EMPLOYEE COUNCELING FINALS REVIEWER
TYPES OF COUNSELING APPROACHES
 DIRECTIVE COUNSELING (PRESCRIPTIVE COUNSELING)
o E.G Williamson- leading exponent
o Counselor centered, they discover, diagnose, and solve the
problem
o Economical, it saves time
o Focuses on the problem rather than the client
o Intellectual Aspect > Emotional Aspect
o Assumptions:
i. All efforts should be focused on the problem.
ii. Counselor is more competent than counselee—
pivot, center, or leader of the situation.
iii. Intellectual than emotional process.
o Steps In Direct Counseling:
1. Analysis- collecting data using variety of tools and
techniques. Needed under starting of the client.
2. Synthesis- summarizing and organizing data.
Reveals liabilities, adjustments, and maladjustments.
3. Diagnosis- to find out the root cause of the problem.
4. Prognosis- to predict suture development of the
client’s problems.
 NON-DIRECTIVE COUNSELING (PERMISSIVE COUNSELING)
o The client sets the agenda and counselor follows (follower).
o Counselor observes and create advantageous setting
instead of giving counsel or ideas.
o Counselee or client is the center.
o Help the client gain independence and integration back to
society.
o Counselor form bond based on mutual trust, acceptance,
and understanding.
o Client divulges detail of their issues without fear of being
judged.
 ECLECTIC COUNSELING
o Mix of the directive and non-directive techniques.
o Counsellor’s freedom to utilize whichever processes or
strategies appear to be the most appropriate
o This type of counselling occurs when someone is willing to
try any method that seems promising.
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNSELING THEORIES
 PSYCHODYNAMIC
1. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS
- Importance of inborn drives, particularly sexual, in
personality development
- Goals:
 Unconscious to conscious
 Reconstruct the basic personality
 Reliving earlier experience and work through
repressed conflicts
 Achieve intellectual awareness
- Techniques:
 Interpretation
 Dream Analysis
 Free Association
 Analysis Of Resistance
 Analysis Of Transference
2. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL THERAPY
- Believed that personality was formed in early years
as a result of relationship within family.
- Emphasis on teaching individuals and families
about dealing with interpersonal problems.
3. JUNGIAN’S ANALYTICAL THERAPY
 BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
o Goals of Therapy:
- To eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more
effective behaviors.
- Focus on factors influencing behavior.
o Treatment Methods:
- Relaxation
- Exposure to a feared object
- Copying a behavior or role-playing
o Based on:
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING
3. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
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 Belief system and thinking is seen as
important in determining behavior and
feelings.
 Aaron Beck- help individuals understand
their own maladaptive thinking.
 help clients understand their own belief
systems by;
 Asking clients to record dysfunctional
thoughts
 Use questionnaires
 Goals:
- Challenge clients to confront faulty
beliefs.
- Helping clients seek out their
dogmatic beliefs.
- To become aware of automatic
thoughts and change them.
 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Focuses on irrational beliefs.
- Counselor challenge client’s irrational
beliefs.
 HUMANISTIC THERAPY
1. PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
- Carl Rogers
- Understanding and caring for the client
- Therapeutic genuineness through verbal and
non-verbal behavior
- Unconditionally accepting clients for who they’re
- Rogerian Therapy
 Goals of Therapy:
o To move toward openness;
o Greater trust in self;
o Willingness to be a process;
o And increased spontaneity and
aliveness.
 Conditions That the Client Needs for The
Therapy to Work:
o Empathy
o Congruence
o Unconditional Positive Regard
2. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
- Approach to people and problems relating to being
human or existing
- Deals with life themes rather than techniques
- Themes include:
 Living and dying
 Prisoner of own self and freedom
 Responsibility to self and others
 Finding meaning in life
 Dealing w/ a sense of meaninglessness
- Goals of Therapy:
 Help people see that they are free and
become aware of their possibilities.
 Challenges them to recognize that they’re
responsible for events they thought were
happening to them.
 Identify factors that block freedom
3. GROUP THERAPY
4. GESTALT THERAPY
- To become more aware of self and others
- Emphasis is on bodily and psychological awareness
- Present experience
- Immediate awareness of emotion and action
- “Being in touch” w/ one’s feelings
- Reached through what one is feeling now, on a
moment-to-moment basis
- Seek answers in the past
- “The past is no more, the future is not yet, only the
now exists.”
- “To me, nothing exists except the now: now =
experience = awareness = reality ─Fritz Perls
- The client is required to repeat: “now I am aware....”
- Counselor will frequently ask: “what are you aware
of now?”
REALITY THERAPY
 Therapists assume that individuals are responsible for their own
lives and what they do, feel, and think
 Uses a specific process to change behavior
 EMPLOYEE COUNCELING FINALS REVIEWER
 To help people become more effective in meeting their needs.
 Teach clients choice theory.
