Important Missions Launched by ISRO

Mission Points to Remember

• It is an Indian crewed orbital spacecraft mission (jointly made
by ISRO and HAL) that is expected to carry three people seven
days into space and intended to be the basis of the Indian
Human Spaceflight Programme.
• This will be the first indigenous human mission developed
by ISRO.
• It is planned to be launched on ISRO's GSLV Mk III in
December 2021.
• Prior to sending humans, there will be two unmanned
Gaganyaan missions to be undertaken. This will be placed in a
low earth orbit of 300-400km.
• ISRO Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) at Bengaluru will
be responsible for implementing it.
• I.S.R.O. has entered into a pact with Russian company
Glavkosmos to pick and train astronauts for the Gaganyaan
project in the region.
• In terms of experience, I.S.R.O. will obtain assistance from the
GAGANYAAN French space agency C.N.E.S. in various areas, including space
medicine, astronaut safety control, radiation protection, and
life support.
• After the former U.S.S.R., the U.S., and China, India could
potentially become the fourth country to send a man into
space.
• Gaganyaan would be smaller than the current Russian Soyuz,
the Chinese Shenzhou, the Orion spacecraft planned for
N.A.S.A.

Vyommitra

• I.S.R.O. will send Vyommitra in the unmanned Gaganyaan

Spacecraft.
• Vyomamitra is an artificial intelligence-based robotic system
to mimic crew activity inside the crew module of Gaganyaan.
• Scientists at IISc in collaboration with I.S.R.O. has been
developing this.

CHANDRAY • It was launched in October 2008.

AAN 1 • It was the first lunar probe of India.

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 • The mission had a lunar orbiter and an impactor.

• I.S.R.O. Launched the Chandrayaan-2 mission to the Moon in

July 2019, but its lander did not touch the lunar surface.
• It is a completely indigenous mission comprising of an
Orbiter, Lander (called Vikram) and Rover (called
Pragyan).
• It was ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to land a rover
on any celestial body. The mission had attempted to soft-land
a rover 600km from the lunar south pole but got deviated
from the path after 3 Km.
• The scientific objective is to map the location and abundance
of water on the Moon surface.
• Scientific Objectives of Chandrayaan 2:
o Moon provides the closest link to Earth's Ancient
history.
o to build up on Evidence of Chandrayaan-1 which
discovered water molecules on the Moon so as to map
the location and abundance of water on the Moon
surface
CHANDRAY
o It will also study new types of rock that have a unique
AAN 2
chemical composition.
• Orbiter- observe the lunar surface, and relay contact between
the Lander of Earth and the lander of Chandrayaan 2.
• Lander (called Vikram)-equipped to carry out the first soft
landing of India on its atmosphere is lunar.
• Rover (known as Pragyan): an AI-powered vehicle which is to
move on the lunar surface and perform chemical analysis on-
site.
• Launcher – The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
G.S.L.V. MkIII-M1 was used as the launcher.
• Few other Pointers:
o 1st space flight to gently land in the southern polar
region of the Moon.
o 1st Indian expedition to try soft lunar surface landing
with homegrown technology.
o After the United States, India became the 4th country
ever to soft-land on the lunar surface.

Navigation in Indian Constellation

N.A.V.I.C.

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• Indian Constellation Navigation (NavIC) is an Indian Regional
Satellite Navigation System (I.R.N.S.S.), developed by the ISRO.
• It is an independent indigenous regional system developed
on par with the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS),
GLONASS of Russia, Galileo by Europe, BeiDou by China and
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) by Japan.
• I.R.N.S.S. consists of eight spacecraft, three geostationary
spacecraft, and five geosynchronous satellites.
• IRNSS will provide two types of services:
o Standard Positioning Service for civilian users
o Restricted Service (encrypted service) provided only to
specific users
• The main goal is to provide reliable positioning, navigation,
and timing services across India and the neighbourhood.
• It works in the same way as the established and popular U.S.A.
Global Positioning System (G.P.S.) but over a subcontinent
within a distance of 1,500 km.
• Recently, Global standards body 3GPP, which develops
mobile telephony protocols, has approved NaVIC, India 's
regional navigation system.
• The Indian Space Research Organization (I.S.R.O.) and its
Antrix Corporation Ltd. commercial arm are set to market
India 's Regional Navigation Satellite System-Navigation in
Indian Constellation (NavIC).

