Mathematische Annalen

Mathematische Annalen
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-023-02661-3 Mathematische Annalen
Fractal dimension of random invariant sets and regular

random attractors for stochastic hydrodynamical equations
Renhai Wang1 · Boling Guo2 · Wei Liu3 · Da Tien Nguyen4
Received: 29 March 2023 / Revised: 4 May 2023 / Accepted: 15 June 2023

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
The main aim of this work is to provide some general and unified results on the exis-
tence, regularity and finite fractal dimension estimates of pullback random attractors
for a wide class of non-autonomous stochastic hydrodynamical systems arising from
fluid dynamics. Using weaker conditions than that in the abstract results of Debussche
(J Math Pures Appl 77:967–988, 1998) and Zhou et al. (Appl Math Comput 276:80–
95, 2016), we obtain a better upper bound estimate of the fractal dimension of random
invariant sets in both Banach space and its subspace. The existence, uniqueness and
regularity of pullback random attractors for the systems are established by employing
the famous idea of energy equation due to Ball (J Nonlinear Sci 7:475–502, 1997) as
well as an approach of spectral decomposition. Based on our abstract results and some
new uniform estimates on the difference of the solutions, we prove the finite fractal
dimension of those random attractors in both initial space and regular subspace. To
the best of our knowledge, this is the first general result on the fractal dimension
estimate of random attractors in regular subspaces, which seems also new even in the
autonomous and deterministic case.
Mathematics Subject Classification 37L55 · 60H15 · 37L30 · 35Q35
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12171208, 12090011, 12090010,
11831014), Guizhou Normal University (11904/0522100) and Qianjiaoji [2022]124.
B Wei Liu
weiliu@jsnu.edu.cn
1 School of Mathematical Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

2 Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
3 School of Mathematics and Statistics/RIMS, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
4 Department of Natural Sciences, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa 41000, Vietnam
123
R. Wang et al.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Improved bound of fractal dimension of random invariant sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Random attractors of stochastic hydrodynamical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Description of stochastic hydrodynamical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Non-autonomous random dynamical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Long term D-uniform estimates in H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Pullback asymptotic compactness of solutions in H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Existence and uniqueness of pullback random attractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 (H , V )-regularity of pullback random attractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 Definition of bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-attractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Regularity of solutions to (3.10)–(3.11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Long term D-uniform estimates in V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Long time D-uniform “flattening effect” in V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Existence of bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-attractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Upper bound of fractal dimension of pullback random attractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 Lipschitz property of solutions in H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Lipschitz property of solutions in V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Lipschitz projection in H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Lipschitz projection in V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Finite fractal dimension of random attractor in H and V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Introduction
It is well-known that the notation of global or pullback attractors plays an important

role in understanding the long-time dynamics of partial differential equations (PDEs),
see e.g., Ball [2], Caraballo et al. [6–9] Guo et al. [29, 30], Ladyzhenskaya [34,
35], Miranville [41], Robinson [42], Temam [44] and Wang [46]. Random attractors
proposed and studied by Brzeźniak et al. [4], Crauel et al. [16, 17], Flandoli and
Schmalfuß [21, 43] could be regarded as a generalization of global attractors from
deterministic to stochastic case. In the past two decades, the investigation of random
attractors has attracted more and more attentions, see e.g. [3, 11–13, 24–27, 48, 60]
and [10, 49, 51, 52, 54] for autonomous and non-autonomous equations, respectively.
When the existence of random attractors of random dynamical systems/stochastic
PDEs is established, it is important to discuss their finite fractal or Hausdorff dimension
in order to investigate the infinite dimensional dynamics of stochastic PDEs. There
are several wide-spread approaches have been reported in the literature to estimate the
Hausdorff and fractal dimension of random attractors or random invariant sets. For
autonomous random dynamical systems, Crauel and Flandoli [18] proposed a method
to bound the Hausdorff dimensions of random attractors based upon the differentiabil-
ity of the systems. Motivated by the idea in [18], Debussche [19, 20] further develop
some methods to estimate the Hausdorff and fractal dimensions of (autonomous) ran-
dom invariant sets, respectively. For nonautonomous random dynamical systems, a
series of works of Zhou et al. [55–59] substantially focus on the controllability of
fractal dimension of random invariant sets as well as random attractors of stochastic
wave equations, reaction–diffusion equations, FitzHugh–Nagumo systems and lattice
systems, where the authors need the tempered property of the diameter of the random
123
Fractal dimension of random invariant sets…
invariant set and the boundedness of some random variables in expectation but do
not need the differentiability of the random dynamical systems. However, the abstract
results in the above mentioned literatures are not applicable to some important models
(e.g. in fluid dynamics) due to the following two reasons.
• Those abstract results can not be applied to some stochastic PDEs such as addi-
tive noise driven Navier–Stokes equations, Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations [1],
Boussinesq equations [14], magneto-hydrodynamics equations, Benjamin–Bona–
Mahony equations [47], and others because it seems impossible to show the
tempered property of the diameter of random attractors for those models.
• Those abstract results are only available to estimate the fractal dimension of random
attractors in initial (state) space but unavailable in some regular subspaces.
In the present paper, we will devote to the above two problems and establish two
general results to estimate the fractal dimension of random invariant sets in a separable
Banach spaces X and its subspace X ∩ Y under the framework of non-autonomous
random dynamical systems. It is worth pointing out that here we do not need any
embedding relationships between X and Y and do not need the tempered property
of the diameters of the random attractors, we only assume that the diameter of the
random attractor is weakly tempered with a fixed rate in X (but not X ∩ Y ) (see
Definition 2.4). Those weaker conditions could be easily verified for the stochastic
PDEs aforementioned, see Theorem 2.6 for more details.
Another important motivation of this work is to investigate the existence, unique-
ness, regularity as well as finite fractal dimension (by using our abstract results) of
pullback random attractors for the following non-autonomous stochastic hydrodynam-
ical systems driven by additive noise
du + Au(t)dt + B(u(t), u(t))dt + R(t, u(t))dt = g(t)dt + hdW (t) in H , t > τ,

(1.1)
with initial condition
u(τ ) = u τ ∈ H , (1.2)
where τ ∈ R, H is a separable Hilbert space equipped with norm |·|, A is an unbounded

self-adjoint positive linear operator on H (see Kato [32]), h ∈ Dom(A) (the domain
of A), W is a two-sided real-valued Wiener process defined on the probability space
(, F, P), R(t, ·) : H → H is a bounded linear operator, B(·, ·) : V × V → V
(V := Dom(A1/2 ) with norm · = |A1/2 · | and V is the dual space of V ) is a
bilinear continuous mapping satisfying
B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (1.3)

1 1 1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ c|u| u v|w| w , ∀ u, v, w ∈ V .
2 2 2 2 (1.4)
The above Eqs. (1.1)–(1.2) was first introduced by Chueshov and Millet [14] that
covers a large class of hydrodynamical systems such as 2D Navier–Stokes equations,
123
R. Wang et al.
2D viscous lake equations, 2D magneto-hydrodynamics equation, 2D magnetic Bénard

problem, 3D Leray α-model and also some shell models of turbulence. We here remark
that these models are also included in the generalized variational framework (see e.g.
[25, 36–40]). In this paper, we will develop a unified approach to study the long time
dynamics by means of the existence, uniqueness, regularity and finite fractal dimension
of random attractors for a wide class of mathematical models from fluid dynamics like
(1.1)–(1.2).
Our first aim is to establish the existence and uniqueness of pullback random attrac-
tors A = {A(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } of (1.1)–(1.2) in H under the frameworks of
pathwise nonautonomous random dynamical systems developed by Wang [48] when
2 (R, V ) and (1.3)–(1.4) hold. The main difficulty here is to prove the pullback
g ∈ L loc
asymptotic compactness of solutions to (1.1)–(1.2). Our idea for overcoming the dif-
ficulty is to employ the so-called idea of energy equation due to Ball [2], see Lemma
3.5. In fact, the proof in the additive noise driven case is more complicated than that
in the deterministic case [2] as well as the multiplicative noise case [50].
The second goal is to discuss the possibility of the measurability, compactness and
pullback attraction of A in the regular space V . We remark that if we only assume
2 (R, V ) and (1.3)–(1.4), then we can not achieve the second goal since we are
g ∈ L loc
unable to derive (H , V )-uniform estimates of weak solutions of (1.1)–(1.2). However,
if we impose the conditions on g and B(·, ·) such that g ∈ L loc∞ (R, H ) and
1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ c|u| 2 |Au| 2 v|w|, ∀ u ∈ Dom(A), v ∈ V , w ∈ H , (1.5)
then the weak solutions in this case become strong solutions. This permits us to possibly
derive the (H , V )-uniform estimates of the solutions, and hence we are able to use
a spectral decomposition approach to prove that A is measurable and compact in V ,
and pullback attracts a family of certain random subsets of H under the topology
of V . Note that many literature results on the measurability of random attractors are
only discussed in the initial spaces but not in the regular subspaces. In this work, we
consider the measurability of random attractors of (1.1)–(1.2) not only in the initial
space H but also in the regular subspace V .
The last but most important aim is to investigate the finite fractal dimension of A in
both initial space H and the regular space V based upon the general results in Theorem
2.6. In order to apply such abstract results for problem (1.1)–(1.2), we must develop
some new (H , V )-uniform estimates of the difference of solutions to (1.1)–(1.2), see
Lemmas 5.1–5.4. To that end, we need to further impose the conditions on g and
B(·, ·) such that g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ) and
1 1 1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ c|u| 2 u 2 v 2 |Av| 2 |w|, ∀ u ∈ V , v ∈ Dom(A), w ∈ H .
(1.6)
123
Table 1 Conditions, main results and open problems
A A Upper bound of Upper bound of

dim H A(τ, ω) dim V A(τ, ω)
2 (R, V ) and
g ∈ L loc Exists in H Unknown in V Unknown Unknown
(1.3)–(1.4) hold
2 (R, H ) and
g ∈ L loc Exists in H Bounded in V Unknown Unknown
(1.3)–(1.5) hold
∞ (R, H ) and
g ∈ L loc Exists in H Exists in V Unknown Unknown
(1.3)–(1.5) hold
√ √
g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ) and
3m 0 3m 1
Exists in H Exists in V ln 2 ln 8 m 0 + 1 , ln 2 ln 8 m 1 + 1 ,
(1.3)–(1.6) hold m 0 ∈ N, m 1 ∈ N,
For the reader’s convenience, here we summarize the main results of this work as
well as some open problems on the existence, regularity and finite fractal dimension
of A = {A(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } in H and V via the following table1 .
Remark 1.1 An example of B satisfying all conditions in Table 1 is the bilinear operator
for the classical 2D Navier–Stokes equation, which can be found in many classical
fundamental works, see e.g., Caffarelli, Kohn and Nirenberg [5], Giga [22, 23], Lions
[33], Ladyzhenskaya [35], Robinson [42], Temam [44, 45]. A simple example of g
which satisfies all conditions in Table 1 is g(t) := g0 sin t with g0 ∈ H .
The structure of the paper is as follows. In the next section, we establish two
general results to bound the fractal dimension of random invariant sets under some
weaker conditions. In Sect. 3, we prove the existence and uniqueness of pullback
random attractors in H . In Sect. 4, we establish the (H , V )-regularity of those random
attractors. In the last section, we obtain the finite fractal dimension of those random
attractors in both H and V .
2 Improved bound of fractal dimension of random invariant sets
In this section, we establish some estimates on the controllability of fractal dimension

