3

PART A
Cells and Tissues

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells
 Carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life
 Cells are the building blocks of all living
things
 Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function

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Functions of the Cell
 Cells metabolism and energy Use
 cells breakdown food to produce energy, new
molecules, heat, etc
 Synthesis of Molecules
 Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
 Communication
 Nerve cells/ hormones
 Reproduction and inheritance
 Sperm cells and oocytes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Cell
 Cells are not all the same
 All cells share general structures
 Cells are organized into three main regions
 Organelles (Nucleus)
 Cytoplasm
 Plasma membrane

Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus
 Control center of the
cell
 Contains genetic
material (DNA)
 Three regions
 Nuclear
membrane
 Nucleolus
 Chromatin

Figure 3.1b
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Chromatin

 Composed of DNA and

protein
 Condenses to form
chromosomes when the
cell divides

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane
 Selectively permeable
 Barrier for cell contents
 Double phospholipid
layer
 Hydrophilic heads
 Hydrophobic tails
 Also contains protein,
cholesterol, and
glycoproteins

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Specializations
 Microvilli
 Finger-like
projections that
increase surface
area for absorption

Figure 3.3
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  Tight junctions
 Desmosomes
 Gap junctions

Figure 3.3
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 Cytoplasm

 Material outside the

nucleus and inside the
plasma membrane
 Cytosol
 Fluid that suspends
other elements
 Organelles
 Metabolic machinery
of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Figure 3.4
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 Ribosomes
 Made of protein and
RNA
 Site of protein
synthesis
 Found at two
locations
 Free in the
cytoplasm
 Attached to rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
Two types of ER
 Rough ER- site where
building materials of cellular
membrane are formed (cells’
membrane factory)
 Smooth ER- synthesize and
breakdown cholesterol,
metabolize fat, and detoxify
drugs.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Golgi apparatus
 Modifies and
packages proteins
 Produces different
types of packages
 Secretory vesicles
 Cell membrane
components

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Lysosomes
 Contain enzymes that
digest nonusable
materials within the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Peroxisomes
 Membranous sacs
of oxidase
enzymes
 Disarm
dangerous free
radicals and
convert it to
H2O2, then to
H2O

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Mitochondria
 “Powerhouses” of
the cell
 Carry out reactions
where oxygen is
used to break down
food
 Provides ATP for
cellular energy

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Cytoskeleton
 Acts as a cells’ bones
and muscles by
furnishing an internal
framework
 It gives shape and
support

Figure 3.7a
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 Three different types
 Microfilaments-
muscles
 Intermediate filaments-
desmosomes
 Microtubules- nerve
cells

Figure 3.7b–d
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 Centrioles
 Rod-shaped bodies
made of microtubules
 Direct formation of
mitotic spindle during
cell division

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Cellular Projections

 Not found in all cells

 Used for movement
 Cilia moves materials
across the cell surface

 Flagellum propels the

cell itself

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell Diversity

Figure 3.8a–b
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 Figure 3.8c
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 Figure 3.8d–e
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 Figure 3.8f–g
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings