry.
want to sit next to each other. well . I think they just met.
I'm really sorry.
He can't be angry. He's smiling. He could be angry, but maybe he
My apologies.
doesn 't want to show it.
Accepting an apology
• We use must to show that we' re almost I 00 percent certain that something is true. That 's OK.
• We use 11111st 110 1 and ca n 't to show that we're almost certain that something is not true. Don't worry about it.
• We use mig ht, may, and could to say that there's a chance that so mething is true, but
There 's no need to apologize.
we ' re not 100 percent sure.
• We use might 1101I may 1101 to say that it is possible that something isn't true.
• Note the difference in meaning between can 't and may no r I mig ht 11 0 1:
H e may not I mig ht no t go to Bra::.il. (It is possible that he won ' t go and stay home.)
He can 't be in Bra::. il ' I sm1· him y este 1day. (It is not poss ible that he is Brazil.)
• You can also use a continuous form after the modal: moda l +be + base form+ -ing.
He m ig ht be fe eling upset.
NOT H e mit)1tfttli11/?; upset. OR He mi,~h« isfccli11g upset.

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unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Reflexive pronouns Qualities for Separable
success phrasal verbs
Reflexive pronouns
bravery bring up
I taught myself to play the guitar. confidence do over
Did you hurt you rself in the soccer game? creativity give away
He considers hi mself very creative. dedication give back
Sh e thought of herself as talented. enthusiasm pay back
The dog hurt itself in the yard . flexibi Iity point out
We asked ourse lves why we were there. talent put off
How did you make yourselves finish the race? wisdom talk over
Th ey didn 't plan the trip by themselves . They had help. try out
turn down
• Use refl ex ive pronouns when the subject and object of a sentence refer to the
same thin g or person.
• By with a reflexive pronoun means " al one." Functions
Second conditional Advising against something
If clause + simple past Main clause+ would I wouldn't re commend that.
I don't think you should do that.
If I were ri ch, I would
I'm not sure that 's the best idea.
If she we re n't sad, she wouldn't buy a house .
If you ate healthy food, you wouldn't be sick so often. Considering advice
If we didn't need the money, we' d quit our jobs and travel. I'll see .
I'll think about it.
• Use a comma after the if' clause (the condition). I 'II give it some th ought.
Main clause + would If+ simple past
I woul d buy a house if I were rich.
She woul dn't cry if she weren 't sad .
You woul dn't be sick so often if you ate healthy food.
We' d quit our jobs and travel if we didn't need the money.

• Don' t use a comma after the main clause.

Yes I no questions Short answers Short answers

Affirmative Negative
Would you be happier if you Yes , I would . No, I wouldn 't.
were famous?
Would she get better grades Yes , she would. No, she wouldn't.
if she stu died harder?

Wh- questions
What wou ld you do if you were rich?
Where wou ld he live if he had a lot of money?

• Use second conditional sentences to describe " unreal" or imaginary situations.

If I were presidenl, I 'd lower laxes. (I ' m not the president, so l won't lower taxes. )
• Use a past tense verb in the if clau se (the condition) . Use wo uld in the main clause.
• Use we re for th e past tense of be in the condition.
If I were you, I 'd lake more classes.

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unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Past passive Compound Verb and noun
adjectives formation
Wh- questions
award-winning announce a tour
Wh en was the song first released ? best-selling appreciate music
How many albums were downloaded in 2008? high -priced compose music
nice-sounding enterta in an
Active (simple past) Passive (past of be + past participle) oddly named audience
me I was often-downloaded perform a song
you You were record-breaking produce a song
him He was well-known record a song
They gave her an award . She was given an award. release a new
it It was album
us We were
them They were
Functions
• The passive voice places the focus of a sentence on the receiver of an action instead Beginning instructions
of the doer of an action.
First, ...
• Use the passive voice when the doer of an action is not known or is not important.
To start, ...
• When the doer of the action is important, you may use the passive voice with by.
The first thing you do is . ..
I was given an award by the president of the college.
Continuing instructions
Yes I no questions Short answers Short answers
Next, .. .
Affirmative Negative
Then, .. .
Wa s you were . you weren't. After that, ...
Were you I was. I wasn't.
Was Ending instructions
he he was. he wasn't.
Wa s given an Finally, .. .
she Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.
award? it was. it wasn't. To finish , .. .
Was The last thing you do is ...
it you were you weren't.
Were we we were . we weren't.
Were you they were they weren't.
Were they

Present perfect with yet and already

• In questions, use yet when you expect the action to have happened.
Have you seen the movie yet?
• In affirmative statements, already means the action has happened earlier.
Yes, I' ve already seen the movie. NOT Yes, I 've seen the movie )'ft.
• In negative statements, yet means the action hasn't happened, but you expect it to.
No, I haven 't seen the movie yet. OR No, not yet. NOT No, I haven 't seen the
movie~.
• Yet goes at the end of the sentence . Already can go between have I has and the
verb, or at the end of the sentence.

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unit
Language summary
Grammar Vocabulary
Gerunds Vacation Extreme sports
activities bungee jumping
Gerunds as subjects
buy handicrafts kite surfing
Going to clubs isn't fun for me. go to clubs paragliding
Visiting museums can teach you a lot about a culture. listen to live rock climbing
Gerunds after some verbs music skydiving
see wildlife snowboarding
Martha enjoys going to local restaurants.
speak a foreign waterskiing
We don't like using a travel agency.
language white-water
Do you prefer traveling with friends, or with family?
try local food rafting
Gerunds after prepositions visit landmarks
He's interested in traveling to Africa this summer. volunteer
We're concerned about leaving our passports at the hotel.
Are you worried about getting to the airport on time? Functions
• A gerund is an -ing word that acts like a noun. Gerunds may be the subj ect of a Asking about preferences
sentence, or they may appear after some verbs or prepositions. Would you like . .. or . .. ?
•Verbs that are usually followed by gerunds: enjoy, dislike, hare, like, love, prefer, Would you prefer . .. 7
recommend. Would you rather have ... or ... ?
Modals for necessity and recommendation Reminding someone of
something
Modals for necessity Modals for recommendation
Remember to .. .
You must sign this form first. I'd better drink more water. Don't forget to .. .
We've got to make a reservation. You ought to ask about their safety Let me remind you to ...
He has to wear a life jacket. rules.
We should bring swimsuits .
Modals for lack of necessity
She shouldn't wear jewelry for th is
I don't have to participate. activity.

• Use must, have I has got to and have to to express something that is necessary
or required to do.
• Use the expression don't I doesn't have to to talk about something that is not
necessary or not required.
• Use the ex press ions had berre1; ought to, should, and shouldn't to give advice and
recommendations. Had better is stronger than the other expressions.

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