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Solutions
Solutions
Mixtures – a review
• Mixture: a combination of two or more
substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be separated
by physical means.
• Two types:
– Heterogeneous
– Homogeneous
Heterogeneous Mixture
• “Hetero” means “different”
• Example:
Homogeneous Mixture
• “Homo” means the same
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one phase
(solid, liquid, gas)
• Commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Salt Water
Solution
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances
that is identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated Salt water is
• composed of solutes and solvents considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Types of Solutions
•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
Concentration
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
Chemistry-Borders
Polarity and Dissolving
• Chemists use the saying
“like dissolves like”:
➢Polar solutes tend to
dissolve in polar
solvents.
➢Nonpolar solutes tend to
dissolve in nonpolar
solvents.
Oil is nonpolar while water is
polar. They are immiscible.
Solubility Curves
Generally, the
solubility of solid
solutes in liquid
solvents increases
with increasing
temperature.
To read the
graph, find the
line for the
substance. The
amount that
dissolves at a
given
temperature is
on the y- axis.
How much KNO3
dissolves in 100g
(or 100mL H2O
at 50oC?
1.Find the line (green)
2.Find the temperature
and follow up to the
line.(red arrow)
3. Read across to the y-
axis and this is the
answer. (blue arrow)
4. Since it is more than
½-way between 80 and
90, it is 87.
◼ A point on the line is a saturated solution.
◼ Above the line is supersaturated.
◼ Below the line is unsaturated.
Using Solubility Curves
What is the solubility of
NaNO3 in 100 g of H2O at
0°C?
73g NaNO3
How many grams of KNO3
will dissolve in 200g of
H2O at 45°C?
75g = ?
100g H2O 200g H2O
= 150 g KNO3
How much water is needed to
dissolve 190g of NaNO3 at
30°C?
95g = 190g
100g H2O ? g H2 O
= 200 g H2O
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Molarity
(M)
Molarity
• Molarity is the concentration of a
solution expressed in moles of solute
per Liter of solution.
• Molarity is a conversion factor for
calculations
= 262.98 g NaCl
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
= .5647 L
Solve the following:
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Dilutions and Molarity
M1V1 = M2V2
Example 1
How many liters of 2.5 M HCl are
required to make 1.5 L of 1.0 M HCl?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 2.5 M
V1 = ?
M2 = 1.0 M
V2 = 1.5 L
(2.5M) V1 = (1.0M) (1.5 L) = 0.60L
2.5M 2.5M
Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
V2 – V1 = Amount of water
1.5L – 0.60L = 0.90L water
Example 1
M1 = 2.5M V1 = 0.60L M2 = 1.0 M V2= 1.5 L
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Mass Percent
• Solutions can also be represented as percent
of solute in a specific mass of solution.
• For a solid dissolved in water, you use percent
by mass which is Mass Percent.
reactants products
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Solution Stoichiometry
• When we previously did stoichiometry
for a reaction to determine theoretical
yield, we only worked with GRAMS and
MOLES
• Ex/ How many MOLES of HCl are
required to react with 13 GRAMS of
zinc?
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Solution Stoichiometry
• But we may be given something OTHER than
grams and moles
= 0.0331 L HCl
Solution Stoichiometry
• Ex/ How many grams of NaOH would be
required to react with 1.50 L of 3.75M
sulfuric acid?
H2SO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
= 450. g NaOH