‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﯼ‪ :‬ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ‪۱۳۷۷‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺍﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻼﺣﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﻔﺮ‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ m = 2n + n2‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ n‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ m‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ n‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪﯼ ‪ ۶‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۳ ،۱‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ۵‬ﻫﻤﻨﻬﺸﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،n ≡ 1‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ n = 6k + 1‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪3 ( )k‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2n ≡ 26 × 2 ≡ 2‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ n2 ≡ 1 ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ n2 + 2n ≡ 0‬ﻭ ‪ m‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ n ≡ 5‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ n ≡ 3‬ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ‪ AD‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﯼ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺭﺍ ‪ K‬ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪K‬‬

‫‪۱‬‬
 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ H‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ ABC‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫‪∠HCB = 900 − ∠ABC = 900 − ∠AKC = ∠BCK‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ ،HCK‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﯼﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪ .HD = DK‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ D‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪P (D) = BD · CD = DK · DA = HD · DA‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪.HD‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ‪ 4HD = 3 × 2‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ Sk‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﻪﺿﻠﻊ ‪ k‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ�ﺱ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﯼ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﭼﭗ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻳﮑﺘﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﺰ ‪ A‬ﺩﺭ ‪ S1‬ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪.S1 = 62 − 1‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ ،B‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﯼ‬
‫‪ S2‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ ،S2 = 52 − 1‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪،. . . ،S3 = 42 − 1‬‬
‫‪ S6 = 22 − 1‬ﻭ ‪ .S7 = 12 − 1‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ N‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮐﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪6 × 7 × 13‬‬
‫= ‪N = 12 + 22 + · · · + 62 − 6‬‬ ‫‪− 6 = 85‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،6 × 6‬ﺟﺪﻭﻟﯽ ‪ n × n‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﯼ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬

‫)‪n(n − 1)(2n + 5‬‬

‫=‪N‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪ .۴‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻻﹰ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﯼ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﻝ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ‬
‫‪ 10 < a < b‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ b − a ≥ 10‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .a + 10 ≤ b ،‬ﭘﺲ )‪ (a, b, 10‬ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ 20 < a < b‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،a = 30‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪.b < 20 + a = 50‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪ b = 40‬ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ )‪ (20, 30, 40‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،a = 40‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬
‫)‪ (20, 40, 50‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦﻃﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ 30 < a < b‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻣﴼ ‪ a = 40‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ b = 50‬ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ )‪ (30, 40, 50‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۲‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ .۵‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ .y = x + 1‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬

‫‪x2 + y 2 + (xy)2‬‬ ‫‪= x2 + (x + 1)2 + (x(x + 1))2‬‬

‫‪= 2x2 + 2x + 1 + (x(x + 1))2‬‬

‫‪= 2x(x + 1) + 1 + (x(x + 1))2‬‬

‫‪= (x(x + 1) + 1)2‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۶‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﻫ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ‪ ،bn = an + 1‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ b0 = 0‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ‪،n ∈ N‬‬

‫‪bn+1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪an+1 + 1‬‬

‫‪= (n + 1)an + n + 1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫)‪(n + 1)(an + 1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪(n + 1)bn‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ b0 = 1‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪،‬‬

‫!‪bn = nbn−1 = n(n − 1)bn−2 = · · · = n‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ‪ .an = n! − 1‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫‪101 = 1 × 2 × · · · × 51 × · · · × 101‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ‪ 2 × 51 = 102‬ﺑﺨﺶﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪102‬‬
‫‪a101‬‬ ‫≡‬ ‫‪(101)! − 1‬‬

‫‪102‬‬
‫≡‬ ‫‪102 − 1‬‬

‫‪102‬‬
‫≡‬ ‫‪101‬‬

‫‪ .۷‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺫﻭﺯﻧﻘﻪﯼ ‪ ABCD‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ AC = 13‬ﻭ ‪ BD = 15‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺫﻭﺯﻧﻘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۱۲‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۳‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪F C‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ B‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ AC‬ﺧﻄﯽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩﯼ ‪ DC‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ E‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺿﻠﻌﯽ ‪ ABEC‬ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﯼﺍﻻﺿﻼﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪ .AB = CE‬ﭘﺲ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ ABD‬ﻭ ‪BCE‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﯼﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ △ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ]△[‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫]‪[ABCD] = [ABD] + [BCD‬‬