of a family random invariant sets.
First, we recall some basic concepts. Let (, F, P) be a probability space. Let X and
Y be two separable Banach spaces with Borel σ -algebra B(X ) and B(Y ), respectively.
The norm of X , Y and X ∩Y are denoted by · X , ·Y and · X +·Y , respectively.
In this paper, we do not assume any embedding relationships between X and Y .
Definition 2.1 Let M be a compact set in X . The fractal (box-counting) dimension
dim X M of M is defined by
ln N X (M; ε)
dim X M = lim sup 1
, (2.1)
ε→0+ ln ε
1 In Table 1, we use dim A(τ, ω) and dim A(τ, ω) to denote the fractal dimension of A in H and V ,
H V
respectively, m 0 , m 1 ∈ N with m 0 ≤ m 1 are independent of τ and ω.
123
R. Wang et al.
where N X (M; ε) is the minimal number of closed balls in X of the radius ε which
cover the set M.
Definition 2.2 We say (, F, P, (θt )t∈R ) is a metric dynamical system (MDS) if θ :
R × → is (B(R) × F, F)-measurable, θ0 is the identity on , θs+t = θs θt for
all s, t ∈ R, and θt P = P for all t ∈ R.
Definition 2.3 (See [49, Def. 2.1]) A mapping φ : R+ × R × × X → X is said

to be a non-autonomous random dynamical system (non-autonomous cocycle) on X
over R and a MDS (, F, P, {θt }t∈R ) if for any (t, s, τ, ω) ∈ R+ × R+ × R × ,
(i) φ(·, τ, ·, ·) : R+ × × X → X is (B(R+ ) × F × B(X ), B(X ))-measurable ;
(ii) φ(0, τ, ω, ·) is an identity operator on X ;
(iii) φ satisfies the so-called cocycle property: φ(t + s, τ, ω, ·) = φ(t, τ +
s, θs ω, ·)φ(s, τ, ω, ·) .
If the mapping φ(t, τ, ω, ·) : X → X is continuous, then we say φ is a continuous
non-autonomous random dynamical system.
Definition 2.4 Let R(ω) : ω → R be a random variable.

(i) We say R(ω) is tempered with respect to (θt )t∈R if
lim e−εt |R(θ−t ω)| = 0, ∀ ε > 0.

t→+∞
(ii) We say R(ω) is weakly tempered with a fixed rate ε0 > 0 with respect to (θt )t∈R
if
lim e−ε0 t |R(θ−t ω)| = 0.

t→+∞
We recall the following useful results which can be proved by standard arguments
in calculus.
Remark 2.5 Let R(ω) : ω → R be a random variable. Then we have the following
conclusions.
(i) R(ω) is tempered if and only if
ln |R(θ−t ω)|
lim = 0.
t→+∞ t
(ii) If R(ω) is tempered, then it is weakly tempered.

(iii) If R(ω) is weakly tempered with a fixed rate ε0 > 0, then we have
lim e−εt |R(θ−t ω)| = 0, ∀ ε ≥ ε0 ,

t→+∞
and
ln |R(θ−t ω)|
0 ≤ lim ≤ ε0 .
t→+∞ t
123
In this section, we provide two general results on the controllability of fractal

dimension of random invariant sets. More precisely, we assume that there exists a
family of bounded closed random subsets {A(τ, ω)}τ ∈R,ω∈ in X ∩ Y over a MDS
(, F, P, {θt }t∈R ) satisfying the following conditions for the non-autonomous ran-
dom dynamical system φ:X → X ∩ Y : for all (τ, ω) ∈ R × ,
(H1) Invariance: A(t + τ, θt ω) = φ(t, τ, ω)A(τ, ω) for all t ≥ 0;
(H2) Lipschitz projection in X : there exist constants t0 , λ > 0, random variables
Ci (ω) ≥ 0 for i = 0, 1, and an m-dimensional projector Pm : X → Pm X such
that for all u, v ∈ A(τ, ω),
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X ≤ e 0 u − v X , (2.2)
and
(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X

−λt +t0 C (θ ω)ds t0
0 1 s 1 C0 (θs ω)ds
≤ e 0 + e 0 u − v X ; (2.3)
8
(Ḣ2) Lipschitz projection in X ∩ Y : there exist constants t0 , λ > 0, random

variables Ci (ω) ≥ 0 for i = 0, 1, and an m-dimensional projector Pm : X ∩ Y →
Pm (X ∩ Y ) such that for all u, v ∈ A(τ, ω),
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X ∩Y ≤ e 0 u − v X , (2.4)
and
(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X ∩Y

−λt +t0 C (θ ω)ds t0
0 1 s 1 C0 (θs ω)ds
≤ e 0 + e 0 u − v X ; (2.5)
8
(H3) Controllability on parameters and random variables in expectation:

⎧
⎨ λ
E[C0 (ω)] + E[C1 (ω)] ≤ ,
12
⎩λt = 2 ln 2.
0
(H4) Weak temperedness in X only: there exists a random variable 0 <

Rω < ∞ such that the diameter A(τ, ω) X of A(τ, ω) is bounded by Rω , i.e.
supτ ∈R supu∈A(τ,ω) u X ≤ Rω , where Rθt ω is continuous in t ∈ R for each
123
R. Wang et al.
ω ∈ and
λt
−
lim e 6 Rθ−t ω = 0, ∀ ω ∈ .
t→+∞
Under weaker conditions such as (H3) and (H4) than that in [55, Theorem 2.1],
we can obtain, however, two more general/better results on the upper bound of the
random invariant sets in X and X ∩ Y as follows.
Theorem 2.6 For every τ ∈ R and ω ∈ , we have the following two conclusions.
(i) If conditions (H1), (H2), (H3), (H4) hold, then the fractal dimension of A(τ, ω)
has a finite upper bound in X :
3m √
dim X A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m + 1 < ∞.
ln 2
(ii) If conditions (H1), (Ḣ2), (H3), (H4) hold, then the fractal dimension of A(τ, ω)
has a finite upper bound in X ∩ Y :
3m √
dim X ∩Y A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m + 1 < ∞.
ln 2
Proof The proof of (i) is just a special case of (ii) for X = Y , so we only need to
prove (ii) here.
Given τ ∈ R and ω ∈ . By (H4) we find that for every u 0 ∈ A(τ, ω),
A(τ, ω) ⊆ B X (u 0 , Rω ),
where we use B X (u 0 , Rω ) to denote the ball in X with radius Rω and center u 0 . Similar
notations are also used in the following. Combining (2.4) and (2.5) we obtain
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 X ∩Y ≤ e 0 Rω , (2.6)
and
t0
−λt0 + C1 (θs ω)ds
(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 X ∩Y ≤ e 0
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds

1
+ e0 Rω ,
8
(2.7)
for any u ∈ A(τ, ω) ∩ B X (u 0 , Rω ). By [19, Lemma 1.2], for any η > 0, we can find
1 , . . . , v n 1 ∈ P (X ∩ Y ) such that
v01 01 m
123
⎛ ⎞
t0
⎟
C0 (θs ω)ds n1
⎜ j
B Pm (X ∩Y ) ⎝ Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 , e 0 Rω ⎠ ⊆ B Pm (X ∩Y ) (v01 , η Rω ), (2.8)
j=1
with
⎛ ⎞m
√ t0 C (θ ω)ds
⎜ m 0 0 s ⎟
n1 ≤ ⎝ e + 1⎠ ,
η
where B Pm (X ∩Y ) (v, r ) denotes the ball in Pm (X ∩ Y ) of radius r and center v. For

j = 1, . . . , n 1 , we set
j j
u 01 = v01 + (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 .
By (2.6), we have
⎛ ⎞
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
⎜ ⎟
Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u ∈ B Pm (X ∩Y ) ⎝ Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 , e 0 Rω ⎠ ,
1 j
which along with (2.8) implies Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u ∈ nj=1 B Pm (X ∩Y ) (v01 , η Rω ). This
along with (2.7) implies that there exists 1 ≤ j ≤ n 1 such that for any u ∈ A(τ, ω) ∩
B X (u 0 , Rω ),
j
φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − u 01 X ∩Y
j
≤ Pm φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − v01 X ∩Y + (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u 0 X ∩Y
⎛ ⎞

t0 t0
−λt0 + C1 (θs ω)ds 1 C0 (θs ω)ds ⎟
⎜
≤ ⎝η + e 0 + e0 ⎠ Rω .
8
This implies
φ(t0 , τ, ω)(A(τ, ω) ∩ B X (u 0 , Rω ))
⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞
t0 t0

n1
⎜ j ⎜ −λt0 + C1 (θs ω)ds 1 C (θ
0 s ω)ds
⎟ ⎟
⊆ B X ∩Y ⎝u 01 , ⎝η + e 0 + e0 ⎠ Rω ⎠ . (2.9)
8
j=1
123
R. Wang et al.
Note that A(τ, ω) is contained in B X (u 0 , Rω ). Then by the invariance of A(τ, ω), it

follows from (2.9) that
⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞
t0 t0

n1
⎜ j ⎜ −λt0 + C1 (θs ω)ds 1 C0 (θs ω)ds
⎟ ⎟
A(t0 + τ, θt0 ω) ⊆ B X ∩Y ⎝u 01 , ⎝η + e 0 + e0 ⎠ Rω ⎠ .
8
j=1
(2.10)
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
Let η = 18 e 0 > 0. By (H3) we have λt0 = 2 ln 2. Then we further obtain
1 1 1 1 λt0
+ e−λt0 = + = = e− 2 .
4 4 4 2
This yields that
t0
−λt0 + C1 (θs ω)ds
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
t0(C (θ ω)+C (θ ω))ds
1 1 0 s 1 s
η+e 0 + e0 ≤ + e−λt0 e 0
8 4
λt0 0
t
− 2 + (C 0 (θs ω)+C 1 (θs ω))ds
=e 0 . (2.11)
Then by (2.10)–(2.11), it follows
⎛ ⎞
λt t0

n1
⎜ j − 20 + (C0 (θs ω)+C1 (θs ω))ds
⎟
A(t0 + τ, θt0 ω) ⊆ B X ∩Y ⎝u 01 , e 0 Rω ⎠ , (2.12)
j=1
where
√ m
n1 ≤ 8 m + 1 .
By the recursion (2.12) and
(k−1)t
0 kt0 kt0
Ci (θs ω)ds + Ci (θs ω)ds = Ci (θs ω)ds, ∀ k ≥ 1, i = 0, 1,
0 (k−1)t0 0
we obtain
123
A(τ + kt0 , θkt0 ω) = φ(kt0 , τ, ω)A(τ, ω)

⎛ ⎞
...n k
n 1 λkt 0
kt
− 2 0 + (C0 (θs ω)+C1 (θs ω))ds
⎜ j ⎟
⊆ B X ∩Y ⎝u 0k , e 0 Rω ⎠ , k ≥ 1,
j=1
(2.13)
√ m
with n ≤ 8 m + 1 , = 1, 2, . . . , k.
Thanks to the ergodicity of (θt )t∈R , there exists a set 0 ⊂ (still denoted by )
of full measure such that for all ω ∈ and i = 0, 1,
t
1
Ci (θs ω)ds → E(Ci ) as t → ∞.
t
0
Thus, there exists k0 (ω) such that for all k ≥ k0 (ω),
kt0
(C0 (θs ω) + C1 (θs ω))ds ≤ 2kt0 E(C0 + C1 ).
0
Then by condition (H3), for all k ≥ k0 (ω) we have
kt0
λkt0 λ kλt0
− + (C0 (θs ω) + C1 (θs ω))ds ≤ −kt0 − 2E(C0 + C1 ) ≤ − .
2 2 3
0
(2.14)
Submitting (2.14) into (2.13), and then replacing ω by θ−kt0 ω and τ by τ − kt0 in
(2.13), we obtain
A(τ, ω) = φ(kt0 , τ − kt0 , θ−kt0 ω)A(τ − kt0 , θ−kt0 ω)

⎛ kλt0 ⎞
...n k
n 1
−
B X ∩Y ⎝u 0k , e 3 Rθ−kt ω ⎠ , ∀ k ≥ k0 (ω).
j
⊆ 0
(2.15)
j=1
We are in the position to estimate the upper bound of fractal dimension of A(τ, ω):
ln N X ∩Y (A(τ, ω); ε)
dim X ∩Y A(τ, ω) = lim sup . (2.16)
ε→0+ − ln ε
λkt0
−
By (H4), we find that e 6 Rθ−kt0 ω → 0 as k → ∞. Then there exists a k1 (ω) ≥
λkt0
k0 (ω) such that Rθ−kt ω ≤ e 6 for all k ≥ k1 (ω). This along with (H3) implies that
0
123
R. Wang et al.
for all k ≥ k1 (ω),
λkt0 λkt0 k ln 2
− − −
0 < rk (ω) := e 3 Rθ−kt0 ω ≤ e 6 ≤ e 3 → 0 as k → ∞. (2.17)
Let ε ∈ (0, 1) and n ε (ω) be a positive integer such that rn ε −1 (ω) ≤ ε ≤ rn ε (ω). This
together with (2.17) and a contradiction argument implies that n ε → ∞ as ε → 0.
Thus, there exists a ε0 ∈ (0, 1) which may depend on ω such that n ε ≥ k1 (ω) and
rn ε (ω) < 1 for all ε ∈ (0, ε0 ). This along with (2.17) permits us to find
1 1 1
≤ ≤ , ∀ ε ∈ (0, ε0 ). (2.18)
− ln ε − ln rn ε (ω) n ε ln 2
3
On the other hand, we know from (2.15) that for all ε ∈ (0, ε0 ),
√ n m
N X ∩Y (A(τ, ω); rn ε (ω)) ≤ n 1 n 2 . . . n n ε ≤ 8 m + 1 ε . (2.19)
From (2.16)–(2.19) it yields that
ln N X ∩Y (A(τ, ω); ε)
dim X ∩Y A(τ, ω) = lim sup
ε→0+ − ln ε
ln N X ∩Y (A(τ, ω); rn ε −1 (ω))
≤ lim sup
n ε →∞ − ln rn ε (ω)
√ √
(n ε − 1)m ln 8 m + 1 3m ln 8 m + 1
≤ lim sup n ε ln 2
= .
n ε →∞
3
ln 2
The proof is completed.

We now compare our result in Theorem (2.6) with that of Zhou et al. [55, Theorem
2.1], which is stated as bellow.
Theorem 2.7 Let conditions in [55, Theorem 2.1] hold, that is, (H1)–(H2), (H4) (for
tempered random variable Rω ), and the following one hold:
⎧
⎪ λ
⎪
⎪E[C0 (ω)] + E[C1 (ω)] ≤ 16 ,
⎨
6 ln 2 ≥ λt0 ≥ 3 ln 2,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 < δ ≤ 1 .
16
Then A(τ, ω) has a finite fractal dimension in X :

√
m
16m ln +1
δ
dim X A(τ, ω) ≤ .
5 ln 2
123
Remark 2.8 One can check that our conditions (H3) and (H4) in Theorem (2.6) are
weaker than that in [55, Theorem 2.1], however, even for X = Y , we can obtain a
better upper bound of
√ dimension of A(τ, ω) in Theorem (2.6) which is
the fractal
m
16m ln +1
δ
smaller than .
5 ln 2
3 Random attractors of stochastic hydrodynamical systems
3.1 Description of stochastic hydrodynamical systems
Let H be a separable Hilbert space with the inner product and norm (·, ·) and | · |,
respectively. Let A be an unbounded self-adjoint positive linear operator on H such
that V ⊂ H ⊂ V is a Gelfand triple, where V = Dom(A1/2 ) with norm · = |A1/2 ·|
and V is the dual space of V with respect to the inner product of H . A simple and
typical example satisfying the settings is that
A = −, H = L 2 (O) and V = Dom((−)1/2 ),
where O is a bounded domain in the real line.

Let ·, · be the duality between V and V . Then we have u, v = (u, v) for all
u, v ∈ V . In addition, there is a constant 0 > 0 such that
0 |u|2 ≤ u2 , ∀ u ∈ V . (3.1)
Assume that R(t, ·) : H → H is a bounded linear operator uniformly for t ∈ R, i.e.

there exists a constant 1 > 0 independent of t such that
|R(t, u)| ≤ 1 |u|, ∀u ∈ H . (3.2)
Assume that B : V × V → V is a bilinear continuous mapping such that
B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (3.3)

1 1 1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ 2 |u| u v|w| w , ∀ u, v, w ∈ V ,
2 2 2 2 (3.4)
where 2 > 0 is a constant.
Remark 3.1 One can check that the assumptions could be easily verified for various
types of examples. As mentioned in [14], it indeed covers a wide class of hydro-
dynamical systems such as 2D Navier–Stokes equations, 2D magneto-hydrodynamic
equations, 2D Boussinesq model for the bénard convection, 2D magnetic Bénard prob-
lem as well as 3D Leray α-model for Navier–Stokes equations, see also [25, 36–38,
40] for more examples.
123
R. Wang et al.
With above notations, we consider the Cauchy problem of the following abstract
stochastic hydrodynamical systems in H for t > τ with τ ∈ R
du(t) + Au(t)dt + B(u(t), u(t))dt + R(t, u(t))dt = g(t)dt + hdW (t), (3.5)
u(τ ) = u τ ∈ H , (3.6)
2 (R, V ) and the two-sided real-valued Wiener process W is

where h ∈ V , g ∈ L loc
defined on the probability space (, F, P). Let {θt }t∈R be a family of shift operators
on defined by θt ω(·) = ω(· +t) −ω(t) for (ω, t) ∈ × R. Then (, F, P, (θt )t∈R )
is a ergodic metric dynamical system.
3.2 Non-autonomous random dynamical systems
To show that (3.5)–(3.6) generates a non-autonomous random dynamical system, we

first need to transfer (3.5)–(3.6) into a deterministic pathwise random system without
the stochastic noise.
Given a constant σ > 0 specified later, we consider
0
z(θt ω) := −σ eσ s (θt ω)(s)ds, t ∈ R. (3.7)
−∞
By Caraballo et al. [13], Wang and Zhou [53] we know that z(θt ω) is an Ornstein-
Uhlenbeck stationary process, which is the unique stationary solution with continuous
trajectories of the one-dimensional stochastic equation dz + σ zdt = dW (t). In addi-
tion, there exists a {θt }t∈R -invariant subset which we still denote by of full measure
satisfying
0
z(θt ω) 1
lim = lim z(θs ω)ds = 0, for every ω ∈ , (3.8)
t→±∞ t t→±∞ t
−t
0
1 ( 1+m )
lim |z(θs ω)|m ds = E(|z(θt ω)|m ) = √ 2 , for every ω ∈ and m > 1,
t→±∞ t πσm
−t
(3.9)
where is the Gamma function.

Let v(t) = u(t)−z(θt ω)h, then the Eqs. (3.5)–(3.6) can be rewritten as the following
pathwise random system
dv
+ Av + B(v(t), v(t)) + z(θt ω)B(v(t), h) + z(θt ω)B(h, v(t))
dt
123
= g(t) + σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah − R(t, v(t)) − z(θt ω)R(t, h) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h)
(3.10)
v(τ ) = vτ = u τ − hz(θτ ω) ∈ H . (3.11)
Definition 3.2 Given τ ∈ R and vτ ∈ H , a function v(·, τ, ω, vτ ) : [τ, ∞) → H is

called a weak solution to (3.10)–(3.11) if v(τ, τ, ω, vτ ) = vτ and

v ∈ C([τ, ∞), H ) 2
L loc ((τ, ∞), V )), (3.12)
and v satisfies that for all ξ ∈ V ,

d 1 1
(v, ξ ) + (A 2 v, A 2 ξ ) + B(v(t), v(t)), ξ + z(θt ω)B(v(t), h), ξ + z(θt ω)B(h, v(t)), ξ
dt
= g(t) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), ξ + (σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah − R(t, v(t)) − z(θt ω)R(t, h), ξ )
(3.13)
in the sense of distribution on [τ, ∞).
Note that Eq. (3.13) is equivalent to

dv
+ Av + B(v(t), v(t)) + z(θt ω)B(v(t), h) + z(θt ω)B(h, v(t))
dt
= g(t) + σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah − R(t, v(t)) − z(θt ω)R(t, h) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h) in V .
(3.14)
Observe that the operator A has a discrete spectrum in the sense of [15, Definition
4.1.1] (see also Kato [32], then we find from [15, Proposition 4.1.6] that the first
embedding of the Gelfand triple V ⊂ H ⊂ V is compact. Then by the standard
approaches as in [22, 33, 36, 38] one can prove that for every τ ∈ R, ω ∈ ,
2 (R, V )), the solution v(t, τ, ω, v ) of (3.10)–(3.11) exists
vτ (ω) ∈ H and g ∈ L loc τ
globally and uniquely for t ≥ τ in the sense of Definition of 3.2 such that v is F-
measurable in ω ∈ and continuous in vτ ∈ H . In addition, we have the following
energy equation
d 2
|v| + 2v2 + 2z(θt ω)B(v, h), v + 2z(θt ω)B(h, v), v
dt
= 2g(t) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), v + 2(σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah − R(t, v(t)) − z(θt ω)R(t, h), v).
(3.15)
Then we define a continuous non-autonomous random dynamical system for prob-

lem (3.5)–(3.6) in the sense of Definition of 2.3 via the mapping : R+ ×R××H →
H defined by
(t, τ, ω, u τ ) = u(t + τ, τ, θ−τ ω, u τ ) = v(t + τ, τ, θ−τ ω, vτ ) + z(θt ω)h,

vτ = u τ − z(ω)h. (3.16)
123
R. Wang et al.
21642
In this paper, we set σ1 = 0 − 31 and σ2 = 20
h4 , and make the following
assumption

0 12σ2
1 < and σ ≥ , (3.17)
3 σ1
where 0 , 1 and σ are given in (3.1), (3.2) and (3.7), respectively.

