Learn Rather Than Memorize

Life Science
Chapter 1 Structures and Functions of Life
Chapter 2 Life Functions and Energy Intake
Chapter 3 Heredity
Chapter 4 Evolution
Chapter 5 Ecosystems
Chapter 6 The Human Body and Health

mbc.science.2023ed
 Learn Rather Than Memorize
Chapter 1  Cells, Tissues, and Organs
 Cell Functions and Components
Structure  Cell Division
and Mitosis
Meiosis
Functions of life
In all life forms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans, the cell was the most basic structural and
functional unit.
A cell is the smallest and most basic form of life.
Robert Hooke, discovered the cell in 1665.

CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS

Cell theory
The cell theory incorporates three principles:
 Cells are the most basic building units of life.
 All living things are composed of cells.
 New cells are made from preexisting cells, which divide into two.
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Cell functions and components

Structure and Functions of Animal cells

1 Nucleolus synthesis
nthesis of ribosomal RNA.
2 Nucleus contains chromatin material or chromosome.
somatic cell contain 23 pairs of chromosome
gametes ( sperm / ovum) contain 23 chromosome
3 Ribosome protein synthesis.
4 Vesicle transport of materials within the cytoplasm.
5 Rough endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis.
6 Golgi apparatus processes, packages and distributes proteins to other organelles for
export.
7 Cytoskeleton structural support of cells; facilitates the movement of the organelles.
microtubules are organized components of the cytoskeleton that
give shape to many cells and also involve in cell division.
8 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lipid synthesis; drug metabolism.
9 Mitochondria produces energy for the cell called atp.
10 Vacuole protection of the cell, collect waste products
11 Cytosol place for chemical reaction
reaction.
place for which other organelles can operate within the cell.
12 Lysosome cellular digestion.
13 Centrosomes(2 centriole) regulate the cell
cell-cycle progression.
14 Cell membrane separates the cell from its environment; regulates the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
 Learn Rather Than Memorize
Chromosomes in a nucleus of a cell

Levels of organisation
 Cells. Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all life.
 Tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that work together.
There are four types of human tissues:
1. connective, which connects tissues;
2. epithelial, which lines and protects organs;
3. muscle, which contracts for movement and support; and
4. nerve, which responds and reacts to signals in the environment.
 Organs. Organs are a group of tissues to perform function.
 Organ systems. Organ systems are two or more organs that support a specific physiological function.

Organ system of the Animal

 There are eleven organ systems in the human body

Organ System Organ Components Major Function

1 heart, blood/lymph
Circulatory vessels, blood, Transport nutrients and waste products
lymph

mouth, esophagus,
2 Digestive Digestion and absorption
stomach, intestines

all glands (thyroid,

3 Endocrine Produce and release hormones
ovaries, pancreas)
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Organ System Organ Components Major Function

white blood cells,

4 Immune lymphatic tissue, Defend against foreign invaders
marrow

skin, nails, hair,

5 Integumentary Protective, body temperature regulation
sweat glands

skeletal, smooth,
6 Muscular Body movement
and cardiac muscle

brain, spinal cord,

7 Nervous Interprets and responds to stimuli
nerves

8 Reproductive gonads, genitals Reproduction and sexual characteristics

lungs, nose, mouth,

9 Respiratory Gas exchange
throat, trachea

bones, tendons,
10 Skeletal Structure and support
ligaments, joints

kidneys, bladder,
11 Urinary Waste excretion, water balance
ureters

mbc.science.2023ed
Learn Rather Than Memorize

mbc.science.2023ed
 Learn Rather Than Memorize
Organ system of the Plant

Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system, and a root system.
The shoot system consists of two portions: the non-reproductive (vegetative)) parts of the plant,
such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts of the plant, which include
flowers and fruits.
The shoot system generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for
photosynthesis.
The root system, which anchors the plant into the ground, absorbs water and minerals, and
serves as a storage site for food is usually underground.

Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cell division in prokaryotes is by binary fission
fission.
Cell division in eukaryotes is by mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis

Mitosis is a process of cell division among somatic cells, producing two genetically identical cells with same
number of chromosomes.

Before cell division

 Learn Rather Than Memorize

During cell division

chromosomes have duplicated

centrioles  chromosomes line up along the

center of the cell.
 pair of centrioles form at the poles of
the cell> produce spindle fibers >
attach to the center of each
chromosome

 chromosomes split at the center

 Half of each chromosomes migrate to
opposite sides of the cell.

 dissolution of the spindle

 nuclear envelopes reform
 cell division occurs
 daughter cell is identical to
the original.
CYTOKINESIS
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Meiosis

Meiosis is a process of cell division of germ cells (sperm or egg cells) in sexually-reproducing organisms.
The resulting daughter cell has half the normal number of chromosomes of the original cell.

All life on Earth consists of either eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes are always unicellular organisms containing no nucleus and no membrance bound structure
Eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms, containing nucleus and membrane bound structure

mbc.science.2023ed
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Chapter 2  Photosynthesis
 Respiration
ENERGY INTAKE  Fermentation

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a biochemical process that occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells.
The process uses light energy to synthesis organic compounds
compounds; sugar.

Basic Structure of plant

Site and Organelle of Photosynthesis

 Learn Rather Than Memorize
All green plant
nt tissues can photosynthesize.
Majority
ajority of photosynthesis usually takes place in the leaves.
The cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called the mesophyll are the primary site of photosynthesis.

Two types of vein

1. xylem transports water from

the root to the mesophyll
2. phloem transports sugars out
of the leaf to the whole plant.
plant

CHLOROPLAST

CHLOROPHYLL

Within these cell, there is a specialized intracellular organelle , chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll,
hlorophyll, is a pigment used to absorb energy from the sun..
(green coloration in the leaves of most plants is due to the presence of chlorophyll)

Process of Photosynthesis

 Carbon dioxide enters cells through tiny holes in the leaf.

 Water absorbed by the plant’s roots also travels to the leaf cells.
 When light energy enters the cells, carbon dioxide and water react in structures called chloroplasts.
 The reaction produces glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
 Glucose travels to the rest of the plant to be used or stored.
 The oxygen exits the leaf through the tiny holes.

Summary
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Respiration "Cellular Respiration"

Cellular respiration is a biochemical process that occurs in mitochondria of animal cells.
This process convert food into a usable form energy, ATP [Adenosine Triphosphate] in the body.

Site and Organelle of cellular respiration

Cellular respiration takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria of every animal cells.

Figure showing mitochondrion

Process

mbc.science.2023ed
 Learn Rather Than Memorize

Process of cellular respiration

Celular respiration occurs in two stages.
 First, glucose from food enters the cell and is broken down into smaller molecules by a process called
metabolism.. This process releases a small amount of energy for the cell to use.
 Next, the smaller molecules react with "oxygen" inside the cell’s mitochondria. This process produces
carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of energy.
The cell now has the energy it needs to carry out its normal functions.

Cellular respiration use Oxygen to produce energy.

So the process is called Aerobic respiration.

Mitochondrion is a power house of the cell.

Summary
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP.

Fermentation
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide (or organic acids) through the
action of enzymes in yeast and/or bacteria, under anaerobic conditions.
Energy is extracted in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic condition).

(bacteria)
(mould)
 Learn Rather Than Memorize
Energy
Energy exists in various forms.
Some of the main forms of energy are

Cars use gasoline as an energy.

The human body use only one kind of energy "chemical energy" called Adenosine Triphosphate
hate (ATP).

α β ϒ