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 • GSAT 30 has just been deployed successfully.
• India 's telecommunication satellite GSAT-30, weighing 3357
kg, was launched by launch vehicle Ariane-5 VA-251 into a
GSAT-30 Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (G.T.O.) from the launch base
in Kourou, French Guyana.
• GSAT-30 shall serve as a replacement with enhanced coverage
to INSAT4A services.

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 • In 2005, INSAT-4A was launched, and cable operators use it to
broadcast their programs abroad.
• The satellite provides Ku-band coverage of India's mainland
and islands and extended C-band coverage of Gulf countries, a
large number of Asian countries, and Australia.

• It weighs around 5855 Kg.

• It is part of ISRO’s high-throughout communication satellite
(HTS) fleet which will drive the Internet broadband of India
from space to untouched areas. It is to provide a throughput
data rate of 16 Gbps.
• It carries 40 transponders including 32 in Ku-band and 8 in
GSAT-11 Ka-Band.
• It is for the first time that Ka-Band is introduced in India
through GSAT-11.
• It will be placed in circular geostationary orbit which is
36,000 Km away.
• Mission has a lifespan of 15 years.

• The Gagan Powered Mariner's Instrument for Navigation and

Information (G.E.M.I.N.I.) system, a satellite-based advice
service for deep-sea fishermen, has been launched by the
Government of India.
• It was developed to diffuse emergencies seamlessly and
effectively Disaster warning information and communication,
Potential Fishing Zones (P.F.Z.), and Ocean States Forecasts
G.E.M.I.N.I.
(O.S.F.) to fishermen.
• G.E.M.I.N.I. has been developed by the Indian National Centre
for Ocean Information Services and Airport Authority of India
• This device receives and transmits data received from
G.A.G.A.N. satellites to a Bluetooth mobile communication
system.

• Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial nanosatellites were

successfully launched by I.S.R.O.
• The Cartosat-3 satellite has high-resolution imaging
CARTOSAT-
capabilities.
3
• Tenure of the Mission: 5 years
• Orbit Type: Sun-synchronous polar orbit (S.S.P.O.), 509 km
above sea level.

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 • Vehicle Launcher: PSLV-C47

• Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (P.S.L.V.) launched India's

advanced RISAT-2BR1 radar imaging satellite.
• RISAT-2BR1 is the second radar imaging satellite in the
RISAT-2B series and is part of a group of satellites, along with
the CARTOSAT-3, that will boost India's earth imaging
capabilities from space.
RISAT-2BR1 • The R.I.S.A.T. satellites are equipped with a Synthetic
Aperture Radar (S.A.R.) capable of taking pictures of the Earth
during day and night, and in cloudy conditions as well.
• The satellite will assist in irrigation, logging, forestry, and
coastal protection, soil surveillance, disaster management
assistance, and round-the-clock border monitoring.

• Aditya-L1 is a first Indian based project to research the solar

Corona, which is scheduled for 2021.
• Its objectives are:
o To study solar Corona in near IR and visible bands.
o To study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)
Aditya-L1 o To analyse the important physical parameters for space
Mission weather like coronal magnetic field structures, the
evolution of the coronal magnetic field, etc.
• It will be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrangian Sun-
Earth point (L1), about 1,5 million km from the Earth.
• It will be launched using P.S.L.V.

• Indian Earth observation satellite is designed to enable

continuous observation of the Indian subcontinent, rapid
Geo Imaging monitoring of natural hazards, and catastrophe.
Satellite • It will be the first of two spacecraft intended for the Indian
(GISAT-1) Earth Observatory to be put in a geostationary orbit of about
36,000 km.

• X-ray polarimeter satellite is a dedicated polarization study

mission planned.
• The spacecraft will carry the Polarimeter Instrument in X-ray
XPoSat
(P.O.L.I.X.) payload, which will study the degree and angle of
polarization of the 5-30 keV energy range of bright X-ray
sources.

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 • The satellite has a five-year mission life and will be placed in a
500-700 km circular orbit.
• It will study black holes around neutron stars, supernova
remnants, pulsars, and regions.

• Nisar stands for Nasa-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar.

• It is a joint project of NASA and ISRO.
• It's the 1st dual-band satellite radar imaging.
• N.I.S.A.R. can provide a way to address extremely spatial and
temporally dynamic processes ranging from ecosystem
NISAR disruptions to collapse of ice sheets and natural hazards
including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides
• N.I.S.A.R. is an L-band and S-band dual-frequency radar
mission that will monitor Earth from two directions every 12
days.

• The Venusian mission Shukrayaan 1, is a planned orbiter to

Shukrayaan
Venus to study the surface and atmosphere of the Venus
1

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