Let D = {D(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } be a family of bounded nonempty subsets in
H such that
1
lim e− 8 σ1 t |D(τ − t, θ−t ω)| = 0, (3.18)
t→+∞
where |D(τ − t, θ−t ω)| = supu∈D(τ −t,θ−t ω) |u|. Denote by
D = {D = {∅ = D(τ, ω) ⊆ H : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } : D satisfies (3.18)} .
Recall from [49, Def. 2.15] that a set A = {A(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } ∈ D is called

a D-pullback random attractor for if for every τ ∈ R and ω ∈ ,
(i) A(τ, ω) is a compact random set in H ;

(ii) (t, τ, ω, A(τ, ω)) = A(t + τ, θt ω) for all (t, τ, ω) ∈ R+ × R × ;
(iii) A pullback attracts every member of D, i.e., for every D = {D(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ }
∈ D,
lim dist H ((t, τ − t, θ−t ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)), A(τ, ω)) = 0,

t→+∞
∀(t, τ, ω) ∈ R+ × R × ,
where dist H (·, ·) denotes the Hausdorff semi-distance between two subsets of H .
2 (R, V ) satisfies
Note that in this section, we only assume that g ∈ L loc
τ
1
e 16 σ1 r g(r )2V dr < ∞, ∀τ ∈ R. (3.19)
−∞
3.3 Long term D-uniform estimates in H
This subsection is concerned with the uniform estimates of solutions of 3.5–3.6, which
are important to construct D-pullback random absorbing sets for the cocycle .
2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. For every τ ∈ R, ω ∈

Lemma 3.3 Let g ∈ L loc
and D ∈ D, there exists a constant T := T (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 (independent of σ ) such
123
that the solutions of (3.10)–(3.11) satisfy that for all t ≥ T and σ ≥ τ − t,
σ−τ σ−τ
1 σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
|v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )| + 2
e ς
4
−t
× v(ς + τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2 dς
σ−τ σ−τ σ−τ
σ1 (τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤e 0 + M1 e ς
−∞

× 1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς,
where vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω), and M1 > 0 is a constant independent of
σ , τ , ω and D.
Proof By (3.15), we get from (3.1) that
d 2
|v| + 0 |v|2 + v2 ≤ −2z(θt ω)B(v, h), v − 2z(θt ω)B(h, v), v
dt
+ 2g(t) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), v + 2(σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah
− R(t, v(t)) − z(θt ω)R(t, h), v). (3.20)
Denote by Ii for i = 1, 2, 3, 4 each term on the right-hand side of (3.20). By (3.1)–

(3.4), we have
22 1 3
I1 = 2z(θt ω)B(v, v), h ≤ √ h|z(θt ω)||v| 2 v 2
0
1082 4
1
≤ v2 + h4 |z(θt ω)|4 |v|2 , (3.21)
4 20
22 1 3 1 10842
I2 ≤ √ h|z(θt ω)||v| 2 v 2 ≤ v2 + h4 |z(θt ω)|4 |v|2 , (3.22)
0 4 20
22 1
I3 ≤ 2vg(t)V + h2 |z(θt ω)|2 v ≤ v2 + c1 (g(t)2V + |z(θt ω)|4 ),
0 4
(3.23)
I4 ≤ 21 |v|2 + 2|z(θt ω)||σ h − Ah − R(t, h)||v| ≤ 31 |v|2 + c2 |z(θt ω)|2 , (3.24)
where, form now on, the letter c and ci > 0 (i = 1, 2, . . . ,) denote generic constants
which may change their values from line to line and even in the same line.
Substituting (3.21)–(3.24) into (3.20), we get
d 2 1
|v| + σ1 − σ2 |z(θt ω)|4 |v|2 + v2 ≤ c3 (1 + g(t)2V + |z(θt ω)|4 ), (3.25)
dt 4
21642
where σ1 = 0 − 31 and σ2 = 20
h4 .
123
R. Wang et al.
t
σ1 t−σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
Multiplying (3.25) by e 0 and integrating the result with ω being
replaced by θ−τ ω over (τ − t, σ ) we obtain
|v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )|2

σ−τ σ−τ
1 σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
+ e ς
v(ς + τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2 dς
4
−t
σ−τ
σ1 (τ −σ −t)+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤ e −t |vτ −t |2
σ−τ σ−τ
σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
+ c3 e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς.
−t
(3.26)
By (3.9) and (3.17) there exists a constant T1 := T1 (ω) ≥ 1 such that for all t ≥ T1 ,
0
2σ2 ( 25 ) 3σ2 1
σ2 |z(θs ω)|4 ds < √ t= t ≤ σ1 t, (3.27)
σ π
2 2σ 2 8
−t
which along with (3.8) and vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω) with D ∈ D implies
that for all t ≥ T1 ,
0
−σ1 t+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
e −t |vτ −t |2
1 2 7
≤ 2 e− 8 σ1 t |D(τ − t, θ−t ω)| + 2e− 8 σ1 t |h|2 |z(θ−t ω)|2 → 0 as t → +∞.
This along with (3.26) implies that there exists a constant T := T (τ, ω, D) > T1 such
that for all t ≥ T ,
σ−τ σ−τ
1 σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
|v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )|2 + e ς
4
−t
× v(ς + τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2 dς
σ−τ σ−τ σ−τ
σ1 (τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr σ1 (ς +τ −σ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤e 0 + c3 e ς
−∞

× 1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς,
where the last integral is well-defined due to (3.8), (3.19) as well as (3.27). The proof
is completed.

123
3.4 Pullback asymptotic compactness of solutions in H
In this subsection, we establish the D-pullback asymptotic compactness of solutions

to (3.10)–(3.11) in H . Note that here we can not employ the so-called idea of uniform
tail-estimates of the solutions to show such asymptotic compactness of solutions to
2 (R, V )
(3.10)–(3.11) in H , see e.g. [46]. We also remark that we only assume g ∈ L loc
but not g ∈ L loc (R, V ). In the present article we employ the famous idea of energy
2
equation due to Ball [2] in order to prove such asymptotic compactness.

We bear in mind that the first embedding of V ⊂ H ⊂ V is compact. Then by the
similar processes of proving the existence of solutions, see e.g., Ball [2] and García-
Luengo et al. [31], we are able to show the following weak continuity of solutions to
(3.10)–(3.11) in initial data.
2 (R, V ) and (3.3)–(3.4) hold. Let τ ∈ R and ω ∈ . If
vτ,n → vτ weakly in H , then the solutions of (3.10)–(3.11) satisfy that
v(t, τ, ω, vτ,n ) → v(t, τ, ω, vτ ) weakly in H , for all t ≥ τ ; (3.28a)

u(·, τ, ω, u τ,n ) → u(·, τ, ω, u τ ) weakly in L 2 (τ, τ + T ; V ), for every T > 0;
(3.28b)
u(·, τ, ω, u τ,n ) → u(·, τ, ω, u τ ) strongly in L 2 (τ, τ + T ; H ), for every T > 0.
(3.28c)
In light of above weak continuity results we are able to prove the D-pullback
asymptotic compactness of solutions to (3.10)–(3.11) in H as bellow.
2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. For every τ ∈ R, ω ∈
and D ∈ D, the solutions of (3.10)–(3.11) are D-pullback asymptotically compact in
H in the sense that the sequence {v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )}∞
n=1 with tn → +∞ and
v0,n + z(θ−tn ω)h ∈ D(τ − tn , θ−tn ω) has a convergent subsequence in H .
Proof The proof is completed by the following steps.
Step 1. Our goal. By tn → +∞ and Lemma 3.3 with σ = τ there is a positive
number N0 = N0 (τ, ω, D) ∈ N such that for all n ≥ N0 ,
0 0
σ1 ς+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
|v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )| ≤ 1 + M1
2
e ς
−∞

× 1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )V dς.
2
Then there exists a v̂ ∈ H and a subsequence which is not relabeled such that
v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ) → v̂ weakly in H . (3.29)
Thus it suffices to show that the above weak convergence is indeed a strong conver-
gence. By (3.29), we have
lim inf |v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )| ≥ |v̂|.

n→∞
123
R. Wang et al.
Then it remains to show
lim sup |v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )| ≤ |v̂|. (3.30)

n→∞
Step 2. Weak convergence. Given now a positive integer number k ∈ N. By the

cocycle property of we have
v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ) = v(τ, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )). (3.31)
By Lemma 3.3 with σ = τ − k and v0,n + z(θ−tn ω)h ∈ D(τ − tn , θ−tn ω) there exits
a number N1 := N1 (τ, ω, D) ∈ N which is large than N0 such that for all n ≥ N1 ,
−k

σ1 k+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
|v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )| ≤ e 2 0
−k

−k |z(θr ω)|4 dr
σ1 (ς +k)+σ2
+ M1 e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς
−∞
−k 0
σ1 (ς +k)+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
σ1 k
≤e + M1 e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς,
−∞
(3.32)
which means that for each k ∈ N the sequence {v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )}∞n=1 is
bounded in H . Thus, by a diagonal process, one can find a v̂k ∈ H and a subsequence
(which is not relabeled) such that
v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ) → v̂k weakly in H . (3.33)
By (3.31), (3.33) and Lemma 3.4 we have
v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ) → v(τ, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) weakly in H , (3.34)

v(·, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ))
→ v(·, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) weakly in L 2 (τ − k, τ ; V ), (3.35)
v(·, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ))
→ v(·, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) strongly in L 2 (τ − k, τ ; H ). (3.36)
By (3.29) and (3.34), we get
v(τ, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) = v̂. (3.37)
Step 3. Energy equations. We consider the following energy equation from (3.15)
that
123
d 2
|v| + 0 |v|2 + ϕ(v) + 2z(θt ω)B(v, h), v + 2z(θt ω)B(h, v), v
dt
= 2g(t) − z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), v + 2(σ z(θt ω)h − R(t, v) − z(θt ω)R(t, h) − z(θt ω)Ah, v),
(3.38)
where ϕ(v) = 2v2 − 0 |v|2 .

Then by (3.1), we have v2 ≤ ϕ(v) ≤ 2v2 , hence ϕ 1/2 (·) is equivalent with the
norm of V . By (3.37)–(3.38) and (3.3) we have
|v̂|2 = |v(τ, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|2

τ
−0 k
=e |v̂k | −
2
e0 (r −τ ) ϕ(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ))dr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) g(r ) − z 2 (θr −τ ω)B(h, h), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr
τ −k
τ

+2 e0 (r −τ ) σ z(θr −τ ω)h
τ −k

− z(θr −τ ω)R(r , h) − z(θr −τ ω)Ah, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
τ

−2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), hdr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(h, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr .
τ −k
(3.39)
For convenience, we write
Vn (r ) := v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )), ∀ r ∈ [τ − k, τ ].

