Lighting Design and Simulation

Lecture 1. Lighting Design Validation Methods

TDMU
Lecture overview
• Light quantities
• Validation methods measurements
• Illuminance
• Luminance
• Luminous flux
• Reflection
• Luminous intensity
• Measurement plan

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Power of light – Quantum Theory
Optical power is a function of both the
number of photons and the
wavelength.
Each photon carries an energy that is
described by Planck’s equation:
Q = hc / λ
Q = photon energy (joules)
h = Planck’s constant (6.623 x10-34 J s)
c = speed of light (2.998 x 108 m s-1)
λ = wavelength of radiation (meters)
All light measurement units are
spectral, spatial, or temporal
distributions of optical energy.
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Light quantities and units
• Φ = Luminous flux [lm]
• I = Luminous intensity [cd]
Luminous flux, φ
• E = Illuminance [lx] [lm]
Luminous
• L = Luminance [cd/m²] intensity, I [cd]

Luminance, L
[cd/m²]

Illuminance, E
[lx]

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Light quantities
Quantity Description* Unit
Φ Luminous Quantity of light emitted by a light source per second. The Lumen (lm)
flux luminous flux accounts for the sensitivity of the eye by
weighting the power at each wavelength with the luminosity
function, which represents the eye's response to different
wavelengths.
I Luminous Luminous flux per unit solid angle (per steradian (sr)), as Candela (cd)
intensity measured for a given direction relative to a light source.
E Illuminance Total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. Lux (lx)
L Luminance Photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area Candela per
of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the square
amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a meter
particular area and falls within a given solid angle. (cd/m²)
* BS 4727 Part 4: Glossary of terms particular to lighting and color

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Validation methods measurements
1. Assess lighting conditions
• Does the lighting fulfil the criteria?
2. Relate light conditions to effects, e.g., human
responses

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Assess lighting conditions
Make a lighting design

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Relate to effects
Hypothesis: Are people with
high daylight exposure during
the day more alert than
people with low daylight
exposure?

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Relevant measurements
• Illuminance, E (lx)
• Luminance, L (cd/m²)
• CRI (-)
• CCT (K)
• Uniformity Emin/Eavg
• Spectral irradiance (W/m2/nm)

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Illuminance
• Total luminous flux
incident on a surface,
per unit area. Luminous flux [lm]

• Unit: lm/m2 = lux Luminous intensity,

I [cd]

• Symbol: E

illuminance [lx]

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Measuring illuminance
• Calibration
• Eye sensitivity
• Cosine corrected
• Possibly balanced
• Precision of reading
• Error analyses
• Bad quality can lead to
deviation of more than ~20%

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Measuring illuminance
Cosine corrected
• Light falling at an angle on an
object tends to be increasingly
reflected as the angle of
incidence increases

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Grid for illuminance measurements
in indoor workplaces

Maximum grid size:

Where, p is maximum grid cell size  10 m

d = longer dimension of area
A band of 0.5 m from the wall is excluded from the
measurement area
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Grid for illuminance measurements
in indoor workplaces
Typical values of grid point spacing
Length of the area Maximum distance Minimum number
(m) between grid of grid points
points (m)
0.40 0.15 3
1 0.20 5
2 0.30 6
5 0.60 8
10 1 10
25 2 12

Grid point spacing should not coincide with luminaire

spacing
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Spectrophotometer
• Energy per wavelength

Konica Minolta CL500

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Spectrophotometer
• Spectral irradiance
• Determine illuminance, irradiance, CCT, CRI, x-y value

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Color temperature, Tcp or CCT (K) and
illuminance
• Based on x-y values
• Less rich data (relative to spectrophotometer data)

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Luminance
• Photometric measure of the
luminous intensity per unit area
of light travelling in a given
Luminous flux, φ
direction. It describes the [lm]
amount of light that passes Luminous
through or is emitted from a intensity, I [cd]
particular area and falls within a
given solid angle.
Luminance, L
[cd/m²]
• Unit: cd/m2

• Symbol: L Illuminance, E
[lx]

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Hand luminance meter
• Small angle; angle of
measurement maximum
of few degrees
• Normal angle of view is 2°
• Average luminance
requires large angle
• Tripod
• Maximum error margin

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Luminance camera (multiple points)
• Digital photocamera
• Software to analyze and convert data
• Optional fish eye lens

