THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT CAUSES FORMER OFFENDERS

TO COMMIT CRIMES IN BARANGAY TALAMBAN

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
University of Cebu – Banilad
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by

VINCE DREXSIL C. TUDTUD PRINCE MARK A. CUIZON

JUSTINE A. OLARTE NINO C. VITOR

RODYARD P. ENGIS RANJEL L. TUICO

April 2022
 ii

APROVAL SHEET
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study would have not been possible without the guidance and

support of the following individuals who have served as the researcher’s

leaning pillar in the times that the researchers find it difficult to proceed. They

have served as fuel to the fire to continue this study. The researchers extend

their heartfelt gratitude to Dean Ofelia G. Maña, Campus Director with the

researchers’ greatest pleasure.

To Ms. Deniebell Borbon Pableo, MCSJ, College Dean, for the

encouragement and inspiration to finish this study.

To Ms. Sheilla Marie A. Falar, a research instructor who guided the

researchers through the online meetings that continued for days. For giving

constructive insights and giving the right amount of guidance while

conducting the study.

To the members of the research panelist who invested their precious

time and truthful recommendation regarding this study. To the informants,

who shared their time and effort, accept the researchers’ sincerest gratitude.
 iv

DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this study to the people who

have helped along the way, for alleviating the struggles that the researchers

endured during this research. This is for the parents, advisers, and friends who

believed in the researchers in their pursuit of knowledge.

This is for the people who might find the study beneficial to their future

pursuits of information in their own research.

The researchers also dedicate this study for the people who have

regretted their past actions and wish to have known better and hope that they

may find what they seek in this study.

To research adviser, Ms. Sheilla Marie A. Falar, and the staff of

University of Cebu-Banilad Campus. Above all, to the Almighty God who

guided the researchers during the days of research and especially during the

times where it was the most difficult and exhausting.

 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Dedication iv
Table of Contents v

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 6

THE PROBLEM 18

Objectives of the Study 18

Significance of the Study 18

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21

Research Design 21

Research Environment 22

Research Informants 22

Research Instrument 22
 vi

Research Procedure 23

Data Collection 23

Data Analysis 25

Ethical Considerations 26

Trustworthiness of the Research 28

DEFINITION OF TERMS 30

REFERENCES 31

APPENDICES

Appendix A - Transmittal Letters 35

Appendix B – Informed Consent Form 37

Appendix C – Interview Questionnaire 42

Appendix D – Location 43

CURRICULUM VITAE 44

Research Adviser 44

Researchers 47
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

The Philippines has a moderately high rate of crime, violence, and

terrorism. In 2021, the country was on the bottom five of the order and security

index ranking across the region. The Philippines was among those with the

highest incarceration rate in every hundred thousand inhabitants. In the

Philippines, crime persists as a major problem and takes many different forms.

The prevalence of crime plagues many major cities (Statistica Research

Department, 2022).

In Wisconsin to Pennsylvania to New York, USA. Crime and public

safety are among the issues that have taken center stage in many midterm

races nationwide. Republicans are pointing to rising crime rates and paint

casting midterm votes as a life-or-death decision. Some three-quarters of

respondents of a Morning Consult poll released earlier this month said that

they violent crime is increasing nationally, and 88% said it is either increasing

or staying the same in their communities. The Federal Bureau of Investigation

annual crime report for 2021, released earlier this month, says violent crime

decreased by 1% from the previous year (Martin & Totty, 2022).

 2

The Philippine government has long been unsuccessful at solving

crimes. It is also one of the major problems in society. Also, crimes have

extremely affected the country’s economic growth. For the past five years,

Manila's crime rate has dropped by 73.76 percent in the first five years of

President Rodrigo Duterte's term, according to the Department of the Interior

and Local Government [DILG] Secretary Eduardo Año. Speaking to the

President during his talk to the people briefing, Año said index crimes in the

country dropped to 34,552 in 2021 from 131,699 in 2016. From the past year

of 2021, compared to 2020, statistics indicate that total crime incidents

reached a volume of 374,277. In 2021, 360,573 or a decrease of 3.66 percent

in total crime incidents, the DILG chief added (Caliwan, 2022). Further, PNP

chief Gen. Dionardo Carlos attributed the downtrend in crime incidents to the

intensified implementation of the Enhanced Managing Police Operations

following the declaration of a national health emergency due to the COVID-

19 pandemic. Incidents of theft dropped from 12,130 to 11,492, a decrease of

5.26 percent; physical injury, 33.20 percent; homicide, 19.53 percent; and

motorcycle theft, 15.29 percent (Tupas, 2022).

The total crime volume for the last four years has been fluctuating. It

registered 80,108 in 2000, 76,991 in 2001, 85,776 in 2002 and 83,704 in 2003.

For the period January to November 2004, the total crime volume registered
 3

is 8.5% lower compared with the same period last year. Out of the total crime

volume, 55% are index crimes and the rest are non-index crimes. In terms of

crime rate, the 7.84 crime rate per 100,000 populations for January to

November 2004 reflected a decrease of 10.2% compared with the 8.73 crime

rate for the same period in 2003. There is also a decrease of 1.3% in the overall

crime solution efficiency, from 91.19% in January to November 2003 to 90%

in January to November of 2004. Total crime volume was highest in the

National Capital Region [NCR] comprising 23.2% of the total crime volume

nationwide. Crimes in the metropolitan area were prevalent in the highly

urbanized cities of Quezon, Manila, and Caloocan (Leones, 2006).

As stated by Cebu City Police Office Spokesman Chief Inspector

Ramoncelio Sawan, the top three petty crimes are common because the highly

urbanized areas of Cebu City present tempting targets to criminals. Based on

data from the Cebu City Police Office, from July 2016 to May 2017, the top

three most common crimes are theft with 2,100 incidents, robbery with 631,

and physical injuries with 654. The same period from July 2015 to May 2016

showed theft with 2,927 incidents, robbery with 924, and physical injuries

with 790. Meanwhile, Cebu City Police Office Director Senior Superintendent

Joel Doria claimed that the 12-percent increase in the crime volume in the city
 4

is a positive development as criminals are being pursued as the result of the

proactive campaign against illegal drugs (The Freeman, 2017).

Officials of Barangay Talamban have requested the Cebu City Police

Office for additional ten policemen to be assigned to Police Station 8

following reports on a series of crimes in their area. Just recently, the

emergence of hold-up, highway robberies, “Akyat Bahay” and other

criminalities had alarmed the Barangay Council and prompted them to make

possible measures to eradicate these condemnable evil acts. Talamban

officials believe the augmentation of the existing force in Station 8 would help

them be more effective and efficient in responding to alarms. Officials want

police visibility, especially in crime-prone areas and sitios (Pareja, 2011).

A study by Nair (2022) determined the common causes of crime by

comparing several countries' most committed crimes. Another study by Sison

(2014) stated that the most common cause of crime is poverty, as most crimes

are committed in poor urban areas. The existing studies focused on the

common reasons why crime is being committed. On the other hand, this study

will explore the lived experiences of the former offenders, particularly their

reasons behind the commission of the crime.