(3.40)
Likewise, by (3.31) and (3.38) we have
|v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2 = |v(τ, τ − k, θ−τ ω, v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n ))|2

7
= Ii (n), (3.41)
i=1
123
R. Wang et al.
where
I1 (n) = e−0 k |v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2 ,

τ
I2 (n) = − e0 (r −τ ) ϕ(Vn (r ))dr ,
τ −k
τ
I3 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) g(r ) − z 2 (θr −τ ω)B(h, h), Vn (r )dr ,
τ −k
τ

I4 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) σ z(θr −τ ω)h − z(θr −τ ω)R(r , h) − z(θr −τ ω)Ah, Vn (r ) dr ,
τ −k
τ

I5 (n) = −2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , Vn (r )), Vn (r ) dr ,
τ −k
τ
I6 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(Vn (r ), Vn (r )), hdr ,
τ −k
τ
I7 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(h, Vn (r )), Vn (r )dr .
τ −k
Step 4. Limit of I1 (n). We see from (3.32) with t = tn and v0,n + z(θ−tn ω)h ∈
D(τ − tn , θ−tn ω) that
−k 0
σ1 ς+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
(σ1 −0 )k (σ1 −0 )k
lim sup I1 (n) ≤ e + M1 e e ς
n→∞
−∞

× 1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς. (3.42)
1
Step 5. Limit of I2 (n). Since ϕ 2 (·) is equivalent with the norm of V , we infer from
(3.40) and (3.35) that
τ τ
0 (r −τ )
lim inf e ϕ(Vn (r ))dr ≥ e0 (r −τ ) ϕ(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ))dr ,
n→∞ τ −k τ −k
which implies
τ
lim sup I2 (n) ≤ − e0 (r −τ ) ϕ(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ))dr . (3.43)
n→∞ τ −k
123
Step 6. Limit of I3 (n). Since e0 (·−τ ) (g(·)−z 2 (θ·−τ ω)B(h, h)) ∈ L 2 (τ −k, τ ; V ),
we find from (3.40) and (3.35) that
τ
lim I3 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) g(r ) − z 2 (θr −τ ω)B(h, h), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr .
n→∞
τ −k
(3.44)

Step 7. Limit of I4 (n). Likewise, since e0 (·−τ ) σ z(θ·−τ ω)h − z(θ·−τ ω)R(·, h) −

z(θ·−τ ω)Ah ∈ L 2 (τ − k, τ ; V ), we deduce from (3.40) and (3.35) that
τ

lim I4 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) σ z(θr −τ ω)h
n→∞
τ −k

− z(θr −τ ω)R(r , h) − z(θr −τ ω)Ah, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr . (3.45)
Step 8. Limit of I5 (n). By (3.35) and (3.40), we can find a constant c4 independent
of n such that
τ τ
Vn (r ) dr +
2
v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )2 dr ≤ c4 . (3.46)
τ −k τ −k
Note that
τ

I5 (n) + 2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
τ −k
τ

=2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) − Vn dr
τ −k
τ

+2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) − Vn ), Vn dr :=
I5 (n) +
I5 (n).
τ −k
(3.47)
By (3.36), (3.40) and (3.46) we find
τ

I5 (n) ≤ 21 |Vn − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )||v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|dr
τ −k
τ 21 τ 21
≤ 21 |Vn − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| 2
|v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| dr
2
τ −k τ −k
√ τ 21
21 c4
≤ |Vn − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|2 → 0 as n → ∞. (3.48)
0
τ −k
123
R. Wang et al.
By the same argument, we have
√ τ 21
21 c4
I5 (n) ≤ |Vn − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|2 → 0 as n → ∞. (3.49)
0
τ −k
Then we find from (3.47)–(3.49) that
τ

lim I5 (n) = −2 e0 (r−τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr .
n→∞
τ −k
(3.50)
Step 9. Limit of I6 (n). Note that
τ
I6 (n) − 2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), hdr
τ −k
τ
=2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), Vn (r )), hdr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), hdr
τ −k
I6 (n) +
=: I6 (n). (3.51)
By (3.4), (3.46) as well as (3.36), we have

τ

1 1
I6 (n) ≤ c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| 2 Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) 2 Vn (r )dr
τ −k
τ
1 3 3
≤ 2c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| 2 Vn (r ) 2 + v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) 2 dr
τ −k
τ 41 τ 43
≤ 2c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| dr2
Vn (r ) dr
2
τ −k τ −k
τ 14 τ 34
+ 2c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| dr
2
v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
2
τ −k τ −k
3
τ 14
≤ 4c5 c44 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|2 dr → 0 as n → ∞, (3.52)
τ −k
2√2 h
where c5 = max |z(θr ω)|.
0 r ∈[−k,0]
123
By (3.3) and the same argument of (3.52), we have
τ

1 1
I6 (n) ≤ c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| 2 Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) 2
τ −k
× v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr
τ
1 3 3
≤ 2c5 |Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )| 2 Vn (r ) 2 + v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) 2 dr
τ −k
3
τ 14
≤ 4c5 c4 4
|Vn (r ) − v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )|2 dr → 0 as n → ∞. (3.53)
τ −k
Then we infer from (3.51)–(3.53) that
τ
lim I6 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), hdr .
n→∞
τ −k
(3.54)
Step 10. Limit of I7 (n). By the same argument as in Step 9, we have
τ
lim I7 (n) = 2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(h, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr .
n→∞
τ −k
(3.55)
Step 11. Final conclusion. Letting n → ∞ in (3.41), we find from (3.42)–(3.45),

(3.50) and (3.54)–(3.55) that
lim sup |v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2

n→∞
−k 0
σ1 ς +σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤ e(σ1 −0 )k + M1 e(σ1 −0 )k e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς
−∞
τ
0 (r −τ )
− e ϕ(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ))dr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) g(r ) − z 2 (θr −τ ω)B(h, h), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr
τ −k
τ

+2 e0 (r −τ ) σ z(θr −τ ω)h − z(θr −τ ω)R(r , h) − z(θr −τ ω)Ah, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
τ −k
τ

−2 e0 (r −τ ) R(r , v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ) dr
τ −k
123
R. Wang et al.
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k ), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), hdr
τ −k
τ
+2 e0 (r −τ ) z(θr −τ ω)B(h, v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )), v(r , τ − k, θ−τ ω, v̂k )dr . (3.56)
τ −k
This along with (3.39) implies
lim sup |v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2

n→∞
−k 0
σ1 ς +σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
(σ1 −0 )k (σ1 −0 )k
≤ |v̂| + e
2
+ M1 e e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς.
−∞
(3.57)
Letting k → ∞ in (3.57) we infer from σ1 < 0 and (3.19) that
lim sup |v(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2 ≤ |v̂|2 . (3.58)

n→∞
This is just the desired result (3.30). The proof is completed.

3.5 Existence and uniqueness of pullback random attractors
In this subsection, we show the existence as well as uniqueness of D-pullback random

attractors for the cocycle . We begin with the existence of a F-measurable D-pullback
absorbing set of .
2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. The cocycle for
Proposition 3.6 Let g ∈ L loc
(3.5)–(3.6) has a closed F-measurable D-pullback absorbing set K = {K(τ, ω) : τ ∈
R, ω ∈ } ∈ D in the sense of [49, Def. 2.13], which is given by
K(τ, ω) = {u ∈ H : |u|2 ≤ R(τ, ω) := 2|h|2 |z(ω)|2 + 2

0 0
|z(θr ω)|4 dr

σ1 ς+σ2
+ 2M1 e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)| + g(ς 4
+ τ )2V dς ,
−∞
where M1 is the same constant as in Lemma 3.3. In addition, for τ ∈ R and ω ∈

we have
1
lim e− 8 σ1 t R(τ − t, θ−t ω) = 0.
t→+∞
Proof By the (F, B(R))-measurability of ω → R(τ, ω) we find the F-measurability

of the set K(τ, ω). Given (τ, ω, D) ∈ R × × D. We find from Lemma 3.3 with
123
σ = τ that there exists T := T (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 satisfying
sup sup |u(τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, u τ −t )|2 ≤ R(τ, ω).

t≥T u τ −t ∈D (τ −t,θ−t ω)
Then

(t, τ − t, θ−t ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)) = u(τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)) ⊆ K(τ, ω).
t≥T
This means that K is a pullback absorbing set.

Next we show K ∈ D. Note that for t ≥ 0,
−t

−t |z(θr ω)|4 dr
σ1 (ς +t)+σ2
e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς
−∞
0 0
3
16 σ1 (ς +t)+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤ e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς.
−∞
This along with (3.8), (3.19) and (3.27) implies that as t → ∞,

1 1 1 1
e− 4 σ1 t |K(τ − t, θ−t ω)|2 = e− 4 σ1 t R(τ − t, θ−t ω) = 2|h|2 e− 4 σ1 t |z(θ−t ω)|2 + 2e− 4 σ1 t
−t

−t |z(θr ω)|4 dr
− 14 σ1 t
σ1 (ς +t)+σ2
+ 2M1 e e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς
−∞
2 − 14 σ1 t 1
≤ 2|h| e |z(θ−t ω)|2 + 2e− 4 σ1 t
0 0
1
3
16 σ1 ς +σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
− 16 σ1 t
+ 2M1 e e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g(ς + τ )2V dς → 0.
−∞
This yields K ∈ D is tempered as required. The proof is completed.

As a consequence of Lemma 3.5, we obtain the D-pullback asymptotic compactness

of as follows.
Proposition 3.7 Let g ∈ L loc 2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. The continuous
cocycle for (3.5)–(3.6) is D-pullback asymptotically compact in H in the sense that

for each fixed τ ∈ R, ω ∈ and D = {D(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ )} ∈ D, the sequence
{(tn , τ − tn , θ−tn ω, u 0,n )}∞
n=1 has a convergent subsequence in H if tn → +∞ and
u 0,n ∈ D(τ − tn , θ−tn ω).
In the next theorem, we present the main result of this section.
123
R. Wang et al.
2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. The continuous cocy-

Theorem 3.8 Let g ∈ L loc
cle for (3.5)–(3.6) admits a unique D-pullback random attractor A = {A(τ, ω) :
τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } ∈ D in H satisfying
A(τ, ω) ⊆ K(τ, ω) and |A(τ, ω)|2 ≤ |K(τ, ω)|2 ≤ R(τ, ω), ∀ (τ, ω) ∈ R × .
(3.59)
Proof The proof is an immediate consequence of Prop. 3.6 and Prop. 3.7 based upon
the abstract results in [49] and [51].

4 (H, V)-regularity of pullback random attractors
In this section, we establish the (H , V )-regularity of the pullback random attractor A

of the cocycle for (3.5)–(3.6). More precisely, we will prove that the D-pullback
random attractor A of Theorem 3.8 is indeed a bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-
attractor.
4.1 Definition of bi-spatial D-pullback random (H, V)-attractor
Definition 4.1 The D-pullback random attractor A = {A(τ, ω); τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } ∈ D

of the cocycle in Theorem 3.8 is called a bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-
attractor if
(i) the mapping ω → A(τ, ω) is F-measurable in V for each τ ∈ R;
(ii) the set A(τ, ω) is compact in V for every τ ∈ R and ω ∈ ;
(iii) A D-pullback attracts every element in D under the topology of V , i.e. for
every D ∈ D,
lim distV ((t, τ − t, θ−t ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)), A(τ, ω)) = 0,

t→+∞
∀ (t, τ, ω) ∈ R+ × R × ,
where distV (·, ·) denotes the Hausdorff semi-distance of two sets in the space V .
We remark that the F-measurability of the usual bi-spatial random attractors are
useally considered in the initial space but not in the regular subspace. In the present
paper, we study the F-measurability of bi-spatial random attractors in both initial and
regular spaces.
4.2 Regularity of solutions to (3.10)–(3.11)
In this section, we assume there is a constant 3 > 0 such that the bilinear continuous
mapping B satisfies
1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ 3 |u| 2 |Au| 2 v|w|, ∀ u ∈ Dom(A), v ∈ V , w ∈ H . (4.1)
123
The examples that (4.1) holds could be found in [31].