 Get clients to reconnect with people they put into their worlds
CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACHES
 Attend to client’s way of viewing problems and situations
 Two types of constructivist approaches:
o Solution-Focused Therapy- finds new solutions to a
problem; doesn’t focus on the origin of the problem
o Narrative Therapy
 Client present issues that need solutions and the counselor
concentrates on solutions to the problem
FEMINIST THERAPY: A MULTICULTURAL APPROACH
 Concerned about gender roles;
 Cultural issues;
 And power differences between men and women
 Examined different ways that men and women develop
throughout the lifespan
 Issues of feminist therapist- difference in decision making,
relating to others, roles in abuse, violence issues, etc.
FAMILY THERAPY-GOALS OF THERAPY
 Helping family members gain awareness of patterns of
relationships that aren’t working
 Focus on resolving specific problems
 Family counsellor views family as a single unit or system
 Bring change in the functioning and relationship within the family
than with single individual
 Counselors combine different theories of personality and
psychotherapy
 Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Approach selects concepts and
techniques from many different theories
OTHER APPROACHES (FIVE DIFFERENT PSYCHOTHERAPIES:)
1. Asian Therapies- emphasize quiet reflection and personal
responsibility to others
2. Body Therapies- interaction between psychological and
physiological functioning
3. Psychodrama- clients play out roles related to their problems
while therapists take responsibility for directing the activities
4. Interpersonal Therapy- consists of specific techniques
developed for the brief treatment of depression
5. Creative Arts Therapies- include art, dance movement, drama,
and music to encourage expressive action and therapeutic
change.
MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING
 Counseling approach designed to help people find the motivation
to make a positive behavior
 Client-centered approach for people who have mixed feelings
about changing their behavior
 Empowers people to take responsibility for their own recovery.
 The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing:
1. Collaboration Instead of Confrontation
- Partnership of counselor and the client
- Builds rapport between counselor and the client
- Allows the client to develop a trusting relationship
with their counselor
2. Evocation Rather Than Education
- Motivation to change comes from within
- Change can only happen if the individual want to
- Counselor's job to "draw out" client's true
motivations
3. Autonomy Over Authority
- True power for making changes rests within the
client
- Counselor/coach cannot demand this change
- It is up to the client to take the actions
SAMPLE/FINAL EXAM (?) KEY WORDS ONLY !!
 Known as center counselor- Directive Counseling
 Consider economical/ focus on the problem and not on the
person- Directive Counseling
 Counselor that observes, create…/ strive advantageous to
client- Non-Directive Counseling
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 Coach function as a follower/ tracker- Non-Directive
Counseling
 Intellectual- Directive Counseling
 Freedom to utilize project/ most appropriate… - Eclectic
Counseling
 Client is at the center- Non-Directive Counseling
 Root cause of the problem caused by the client- Diagnosis
 Summarizing data to reveal client…- Synthesis
 Genuineness/ unconditionally accepting client- Humanistic
Therapy
 Empathy/ Unconditionally positive regard…- Humanistic
Therapy
 Emphasize understanding and caring for client- Humanistic
Therapy
 Learn more effective behavior- Behavioral Therapy
 Based on classical conditioning…- Behavioral Therapy
 Relaxation, exposure- Behavioral Therapy
 Emphasis on teaching individual or family about
interpersonal problem- Adlerian Therapy
 Reliving earlier experience working to repress…-
Psychoanalytic or Psychoanalysis
 Philosophical approach relating to/ being human existing-
Existential Therapy
 Deals with life things such as freedom, responsibility to
solve- Existential Therapy
 To seek answers in the past- Gestalt Therapy
 Past is no more, the future is not yet, only present exist-
Gestalt Therapy
 Emphasis on the present- Gestalt Therapy
 Help people in awareness- Reality Therapy
 Individual understand their own thinking and how it affect…-
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
 Assume individual are responsible for their own lives and
taking control- Reality Therapy
 Focus on irrational beliefs- Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy
 Attend to client viewing problem and situations-
Constructivist Approaches
 Solution focus therapy and narrative- Constructivist
Approaches
 Difference in moral decision making- Feminist Therapy
 Gender roles- Feminist Therapy
 Bring about change within family- Family Therapy
 Interaction between family members- Family Therapy
 Focus on how family relate to each other- Family Therapy
 Select concepts from different theories- Integration (?)
 Include art- Creative Arts Therapies
 Consist of specific techniques- Interpersonal Therapy
 Create roles- Psychodrama
 Quiet- Asian Therapies
 Interaction with physiological- Body Therapies
 Help people find motivation to make positive- Motivational
Interviewing
 Recognize group power- Autonomy Over Authority
 Motivation to change comes from the inside- Evocation
Rather Than Education
 Develop trusting relationship- Collaboration Instead of
Confrontation
 Emphasis positive influences- Positive Psychology (?)
 Can be broken down to…- Techniques used in Positive
Psych (?)