 5

The researchers of this study belong to the discipline of Criminal

Justice, in which the researchers are equipped with the collaborating

knowledge to understand the study's objectives. The researchers of this study

are credible in conducting this research as they have undergone lessons that

outline their efficiency in the field. They are enrolled in the program of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology, in which, they have professional courses

such as Criminal Behavior and Criminal Tendency Theories which will help

them in understanding various crimes and behavior of the offenders prior to

committing a crime.

The Philippine crime rate was said to be affected by the growing

population, poverty and hunger. The urbanization of cities had created slums

where poverty is the highest and petty crimes nest. It was noted that evaluating

the motive of the crime perpetrators lead into conclusion that petty crimes

such as robbery, shoplifting, theft were because they cannot afford to purchase

the product. In this study, the researchers aim to discover what drives people

to commit crimes and expose the factors that lead them to commit such

immoral and irrational acts.

 6

Theoretical Background

The anchored theory in the study is the Crime Triangle Theory, also

known as the problem analysis triangle. The theory provides a way of thinking

about recurring problems of crime and disorder. Crime Triangle Theory offers

a simple way to help visualize and understand why crimes happen. In theory,

the triangle consists of a victim, offender, and location. This idea assumes that

crime or disorder results when likely offenders and suitable targets come

together in time and space without capable guardians for that target. Other

people can sometimes control offenders: those people are known as handlers.

Targets and victims can sometimes be protected by other people as well: those

people are known as guardians. The theory suggests that if one of the sides of

this triangle is missing, then crime will less likely occur and in a sense, it

prevents people from becoming offenders (Eck, 2003).

The Crime Triangle Theory guides investigation into crime issues and

pinpoints potential fixes. The researcher's examination of the traits of the three

factors and three controllers associated with a particular crime problem is

encouraged by analyses based on the crime triangle. The development of

interventions to lower crime then centers on determining if one or more of the

three components can be changed or eliminated and whether one or more

associated controllers can be implemented or made more efficient. In

 7

problem-oriented police projects, the crime triangle frequently guides the

analysis phase. The problem analysis triangle and the routine activity theory,

which Eck contributed to, have inspired police to collaborate with property

and business owners to address local crime issues. Working together with

facility managers can significantly reduce crime. Police have successfully

filed lawsuits against property owners who enable crime when management

refuses to address crime issues at their locations. Third-party policing is the

term used to describe police efforts to convince property management to limit

crime opportunities (Cullen et al., 2002).

Routine Activity Theory supports the anchored theory of this study, as

it explains the relationship between crime and the various daily activities of

an individual that may develop into criminal behavior, which fills the gap that

is beyond the scope of the main theory. Routine Activity Theory was

published in 1979 by Cohen and Felson it emphasizes that crime occurs when

three elements converge: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the

absence of a capable guardian. The theory includes the routine activities of

both the offender and victim (Purpura, 2013). Routine Activity Theory relies

on the same rational choice methodology as situational crime prevention

techniques. As in any theory, Routine Activity Theory has its criticisms. One

of the primary criticisms is the assumption that criminals are rational in their
 8

decision-making. They may not use the same rationale as the person

implementing the security measures (Kitteringham & Fennelly, 2020).

Routine Activity Theory is one of the founding theories of

environmental criminology. The theory states that a crime occurs when the

following three elements come together in any given space and time an

accessible target, the absence of capable guardians that could intervene, and

the presence of a motivated offender. Routine Activity Theory as a crime

prevention methodology focuses on essential elements that make up a crime.

This theory provides a framework within which to prevent crime through

altering at least one of these elements, the offender, the target or the presence

of capable guardians (New South Wales Department of Justice, 2011).

Routine Activity Theory asserts that crime is opportunistic and

dynamic. Routine activities are defined as the day-to-day activities that

characterize a particular community. In disorganized communities, the routine

activities are such that they practically invite crime (Walsh & Ellis 2007).

Routine Activity Theory says that offenders make choices about

whether to commit a crime based on their access to a suitable target and the

presence or lack thereof of capable guardianship that could potentially bring

repercussions to the offender. The criminologists Collin and Felson devised

Routine Activity Theory assuming that the motivation of offenders is always

 9

present. This sets Routine Activity Theory apart from other criminological

theories, which seek to examine why offenders are motivated in the first place

(Nickerson, 2022).

Lifestyle Exposure Theory supports the anchored theory of this study

as it explains the connection of criminal behavior and the state of well-being

or lifestyle of an individual which fills the gap that is beyond the scope of the

main theory. Lifestyle-Exposure Theory is more developed when explaining

how individuals become exposed to victim genic and criminogenic

circumstances (Spano & Freilich, 2009).

Lifestyle Exposure Theory posits that persons who fit particular

demographic characteristics are more likely to become victims of crime

because their lifestyles put them in danger. By leading lifestyles that involve

spending more time in public places, especially late at night and among

strangers, the likelihood of victimization rises. Lifestyles are significant

because they expose more people to potential offenders who lack effective

controls that could stop a crime. Therefore, opportunities for victimization are

created by risk exposure rather than by particular behaviors (Hernandez,

2019).

Lifestyle Exposure Theory suggests that certain people may become the

victims of crimes because of their lifestyles and choices. For example,

 10

someone with a gambling or substance addiction could be as an “easy victim”

by a con artist. Walking alone at night in a dangerous area, conspicuously

wearing expensive jewelry, leaving doors unlocked and associating with

known criminals are other lifestyle characteristics that may lead to

victimization (Grand Canon University, 2019).

Crime is the intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially

harmful or dangerous and specifically defined, prohibited, and punishable

under criminal law. Most countries have enacted a criminal code in which all

criminal law can be found, though English law—the source of many other

criminal-law systems—remains uncodified. The definitions of particular

crimes contained in a code must be interpreted in the light of many principles,

some of which may not actually be expressed in the code itself. For example,

many legal systems consider the mental state of the accused person at the time

the alleged was committed. Most legal systems also classify crimes for the

purpose of assigning cases crime or different types of courts. Social changes

often result in adopting of new criminal laws and the obsolescence of older

ones (Bernard, 2022).

One proposed definition is that a crime or offence is an act harmful not

only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state "a public

wrong". Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law (Martin, 2003).
 11

Usually, to be classified as a crime, the "act of doing something criminal" or

actus reus must, with certain exceptions, be accompanied by the "intention to

do something criminal" or mens rea (Easton, 2010).

The International Centre for the Prevention of Crime [ICPC] has

compiled a collection of programs around the world that exemplify

knowledge of effective crime prevention. They demonstrate that to prevent

crime one must not depend only on institutions and practitioners. Creating

safe communities requires building partnerships and coalitions across

communities and pooling resources. An interdependent system must be

created between citizens, the service sector, the formal intervention system

(police and justice system), private enterprise, and government, whereby

responsibility and power are shared and shared knowledge is used as a

springboard for action. These programs have been chosen as models of crime

prevention systems that may be usefully replicated in other situations. Each

program is presented in a brief, simple description so that everyone, no matter

what their field or sector, can glean ideas to apply in their particular area. A

broad outline of the action taken for each selected program is given as well as

characteristics that are most likely to promote the successful replication or

adaptation of the program. Examples come from developed and developing

countries (International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, 2000).