‫]‪= [BCE] + [BCD‬‬

‫]‪= [BDE‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪ B‬ﺑﺮ ‪ CD‬ﺭﺍ ‪ F‬ﺑﻨﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪DE‬‬ ‫‪= DF + EF‬‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫=‬ ‫‪BD2 − BF 2 +‬‬ ‫‪BE 2 − BF 2‬‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫=‬ ‫‪152 − 122 +‬‬ ‫‪132 − 122‬‬

‫‪= 9+5‬‬

‫‪= 14‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫]‪[ABCD] = [BDE‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2 (14‬‬ ‫)‪× 12‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪84‬‬
‫‪ .۸‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ N‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬
‫‪N = 3256 + 1 3128 + 1 · · · 32 + 1 32 − 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪،k‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3k + 1 ≡ (−1)k + 1 ≡ 2‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۴‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ‪ 3k + 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ‪ 32 − 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ‪ N‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 8 + 3 = 11‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ‪ ،n ≥ 3‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ‪ 32 − 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪n + 2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۹‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪ .ai = 1 + 2 + · · · + i‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫)‪i(i+1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ a0 = 0‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ‪،i ≥ 1‬‬
‫‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﴼ ‪ i‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ai−1 + 1‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ai‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻭﺝ ‪ ،i‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ‪ ،i‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ i‬ﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻗﻄﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ۱۳۷۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ i‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ≤ ‪ai−1 + 1‬‬
‫‪ .1377 ≤ ai‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫)‪i(i − 1‬‬ ‫)‪i(i + 1‬‬
‫≤ ‪+ 1 ≤ 1377‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪4i2 − 4i + 8 ≤ 11016 ≤ 4i2 + 4i‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﯼ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ (2i − 1)2 ≤ 11009‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 2i − 1 < 104‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 2i − 1 ≤ 103‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪ .i ≤ 52‬ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﯼ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ (2i + 1)2 ≥ 11017‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 2i + 1 > 104‬ﻳﺎ ‪2i + 1 ≥ 105‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ .i ≥ 52‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .i = 52 ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ a52 = 1378‬ﭘﺲ ‪ ۱۳۷۷‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻳﮑﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺁﺧﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ ۵۲‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ ۵۲‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ ‪ ۵۲‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ۱۳۷۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺮ ‪ ۵۱‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۰‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ‪ n‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ n‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ‪ .4|n‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫= ‪2k + 1‬‬ ‫‪(k + 1)2 − k 2‬‬

‫‪4k‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪(k + 1)2 − (k − 1)2‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ = ‪n = x2 −y 2‬‬
‫)‪ ،(x − y)(x + y‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﺯﻭﺟﻴﺖ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ n‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﺏ‬
‫‪ ۴‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ 4k + 2‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ }‪ {1377, . . . , 1999‬ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫‪1377 ≤ 4k + 2 ≤ 1999‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪344 ≤ k ≤ 499‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱۵۶‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1999 − 1376 = 623‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ‪ 467‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۱‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ‪ S‬ﻭ ‪ S ′‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪S ′ = S + |x − y| − x − y ≡ S + x − y − x − y ≡ S‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۵‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ ،1 + 2 + · · · + 1377‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ‪ ،1377 × 689‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﻴﺖ ‪ S‬ﻫﺮﺑﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ‪ i + 4 ،. . . ،2 ،1‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ‪ i ،. . . ،2 ،1‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ‪ i + 4‬ﻭ ‪ i + 3‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ i + 2‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ i + 1‬ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ۱‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ij‬‬
‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ‪ 5 ،4 ،3 ،2 ،1‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺣﺬﻑ ‪ i‬ﻭ ‪ j‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ →‪ −‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪1, 2, 3, 4, 5 −→ 2, 3, 4, 4 −→ 2, 3, 4 −→ 1, 4 −→ 3‬‬

‫‪ .۱۲‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ AD‬ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﯼ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ BM‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪﯼ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺿﻠﻊ ‪ BC‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ‪.AD⊥BM‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ ،ABM‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎﺯ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ�ﺱ ‪ A‬ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﯼﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ .AM = AB‬ﭘﺲ ‪ .AC = 2AB‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ x ،x + 1‬ﻭ ‪ x − 1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪ .x = 3‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ 4 ،3 ،2‬ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 9‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۳‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ 4 ،3 ،2 ،1‬ﻭ ‪ 5‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﯽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﭽﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪j‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ . . . ،2 ،1‬ﻭ ‪ n − 1‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﯽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﭼﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ‪ n‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ Sn−1‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ‪ Sn‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ‪ n‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫‪ i‬ﻭ ‪ j‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪Sn = Sn−1 − ij + ni + nj = Sn−1 − (n − i)(n − j) + n2‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ‪ Sn‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ )‪ (n − i)(n − j‬ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪ i‬ﻭ ‪ j‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ n − 1‬ﻭ ‪ n − 2‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎﮐﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪ Sn‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪n‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ n − 1‬ﻭ ‪ n − 2‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۶‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬

‫‪S5 = 2 + 8 + 20 + 15 + 3 = 48‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪2n3 + 3n2 − 118 + 18‬‬

‫= ‪Sn‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ .۱۴‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻫﺎﯼ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪√B‬ﻭ ‪ C‬ﺭﺍ√ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ‪ A‬ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪ 6 − 2 = r‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ K‬ﻭ ‪ L‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪L‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪ KLM‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﻪﺩﺍﺭ √‬

‫√ ‪ C‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﯼ √‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪ B‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪√ ،AB, AC ≥ r‬‬
‫√ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ .KL = 6 − 2‬ﭘﺲ ‪ BC < KL = 6 − 2‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫√ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﯼ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ‪ x > 6 − 2‬ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪ AKL‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪ x = 6 − 2‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ x‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۵‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ p‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ )‪ f (p‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﮔﺮ )‪ ،q|f (p‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ r‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ )‪ .q = f (r‬ﭘﺲ )‪ f (r)|f (p‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .r|p ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪) .r = p‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ‪ r ̸= 1‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ (.f (1) = 1‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ q = f (p) ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ f (p) ،‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ n‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ )‪ f (n‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ‪ q‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ n‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ‪ p‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪r‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ‪ n‬ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ‪ p‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ )‪ f (r)|f (n‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ f (r) = q‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ r = p ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ · · · | ‪ p|p2 |p3‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .q = f (p)|f (p2 )|f (p3 )| · · · ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ f‬ﭘﻮﺷﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﻫﻤﻪﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎﯼ ‪ q‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ‪ f‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ‪ f‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎﯼ ‪ p‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ‪ .f (pi ) = q i‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۷‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ Πpα‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﯼ ‪ n‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ (a, b) = 1‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ )‪ .f (ab) = f (a)f (b‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪i‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ .f (n) = Πf (pi )αi‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﯽ )ﺝ( ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﮑﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ P‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ‪ σ : P −→ P‬ﻳﮏ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ‪ σ‬ﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪n = Πpiαi‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪.f (n) = Πσ(pi )αi‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ σ‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺸﺘﯽ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪) ،‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭ )ﺏ( ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ‪σ(2) = 5‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ σ(5) = 2‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ‪ f (2) = 5‬ﮐﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﺾ )ﺩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ σ‬ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪ ،σ ◦ σ ̸= 1‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ،σ‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﻫ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۶‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ A2 ،A1 ،A0‬ﻭ ‪ A3‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۵۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪﯼ ‪ ۴‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻨﻬﺸﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪ 2 ،1 ،0‬ﻭ ‪ 3‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪|A0 | = |A2 | = |A3 | = 13, |A1 | = 14‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ }‪ S ⊂ {1, 2, . . . , 53‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪|S ∩ A0 | ≤ 7,‬‬ ‫‪|S ∩ A2 | ≤ 7,‬‬ ‫‪|S ∩ A3 | ≤ 7,‬‬ ‫‪|S ∩ A1 | ≤ 7‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ n‬ﻭ ‪ n + 4‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ .|S| ≤ 28‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ‬
‫‪ S‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪.|S| = 28‬‬
‫‪ .۱۷‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﻫ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ‪ n‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ n + 3‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۶‬ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ۸‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ‪ ،n ≥ 6‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ n‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۸‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ .۱۸‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ )‪ . . . ،(4, 19) ،(3, 20) ،(1, 2‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (11, 12‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮ�ﻟﻔﻪﺍﺵ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ‪ ،۲۰‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺯﻭﺟﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ 2k‬ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ k‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪p‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2k‬ﻭ ‪ 4k‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻀﻴﻪﯼ ﭼﺒﻴﺸﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎﯼ‬
‫‪ ( p+1‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐ )‪ . . . ،(2k − 1, p − 2k + 1) ،(2k, p − 2k‬ﻭ ) ‪2 , 2‬‬
‫‪p−1‬‬

