Lecture 1 (01/19/2022)

DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Friedman (1999)

The inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never

witness before in a what that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to
reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before.

2. Kiss, Endre. (2013)

Globalization is defined as the unprecedented new world state, a special phase of the
world history that is already perceptible but that started ultimately in its mature form in
1989 with the retreat of communism.

3. Heywood (2014)

Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means

that our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made,
at a great distance from us. Distinction are commonly drawn between economic
globalization, cultural globalization and political globalization.

4. Ritzer and Dean (2015)

Globalization is a transplanetary process set of processes involving increasing liquidity

and growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as
the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite those flows.

5. Goldstein (2009)

Globalization encompasses many trends including expanded international trade,

monetary coordination, multinational corporations, telecommunications, technical and
specific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types and scales, migration and refugee
flows, and relations between world's rich and poor countries and between human
beings and the natural environment.

6. Manfred B. Steger (born 1961) is Professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He was
also Professor of Global Studies and Director of the Globalism Research Centre at RMIT
University in Australia until 2013. Steger's research and teaching span globalization,
ideology, and non-violence.
“The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time
and across world-space. “

Common Themes:

Theme 1 - Globalization involves the creation of new and the multiplication of existing social
networks and activities that increasingly overcome traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographical boundaries.

Theme 2 - Globalization is reflected in the expansion and stretching of social relations, activities,
and interdependence.

Theme 3 - Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and
activities

Theme 4 - Globalization processes also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness
since the creation, expansion, and intensification of social interconnectedness and
interdependence do not occur merely on an objective, material level.