 12

Ex-prisoners have paid their debts for their wrongdoings and have been

deemed fit for re-entry into society. At the time of their release, ex-prisoners

should be allowed all their human rights, including the right to vote, the right

to work, and the right to access affordable housing. People with criminal

records should be able to turn their lives around without being denied the

resources needed to do so. In the U.S., many employers have policies that flat-

out refuse to hire anyone with a criminal record, no matter how qualified a

person is for the position. Gainful employment is a necessity for an ex-

prisoner trying to get back on his or her feet; it helps prevent recidivism by

providing legal income and giving a person a productive role in society. But

because of discriminatory hiring practices, many ex-prisoners are forced to

resort back to criminal activities to support themselves and their families

(Marco, 2014).

During the time prisoners in the United States are released, they face an

environment that is challenging and actively deters them from becoming

productive members of society. Within three years of release, 67.8 percent of

ex-offenders are rearrested, and within five years, 76.6 percent are rearrested.

It has been continuously demonstrated in today’s society that ex-prisoners are

considered to be outcasts and constantly discriminated against due to the

misconduct they have done in the past. This oppression and injustice against
 13

ex-prisoners continue to poison the possible positive effects and gained

rehabilitation they may have attained while serving their sentences.

Progressive changes can only be achieved through open-mindedly accepting

ex-prisoners to foster in society and exhibit the effects of rehabilitation

(James, 2016).

A person deprived of liberty experiences anxiety sensitivity on how

other people may treat them. They also experienced trust issue from friends

and relatives. The [PDL] also were seeking for acceptance with fair treatment

from the community members. They also expressed some difficulty on having

job opportunity. As part of their day-to-day living, their life-long learnings

while inside the city jail were somehow instilled to them (Reamico, 2022).

Local government plays a central role in the design, management, and

delivery of crime prevention programs and policies in every Australian state

and territory jurisdiction. This role has also been recognized at the national

level with successive national crime prevention grant programs directing a

significant amount of funding to local government (Homel et al., 2007).

Government spending crowds out contributions to public goods

through taxes or through nonprofit organizations. In developing countries

where public goods are often financed by foreign donors, foreign aid may

have a similar inhibiting effect. Aid, it is argued, leads citizens to question the
 14

legitimacy of their state and reduces their willingness to comply with taxes.

Recent studies show that externally funded non-government organizations

and programs fail to catalyze collective action as expected (Montinola et al.,

2020).

The Asian Development Bank [ADB] has approved a $1.5 billion loan

to help the Philippine government fund its novel coronavirus disease

[COVID-19] response program and strengthen the country’s health care

system in its fight against the pandemic. The government’s COVID-19 relief

package includes well-designed and targeted support to Filipino families,

including a Php205 billion emergency subsidy program covering 18 million

families engaged in the informal sector and a Php51 billion small business

wage subsidy to provide a lifeline for 3.4 million workers in the formal sector.

These programs cover 85% of all Filipino families (Asian Development Bank,

2020).

Nair (2022) conducted a study entitled “Causes of Crime”. The study

stated that crime is essentially an act that is punishable by law. It does not

occur owing to a single cause but is an extremely complex occurrence that is

influenced by the culture of the place in which it takes place. For the same

reason, many activities that are deemed illegal in one country are legal in

another. In relation to this, there can be various causes of crime that change
 15

based on the nature of the crime, the time and place of its occurrence, and the

like. As a result, criminalization and decriminalization of various phenomena

is an ongoing process. It highlighted general concepts and common causes of

crimes which are poverty, peer pressure, drugs, religion, background, society,

unemployment, unequal rights, and unfair justice system.

Leones (2006) conducted a study entitled, “The Current Situation of

Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and

Countermeasures Initiated in the Philippines”. As per the study, total crime

volume for the last four years has been fluctuating. It registered 80,108 in

2000, 76,991 in 2001, 85,776 in 2002 and 83,704 in 2003. For the period

January to November 2004, the total crime volume registered is 8.5% lower

compared with the same period last year. Out of the total crime volume, 55%

are index crimes and the rest are non-index crimes. In terms of crime rate, the

7.84 crime rate per 100,000 populations for January to November 2004

reflected a decrease of 10.2% compared with the 8.73 crime rate for the same

period in 2003. There is also a decrease of 1.3% in the overall crime solution

efficiency, from 91.19% in January to November 2003 to 90% in January to

November of 2004. Total crime volume was highest in the National Capital

Region [NCR] comprising 23.2% of the total crime volume nationwide.

 16

Crimes in the metropolitan area were prevalent in the highly urbanized cities

of Quezon, Manila and Caloocan.

Ferguson et al. (2022) published the study entitled, “Examining the

Connection Between Missing Persons and Victimization: An Application of

Lifestyle Exposure Theory” stated that victimization has been anecdotally

connected to missing persons within several reviews, inquiries, and media

stories, particularly in consequence of missing-turned-serial murder cases.

However, this has been paid little attention within the scholarship. The study

uncovers several demographic and lifestyle factors implicating victimization

risk, as well as their ranked aggregated and disaggregated saliency. Examples

include criminality, victimizing events, sex work, and gender identity. The

study also discovered that the context and nature of victimization risk differ

for specific people and groups.

The Crime Triangle theory is essential in this study as it provides insight

and explanation as to how crime is developed and enacted. The theory allows

for a straightforward comprehension as to how crimes happen and what are

the things to do to avoid it. The supporting theory, Routine Activity Theory

emphasized the outside circumstances and what factors affect an individual

the most into developing unlawful intentions. The theory further explains the

differences in the rational decision-making of the offenders and those that

 17

implement security measures which explains why despite having these

measures crime still happens. Lifestyle Exposure Theory describes the

instances that puts people at risk to becoming offenders. The theory

supplements the study by expounding more on the outside circumstances of

an individual. The review of related literature provides a profound

understanding regarding the various crimes and when a certain action

constitutes a crime. It expounds on the experiences of the former offenders.

Moreover, the related studies reveal the different causes of crimes in general

and in a broader sense. The existing studies also show the common problems

that experienced by the individuals before they commit crimes.

 18

THE PROBLEM

Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to explore the various factors that causes

former offenders to commit crimes in Barangay Talamban, Cebu City.

Specifically, this study also seeks to answer these following questions.

1. Prior to committing the crime, what are the lived

experiences of the former offenders?

2. What are the factors that made offenders to commit

crimes?

3. Did the offenders experienced any help or aid from the

government prior to committing the crime?

Significance of the Study

The contents of this study would be beneficial to the following:

Former Offenders. This study will provide a better understanding

why former offenders commit crimes for them to be understood.

