Lighting Design and Simulation

Lecture 4. Daylight Applications

TDMU
Lecture overview
• Daylight
• Visual comfort
• Internal daylight control
• External daylight control
• Case studies

2
Direct and Diffuse Daylight
• Clear sky (sun)
• Direct, quasi-parallel beam
• High luminous flux
• Use/shield
• Overcast sky (sun covered)
• Diffuse daylight
• Worst case situation
• Use
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Dynamic daylight

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Dynamic Daylight – Correlated Color
Temperatures
Correlated Sky condition
color
temperature
3200 K Sunrise/sunset
5500 K Average daylight/sunny day around
noon
6500-7500 K Cloudy sky
8000 K Foggy sky
9000-12000 K Blue sky
2000 K Deep blue sky

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Main Functions of Daylighting

Letting daylight
enter a room

Re-directing daylight into a room

Blocking daylight from

entering a building
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Regulating elements of daylight
openings
• Materials filling daylight openings are either:
• transparent
• translucent
• Important material properties:
Φ Φ
• spectral transmittance = =
Φ Φ
• luminous transmittance
• global transmittance
∫ Φ
• UV transmittance =
∫ Φ
• heat transfer coefficient
• solar gain factor
• acoustical properties = = +
Δ

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Visual Comfort
Too much contrast can lead to adaptation issues

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Glare from daylight
• Direct glare
• Indirect glare

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What seems to be the issue?
A)Openings are too small?
B) Contrast is too big?

Windows next to an elevator

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Contrast
• Luminance contrast wall-window
• Use of daylight

Daylight : 100% 
Electrical light : 0% 
L1 L2
Luminance ratio : L1 << L2 
Comfort : 

(Aries)

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Contrast
• Luminance contrast wall-window
• Use of daylight and electric light

Daylight : 100% 
Electrical light : 0% 
Luminance ratio : L1 << L2 
Comfort : 
L1 L2 L1 L2
Improvement
Daylight : 100% 
Electrical light : 100% 
Luminance ratio : L1 ≈ L2 
Comfort : 
(Aries)

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Contrast
• Luminance contrast wall-window
• Use of daylight and brightness control

Daylight : 100% 
Electrical light : 0% 
Luminance ratio : L1 << L2 
Comfort : 
L1 L2 L1 L2
Improvement
Daylight : 20% 
Electrical light : 0% 
Luminance ratio : L 1 < L2 
Comfort : 
(Aries)

13
Contrast
• Luminance contrast wall-window
• Use of daylight, electric light and brightness control

Daylight : 100% 
Electrical light : 0% 
Luminance ratio : L1 << L2 
Comfort : 
L1 L2 L1 L2
Improvement
Daylight : 20% 
Electrical light : 70% 
Luminance ratio : L1 ≈ L2 
Comfort : 
(Aries)

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Internal daylight control
Glass
• Historical
• Allows daylight to enter and keeps
other influences outside
• Now different functionalities
• Controls the view, daylight and solar
gain
• Protects against the weather, thermal
changes and heat
• Acoustical properties
• Safety and privacy
• Decorative/ambiance
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Glass
• Solar energy
• Ideal quality from visual perspective

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Selection of glass
Glass properties influencing the
daylight design
• Luminous transmittance
• Color
• UV transmission
• Blinds necessary?
• Function

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Selection of glass
Characteristics of different glazing materials

Material g- LT=τ
Double glazing 0.76 0.81
Non coated green glass - cavity- clear glass 0.48 0.64
Neutraly coated clear glass - cavity - clear glass 0.32 0.60
Specular coated clear glass - cavity - clear glass 0.31 0.29
Printed clear glass – cavity - clear glass 0.52 0.51
Clear glass - lamellea - clear glass 0.24* 0.09*
* Depending on the slat angle of the lamellae

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Selection of glass
Clear glass
Spectral transmittance [%]

Wavelength [nm]
Source: Intelligente Glasfassaden – Birkhaeuser

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Changing glass characteristics
Options
• Clear glass with metal oxide coating on glass
surface (plane 1, 2 or 3)
• Colored glass
• Sun protecting foil between planes (plane 2)
• Sun protecting foil on the plane (plane 1 or
4)
• Print on the plane (plane 1 or 2)
• (Lamellae in the cavity) Source: SBR

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Colored glass
• Addition of metal oxide
• Higher thermal absorbance in glass
• Thermal release 66% external
• Reduction of heat load

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 Colored glass
• Green coloured glass
Compared to clear glass
Transmission and absorption [%]

Reflection [%]
Wavelength [nm]

Source: Intelligente Glasfassaden – Birkhaeuser

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Impact of colored glass
Influences
• Perception of the exterior environment
• Perception of the interior
• Appearance of the building

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Colored “low E” glass
If > 50%, the influence of
color is hardly perceptible.