‫‪ 2k − p−1‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪،1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪2‬‬
‫‪ p−2k−1‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ(‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ . . . ،2‬ﻭ ‪ p − 2k − 1‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮐﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ‪ p < 4k‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ(‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﻢ‬
‫‪ 2k − p−1‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2 +‬‬
‫‪p−2k−1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪=k‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ .A = 1081 − 1‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ A2 = 10162 − 2 × 1081 + 1 ،‬ﭘﺲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻩﺩﻫﯽ ‪A2‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪A2 = 99‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫} ‪| {z‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪01‬‬
‫‪80‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺭﻗﻤﻬﺎﯼ ‪ A2‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﯼ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 9 × 80 + 8 + 1 = 729‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲۰‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ O1‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ‪ C1‬ﻭ ‪ O2‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﯼ ‪ C2‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ‪ X‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ ‪ C1‬ﻭ ‪ Y‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﻭﯼ ‪ C2‬ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ Z‬ﻭﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺧﻂ ‪ XY‬ﻭ ‪ M‬ﻭﺳﻂ ‪ O1 O2‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪X‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬

‫‪O1‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬

‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪MZ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪2 (M X‬‬ ‫) ‪+ MY‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪M O1 + O1 X + M O2 + O2 Y‬‬

‫→‪−‬‬ ‫→‪−‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2 (O1 X‬‬ ‫) ‪+ O2 Y‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۹‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ →‪ −‬‬
‫‪O1 X  = 3‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ →‪ −‬‬
‫‪O2 Y  = 1‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫→‪ −‬‬ ‫ →‪−‬‬
‫‪2 ≤ O1 X + O2 Y  ≤ 4‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ →‪ −‬‬
‫‪1 ≤ M Z  ≤ 2‬‬

‫→‪−‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ‪ M Z‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ‪ 1 ≤ r ≤ 2‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪ Z‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎﯼ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ‪ M‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ‪.π (23 − 1) = 3π‬‬
‫‪ .۲۱‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﻫ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ ﻫﻤﻪﯼ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱‬ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ a1 = 2‬ﻭ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ . . . ،a2 ،a1‬ﻭ ‪ an‬ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ m‬ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ‪ k‬ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥﻗﺪﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ kman‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ‪ .an+2 = m, an+1 = kman‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ‬

‫) ‪(an , an+1‬‬ ‫= ) ‪= (an , kman‬‬ ‫‪an > 1‬‬

‫) ‪(an+1 , an+2‬‬ ‫)‪= (kman , m‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪m>1‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ }‪ N − {1‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲۲‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ C‬ﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﺍﺕ ‪ AE‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺿﻠﻊ ‪ AB‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ ‪ F‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫‪ ،BCF‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ AE∥CF‬ﻭ ‪ BE = 2EC‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ‪ AB = 2AF‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪.DA = AF ،‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫‪M‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۱۰‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ .۲۳‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺷﮑﻞ △ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ]△[ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ] ‪ x = [DEP‬ﻭ ]‪ .y = [P BC‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﯼ‬
‫‪ ∠DP E‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ α‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬

‫‪xy‬‬ ‫]‪= [DEP ] · [P BC‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4PE‬‬ ‫‪· DP · P B · P C · sin2 α‬‬

‫]‪= [P EC] · [P DB‬‬

‫‪= 8×3‬‬

‫‪= 24‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﻀﻴﻪﯼ ﻣﻨﻼﺋﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ‪،CAD‬‬

‫‪BA P D CE‬‬
‫·‬ ‫·‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪BD P C EA‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪BA‬‬ ‫]‪[AEB‬‬ ‫‪x + 13‬‬ ‫‪PD‬‬ ‫]‪[EP D‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪BD‬‬ ‫]‪[DEB‬‬ ‫‪x+8‬‬ ‫‪PC‬‬ ‫]‪[EP C‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪CE‬‬ ‫]‪[DCE‬‬ ‫‪x+3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪EA‬‬ ‫]‪[DEA‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫)‪x(x + 13)(x + 3) = 15(x + 8‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﯼ ‪ x = 2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ y = 12 ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲۴‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﻫ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۱۱‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺱ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬

‫‪dn‬‬ ‫) ‪= (an , bn‬‬

‫)‪= (n3 − 5n2 + 6n, n2 + 5‬‬

‫)‪= (n2 + 5, n + 25‬‬

‫)‪= (n + 25, 630‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ ‪ .dn ≤ 630‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ ،d605 = 630‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .max{dn |n ∈ N } = 630 ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪dn+630 = (n + 630 + 25, 630) = (n + 25, 630) = dn‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ dn ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲۵‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ t = ab‬ﮐﻪ ‪ .(a, b) = 1‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫‪3a3 + 10a2 b − 3ab2‬‬
‫= ‪f (t) = 3t3 + 10t2 − 3t‬‬
‫‪b3‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،f (t) ∈ Z‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ b|3a + 10a2 b − 3ab2‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ .b|3a‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ (b, a) = 1‬ﭘﺲ ‪.b|3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ‪ b‬ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۱‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،b = 1‬ﺁﻥﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ 0 ≤ a ≤ 77‬ﻭ ‪ ۷۸‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ a‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ،b = 3‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ‪ 27|3a3 + 30a2 − 27a‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ 9|a3 + 10a2‬ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪(a, 3) = 1‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪ .9|a + 10‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ‪ a = 9k − 1‬ﮐﻪ ‪ .k ∈ Z‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ 0 ≤ t ≤ 77‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫‪9k − 1‬‬
‫≤‪0‬‬ ‫‪≤ 77‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ .1 ≤ k ≤ 25‬ﭘﺲ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ k‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ a‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ‪۱۰۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ t‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲۶‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ ،2 ≡ 10‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ )‪ ،(0, 10‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ )‪ (0, 2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫•‬
‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۱۲‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺲ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﯼ )‪ (0, 2‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ‪ U ،R ،L‬ﻭ ‪ D‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪DRDR . . . DRDR,‬‬ ‫‪DRDR . . . DRDL‬‬
‫)ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﮔﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪(.‬‬

‫‪ .۲۷‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ an‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﭼﻴﺪﻥ ‪ n‬ﺳﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻭ ﺳﮑﻪﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ‪ .an = an−1 + an−2‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪n − 1 ،‬‬
‫ﺳﮑﻪﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﻪ ‪ an−1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫··· ∗ ∗‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﮑﻪﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﴼ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ‪ n − 2‬ﺳﮑﻪﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ an−2‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ‪ a1 = 2‬ﻭ ‪ ،a2 = 3‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ‪.a10 = 144‬‬
‫‪ .۲۸‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺏ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﻳﺴﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪2x2 y 2 + y 2 − 26x2 − 13 = 1201 − 13 = 1188‬‬

‫(‬ ‫()‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬

‫‪2x2 + 1 y 2 − 13 = 4 × 27 × 11‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ‪ 2x2 + 1‬ﻋﺪﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪99 ،33 ،11 ،27 ،9 ،3 ،1‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ‪ 297‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﯼ ‪ 2x2 + 1 = a‬ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ ،a‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎﯼ ‪x = 1, 2, 4, 7‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ ،x‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ y 2 = 409, 145, 49, 25‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ )‪ (x, y) = (4, 7‬ﻭ )‪ (x, y) = (7, 5‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲۹‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺝ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ f‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ‪ .n|30‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ‪ ،x ̸= 1‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،x‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ }‪ {x, f (x), f 2 (x), . . .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﯼ ‪ n‬ﻋﻀﻮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ‪ x‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ )‪ O(x‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ )‪ O(x‬ﻭ )‪ O(y‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﯼ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻢﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ∅ ≠ )‪ O(x) ∩ O(y‬ﻭ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ )‪ ،z = f i (x) = f j (y‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ f‬ﻳﮏﺑﻪﻳﮏ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﺳﺖ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ i > j‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ‪f i−j (x) = y‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .y ∈ O(x) ،‬ﭘﺲ )‪ .O(y) = O(x‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﯼ }‪ {1, 2, . . . , 30‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ n‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪ n|30‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۱۳‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬

 ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ n‬ﮐﻪ ‪ ،n|30‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪f‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪x=1‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬
‫‪(x + 30‬‬‫‪n‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪(mod‬‬ ‫)‪30‬‬ ‫‪x ̸= 1‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪ ۳۱‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﯽ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۳۰‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﯼ )ﺩ( ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻫﻤﻪﯼ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎﯼ ) ‪ . . . ،(a2 , a3 ) ،(a1 , a2‬ﻭ ) ‪ (am−1 , am‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ m−1‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺑﻪﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻮﻥ }‪ ،ai ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10‬ﭘﺲ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) ‪ (ai , ai+1‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ m − 1 ≤ 100‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ .m ≤ 101 ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﻝ ‪ ۱۰۱‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﻝ ‪ n2 + 1‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ .a1 = an2 +1 = 1‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ‪ n‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ n = 1‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ‬
‫‪ ۱ ،۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ‪ n‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ‪ an2 +1 ،. . . ،a2 ،a1‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ‪ a1 = 1‬ﻭ ‪ .an2 +1 = 1‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪1, n + 1, 2, n + 1, . . . , n − 1, n + 1, n, n + 1, n + 1, 1‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ 2n + 1‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﯼ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﻝ ‪ (n + 1)2 + 1‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ۱‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﯼ ‪۱۴‬ﺍﺯ ‪۱۴‬‬