Barangay Talamban. The information provided in this study will

hopefully be put into good use by the local community as it is where the

setting of the study will take place. It will be able to provide them ideas and
 19

insight as to what programs or services they can add into the community in

order to prevent crimes from happening.

Local Authorities. The results of this study will serve as bases for the

local authorities in formulating programs that are suited for their local

community needs as means to deter crime in a local scale.

Parents. The study will benefit the parents because they will be able to

guide their children and deter them from living a life of crime. They will be

able to educate and nurture their children into living modest and honest lives

in the future. People are primarily products of how they were shaped in their

family, the results of this study will be able to help the parents know what to

do and avoid doing to their child as they grow up.

Criminology Students. The study will benefit the students as they will

be more enlightened to the facts and causes as to why offenders commit

crimes. They themselves carry information that will help them choose better

options in life as they grow up. The information provided in this study will

also be able to guide them and let them have the power to convince their peers

and deter themselves from living the life of crime.

Researchers. This study will serve as a source for expanding

researchers’ knowledge in this subject matter. Moreover, this study convinces

 20

more researchers to come up with a better idea and to gather more resources

to be used in the next study.

Future Researchers. This study will provide information to the future

researchers that can be used in their own study as related literature. This study

can also guide them to construct studies that may relate to the issue as to why

offenders commit crimes.

 21

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researcher will utilize a qualitative phenomenological research

design in order to achieve the goals of the study.

The researchers will conduct phenomenological research to know the

views of the people’s experiences. This method of research involves close

listening and observation and gives insights that other research methods

cannot (Delve & Limpaecher, 2022).

In phenomenological studies, in-depth interviews with participants are

frequently used to collect data. Subsequently, an open-ended question will be

utilized during the interview, and dialogue as a common framework for all

discussions simultaneously allows for individual flexibility of people.

A qualitative phenomenology is used to describe how individuals

experience a certain phenomenon. The purpose of this type of research is to

explore individual's lived experiences, feelings, and perceptions to make in-

depth description toward a certain phenomenon. Qualitative research usually

involves fewer participants due to the observation methods utilized. Results

are unique per individual which gives more specific data for the study to be

used (Yuksel & Yildirim, 2015).

 22

Research Environment
This study will be conducted in Barangay Talamban, Cebu City.

Barangay Talamban is in the northern area of the city. The Barangay has 10

sitios. Among the 10 sitios, the researchers choose Sitio Cadahu-an. Sitio

Cadahu-an is close to the Talamban Police Station. The sitio is known to have

a lot of narrow roads, small neighboring houses, and widely recognized by the

number of bystanders that can be seen on the streets.

Research Informants

The informants of this study will be chosen through purposive

sampling. The study will include residents of Sitio Cadahu-an, who have

experienced to commit a crime, and is a former offender, excluding

individuals whose crimes committed are punishable by 5 years and above. A

total of 10 informants from Sitio Cadahu-an, Talamban, Cebu City who have

been an offender will be utilized in the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use a researcher-made interview guide to explore

the factors affecting the informants to commit crime. The interview guide

consists of three parts. The first part contains questions that address the lived

experiences of the former offenders prior to committing the crime. The second
 23

part consists of questions related to the specific factors as to why they have

committed the crime. The third part presents the questions regarding

government assistance or help that the former offenders experienced.

Content Validation

Rigorous process of interview guide development and content

validation, guided by a professional. The validator’s experience and mastery

is relevant to the topics which this study aim to explore. The researcher’s

ensured the achievement of the study’s objectives by incorporating revisions

based on the validator’s comments and suggestions. The validator is a

registered licensed criminologist and finished several training courses such as

Public Safety Basic Recruit Course, and Public Safety Junior Leadership

Courses during his time as a Police Officer.

Research Procedure

Data Collection. The research protocol will be submitted for review at

the University of Cebu Academic Research Ethics Committee [UCAREC] to

obtain the Certificate of Approval. The researcher will obtain and receive

permission to conduct the study through transmittal letters submitted to the

Dean (See Appendix A1- Transmittal Letter to the Dean of College of

Criminology); to the Barangay Talamban Captain (See Appendix 1-

 24

Transmittal Letter to the Barangay Captain of Talamban) in acquiring the

necessary data.

After obtaining permission to conduct the study from different

authorities and proper selection of participants, the researchers gathered

information from key informants through a one-on-one interview. The

researchers specifically chose ten (10) informants that would qualify in the

study, qualified informants are oriented prior to conducting the interview

about the study, and their participation will be voluntary, and withdrawal at

any time will be considered. The informants will be given the time to decide

whether they are willing to participate in the study. The informants will be

given informed consent. The printed informed consent will be given before

the interview and the researchers will make sure that the informants of the

study understood what the contents of the informed consent are and what the

study is all about and its goal. If the respondents agreed to participate, the

researchers will let the informants sign the informed consent form. The

researchers will conduct an interview at a time that the informant is most

available. The data in this study will be stored for a year, it will be stored in

the personal locker of the lead researcher that the only researchers can access

and will be shredded after one year.

 25

Data Analysis. This study will apply a thematic analysis in analyzing

the retrieved data from the informants. The researchers will meticulously

examine the data to identify common themes by utilizing a six-step process.

The first step is familiarization to get a thorough overview of all the data

collected. The research will transcribe the recorded audio and the field notes

on the responses of each informant, discuss among themselves about the data

provided by the respondents and create a note for each respondent. The second

step is coding, wherein, the researchers will highlight certain sections of the

text and come up with shorthand labels or “codes” to describe their content.

These codes will allow the researchers to gain a condensed overview of the

main points and common meanings that recur throughout the data, this will

make the third step easier as the researchers will then have a general view in

which respondents may have related data provided. The third step is

generating themes, wherein, the researchers will look over the created codes,

identify patterns among them, and commence coming up with themes. This is

when the researchers will realize the relevance of the codes through the data

provided by the respondents and may exclude some information if not relevant

enough. The fourth step includes reviewing of themes. The researchers will

ensure the usefulness and accuracy of the themes representing the collected

data. There will be a careful comparison between the themes and the data set.
 26

The proponents will then have a final list of themes in which the researchers

have carefully examined and decided. The fifth step involves defining and

naming themes. The researchers will formulate the exact meaning of each

theme and figure out how it helps in understanding the data. They will ensure

to come up with a succinct and understandable name for each theme. The sixth

step is writing up the analysis of the data. The researcher will analyze the data

with a deeper level of interpretation. They will ensure that all the retrieved

data is sufficient while considering data saturation, thus no more data will be

needed to collect for this study.

Ethical Considerations

The study strictly followed the ethical principles of beneficence, non-

maleficence, justice, and autonomy. The principle of beneficence, an act of

kindness or to do good for others, the local community Sitio Cadahu-an will

benefit from the study as it examines the problematic factors within the

community that led the former offenders to commit unlawful acts, this way

the community will be able to provide programs and services that directly

address these problems to minimize crime from happening.

The principle of non-maleficence, or obligation of not doing any harm.

This requires the researchers to make sure to avoid any forms of harm to the
 27

informants of the study. The researchers will ensure that the risk of harm to

the study informants in this study is minimized to none. The researchers will

take precautions to ensure that neither the safety of the informants nor that of

the researchers will be jeopardized in the course of performing this study by

selecting the venue of the interview to be held in a public space. The

researchers will also make sure that the informants will be comfortable during

the interview and by complying to any reasonable request by the informant to

ensure the safety of all the individuals involved in the study.

The principle of justice refers to the need to treat individuals fairly and

evenly. This takes into account issues like avoiding bias when drawing

samples from the informants and avoiding subjective remarks or opinions that

may somehow affect the informants of the study. To practice fairness and total

equality, no biases nor subjective opinions will be observed during the study.

No matter what the informants will answer, the researchers will comply and

record what the informants said objectively to ensure the study's integrity.

The principle of autonomy, the researchers will explain what is in the

informed consent so that they know what they are getting into and that they

comprehend what it all means. Upon reading and understanding the consent,

they will be given that freedom to withdraw any time if they choose to or if

they feel uncomfortable with it. The researchers will ensure that the
 28

informants will not be influenced by any outside circumstances. Researchers

must acknowledge that informants should make their own, well-informed

decisions about whether or not to engage in research. Informants must give

their consent voluntarily, and their responses are based on their knowledge,

experience, and ideas.

Trustworthiness of Research

Credibility. The content to be presented in this study’s objective and

non-biased. All statements are credible with reference and there is an

agreement between the participants and the researchers with consent form.

Transferability. The study will undergo research defense and the

presentation of data will be presented to the Department of Criminology. The

researchers will make it possible for other researchers to use in future

references. The researchers will ensure that this study will be able to pass the

criteria in which the data will be usable for future references. This study will

include detailed information about the answers of the informants during the

study.

Dependability. This study is based on the responses of the participants,

not on the researcher's potential bias or personal motivations. The data from

the interviews will be compared to ensure that the acquired data is in

 29

connection with the objectives of the study. The researchers will ensure every

gathered interview, field notes, and responses is verified and that the data is

sufficiently saturated so that the information presented in this study will

replicate its results upon re-conducting the study.

Confirmability. The study's findings will be clear and objective as a

result of the data collected. As a result, the researchers will have a better, more

trustworthy manner of clearly and totally grasping the essence of the topic.

The researchers will ensure and double check every piece of information that

will be gathered before putting it into paper. This technique will allow the

researchers to balance out or avoid biases to reach a satisfactory level of

consensus.
 30

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are operationally defined as follows:

Former Offender. A resident of Sitio Cadahu-an who has committed a

crime before and is now living as a free man in the sitio.

Lived Experiences of Former Offender. This refers to the experiences

of the former offenders in Sitio Cadahu-an prior and before committing the

crime.

Factors. This refers to the causes or influence that contributed to the

reason why the former offenders have committed the crime.

Government Aid. This refers to any form of service or program

offered by the government that the former offenders may have availed to or

enjoyed prior and before committing the crime.

 31

REFERENCES
Books
Eck, J. G. (2014). Encyclopedia of criminological theory. Sage Publications.
Fennelly, L. J. (2014). Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention.
Credo Reference, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Sharkey, P., Besbris, M., & Friedson, M. (2017). Poverty and crime. Oxford
University Press.
Timmermans, S. (2007). Postmortem. University of Chicago Press.
Turvey, B. E. (2013b). Forensic victimology: Examining violent crime victims
in investigative and legal contexts. Academic Press.
Journals/Manuals/ Periodicals
Bayudan-Dacuycuy, C., & Nguyen, M. H. (2013). Chronic and transient
poverty and vulnerability to poverty in the Philippines: Evidence using
a simple spells approach. Social Indicators Research, 118(1), 389–413.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0409-5
Brantingham P. J. (2008). Crime pattern theory. Environmental Criminology
and Crime Analysis, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203118214
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A
routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–
608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589
Farrington, D. P. (1979) Longitudinal research on crime and delinquency. In
Criminal Justice: An Annual of Review Research, 1, 289-348.
https://doi.org/10.1086/449064
Farrington, D. P. (1981). The prevalence of convictions. British Journal of
Criminology, 21(2), 173–175.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047216
Felson, M. (2010). Linking criminal choices, routine activities, informal
control, and criminal outcomes. In Linking Criminal Choices, Routine
 32

Activities, Informal Control, and Criminal Outcomes, 119-128.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781439817803-18
Ferguson, L., Elliott, M., & Kim, S. (2022). Examining the connection
between missing persons and victimization: An application of lifestyle
exposure theory. Crime & Delinquency.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287221109768
Gary S Becker. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach.
Journal of Political Economy,167-217. https://doi.org/10.1086/259394
Gudlaugsdottir, G. R., Vilhjalmsson, R., Kristjansdottir, G., Jacobsen, R. H.,
& Meyrowitsch, D. W. (2004). Violent behaviour among adolescents
in Iceland: A national survey. International Journal of
Epidemiology, 33(5), 1046–1051. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh190
Madero-Hernandez, A. (2019). Lifestyle exposure theory of victimization.
The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime, 1–3.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0334
Maruna, S. (2001). Making good. How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their
Lives. https://doi.org/10.1037/10430-000
Rade, C. B., Desmarais, S. L., & Mitchell, R. E. (2016). A meta-analysis of
public attitudes toward ex-offenders. Criminal Justice and
Behavior,(9), 1260–1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816655837
Reamico, C. P. (2022). Lived experiences of reintegration: A Case Study of
How Former Persons Deprived of Liberty Experienced Reintegration
in a Local Context. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609365
Salim, Y. (2015). Poverty, inequality and the social causes of crime: A study
between United States and Europe. International Journal of
Science and Research (IJSR) 2-3. Retrieved on June 03, 2023 from
https://bit.ly/3Ndu7BK
Simbulan (2019). The Manila declaration on the drug problem in the
Philippines. Annals of Global Health Tondo. https://doi.org/doi
10.5281/ze-nodo.4405159
Tretter, E. M. (2013). Sustainability and neoliberal urban development: The
environment, crime and the remaking of Austin’s downtown. Urban
 33

Studies, 50(11), 2222–2237.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013478234
Yuksel, P., & Yildirim, S. (2015). Theoretical frameworks, methods, and
procedures for conducting phenomenological studies. Turkish Online
Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.59813
Internet/ Other Sources
Christensen, A. (2022). Why do criminals commit crimes? eLawTalk.
Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYuo
Daley, M. (2011) Routine activity theory crime prevention. Retrieved on June
05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYxB

Deakin University. (2020). Qualitative study design. Phenomenology

LibGuides. Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from https://bit.ly/44abeqf
Delve, Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. (2020b). What is narrative analysis?
Essential guide to coding qualitative data. Retrieved on June 05, 2023
from http://bitly.ws/JYuU