Source: Pilkington Eclipse Advantage™ Blue-Green

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Reflective coating
• Less heat enters, therefore
lower cooling load
• Less glare
• Users of a building across
the street might experience
glare

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 Reflective coating
Transmission and absorption [%]

Reflection [%]
Wavelength [nm]

Source: Intelligente Glasfassaden – Birkhaeuser

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Printed ceramic coatings

Source: Seralite

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Coated glass (white print)
global transmittance [%]

Normal double glazing

Coated double glazing

Source: Glaverbel printed surface [%]

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Coated glass (white print)
Luminous transmittance [%]

(Glaverbel)
Normal double glazing

Coated double glazing

Source: Glaverbel printed surface [%]

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Examples printed facades
City hall, Alphen aan de Rijn, Netherlands

Source: H.Hellinga Source: H.Hellinga

Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany

Source: Ukko

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Printed glass

→View
→ Luminance ratio print/glass
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Switchable glazing
• Switchable glazing as luminous control
• Balance between shielding and using daylight
• “Effective opening”
0.2 ≤ ≤ 0.3
WWR: Window to Wall Ratio

(Tips for daylighting)

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 Dynamic glazing/switchable glazing
Principle Reacts to Switchable Diffuse Energy savings
Liquid crystals Electricity X X
Photochromic Light
Thermochromic Warmth X Artificial lighting, cooling
Electrochromic Electricity X Artificial lighting, cooling

Source: Priva-lite Source: Bikeworld Source: H. Hartwig Source: Velds

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Dynamic glazing/switchable glazing
Solar gain (± 1W) by PV-cells

Source: Shau

Energy generation:

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External daylight control
Brightness control
• Shielding system to prevent glare by daylight (direct
and indirect)
• Brightness control inside or outside façade
• Fully
• Partly

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Brightness control
• Shielding of daylight
openings
• Mostly lamellae or cloth
• Personal control/flexible
• Consider
• View
• Type of architecture
• Influence on the perception
of the façade from outdoors

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Sunlight/shading devices
• Used to block excessive/annoying
sunlight or solar heat
• Shading devices preferably on the
outside or between glass
• Protecting daylight openings
• Lamellae, screens
• Fully/partly
• Permanent/flexible

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Sun shading and orientation
Kiefer Technic Showroom

Source: PopGive

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 1
Sunlight design strategies
1. Shading
2. Directing 2
3. Control
4. Efficiency
5. Integration

3 4 5

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Daylight design strategies
1

1. Maximize solid angle with the sky

2. Luminance screening
3. Do not obstruct light
4. Place openings high in facade 2

5. Shape the space

3 5

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 Daylight systems
Light directing component

transmitting reflecting

fixed mobile fixed mobile

• Prismatic panel • Prism lamella • Light shelf • Al-Lamellas, straight

(refracting)
• Holographic optical elements • Glazing with reflecting • Al-Lamellas, concave
profiles
• Laser Cut Panel • Daylight transport
lamellas

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Daylight systems
• Transport daylight from other parts of the sky
• Reduce daylight near daylight opening
• Increase daylight deeper in a room
• Transform direct light into diffuse light

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Daylight system to re-direct daylight
Daylight factor for A0 on workplane
• Modification of
daylight openings in
order to adjust the
daylight distribution

Daylight factor [%]

in a room
• Not more daylight
but more evenly
distributed

Distance from window [m]

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Angular Selective Skylight (transmitting–fixed)

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Laser Cut Panel (transmitting–fixed)

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Laser Cut Panel (transmitting–fixed)

Summer
60°

Winter
30°

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Sun directing glass (transmitting–fixed)

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Sun directing glass (2) (transmitting–fixed)

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Anidolic Ceiling (transmitting–fixed)

Source: Daylight in Buildings, IEA TASK 21 Sourcebook

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Perforated lamella (transmitting–mobile)

reflected
direct and daylight
diffuse
daylight

transmitted
daylight

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Light Shelves (reflecting–fixed)

Winter Summer

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Daylight transport lamella (reflecting–mobile)

direct and reflected

diffuse daylight
daylight

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Re-directing Lamella (reflecting–mobile)
Summer
60°

Equinoxe
45°

Winter
30°
Equinoxe: The time or date at which the sun
crosses the celestial equator (twice each year),
when day and night are of approximately equal
length (approximately September 22 and
March 20).

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Retro-reflecting lamella (reflecting–mobile)

RetroLux U

© Dr. Köster

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Retroflex (reflecting–mobile)

© Dr. Köster

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Daylight systems
Manual vs. automatic control

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Control devices
• Hand controlled
• Automatic
• Solar radiation
• Temperature
• Daylight

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Energy consumption
• Installed power electric lighting
• Type of control
• Annual consumption: strongly dependent on user
behavior!

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 Case studies
• Thermotropic glazings
• Research project at the Technical University of
Munich (1999)
• Project Manager: Helge Hartwig

© Helge Hartwig, TU Munich

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Case studies
National Art Gallery, Ottawa, Canada (1988)
• Architect: Moshe Safdie

clear sky

overcast sky

Photos: © A. Rosemann

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Case studies
• LESO-BP (solar energy
research institute)
• Lighting and shading
systems with auto-
adaptive controls and
manual overwrite

© David Lindeloef

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Case studies
ARTHELIO - Prototype Berlin
Heliostat

Sulphur Lamp

Mixing Unit

Lightpipes

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Case studies
ARTHELIO - Prototype Berlin

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Case studies
ARTHELIO - Prototype Berlin

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 Case studies
• Reichstag, Berlin, Germany
(constructed 1894;
renovated 1999)
• Architects: Paul Wallot,
Norman Foster (renovation)

Photos: © M. Andersen

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Questions?