As in [31, Theorem 2.1], one can prove that for every τ ∈ R, ω ∈ , vτ ∈ H and
2 (R, H ), the weak solution v(t, τ, ω, v ) to (3.10)–(3.11) satisfies, for every
g ∈ L loc τ
ε > 0,

v ∈ C([τ + ε, ∞), V ) 2
L loc ((τ + ε, ∞), Dom(A)), (4.2)
and
d
v2 + 2|Av|2 = −2B(v, v), Av − 2z(θt ω)B(v, h), Av − 2z(θt ω)B(h, v), Av
dt
+ 2(g(t) + σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah − R(t, v) − z(θt ω)R(t, h), Av)
− 2z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), Av. (4.3)
4.3 Long term D-uniform estimates in V
As a consequence of Lemma 3.3, we have the following uniform estimates on the

solutions to (3.10)–(3.11).
Lemma 4.2 Let g ∈ L loc2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. For every τ ∈ R, ω ∈
and D ∈ D, there exists a constant T := T (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 such that the solutions of

(3.10)–(3.11) satisfy that for all t ≥ T ,
τ
sup |v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )|2 + v(ς, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2 dς
σ ∈[τ −1,τ ]
τ −1
τ 0
σ1 (ς −τ )+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
≤ R2 (τ, ω) := M2 + M2 e ς −τ
1 + |z(θς −τ ω)|4 + g(ς)2V dς,
−∞
where vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω), and M2 > 2 is a constant independent of
σ , τ , ω and D.
In this subsection, we assume that h ∈ Dom(A) and the time-dependent force

2 (R, H ). Based upon Lemma 4.2 as well as the energy equation (4.3), we next
g ∈ L loc
derive the long term D-uniform estimates of solutions to (3.5)–(3.6) in V . This result
implies that the random attractor A is bounded in V .
Lemma 4.3 Let g ∈ L loc 2 (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4), (3.19) and (4.1) hold. For every τ ∈
R, ω ∈ and D ∈ D, there exists a constant T := T (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 such that the

solutions of (3.5)–(3.6) and (3.10)–(3.11) satisfy that for all t ≥ T and σ ∈ [τ −1, τ ],
u(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, u τ −t )2 ≤ R3 (τ, ω) := 2|h|2 max |z(θr ω)|2

r ∈[−1,0]
τ
0

M3 1+ |g(r )|2 dr + |z(θr ω)|4 dr +R22 (τ,ω)
+e τ −1 −1
123
R. Wang et al.
and
τ σ
v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t ) + 2
|Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς
τ −1 ς
τ 0

M3 1+ |g(r )|2 dr + |z(θr ω)|4 dr +R22 (τ,ω)
3 (τ, ω) := e
≤R τ −1 −1 ,
where u τ −t ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω), vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω), and M3 > 2 is a
constant independent of σ , τ , ω and D.
Proof Denote by Ii for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 each term on the right-hand side of (4.3),

respectively. By (4.1) we get
1 1 3
I1 ≤ 23 |v| 2 |Av| 2 v ≤ |Av|2 + c6 |v|2 v4 , (4.4)
8
1 3 1
I2 ≤ 23 h|z(θt ω)||v| 2 |Av| 2 ≤ |Av|2 + c7 |z(θt ω)|4 v2 , (4.5)
8
1 1 1
I3 ≤ 23 |h| 2 |Ah| 2 |z(θt ω)|v|Av| ≤ |Av|2 + c8 |z(θt ω)|2 v2 , (4.6)
8
1
I4 ≤ |Av|2 + c9 (|g(t)|2 + |z(θt ω)|2 + v2 ), (4.7)
8
1 1 1
I5 ≤ 23 |h| 2 |Ah| 2 h|z(θt ω)|2 |Av| ≤ |Av|2 + c10 |z(θt ω)|4 . (4.8)
2
Submitting (4.4)–(4.8) into (4.3) we have
d
v2 + |Av|2 ≤ c11 (1 + |z(θt ω)|4 + |v|2 v2 )v2 + c12 (1 + |g(t)|2 + |z(θt ω)|4 ).
dt
(4.9)
t
−c11 (1+|z(θs ω)|4 +|v(s)|2 v(s)2 )ds
For t ≥ 1, multiplying (4.9) by e 0 and integrating over
(ς, σ ) ⊆ [τ − 1, τ ] we obtain
v(σ, τ − t, ω, vτ )2
σ c σ (1+|z(θ ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,ω,v )|2 v(s,τ −t,ω,v )2 )ds
11 s τ τ
+ e r |Av(r , τ − t, ω, vτ )|2 dr
ς
σ
c11 (1+|z(θs ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,ω,vτ )|2 v(s,τ −t,ω,vτ )2 )ds
≤e ς
v(ς, τ − t, ω, vτ )2
σ σ
c11 (1+|z(θs ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,ω,vτ )|2 v(s,τ −t,ω,vτ )2 )ds
+ c12 e r (1 + |g(r )|2 + |z(θr ω)|4 )dr .
ς
(4.10)
123
We integrate (4.10) with respect to ς over (τ − 1, τ ) and replacing ω by θ−τ ω to find
v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )2

τ σ c σ (1+|z(θ ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,θ ω,v )|2 v(s,τ −t,θ ω,v )2 )ds
11 s−τ −τ τ −τ τ
+ e r
τ −1 ς
× |Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς

τ σ
c11 (1+|z(θs−τ ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ )|2 v(s,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ )2 )ds
≤ e ς
v(ς, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )2 dς
τ −1
τ σ σ
c11 (1+|z(θs−τ ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ )|2 v(s,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ )2 )ds
+ c12 e r
τ −1 ς
× (1 + |g(r )|2 + |z(θr −τ ω)|4 )dr dς ≤ I6 (I7 + I8 ), (4.11)
where
τ
c11 1+|z(θr −τ ω)|4 +|v(r ,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ −t )|2 v(r ,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ −t )2 dr
I6 = e τ −1 ,
τ τ
I7 = v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2 dr and I8 = c12 (1 + |g(r )|2 + |z(θr −τ ω)|4 )dr .
τ −1 τ −1
By Lemma 4.2 there exists a T := T (τ, ω, D) > 1 such that for all t ≥ T ,
0 τ
c11 +c11 |z(θr ω)|4 dr +c11 sup |v(r ,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ −t )|2 v(r ,τ −t,θ−τ ω,vτ −t )2 dr
I6 ≤ e −1 r ∈[τ −1,τ ] τ −1
0
c11 +c11 |z(θr ω)|4 dr +c11 R22 (τ,ω)
≤e −1 ,
τ 0
I7 ≤ R2 (τ, ω) and I8 ≤ c12 + c12 |g(r )|2 dr + c12 |z(θr ω)|4 dr .
τ −1 −1
Then we find from (4.11) that
v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t )2

τ σ c σ (1+|z(θ ω)|4 +|v(s,τ −t,θ ω,v )|2 v(s,τ −t,θ ω,v )2 )ds
11 s−τ −τ τ −τ τ
+ e r
τ −1 ς
× |Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς
τ 0

c13 1+ |g(r )|2 dr + |z(θr ω)|4 dr +R22 (τ,ω)
≤e τ −1 −1 .
123
R. Wang et al.
This implies that for all vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω), t ≥ T and σ ∈ [τ − 1, τ ],
τ σ
v(σ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t ) + 2
|Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς
τ −1 ς
τ 0

c13 1+ |g(r )|2 dr + |z(θr ω)|4 dr +R22 (τ,ω)
≤e τ −1 −1 .
This completes the proof.

4.4 Long time D-uniform “flattening effect” in V
∞ (R, H ), where the

In this subsection, we assume that the time-dependent force g ∈ L loc
space means that supt∈[a,b] |g(t)| < ∞ for any [a, b] ⊆ R. Observe that the operator
A is self-adjoint and has a compact inverse, then A has a family of eigenvectors
{em }m∈N ⊂ Dom(A) corresponding to a family of eigenvalues {λm }m∈N satisfying
0 < λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ · · ·λm → ∞ as m → ∞ such that Aem = λm em for all m ∈ N.
Note that {em }m∈N forms an orthonormal basis of H . Let Pm be the orthogonal
projector from H to the span of the first m eigenfunctions of A. Let u m = (I − Pm )u
for u ∈ Dom(A), then we have
u m 2 ≥ λm+1 |u m |2 , ∀ u ∈ V and |Au m |2 ≥ λm+1 u m 2 , ∀ u ∈ Dom(A).

(4.12)
The next result is concerned with the long time D-uniform “flattening effect” of the
solutions in V , which is important in proving the D-pullback asymptotic compactness
of in V .
∞ (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4), (4.1) and (3.19) hold. For every τ ∈ R,
ω ∈ and D = {D(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ )} ∈ D, the solutions of (3.5)–(3.6) satisfy
that
lim sup (I − Pm )u(τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, u τ −t ) = 0. (4.13)

m,t→+∞ u
τ −t ∈D (τ −t,θ−t ω)
Proof Let vm = (I − Pm )v. Applying I − Pm to (3.10) and taking the inner product
of the resulting equation with Avm in H we obtain
d
vm (t)2 + 2|Avm |2 = −2B(v, v), Avm − 2z(θt ω)B(v, h), Avm
dt
− 2z(θt ω)B(h, v), Avm
− 2z 2 (θt ω)B(h, h), Avm + 2(g(t) + σ z(θt ω)h − z(θt ω)Ah
− R(t, v) − z(θt ω)R(t, h), Avm ).
123
Denote by I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 and I5 the terms on the right hand side of above equality
respectively.
By (4.1), we find that each Ii (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is bounded by
1 1 1
I1 ≤ 23 |v| 2 |Av| 2 v|Avm | ≤ |Avm |2 + cv3 |Av|,
8
1 1 1
I2 ≤ 23 h|z(θt ω)||v| 2 |Av| 2 |Avm | ≤ |Avm |2 + c|z(θt ω)|2 |Av||v|,
8
1 1 1
I3 ≤ 23 |h| 2 |Ah| 2 |z(θt ω)|v|Avm | ≤ |Avm |2 + c|z(θt ω)|2 v2 ,
8
1 1 1
I4 ≤ 23 |h| 2 |Ah| 2 h|z(θt ω)| |Avm | ≤ |Avm |2 + c|z(θt ω)|4 ,
2
8
1 2
I5 ≤ |Avm | + c |v| + |g(t)| + |z(θt ω)|2 .
2 2
8
Then we know from above estimates that
d
vm (t)2 + λm+1 vm 2 ≤ c(1 + v3 + |z(θt ω)|3 )|Av|
dt

+ c 1 + v4 + |g(t)|2 + |z(θt ω)|4 . (4.14)
Multiplying (4.14) by eλm+1 t and integrating over (ς, τ ) ⊆ [τ − 1, τ ] we have
vm (τ, τ − t, ω, vm,τ )2

≤ eλm+1 (ς −τ ) vm (ς, τ − t, ω, vm,τ )2
τ
+ c eλm+1 (r −τ ) (1 + |z(θr ω)|3 + v(r , τ − t, ω, vτ )3 )
ς
× |Av(r , τ − t, ω, vτ )|dr
τ
+ c eλm+1 (r −τ ) (1 + v(r , τ − t, ω, vτ )4 + |z(θr ω)|4 + |g(r )|2 )dr . (4.15)
ς
For t ≥ 1, we integrate (4.15) with respect to ς over (τ − 1, τ ) and replacing ω by

θ−τ ω to get
vm (τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vm,τ )2

τ
≤ eλm+1 (ς −τ ) vm (ς, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vm,τ )2 dς
τ −1
τ τ
+c eλm+1 (r −τ ) (1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|3
τ −1 ς
123
R. Wang et al.
+ v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )3 )|Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|dr dς