Jura, A., (2022). Victimology and the study of victims of crime. Retrieved on
June 05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYvs
Kunnen, S. (2011). Global study on homicide 2011. Retrieved on June 05,
2023 from https://bit.ly/3qVFkPQ
Mcdonald, S., (2014). Explainer: How we understand people and why it’s
important. Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYsM
Mitchel, N.D. (2018). Breaking poverty: Crime, poverty often linked.
Retrieved on December 18, 2022 from https://bit.ly/42SCOqQ
Ukoji, V. N., & Okolie, O. J. (2016). Prevalence of lethal and non-lethal
crimes in Nigeria. Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from
https://bit.ly/3NoL5No
Ukoji, V.N., & Okolie, O. J. (2016). A study of crime reporting in Nigeria.
United Nations office on drugs and crime. Retrieved on June 05, 2023
from https://bit.ly/3qVFkPQ
 34

United Nations (2012). Economic crises may trigger rise in crime. Retrieved
on June 05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYvE

Wickert, C. (2019). General theory of crime. Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from
https://bit.ly/3NFvz1g
World Data Atlas (2019) Philippines robbery rate. Knoema. Retrieved on June
05, 2023 from http://bitly.ws/JYwi

World Health Organization (2010). Violence prevention: The evidence.

Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from https://bit.ly/43Nx5Uy
World Health Organization (2016): Youth violence fact sheet: Geneva.
Retrieved on June 05, 2023 from https://bit.ly/3XruQnG
 35

APPENDIX A
August 27, 2022

Hon. Dario Arcilla

Barangay Captain
Barangay Talamban Cebu, City
Cebu City, Philippines 6000

Dear Mr. Arcilla,

We, the researchers from Bachelor of Science in Criminology of the University of Cebu-
Banilad Campus 3rd year students are conducting a research entitled “The Various Factors
That Causes Offenders to Commit Crimes in Barangay Talamban”.

We humbly ask permission from your good office to allow us to interview ten
participants who had previously committed crimes and due to the nature of our study, we
hope to be able to gather enough information that will be useful in our research. Your
approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you!
Sincerely,

Vince Drexsil C. Tudtud Prince Mark A. Cuizon Ranjel L. Tuico

Lead Researcher Assistant Lead Researcher Member

Justine A. Olarte Niño C. Vitor Rodyard Engis

Member Member Member

Noted by:

MA. FE LIOMIN BERRO VALLECERA SHEILLA MARIE FALAR,

MAST- MATH
Research Adviser Research Instructor

DENIEBELL J. BORBON- PABLEO, MSCJ DEAN OFELIA G. MANA

OIC-Chairperson, College of Criminology VC for Business
Development & Innovation
Campus Director

Approved by:
Hon. Dario B. Arcilla
Talamban Barangay Captain
 36

August 27, 2022

DENIEBELL J. BORBON-PABLEO, MSCJ.
OIC-Chairperson, College of Criminology
University of Cebu – Banilad

Dear Ma’am;

Greetings!
With due respect, we the students taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology are currently
enrolled in CRIM 321 – Criminological Research 1. We would like to conduct a study
entitled “The Various Factors that Causes Offenders to Commit Crimes in Barangay
Talamban” in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the said subject.
With regards to the statements above, we the researchers would like to seek approval from
your good office to allow us to conduct the study, secure pertinent data, and interview ten
participants who had previously committed crime in Barangay Talamban, Cebu City. The
selected participants are from Sitio Cadahu-an. Rest assured that all information that we
will gather will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will be used for research
purposes only.
Thank you!
Sincerely,

Vince Drexsil C. Tudtud Prince Mark A. Cuizon Ranjel L. Tuico

Lead Researcher Assistant Lead Researcher Member

Justine A. Olarte Niño C. Vitor Rodyard Engis

Member Member Member

Noted by:

MA. FE LIOMIN BERRO VALLECERA SHEILLA MARIE A. FALAR,

MAST-MATH
Research Instructor Research Adviser

Approved by:

DENIEBELL J. BORBON-PABLEO, MSCJ.

OIC-Chairperson, College of Criminology
 37

APPENDIX B

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

[Informed Consent form for Criminology Students]

[Name of Principal Investigator: Vince Drexsil C. Tudtud]

[Name of Organization: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus]
[Name of Proposal: “The Various Factors that Causes Offenders to Commit
Crimes in Barangay Talamban”.

This Informed Consent Form has two parts:

* Information Sheet (to share information about the research with you)
* Certificate of Consent (for signatures if you agree to take part)

You will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent Form

PART I: Information Sheet

Introduction
We, the third-year students taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology
are currently enrolled in CRIM 321 – Criminological Research 1. We would
like to conduct a study entitled “The Various Factors that Causes Offenders
to Commit Crimes in Barangay Talamban” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the said subject. In line with this, we are inviting you to be an
informant of this investigation and request you to spare a few minutes of your
time to answer the interview honestly. However, you do not have to decide
today whether or not you will participate in the research. Before you decide,
you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with about the research. Rest
assured that all the answers will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Purpose of the research

The study entitled “The Various Factors that Causes Former Offenders
to Commit Crimes in Barangay Talamban”, will explore the lived experiences
of the former offenders as to what circumstances led them to commit crimes.
The result of the study will be the basis for the proposed action plan.

Type of Research Intervention

 38

This research will involve a researcher-made questionnaire for the face

– to – face interview.

Participant selection
The informants in this study will be the residents of Sitio Cadahu-an,
Barangay Talamban, Cebu City who have experienced to commit crime in
the past will be invited to participate in this study.

Voluntary Participation
Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. You might
decide not to take an interest, and you might pull out your agreement to
partake whenever. You won't be punished in any way possible, if you choose
not to take an interest or withdraw your participation in this study. You may
not respond to sensitive inquiries assuming you feel this attacks your privacy
as well as you think that they are hostile.
Procedures and Protocol
In this research study you will be asked to be interviewed by one of the
researchers in a face – to – face manner. The information recorded is
confidential and no one else except Ms. Ma. Fe Liomin Vallacera, our
research adviser, will have access to responses. The recorded interview will
be destroyed after 6 months.
To ensure that you will be able to have a full grasp on the purpose of
the study, the proponent will first explain the objectives of the study and the
intended benefits of the participants themselves.

Duration
The duration of the interview will depend on how you will answer the
questions we prepared for the interview. You will be asked by the researchers
during your vacant time or any of your convenient time to answer the survey.
Your engagement as a respondent will only take once.

Risks
During the focus group discussion/interview the field interviewers will
ask you about your idea/opinion in relation to the experiences of having able
to commit a crime in the past and the circumstances that led you to do it. If
you are not comfortable to the questions that are ask you are free not to answer
 39

the question. Your decision will be respected and you don't have to give
explanations for not answering.
Benefits
The study is essential in exploring the experiences of the former offenders,
and what were the factors behind that led them to do such acts. The data
collected from the informants will be the basis for recommendations and
proposed action plan. This study will address the concerns of the student
during their clinical rotations

Reimbursements
You will not be provided with any payment to take part in the research.

