2022-01-28

Medical Terminology
and Anatomy for ICD-
10 Coding,
4th edition
BETSY J. SHILAND

Chapter 2
BONE STRUCTURE AND DIRECTIONAL
TERMINOLOGY

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Learning Objectives
Lesson 2.1 Organization of the Body
1. Recognize and use terms associated with the organization of the body.

Organization of the Human

Body (1of 8)

Human organism

Body systems (system/o)

Organs (viscer/o, organ/o)

Tissues (hist/o)

Cells (cyt/o, cellul/o)

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Organization of
the Human Body
(2 of 8)
Homeostasis (home/o + -
stasis)
◦ Energy conversion
◦ Metabolism (meta-)
◦ Anabolism (ana-)
◦ Catabolism (cata-)
◦ Metabolism = anabolism
+ catabolism

Organization of
the Human Body
(3 of 8)
 Cells—The fundamental
unit of all living things
 Cell components:
◦ Chromosomes
◦ Cell membrane
◦ Cytoplasm (cyt/o)
• Lysosome (lys/o)
• Ribosome (rib/o)
• Mitochondrion
◦ Nucleus (nucle/o)

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Organization of the Human Body

(4 of 8)
Tissues (hist/o)
◦ Four types of tissues
◦ Epithelial
◦ Muscular
◦ Connective
◦ Nervous
◦ Parenchymal vs. stromal

Types of Cells
Muscle Cells
◦ my/o
Epithelial cells
◦ epi-
◦ thel/e
◦ -ial
Nerve cells
◦ neur/o
Connective/Fat
cells
◦ myel/o
◦ adip/o
◦ lip/o

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Organization of the Human Body

(5 of 8)
• Tissue Replacement
◦ Autologous
◦ Auto-
• Nonautologous/allogeneic
◦ Zooplastic
◦ Zo/o
◦ Syngeneic/isoplastic/isogeneic/isologous
◦ Is/o

Organization of the Human Body

(6 of 8)
Organs (organ/o, viscer/o)
◦ Termed “viscera” (s. viscus)
◦ Arrangements of various types of tissues
◦ Heart (cardi/o)
◦ Endocardium (epithelial)
◦ Myocardium (muscular)
◦ May be instrumental in more than one system

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Organization of the Human Body

(7 of 8)
Parts of organs
◦ Apex (apic/o)
◦ Cortex (cortic/o)
◦ Body (corpor/o, som/o, somat/o)
◦ Fornix (fornic/o)
◦ Fundus (fund/o)
◦ Hilum (hil/o)
◦ Lumen (lumin/o)
◦ Sinus (sin/o, sinus/o)
◦ Vestibule (vestibul/o)

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Organization of the Human Body

(8 of 8)
Body systems
◦ Musculoskeletal ◦ Cardiovascular
◦ Integumentary ◦ Respiratory
◦ Gastrointestinal ◦ Nervous/behavioral
◦ Urinary ◦ Special senses
◦ Reproductive ◦ Endocrine
◦ Blood/lymphatic/immune

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Specialists/Specialties
Cytology Pathology
◦ Cytologist ◦ Pathologist

Histology Biopsy
◦ Histologist
Necropsy
Anatomy
Autopsy
◦ Anatomist

Physiology
◦ Physiologist

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Learning Objectives
Lesson 2.2 Positions, Body Cavities, Regions,
Quadrants, and Planes

2. Recognize and use terms associated with the positional and

directional vocabulary.
3. Recognize and use terms associated with the body cavities.
4. Recognize and use terms associated with the abdominopelvic regions
and quadrants.
5. Recognize and use terms associated with planes of the body.

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Anatomic Position
Anatomic position is the frame of reference that is used to name the
surface anatomy.
To be in anatomic position, an individual is standing erect, face forward,
arms at sides, with palms facing forward and toes pointed forward.

