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Introduction to Human Factors and

Safety Management Fundamentals
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Unit Learning Objectives

Upon successful completion of this unit, you will be able to:

• Describe the terms Human Factors and Human Performance.

• Explain the Safety Management Fundamentals as described in ICAO Doc
9859, 4th Ed.
• Describe in what way safety management processes must consider Human
Factors.
• Explain the importance of Human Factors, Human Performance and Safety
Fundamentals training.

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Unit Overview :
• This unit will provide an overview of the
meaning of Human Factors and Human
Performance, the evolution of aviation safety
according to ICAO Doc 9859, 4th Ed, Safety
Management System, and its importance in the
aviation industry.

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What is The
Relation between
Human Factor
and Safety
Management?
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HF and Safety Management

ICAO states that the consideration of human factors is an integral part of safety
management, necessary to understand, identify and mitigate risks as well as to
optimize the human contribution to organizational safety. It is all about the
behaviour of the human in relation to safety and risk.

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Human Factor and Safety Management

• This knowledge will then help you to have a better understanding of

human performance, particularly in the aviation industry
• Human is central to the provision of a safe operation
• The application of Human Factors will help you to manage and improve
safety
• The terms HF and Safety Management Fundamentals are interdependent
topics
• Knowledge of these fundamentals is necessary, in order to be able to
focus on the specifics of this course.

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What is Safety ?

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SAFETY
• ICAO defines this as:" the state in which risks associated with aviation
activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are
reduced and controlled to an acceptable level”.

• It is important to note that acceptable safety performance is often defined

and influenced by domestic and international norms and culture.

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The evolution of Aviation Safety

Aviation safety has traditionally been a reactive rather than a pro-active process

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The evolution of safety thinking

First Commercial 1 January 1914

Systemic
approach

Fuente: James Reason

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Human in The System

the relation between human factors and safety management is explained.

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ICAO Doc 9859, 4th Ed, describes the following key topics :
a. Senior management commitment to create a working environment that
optimizes human performance and encourages personnel to actively
engage in and contribute to the organization's safety management
processes
b. ensure that responsibilities of personnel with respect to safety
management are clarified to ensure common understanding and
expectations.
c. ensure that all personnel are provided with information by the organization
that:
• describes the expected behaviors in respect to the organizational processes and
procedures.
• describes what actions will be taken by the organization in response to individual
behaviors.

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ICAO Doc 9859, 4th Ed, describes the following key topics :

d. monitor-and if necessary, adjust human resourcing levels to

ensure there are enough individuals to meet operational
demands.
e. establish policies, processes, and procedures to encourage safety
reporting
f. analyse safety data and safety information to allow consideration
of those risks related to variable human performance and human
limitations, with particular attention to any associated
organizational and operational factors.

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ICAO Doc 9859, 4th Ed, describes the following key topics :

g. develop policies, processes, and procedures, that are clear,

concise, and workable, with the aim of:
1. optimizing human performance.
2. preventing inadvertent errors.
3. reducing the unwanted consequences of variable human performance;
the effectiveness of these is continually

h. continuous monitoring of normal operations includes assessment of

whether processes and procedures are followed and, when they are not
followed, investigations are carried out to determine the cause

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ICAO Doc 9859, 4th Ed, describes the following key topics :

i. ensure safety investigations include the assessment of contributing human

factors, examining not only behaviors but reasons for such behaviors (context),
with the understanding that in most cases people are doing their best to get the
job done.
j. be sure that the management of change process includes consideration of the
evolving tasks and roles of the human in the system
k. personnel are trained to ensure they are competent to perform their duties, the
effectiveness of training is reviewed, and training programmes are adapted to
meet changing needs.

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Human Factor

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What is
Human Factor?

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HUMAN FACTOR
according to ICAO:

A field of endeavour concerned with optimising the relationship between people

and their activities, by the systematic integration of human sciences and systems
engineering.

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Human Factor
• Human Factors is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that focuses on a
range of different topics, including ergonomics, workplace safety, human
error, product design, human capability, and human-computer interaction
(man/machine interface)

• The integration of the knowledge from all these different scientific disciplines
is meant to enhance safer and better performances in the workplaces.
Statement on Human Factors (HF).

• HF continue to be cited as a recurring factor in accidents. Human factors

tended to focus on the individual, without fully considering the operational
and organizational context

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Human Factor
We can look at HF in two ways :

1. The ”old way” seeing HF as a risk

• unsafe behaviour, errors, violations
• performance limitations
• accidents caused by human performance

2. The “modern way" describing the human contribution to resilience and safe
performance:
• managing human capabilities
• promotion of a safety culture
• leadership, etc.

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Human Factor
Two other important area’s:

• The job: including areas such as the nature of the task, workload, the
working environment, the design of displays and controls, and the role
of procedures.

• The individual: including his/her competence, skills, personality,

attitude, and risk perception.

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Human Performance

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What is Human
Performance ?

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HUMAN PERFORMANCE
according to ICAO: - human capabilities and limitations
which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of
aeronautical operations.

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Human Performance

• Human performance = human capabilities + human

limitations. In other words: What people do.

• Influences the entire aviation system can affect a service

provider's safety performance during day-to-day operations.

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Human Performance

• According to ICAO Doc. 10151 “Manual on Human Performance (HP) for Regulators”, 1st
Ed. 2021, there are 5 HP principles:

1. People's performance is shaped by their capabilities and limitations.

2. People interpret situations differently and perform in ways that make sense to them.
3. People adapt to meet the demands of a complex and dynamic work environment.
4. People assess risks and make trade-offs.
5. People's performance is influenced by working with other people, technology, and the
environment.

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Key learning points

• Knowledge of HF and Safety Management Fundamentals will give you the necessary
details for fostering and promoting a positive safety culture within your organization.
• Safety is the state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in
direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable
level.
• Describe in what way safety management processes must consider human factors.
• Human Factors (HF) encompasses knowledge from a range of specific disciplines that
support Human Performance (HP) through the design and evaluation of equipment,
environments, and work, in order to improve System Performance.
• Human performance = human capabilities + human limitations. In other words: What
people do.

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SUMMARY
• Thorough knowledge of-, and effective
training in the area's mentioned above
is of key importance for fostering a
positive safety culture.
• The training for the workforce, AND the
leadership, is important for
recognizing, understanding, and
managing human performance and
safety issues.
• The goal is not only improving the
overall performance, but also
promoting physical and psychological
health.

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STUDY CHECK
www.kahoot.com

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