Confidentiality
Absolute anonymity and confidentiality will be observed in the conduct
of this descriptive phenomenological study. The personal and sensitive
information that will be gathered will be handled in accordance with the
provisions of the Data Privacy Act (RA 10173).

We will not be sharing information about you. The information that we

collect from this research study will be kept confidential. Information about
you and your perception that will be collected from this research will be put
away and no one but the researchers and the research adviser Ms. Ma. Fe
Liomin Vallacera. The data gathered will be exclusively used for the purpose
of this research. No personal or sensitive information will be revealed to any
party upon completion of the study. The records of the questionnaire will be
handled with utmost care and confidentiality. Proper disposal after their
service life will be observed. We will do all that we can to ensure protection
of your privacy. Your identity will not be revealed in any publication resulting
from this study.

Sharing the Results

At the end of the study, we will be sharing what we have learned from
the answers of the respondents. Knowing the results of this study will help
them focus more and find ways to cope with the challenges encountered in the
clinical setting. Nothing that you answered in the questionnaire will be shared
with anybody outside the research. A written report will also be given to the
 40

participants which they can share with their families. We will also publish the
results in order that other interested people may learn from this research.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw

You may choose not to participate in this study and do not have to take
part in this research if you do not wish to do so. You may stop participating
in the interview at any time that you wish without you losing your rights here.

Whom to Contact
If you have any questions or concerns about this study or if any
problems arise, please contact Vince Drexsil Tudtud (Lead Researcher) at
University of Cebu-Banilad with either of these contact numbers:
+63 9562791906.
You can also ask questions even after the study has started. If you wish
to ask questions later, you may contact any of the following: Dr. Juanito N.
Zuasula, Jr. MD- Chair UCAREC- 2335503.
This research project has been reviewed and scrutinized by the
technical panel of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as part of
the process in the Discovery- Applied Research and Extension for Trans/
Inter- Disciplinary Opportunities (DARE TO) Grant-in- Aid. If you have any
question, please contact the University of Cebu at 032-255-7777.
PART II: Certificate of Consent

I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have
had the opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions that I have
asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to
participate as a participant in this research.

Print Name of Participant__________________

Signature of Participant ___________________
Date _______________________
Day/month/year
 41

If illiterate
A literate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be selected
by the participant and should have no connection to the research team).
Participants who are illiterate should include their thumb-print as well.

I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the

potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask
questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.

Print name of witness_____________________

Signature of witness______________________
Date________________________
Day/month/year

Statement by the researcher/person taking consent

I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential
participant, and to the best of my ability made sure that the participant
understands that the following will be done:

1. The participant will be answering the interview face to face

2. The participant will answer honestly and accurately

I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions

about the study, and all the questions asked by the participant have been
answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I confirm that the individual
has not been coerced into giving consent, and the consent has been given
freely and voluntarily.

A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.

Print Name of Researcher/person taking the consent

__________________________________
Signature of Researcher /person taking the consent
__________________________________
Date ___________________________
Day/month/year
 42

APPENDIX C

Interview Questionnaire

1. Prior to committing the crime, what are your life experiences in

terms of the following?
1.1) What were your usual daily activities?

1.2) What was the highest level of education you have attained?

1.3) Can you describe what were your relationship like with
your family members?

1.4) Were you financially stable? What was your financial

status?

1.5) What social interactions do you usually do in your

community?

2. What are the reasons why you committed a crime?

3. Did you receive any help or aid from the government prior to
committing the crime? Were you satisfied by the help? Why or why
not?
 43

APPENDIX D

Location Map

Cadahu-an, Talamban Cebu City

 44

MA. FE LIOMIN Berro VALLECERA

191 B.Rodriquez St., Cebu City / 09388060033/ liomin1991@gmail.com

Education
Doctor of Philosophy in Research
Evaluation

November 2015- Present, Cebu Normal University

Masters of Science Teaching in Mathematics
June 2011-2015 University of Cebu
 Thesis: Metacognitive an Performance in Discrete Mathematics
Bachelor of Science Education major in Mathamatics
June 2007- March 2011 University of Cebu
 Cumlaude
 Regional Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Scholar
 Most Outstanding Graduate
Experience
Full-time Instructor
 June 2015- Present Universit of Cebu- Banilad Campus, Cebu City
Allied Department
Coordinator
 UC CARES Coordinator: Community extension coodinator
 SIPP Coordinator: Student Intern Coordinator
 SSI Adviser: Math major Coordinator
Lecturer
 Intensive Review for the LET 2019 in the field of Mathematics , University of the
Visayas
 Intensive Review for the LET 2018 in the field of Mathematics , University of the
Visayas
 In Service training for teachers “ Teaching mathematics” 2017, CFI Community
Cooperative
 Teaching Number theory, Physics, , Anaytic geometry, Defferential calculus, Integral
Calculus, abstract algebra, Linear algebra, History of mathematics, Statistics, Modern
geometry, Investment, Problem solving, Principle in teaching mathematics,
Mathematics in the modern world, Trigonometry, Solid mensuration, and Quantitative
mathematics, Algebra.
Judge
 Think Quest Tagisan ng talino 2020 – Local Level, STI College Cebu; February 10 200
Full- time Instrucor
June 2011- to March 2015 STI College Cebu Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City
 Awarde as Best Teacher for school year 2012-2013
 STI Faculty Competency Certification in Algebra
 Sti Faculty Competency Certification in Probabilty and Statistics
 Teaching Economics, Physics I, Physics II, Probabilty, Statistics, Trigonometry, Solid
mensuration, Differential equation, Defferential calculus, Integral calculus, Advance
algebra, College algebra, and Analytic geometry.

SSI President
 June 2009- march 2010 University of Cebu
 45

Research Presentaiton

 Best Oral Presenter , Research congress 2019, Convergence of Health, Education and
Technology as Prime Mover for a Better Society; research title “ Working students
Coping Up their Learning Gaps through Metacognitive skills: A Grounded Theory;
2019

 Presenter , 3rd International Recoletos Research Congress; Working students Coping

Up their Learning Gaps through Metacognitive skills: A Grounded Theory; March 4-6,
2019

 Presenter, Metacognitive an Peformance in Discrete Mathematics,

Training and Seminar Attended
2022
 Innovation: Where Collaboration, Creativity, and Technology Meet”, PHILIPPINE
ASSOCIATION FOR TEACHER AND EDUCATIORS AND LORIMAR
PUBLISHING INC.
 Teaching and Learning Amid and Beyond the Pandemic, PHILIPPINE
ASSOCIATION FOR TEACHER AND EDUCATIORS
 Strategic Planning, Rotary Club

2021
 Towards an ASEAN Professional Learning Community of Educators, Researchers and
Teachers Engaged in Reflective Teaching, PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION FOR
TEACHER AND EDUCATIORS AND LORIMAR PUBLISHING INC.
 Adaptive Design for Learning: Professional Certificate Course, ATENEO SALT
INSTITUTE

