KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN

UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

Form P-1

FORMAT PENGAJUAN JUDUL SKRIPSI

Nama Mahasiswa : Meirizka Alifia

NIM : 5031811046
Pengajuan ke : II
Rencana Judul : Code Switching in Arata Kim’s Novel Asmaraloka

Latar Belakang : Language is a system of communication used in society to represent notions

that deliver information, ideas, or arguments to people. In a practice of
communication through language, there will be interactions among humans
in society. The relationship between language and society is the focus of one
branch of macro linguistics, that is Sociolinguistics. An understanding of the
function of communication and the structure of language that occurs in
society is presented in Sociolinguistics (Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015). The
use of language that is influenced by the social environment certainly has an
impact on people's habits in using their language. In this era of increasingly
rapid globalization, the spread of language through the internet is
unavoidable, making everyone familiar with various languages that can be
accessed easily. Thus, the phenomenon of bilingualism occurs because of
the ease of access.

Bilingualism creates another phenomenon that is usually done by people

who speak more than one language, this phenomenon is called code
switching. Code switching is when words, phrases, or sentences alternate
from one language to another within the same utterance or during the same
conversation, in communicating (Grosjean, 1982). Indonesia is one of the
countries affected by the bilingualism phenomenon so that people tend to

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

code switch. The practice of code switching in Indonesia not only occurs in
a conversation but also in some literary works such as poems, short stories,
novels, etc. As in an Indonesian novel that published in 2020 titled
Asmarakola by Arata Kim, there are many code switching used by the
character in the novel.

Considering the code switching phenomenon in the novel, this study aims to
take a deeper look at types and determine the reasons for the code switching
used in the novel as the data source. Based on the theory of Poplack in
Romaine (1995), the data in the novel is analyzed whether it is included in
the type of tag switching, inter-sentential switching, or intra-sentential
switching. The reasons for code switching are analyzed by the theory
implemented by Hoffman, C. (1991). In relation to how code switching is
sometimes unconsciously occurring in our society, this study allows people
to have a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of code switching so that
it is useful for them to be able to use language properly and correctly.

Before this study was conducted, there were several previous studies
regarding code switching that were related to the present study such as one
study that was written by Husna (2010), Code Mixing and Code Switching
in Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1 Novel. This study focuses on finding out which
language is used by the main characters in the dialogue of the novel Ketika
Cinta Bertasbih 1 and finding the factors that influence the use of switching
or code mixing in the novel. The theory used in this study is the theory of
Hoffman (1991) and Holmes (2010). The results of this study indicate that
the main character in the novel Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1 does code
switching and code mixing in Arabic, English, Indonesian, and Javanese.
The main character influencing factors in code switching and code mixing
are functions, settings, and participants.

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

The second study found was Code Switching in Critical Eleven Novel by
Ika Natassa written by Trisilya (2017). This study focuses on the types and
functions of code switching in the novel Critical Eleven by Ika Natassa
using Gumperz's (1982) theory. The results of this research indicate that the
dominant type that appears in this study is the metaphorical and the function
that is considered dominant is the message qualification function.

The third study found is Code Switching Used by Sacha Stevenson on

Youtube Channel that was written by Irfani (2018). This study took data
from the study object in the form of a video showing the code switching
phenomenon. This study uses Hoffman's (1991) theory to find the types of
code switching and Sugondho's (1989) theory to determine the grammatical
pattern in the code switching. As the result, there are three types of code
switching and two grammatical patterns contained in the study object.

Rumusan Masalah : 1. What are the types of code switching as found in Asmaraloka?
2. Why are the characters in Asmaraloka used various types of code
switching ?

Kerangka Teoretis : A. Code Switching

Code switching occurs when words, phrases, or sentences switch between
one language to another within the same utterance or conversation
(Grosjean, 1982). Code switching can also refer to diverting or

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

manipulating one's behavior to appeal to a different or audience. This is a

common phenomenon among multilinguals, who sometimes use elements
from different languages when speaking. Code switching can occur in a
variety of contexts, including speaking a different language or changing
words to suit the audience. Code switching occurs in several different
types. According to Poplack in Romaine (1995) regarding code switching,
there are three types of code switching that can be identified:

1. Tag switching
This type of code switching involves inserting tags, brackets, exclamation
marks/interjections, or sentences in other languages into sentences or
phrases in the base language. Tags can be single words or phrases, and can
be inserted at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

2. Inter-sentential switching
This type of code switching involves the substitution of two or more
complete sentences or clauses in different languages. Transitions usually
occur at sentence or clause boundaries, and the two languages are used to
convey different ideas or to express different attitudes.

3. Intra-sentential switching
This type of code switching involves mixing two or more languages in one
sentence or clause. Transitions can occur at any point in a sentence, and
the two languages are used to convey different ideas or to express different
attitudes.