τ τ
+c eλm+1 (r −τ ) v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )4 dr dς
τ −1 ς
τ τ
+c eλm+1 (r −τ ) (1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|4 + |g(r )|2 )dr dς. (4.16)
τ −1 ς
Denote by I6 , I7 , I8 and I9 the terms on the right-hand side of (4.16) respectively. Let
vτ −t + z(θ−t ω)h ∈ D(τ − t, θ−t ω) and let T := T (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 be the constant in
Lemma 4.3. Then by the second result in Lemma 4.3 we find that I6 satisfies that for
all t ≥ T ,
τ
I6 ≤ eλm+1 (ς −τ ) v(ς, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )2 dς
τ −1
τ
≤ sup v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ ) 2
eλm+1 (ς −τ ) dς
r ∈[τ −1,τ ]
τ −1
≤ λ−1
m+1 R3 (τ, ω) → 0 as m → ∞, (4.17)
3 (τ, ω) < ∞ is given in Lemma 4.3.

where R
By Hölder inequality and the second result in Lemma 4.3 we have for all t ≥ T ,
τ τ 1
2λm+1 (r −τ )
2 2
I7 ≤ c e 1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|3 + v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )3 dr dς
τ −1 ς
τ τ 1
2
× |Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς
τ −1 ς
τ 21
2λm+1 (r −τ )
2
≤c e 1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|3 + v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )3 dr
τ −1
τ τ 21
× |Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )| dr dς 2
τ −1 ς
− 21
≤ cλm+1 sup 1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|3 + v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )3
r ∈[τ −1,τ ]
τ τ 21
× |Av(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )|2 dr dς
τ −1 ς
123
− 21 3 21
≤ cλm+1 2 (τ, ω) R
1 + max |z(θr ω)|3 + R (τ, ω) → 0 as m → ∞.
r ∈[−1,0] 3 3
(4.18)
By the second result in Lemma 4.3 we have for all t ≥ T ,
τ
I8 ≤ c eλm+1 (r −τ ) v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ )4 dr
τ −1
τ
≤c sup v(r , τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ ) 4
eλm+1 (ς −τ ) dς
r ∈[τ −1,τ ]
τ −1
≤ cλ−1 2
m+1 R3 (τ, ω) → 0 as m → ∞. (4.19)
∞ (R, H ) we have
By g ∈ L loc
τ
I9 ≤ c eλm+1 (r −τ ) (1 + |z(θr −τ ω)|4 + |g(r )|2 )dr
τ −1
≤ cλ−1
m+1 (1 + sup |z(θr ω)|4 + sup |g(r )|2 ) → 0 as m → ∞. (4.20)
r ∈[−1,0] r ∈[τ −1,τ ]
By (4.16)–(4.20) we have
lim sup (I − Pm )v(τ, τ − t, θ−τ ω, vτ −t ) = 0. (4.21)

m,t→+∞ v
τ −t +z(θ−t ω)h∈D (τ −t,θ−t ω)
This along with (I − Pm )h → 0 as m → ∞ completes the proof.

4.5 Existence of bi-spatial D-pullback random (H, V)-attractor
In this subsection, we prove that the D-pullback random attractor A of Theorem 3.8
is indeed a bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-attractor in the sense of Definition
4.1. By utilizing Lemmas 4.3–4.4 we are in the position to prove the D-pullback
asymptotic compactness of the cocycle in V as below.
Proposition 4.5 Let g ∈ L loc ∞ (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4), (4.1) and (3.19) hold. The cocycle
for (3.5)–(3.6) is D-pullback asymptotically compact in V , i.e. for each fixed τ ∈ R,

ω ∈ and D = {D(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ )} ∈ D, the sequence {(tn , τ −
tn , θ−tn ω, u 0,n )}∞
n=1 has a convergent subsequence in V if tn → +∞ and u 0,n ∈
D(τ − tn , θ−tn ω).
Proof Given an arbitrary number ε > 0, we will show that the sequence
{Un }∞ ∞ ∞
n=1 := {(tn , τ − tn , θ−tn ω, u 0,n )}n=1 = {u(τ, τ − tn , θ−τ , ω, u 0,n )}n=1
123
R. Wang et al.
has a finite open cover with radius less then ε in V if tn → +∞ and u 0,n ∈ D(τ −
tn , θ−tn ω).
By Lemma 4.3, there exist N1 = N1 (τ, ω, D) ≥ 1 and C = C(τ, ω) > 0 such that
for all n ≥ N1 ,
Un ≤ C. (4.22)
By Lemma 4.4 there exist N2 = N2 (τ, ω, D, ε) ≥ N1 and m = m(τ, ω, D, ε) ≥ 1

such that for all n ≥ N2 ,
ε
(I − Pm )Un < . (4.23)
4
By (4.22) as well as the finite-dimensional range of Pm , we know that {Pm Un }∞n=1 is
pre-compact in Pm V . This along with (4.23) implies that {Un }∞n=1 has a finite open
cover with radius less then ε in V . The proof is completed.

Based on Prop.3.6, Lemma 4.3, Prop.4.5 and the abstract results in [28, Prop.2.5]
we have the following main result of this section.
Theorem 4.6 Let (3.3)–(3.4), (4.1) and (3.19) hold. Then we have the following two
conclusions for the D-pullback random attractor A in Theorem 3.8.
2 (R, H ), then A is bounded in V , i.e. A(τ, ω) is bounded in V for
(i) if g ∈ L loc
each τ ∈ R and ω ∈ .
∞ (R, H ), then A is a bi-spatial D-pullback random (H , V )-attractor
(ii) if g ∈ L loc
in the sense of Definition 4.1.
5 Upper bound of fractal dimension of pullback random attractors
In this section, we prove the finite fractal dimension of pullback random attractors
A = {A(τ, ω) : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } ∈ D in both H and V by applying our abstract results
in Sect. 2. To that end, we assume that the time-dependent force g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ),
where the space means that g0 := supt∈R |g(t)| < ∞. Notice that this condition
implies (3.19). In addition, we assume that there is a constant 4 > 0 such that the
bilinear continuous mapping B satisfies the following condition (see [31])
1 1 1 1
|B(u, v), w| ≤ 4 |u| 2 u 2 v 2 |Av| 2 |w|, ∀ u ∈ V , v ∈ Dom(A), w ∈ H .
(5.1)
Given j = 1, 2, τ ∈ R, ω ∈ and u jτ ∈ A(τ, ω), for t ≥ 0, we let r = τ + t and
(t, τ, ω, u jτ ) = u j (r ) := u j (r , τ, θ−τ ω, u jτ ) and u(r ) := u 1 (r ) − u 2 (r ),
where u j is the solution to (3.5)–(3.6) at time r with ω being replaced by θ−τ ω. Then
we have
d
u(r ) + Au(r ) + B(u 1 (r ), u 1 (r )) − B(u 2 (r ), u 2 (r )) + R(r , u(r )) = 0. (5.2)
dr
123
By the invariance of A and the cocycle property of we know from Lemma 4.3
with g0 = supt∈R |g(t)| < ∞ that
u j (r ) ∈ A(r , θr −τ ω) ⊆ K0 (θr −τ ω), ∀ r ≥ τ, (τ, ω) ∈ R × , (5.3)
where

K0 (ω) = u ∈ V : u ≤ R0 (ω) := 2|h|2 max |z(θr ω)|2
r ∈[−1,0]
0 1
M3 1+g20 + |z(θr ω)|4 dr +R22 (ω) 2
+e −1
0
0 σ1 ς+σ2 |z(θr ω)|4 dr
with R2 (ω) := M2 + M2 e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)|4 + g20 dς , where
−∞
M2 > 2 and M3 > 2 are two constants independent of τ and ω in Lemma 4.2 and
Lemma 4.3, respectively.
By Theorem 3.8 and Theorem 4.6, we know that the family of random attractors
{A(τ, ω)}τ ∈R,ω∈ in H and V satisfies condition (H1) in Sect. 2.
The fact R0 (ω) ≥ 1 is useful in showing that other conditions in Sect. 2 are also
satisfied for our equations.
5.1 Lipschitz property of solutions in H
Lemma 5.1 Let g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (4.1) hold. For every τ ∈ R, ω ∈
and u jτ ∈ A(τ, ω) for j = 1, 2, we have for all σ ∈ [τ, τ + t] and t ≥ 0,
σ t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
|u(σ, τ, θ−τ ω, uτ )| + 2
u(r , τ, θ−τ ω, uτ ) dr ≤ e 2 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 ,
τ
uτ = u 1τ − u 2τ . (5.4)
Proof By (5.2) as well as (3.2), we get
d
|u(r )|2 + 2u2 ≤ 21 |u|2 − 2B(u 1 , u 1 ) − B(u 2 , u 2 ), u = 21 |u|2 + I1 .
dr
(5.5)
By (3.3)–(3.4), we have
1 3 1 1
I1 ≤ 2|B(u, u 2 ), u| = 2|B(u, u), u 2 | ≤ 22 |u| 2 u 2 |u 2 | 2 u 2 2
≤ u2 + cu 2 4 |u|2 . (5.6)
123
R. Wang et al.
Then we find from (5.5)–(5.6) and (5.3) that
d
|u(r )|2 + u2 ≤ c(1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))|u|2 . (5.7)
dr
Applying the Gronwall inequality to (5.7) over (τ, σ ) with σ ∈ [τ, τ + t] we have
σ c
σ−τ
(1+R40 (θs ω))ds
|u(σ, τ, θ−τ ω, uτ )| + 2
e r −τ u(r , τ, θ−τ ω, uτ )2 dr
τ
t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
≤e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 .
Hence we have (5.4).

5.2 Lipschitz property of solutions in V
Lemma 5.2 Let g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4), (4.1) and (5.1) hold. For every τ ∈ R,
ω ∈ , ι > 0 and u jτ ∈ A(τ, ω) for j = 1, 2, we have for all σ ∈ [τ, τ + t] and
t ≥ ι,
τ +t σ t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
u(σ, τ, θ−τ ω, uτ ) + 2
|Au(r )| dr dς ≤ e 2 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 .
τ +t−ι ς
(5.8)
Proof By (5.2) and (3.2), we have
d
u(r )2 + 2|Au|2 ≤ 21 |u||Au| − 2B(u 1 , u 1 ) − B(u 2 , u 2 ), Au
dr
= 21 |u||Au| + I2 . (5.9)
It follows from (4.1) and (5.1) that
I2 ≤ 2|B(u 1 , u), Au| + 2|B(u, u 2 ), Au|

1 1 1 3 1 3
≤ 24 |u 1 | 2 u 1 2 u 2 |Au| 2 + 23 |u| 2 |Au| 2 u 2
1
≤ |Au|2 + c(u 1 4 + u 2 4 )|u|2 . (5.10)
2
It yields from (5.9)–(5.10) and (5.3) that
d
u(r )2 + |Au|2 ≤ c(1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))|u|2 . (5.11)
dr
123
For t ≥ ι > 0, we integrate (5.11) with respect to r over (ς, σ ) ⊆ [τ, τ + t] to find
σ σ
u(σ )2 + |Au(r )|2 dr ≤ u(ς )2 + c (1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))|u(r )|2 dr . (5.12)
ς ς
Again, integrating (5.12) with respect to ς over (τ + t − ι, τ + t) we infer from (5.4)

that
τ +t σ
u(σ ) + 2
|Au(r )|2 dr dς
τ +t−ι ς
τ +t τ +t σ
≤ u(ς ) dς + c
2
(1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))|u(r )|2 dr dς
τ +t−ι τ +t−ι ς
τ +t τ +t
≤ u(ς ) dς + cι (1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))|u(r )|2 dr
2
τ τ
τ +t τ +t
≤ u(ς ) dς + cι
2
sup |u(r )| (1 + R40 (θr −τ ω))dr
2
r ∈[τ,τ +t]
τ τ
t c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds

t
≤ 1 + c (1 + R0 (θs ω))ds e 0
4
|u 1τ − u 2τ |2
0
t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
≤e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 , (5.13)
where we have used the inequality 1 + x ≤ e x for x ≥ 0. The proof is completed.