2019
 Design Thinking in Education in Mathematics, University of Southern Philippines
Foundation Salinas Drive
 Convergence of a Health, Educatio and Teachnology as Prime Mover for a Better
Society
 Basic and Ethical Conduct of Research, University of Cebu – Banilad
 Re tooling of University Filipino Professors and Education students on culture-based
(New) general education curriculum, West Visayas State University
 Multidisciplinary Research towards sustainable development, University of San Jose –
Recoletos
 Convergence of a health, Education and Technology as Prime Mover for a Better
society, University of Cebu

2018
 Quantitative and Qualitative Statistical Analysis in-Depth Training - Workshop
2016-2017
 Learner Centered Teaching Strategies Seminar, University of Cebu
 Applied Research 1 ( RE 6012) Lecture series, Cebu Normal University
 Forum on Research Management to Doctoral students, Cebu Normal University\
 ASIAN Training on Research Management, IAMURE Multidisciplinary Resarch,
Cagayan de Oro City

2013-2014
 46

 Regional Convergence of Higher Education Institution: Embracing the ASEAN

integrating imperative/ Commission on Higher Education, Central Visayas Federation,
and Philippine Association fot Teacher Education
 Senior High school Coordinator’s Training, Academic Center, Ortegas Cainta

2012-2013
 Discrete Mathematics Training, Taft Avenue Manila
 Professional Lecture Human Development: Meaning Measurement, and Trends in the
Philippines
and India
2011-2012
 International TESOL conference the English: Expanding Connection
2009-2011
 Understanding by Design (UBD)
 Jobs Hunting ans Pre- Employment
 An introduction to TEFL and methods of language teaching
 Educators Convergence
 Proposed K to 12
 Student teacher Congress
 Work Ethics and Professionalism Reproductive Health Bill
 Lifestyle Disease
 Math Matters; A lecture Series
 Leadership Seminar
Leadership Affiliations

2016-2017
 Member, Iamure Multidisciplinary Research: ISO 9001:2008 certified by the AJA
registrat Inc.

2010-2011
 Team leader. Ouy campus trainig, ramon Duterte Memorial National High School
 Auditor, Graduating BSED class batch 2011, University of Cebu
 4th year, Representative, Samahang Sipnayan Incorporated (SSI), University of
Cebu
 Participants, Tutorial and Holistic Attitudinized Learning , University of Cebu
 Event organizer, Math Quiz Bowll, University of Cebu
 Organizer, YOUFRA Area 4 Cebu Gathering, Franciscan Renewal center
 Election Chairman, Educator’s Society, University of Cebu

2009-2010
 Official Tabulator, UC intranurals
 Treasurer, Cebu Base Area 4, Franciscan Youth
 President, Samahang Sipnayan Incorporated (SSI)

2007-2009
 Marchall and usherette, Education Hooding Ceremony, University of Cebu
 Treasurer, Franciscan Youth, San Vicenti Cgurch
 Facilitator, Bible Youth Camp Franciscan Way, San Vicenti Church

2005-2006
 Member, Youth Entrepreneurship and Cooperative in Schools
 47

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Vince Drexsil C. Tudtud

Age: 22

Date of Birth: 04/06/2000

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Cadahu-an, Talamban Cebu City

Contact#: 09562791906

E-mail: vincedrexsil69@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

Senior High: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

High School: Talamban National High School

Elementary: Talamban Elementary School

ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

University of Cebu Banilad Campus- Mr. Intramurals 2020

Work Experience at Amazon Call Center Seasonal Contract
Ambassador of Innocentrix Philippines
Ambassador of Adam Alviar Dental Clinic
Ambasssador of Fit & Flow fitness gym

Crowned as Misters of Filpinas Talisay 2023 1 st runner up

SKILLS

Excellent Communication Skills Flexible

Computer Savvy Time Management

 48

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Prince Mark A. Cuizon

Age: 21

Date of Birth: May 09, 2000

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Mountainview Village, Kalunasan Cebu City

Contact#: 09999864099

E-mail: princemarkcuizon@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

Senior High: University of Southern Philippines Foundation, Lahug Campus

High School: University of Southern Philippines Foundation, Lahug Campus

Elementary: University of Southern Philippines Foundation, Lahug Campus

ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

Graduated with Honors in Elementary – Top 7

English Spelling Bee Champion in Elementary

Mr. Mathinik English-Science Month in Elementary

SKILLS

Excellent Communication Skills Team Player

Satisfactory Multi-Tasking Capabilities

 49

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Justine A. Olarte

Age: 22

Date of Birth: November 10, 1999

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Nawanao, Pit-os Cebu City

Contact#: 09560348335

E-mail: olartejustine10@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

Senior High: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

High School: Pit-os National High School

Elementary: Talamban Elementary School

ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

Scholar in Cebu City

Part of Inter-Barangay basketball league in Barangay Pit-os
Most Valuable Player in Barangay Pit-os basketball league

SKILLS

Responsibility Basketball Player

Teamwork Self-management

Communication Skills
 50

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Rodyard P. Engis

Age: 21

Date of Birth: September 15, 2000

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Sitio Kawayan Kasambagan, Cebu City

Contact#: 0949 969 7781

E-mail: rodyard.engis@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu-Banilad Campus

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
6000 Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y 2019 up to present
Senior High: Barrio Luz National High School (BLNHS)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Senior High School Graduate
Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- ICT
S.Y. 2013-2019
High School: Barrio Luz National High School (BLNHS)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Senior High School Graduate
Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- ICT
S.Y. 2013-2019
Elementary: Barrio Luz Elementary School (BLES)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Elementary Graduate
S.Y. 2006-2012
ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

- Cebu City Scholar

SKILLS

- NCIII Holder of 2D ANIMATION

 51

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Niño C. Vitor

Age: 21

Date of Birth: August 30, 2000

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Abellana Barangay Luz Cebu City

Contact#: 0909 653 4750

E-mail: ntor974@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu-Banilad Campus

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
6000 Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
S.Y 2019 up to present
Senior High: Barrio Luz National High School (BLNHS)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Senior High School Graduate
Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- ICT
S.Y. 2013-2019
High School: Barrio Luz National High School (BLNHS)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Senior High School Graduate
Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- ICT
S.Y. 2013-2019
Elementary: Barrio Luz National High School (BLNHS)
Archbishop Reyes Avenue Cebu City
Elementary Graduate
S.Y. 2006-2012
ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED
- None

SKILLS

- NCIII Holder of 2D ANIMATION

 52

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Ranjel L. Tuico

Age: 22

Date of Birth: 03/22/2000

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Kawit Medellin Cebu

Contact#: 0955-850-0066

E-mail: ranjeltuico@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: University of Cebu, Banilad Campus

Senior High: Kawit Senior High School

High School: Kawit National High School

Elementary: Kawit Elementary School

ACHIEVEMENTS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

Cebu II Electric Cooperative,lnc.(Work Training)

SKILLS

Confident Electrical Installation Time

Management