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Ventral Surface Anatomy:

Head and Neck

Buccal Cephalic Cervical

Cranial Facial Frontal

Mental Nasal Ocular

Oral Otic

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Ventral
Surface
Anatomy:
Trunk
Abdominal Mammary
Axillary Pelvic
Coxal Sternal
Deltoid Thoracic
Inguinal Umbilical

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Ventral Surface
Anatomy:
Arms

• Antecubital
• Brachial
• Carpal
• Manual
• Palmar
• Digital

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Ventral Surface
Anatomy: Legs
Crural
Femoral
Patellar
Pedal
Plantar
Tarsal

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Dorsal Surface
Anatomy
Acromial Scapular
Dorsal Vertebral
Gluteal Olecranal
Lumbar Popliteal
Nuchal Sural
Perineal
Sacral

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Positional and Directional Terms

(1 of 10)

ANTERIOR (ANTER/O) POSTERIOR (POSTER/O)

 ant  pos
 Ventral (ventr/o)  Dorsal (dors/o)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(2 of 10)
SUPERIOR (SUPER/O) INFERIOR (INFER/O)
 sup  inf
 Cephalad (cephal/o)  Caudad (caud/o)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(3 of 10)
MEDIAL (MEDI/O) LATERAL (LATER/O)
 lat

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Positional and Directional Terms

(4 of 10)
• IPSILATERAL (IPSI-) • CONTRALATERAL
(CONTRA-)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(5 of 10)
UNILATERAL (UNI-) BILATERAL (BI-)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(6 of 10)
PROXIMAL (PROXIM/O) DISTAL (DIST/O)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(7 of 10)
SUPERFICIAL DEEP

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Positional and Direction Terms

(8 of 10)
SUPINE

PRONE

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Positional and Directional Terms

(9 of 10)
DEXTRAD (DEXTR/O) SINISTRAD (SINISTR/O,
LEVO-)

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Positional and Directional Terms

(10 of 10)
AFFERENT (AF-) EFFERENT (EF-)

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Body Cavities
(1 of 2)
Dorsal cavities
◦ Cranial (crani/o)
◦ Spinal (spin/o)

Ventral cavities
◦ Thoracic (thorac/o)
◦ Abdominal (abdomin/o)
◦ Pelvic (pelv/i)

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Body Cavities
(2 of 2)
Ventral cavity
◦ Thoracic
◦ Mediastinum (mediastin/o)
◦ Pleural cavity (pleur/o)
◦ Abdominal
◦ Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o, phren/o)
◦ Peritoneum (peritone/o)
◦ Pelvic

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Thoracic & Abdominal Cavity

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Abdominopelvic Regions
Nine regions
◦ Left and right hypochondriac
◦ Epigastric
◦ Left and right lumbar
◦ Umbilical
◦ Left and right iliac (inguinal)
◦ Hypogastric

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
◦ Liver

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

◦ Stomach and spleen

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

◦ Appendix and McBurney’s point

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

◦ Munro’s point

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Planes of
the Body
•Frontal/Coronal
• Sliced Front to back

•Sagittal
• Sliced Side to side

•Transverse
• Sliced Top to bottom

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X-Rays and Planes

of the Body
•Sagittal Chest X-Ray
1. Spine
2. Heart
3. Lungs

•Frontal or coronal Chest X-Ray

1. Lungs
2. Ribs
3. Heart

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TERM MEANING TERM MEANING

abdomin/o abdomen medi/o middle
adip/o fat nucle/o nucleus
anter/o front pelv/i pelvis
cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus) pharyng/o pharynx (throat)
chondr/o cartilage poster/o back, behind
chrom/o color proxim/o nearest
coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) sacr/o sacrum
crani/o skull sarc/o flesh
cyt/o cell spin/o spine, backbone
dist/o far, distant thel/o, theli/o nipple
dors/o back portion of the body thorac/o chest
hist/o, histi/o tissue trache/o trachea, windpipe
ili/o ilium (of the hip bone) umbilic/o navel, umbilicus
inguin/o groin ventr/o belly side of the body
kary/o nucleus vertebr/o vertebra(e), backbone(s)
later/o side viscer/o internal organs
lumb/o lower back

Term Sheet – Combining Forms

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Prefix Meaning Suffix Meaning

ana- up -eal pertaining to

cata- down -iac pertaining to

epi- above -ior pertaining to

hypo- below -ism process, condition

inter- between -ose pertaining to, full of

intra- within -plasm formation

meta- change -somes bodies

-type picture, classification

Term Sheet – Prefixes & Suffixes

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