Moreover, the reasons for code switching will be analyzed by the theory of
Hoffman (1991) that explains there are eight possible reasons why people
code switch. The reasons are as follows :

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

1. Talking about a particular topic

People in the society sometimes prefer to talk about a certain topic in one
language. A speaker may switch to another language to discuss a topic that
is better expressed in that language. An example is when Muslims use
Arabic in discussing matters related to their religious beliefs.

2. Quoting Somebody Else

A speaker may switch to another language to quote someone else who
spoke in that language. Only the words that the speaker claims the quoted
source said are switched. The switch looked like a series of quotes. These
well-known individuals in Indonesia are primarily from a few English-
speaking nations. Then, as many Indonesians today speak English well, it
is possible to recite these well-known idioms or proverbs in their whole.

3. Being emphatic about something

A speaker may switch to another language to emphasize a point or express
solidarity with a particular group. When people speaking in a language
other than native language and wish to express something emphatically,
they will either purposefully or unintentionally switch from their second
language to their first language and turn to the native if they find it easier.

4. Interjection
Interjections are words or statements that are added to a sentence in order
to indicate surprise, a strong feeling, or to grab the listener's attention. A
quick exclamation such as "Hey," "Well," "Look," etc. is an interjection.
Despite the fact that they have no grammatical significance, speakers
frequently utilize them, usually more so while speaking than when writing.
A speaker may insert sentence fillers or sentence connectors in another
language intentionally or unintentionally.

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

5. Repetition used for clarification

A speaker may repeat a word or phrase in another language to clarify its
meaning. A bilingual or multilingual individual can occasionally utilize
both of the languages or codes that he/she knows to communicate the same
message in order to make it easier for the audience to understand. A
message in one code is frequently literaly repeated in the other code.
Repetition can be used to stress or amp up a message as well as to clarify
what has already been conveyed.
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
There will be a lot of code flipping and code mixing when a bilingual or
multilingual communicates with another bilingual or multilingual. This
refers to ensuring that the listener can follow and understand the speaker's
intent. The same message is repeated in a slightly different format in other
codes.

7. Expressing identity
A speaker may switch to another language to express their identity or to
signal their membership in a particular group. Group identification can be
expressed by code switching. Academics communicate differently from
other groups in their respective disciplinary contexts. In other words,
members of one group communicate differently from those who are not
members of that community.

8. Because of real lexical need

The absence of an equivalent lexicon across languages is the most
common cause of bilingual or multilingual individuals switching or
combining their languages. An English-Indonesian bilingual will find it
easier to say a word in Indonesian if it is not in English. And conversely,
he/she will use English terms when he/she has words that don't exist in
Indonesian. Its meaning would be ambiguous or confusing if translated

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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

into Indonesian, and may not even be used in some cases.

Metode Penelitian : In conducting this study, the research method used is a qualitative descriptive method to
analyze code switching phenomenon in the novel Asmaraloka by Arata Kim. Bogdan
and Biklen (1982) stated that qualitative research is descriptive research. In this method,
rather than numbers, the data collected tends to be in the form of words. The descriptive
method in this study is used because the form of data presented in the research object is
descriptive. To obtain the data needed in this study, the data is collected from the
primary source which is a novel entitled Asmararaloka written by Arata Kim. This
literary work is the primary source of this research. The object of the study will be read
and carefully examined. In addition, secondary sources related to this research are
books, journals, and theses that provide information on Code Switching theory and
others that support this study as a reference for analyzing data. In starting to analyze the
data, the researcher will take some notes and collect data from primary and secondary
sources. The next step is to reveal and describe cases of manipulative discourse that
occur in the novel by applying research theory. After analyzing the data, the researcher
will provide an explanation and detailed description of the types and reasons for code
switching used in the novel and draw conclusions at the end of the study to answer the
research question in this study.

Buku Referensi : 1. Apple, R. &Muysken, P. (1987). Language Contact and Bilingualism. London:
Utama Terkait Edward Arnold
Judul 2. Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S.K. (1982). Qualitative Research for Education: An
Introduction to Theories and Methods. California: Pearson A & B 
3. Grosjean, F. (1982), Life with two languages. An introduction to Bilingualism.
Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press
4. Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York : Longman.
5. Holmes, J. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. London and New York:
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 KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN
UNIVERSITAS BANGKA BELITUNG
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
Kampus Terpadu Universitas Bangka Belitung
Balunijuk, Kabupaten Bangka Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
Telepon (0717) 4260028, 4260029
Laman : www.ubb.ac.id

Longman.
6. Kim, A. (2021). Asmaraloka. Jakarta: Penerbit Gramedia Utama
7. Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
8. Schmidt, A. (2014). Between the languages: Code-switching in bilingual
communication. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing.
9. Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to Sociolinguistics.
Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
10. Yule, G. (2010). The study of language. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Balunijuk, 18 April 2023

Yang Bertanda Tangan,

Meirizka Alifia
NIM. (5031811046)

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