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Illuminance and luminance

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Illuminance and luminance
• Completely diffuse surface, determine reflection factor
L = E*ρ/π
ρ = reflection factor [-]
value between 0 and 1 Luminous flux, φ
[lm]
Luminous
intensity, I [cd]
1. Diffuse reflection:
ρdiffuse = π*L/E
Luminance, L
2. Reference reflection [cd/m²]

ρdiffuse =(Lsurf/Lref) ρref

Illuminance, E
[lx] 22
Luminance of surrounding area
• Surface within the measurement angle
• Measurement distance > 1m
• Be sure that the solid angle remains identical
• Average luminance large surface
• Take average of measurement points
• Measure with a luminance meter with a larger opening
angle than 2 degrees
• Note down the position of the viewer and the view
direction

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Luminance measurements for viewer
• Measure at eye level
• Locate maximum luminance of the luminaires and
bright surfaces
• Measure critical position(s)

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Luminous Flux
• Quantity of light emitted
per second by a light source
in accordance with the Luminous flux [lm]
relative luminous efficiency
of the standard eye (Vλ ) Luminous intensity,
I [cd]

• Unit : Lumen (lm)

• Symbol: Ф
Illuminance [lx]

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Visible spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation

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Human eye

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Human eye

Cones
Third
receptor Rods

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The eye sensitivity
The human eye is not equally sensitive to all wavelengths
(λ)!

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 How to measure the luminous flux of
a light source?
• Integrating Ulbricht Sphere
Luminous flux [lm]

4π Sources Collimated Beam Sources 4π Sources

1. Integrating Sphere 2. Baffle 3. Diffuser 4. Light Detector 5. Test Source

 = E*A
A = 4πr2 https://youtu.be/a0q_U_0l1J4

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Internal reflection
• Imagine the space as a sphere
Surface inside: 4πr2 [m2]
Lightflux ϕ [lm]
(average) reflection factor ρ [-]

• First reflection = ϕ*ρ/4πr2 [lm/m2]

• Reflected flux:
1st reflection: ϕ*ρ
2nd reflection (ϕ ρ)ρ = ϕ*ρ2
3rd reflection (ϕ ρ2)ρ = ϕ*ρ3

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Reflected light per m2
  2  3
2
 2

4r 4r 4r 2
 2 3 4
 2
(1          ..)
4r
 1
2
4r (1   )

   avg
Eind 
Atotal (1   avg )

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Luminous intensity
• All luminaires for which the
luminous intensity is not
evenly distributed in all
directions.
• Luminous intensity (I)=Φ/ω
where ω = 4π

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Luminous intensity
• Photogoniometer
• Luminous intensity diagram

https://youtu.be/-7C5bWPT0Sk

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Measurement plan
The plan must be unambiguous meaning that
anyone should be able to repeat the measurements
and get the same results.
• Introduction
• Aim and objectives
• Research question
• Assessment criteria
• Research methodology and method
• Facilities and equipment
• Planning

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1. Lighting
• Brand name, type and serial number
• Type of light source (lamp source, CCT, CRI, etc.)
• Characteristics of luminaire (reflectors, filters, etc.)
• Age and cleanliness of the lamp/luminaire
• Position of the luminaire
• Control strategies
• Temperature of surroundings
•…

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2. Light measurements
• Brand name, type and serial number
• Calibration date
• Accuracy (error percentage)
• Illuminance sensors V(λ)- and cosine-corrected,
luminance spot angle known, etc.
• Position of the device (horizontal, vertical, angle)
• Exact location (height, distance)
• (Exposure (duration))
• (Position luminaire and device)

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2. Light measurements- Grid points
• Define the average illuminance based on 9 grid
points. Where should the grid points be placed?
90 cm

30 cm

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2. Light measurements – Grid points

Nugteren IM, M.P.J. A, A.M.C. S. Daylight to fulfil Lighting Needs for Demented Elderly. Proc 2nd Expert Symp Light Heal Ottawa, Canada, 2006. 2015;(2012).

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3. Context
• Data on environment and building
• Orientation
• Furniture and interior design
• Daylight openings and fenestration

Nugteren IM, M.P.J. A, A.M.C. S. Daylight to fulfil Lighting Needs for Demented Elderly. Proc 2nd Expert Symp Light Heal Ottawa, Canada, 2006. 2015;(2012).

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Questions?