5.3 Lipschitz projection in H
Let Pm be the orthogonal projector from H to the span of the first m eigenfunctions
of A as in Sect. 4.3, now we show that satisfies condition (H2) in Sect. 2.
ω ∈ , ι > 0 and u 1τ , u 2τ ∈ A(τ, ω), the finite dimensional projector Pm : H →
Pm H satisfies that for all t ≥ ι,
|(I − Pm )(t, τ, ω, u 1τ ) − (I − Pm )(t, τ, ω, u 2τ )|

t
C0 (θs ω)ds

λ − 14
− m+1
≤ e 2 + λm+1 e 0
t
|u 1τ − u 2τ | (5.14)
123
R. Wang et al.
and
t
C0 (θs ω)ds
|Pm (t, τ, ω, u 1τ ) − Pm (t, τ, ω, u 1τ )| ≤ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |, (5.15)
where C0 (ω) = c0 (1 + R40 (ω)) is a positive random variable with a positive constant
c0 > 0.
Proof Denote by um = (I − Pm )u. Applying I − Pm to (5.2) and taking the inner
product of the resulting equation with um in H we obtain
d
|um (r )|2 + 2um (r )2 + 2(R(r , u), um ) + 2B(u 1 , u), um + 2B(u, u 2 ), um = 0. (5.16)
dr
Denote by I1 , I2 and I3 the last three terms in (5.16), respectively. By (3.2) we have
1
|I1 | ≤ 21 |u||um | ≤ um 2 + c|u|2 . (5.17)
8
By (3.3)–(3.4), we get
1 1 1 1 1
|I2 | = 2|B(u 1 , um ), u| ≤ 22 |u 1 | 2 u 1 2 um |u| 2 u 2 ≤ um 2 + cu 1 2 u2 .
8
(5.18)
By (3.4), we get
1 1 1 1 1
|I3 | ≤ 22 |u| 2 u 2 u 2 |um | 2 um 2 ≤ um 2 + cu 2 2 u2 . (5.19)
4
By (5.3) and (4.12), we infer from (5.16)–(5.19) that
d 1
|um (r )|2 + λm+1 |um (r )|2 + um 2 ≤ c(1 + u 1 2 + u 2 2 )u2
dr 2
≤ c(1 + R20 (θr −τ ω))u2 . (5.20)
For t ≥ ι > 0, applying the Gronwall inequality to (5.20) over (τ, τ + t) we find from
(5.8) that
τ +t
1
|um (τ + t, τ, θ−τ ω, um (τ )| + 2
eλm+1 (r −τ −t) um (r )2 dr
2
τ
τ +t
≤ e−λm+1 t |um (τ )|2 + c eλm+1 (r −τ −t) (1 + R20 (θr −τ ω))u(r )2 dr
τ
τ +t
≤ e−λm+1 t |um (τ )|2 + c eλm+1 (r −τ −t) (1 + R20 (θr −τ ω))u(r )2 dr
τ
123
τ +t
−λm+1 t
≤e |um (τ )| + c
2
sup u(r ) 2
eλm+1 (r −τ −t) (1 + R20 (θr −τ ω))dr
r ∈[τ,τ +t]
τ
t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
τ +t
−λm+1 t
≤e |um (τ )| + c|u 1τ − u 2τ | e
2 2 0 eλm+1 (r −τ −t)
τ
(1 + R20 (θr −τ ω))dr
t
c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds
= e−λm+1 t |um (τ )|2 + |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 e 0
t 1 t 1
2 2
2λm+1 (r −t)
× e dr c (1 + R0 (θr ω)) dr
2 2 2
0 0
t t
1 c (1+R0 (θs ω))ds+ c 4 2 (1+R2 (θ ω))2 dr
0 r
−λm+1 t
≤e |u 1τ − u 2τ | + √ 2
|u 1τ − u 2τ |2 e 0 0
2λm+1
t
2c2 (1+R40 (θr ω))dr

−λm+1 t 1
≤ e +√ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 ,
2λm+1
√
where we have used the inequality e x ≥ x for x ≥ 0.
This inequality implies the first result (5.14) and the following result which is useful
for the next subsection
τ +t 2c 2
t
(1+R40 (θr ω))dr

λm+1 (r −τ −t) −λm+1 t 1
e um (r ) dr ≤ 2 e
2
+√ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 .
2λm+1
τ
(5.21)
Note that the second result (5.15) follows from (5.4).

5.4 Lipschitz projection in V
The next lemma shows that satisfies condition (Ḣ2) in Sect. 2.
ω ∈ , ι > 0 and u 1τ , u 2τ ∈ A(τ, ω), the finite dimensional projector Pm : H →
Pm H satisfies that for all t ≥ ι,
(I − Pm )(t, τ, ω, u 1τ ) − (I − Pm )(t, τ, ω, u 2τ )

t
√ − 12 λm+1 t
− 18 − 14 C0 (θr ω)dr 1
≤ 2 e + λm+1 + λm+1 e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ | 2 + |u 1τ − u 2τ |
(5.22)
123
R. Wang et al.
and
t
C0 (θs ω)ds
Pm (t, τ, ω, u 1τ ) − Pm (t, τ, ω, u 1τ ) ≤ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |, (5.23)
where C0 (ω) = ĉ0 (1 + R12

0 (ω)) is a positive random variable with a positive constant
ĉ0 > 0.
Proof Denote by um = (I − Pm )u. Applying I − Pm to (5.2) and taking the inner

product of the resulting equation with Aum in H we obtain
d
um (r )2 + 2|Aum (r )|2 + 2(R(r , u), Aum ) + 2B(u 1 , u), Aum
dr
+2B(u, u 2 ), Aum = 0. (5.24)
Denote by I4 , I5 and I6 the last three terms in (5.24), respectively. By (3.2), we get
1
I4 ≤ 21 |u||Aum | ≤ |Aum |2 + c|u|2 . (5.25)
2
By (5.1), we get
1 1 1 1 1
|I5 | ≤ 24 |u 1 | 2 u 1 2 u 2 |Au| 2 |Aum | ≤ |Aum |2 + cu 1 2 u|Au|. (5.26)
4
By (4.1), we have
1 1 1
|I6 | ≤ 23 |u| 2 Au 2 u 2 |Aum | ≤ |Aum |2 + cu 2 2 u|Au|. (5.27)
4
By (5.3) and (4.12), we deduce from (5.24)–(5.27) that
d
um (r )2 + λm+1 um 2 ≤ c(1 + u 1 4 + u 2 4 )|Au| ≤ c(1 + R30 (θr −τ ω))|Au|.
dr
(5.28)
Multiplying (5.28) by eλm+1 r and integrating the resulting inequality with respect to r
over (ς, τ + t) for ς ∈ [τ + t − ι, τ + t] with ς > 0, we have, for all t ≥ ι,
τ +t
um (τ + t)2 ≤ eλm+1 (ς −τ −t) um (ς)2 + c eλm+1 (r −τ −t) (1 + R30 (θr −τ ω))|Au(r )|dr . (5.29)
ς
Again, integrating (5.29) with respect to ς over (τ + t − ι, τ + t) we infer that for

t ≥ ι,
τ +t
um (τ + t)2 ≤ I7 + I8 : = eλm+1 (ς −τ −t) um (ς)2 dς
τ +t−ι
123
τ +t τ +t
+c eλm+1 (r −τ −t) (1 + R30 (θr −τ ω))|Au(r )|dr dς. (5.30)
τ +t−ι ς
By (5.21), we have for t ≥ ι,
τ +t t
2c2 (1+R40 (θr ω))dr

λm+1 (r −τ −t) −λm+1 t 1
I7 ≤ e um (r ) dr ≤ 2 e
2
+√ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 .
2λm+1
τ
(5.31)
By (5.8), we have for t ≥ ι,
τ +t τ +t 21 τ +t τ +t 21
2λm+1 (r −τ −t) 2
2
I8 ≤ |Au(r )| dr dς
2
e c 1 + R30 (θr −τ ω) dr dς
τ +t−ι ς τ +t−ι ς
τ +t τ +t 21 τ +t τ +t 14
4λm+1 (r −τ −t)
≤ |Au(r )| dr dς
2
e dr dς
τ +t−ι ς τ +t−ι ς
τ +t τ +t 41
4
× c4 1 + R30 (θr −τ ω) dr dς
τ +t−ι ς
τ +t τ +t 21 t 14 t 41
4
≤ |Au(r )|2 dr dς ιe4λm+1 (r −t) dr ιc4 1 + R30 (θr ω) dr
τ +t−ι ς 0 0
τ +t τ +t 21 t 41
−1 4
≤ λm+1
4
|Au(r )|2 dr dς 4−1 ι2 c4 1 + R30 (θr ω) dr
τ +t−ι ς 0
t t 4
−1
1
2c (1+R40 (θs ω))ds+4−1 ι2 c 4 1+R30 (θr ω) dr
≤ λm+1
4
e 0 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |
t
−1 c (1+R12
0 (θs ω))ds
≤ λm+1
4
e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |, (5.32)
1
where we have used the inequality e x ≥ x 4 for x ≥ 0.
Then it follows from (5.30)–(5.32) that for all t ≥ ι,
t
− 41 c (1+R0 (θs ω))ds
12
um (τ + t) ≤ 2
λm+1 e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |
2c 2
t
(1+R40 (θr ω))dr

1
+ 2 e−λm+1 t + √ e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |2 .
2λm+1
This yields that for all t ≥ ι,
123
R. Wang et al.
t
2 c (1+R0 (θs ω))ds
1 12
− 81 1
um (τ + t) ≤ λm+1 e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ | 2
t
√ − 12 λm+1 t − 41 2c (1+R0 (θr ω))dr
2 4
+ 2 e + λm+1 e 0 |u 1τ − u 2τ |
t
√ − 21 λm+1 t
− 18 − 14 (1+R0 (θr ω))dr
12
≤ 2 e + λm+1 + λm+1 e 0
1
|u 1τ − u 2τ | 2 + |u 1τ − u 2τ | .
From this, we get (5.22). Note that (5.23) follows from (5.8).

5.5 Finite fractal dimension of random attractor in H and V
With similar arguments as in [55, Lemma 3.7] (see also [56–59]), we can prove
E[C0 (ω)] < ∞ and E[C0 (ω)] < ∞. Thus, by applying the abstract result Theo-
rem 2.6, we obtain the finite fractal dimension of the random attractors in V and
H.
Theorem 5.5 Let g ∈ L ∞ (R, H ), (3.3)–(3.4), (4.1) and (5.1) hold. For each τ ∈ R
and ω ∈ , we have the following two conclusions.
(i) The fractal dimension of A(τ, ω) has a finite upper bound in H :
3m 0 √
dim H A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m 0 + 1 < ∞,
ln 2
where m 0 ∈ N is independent of τ and ω.

(ii) The fractal dimension of A(τ, ω) has a finite upper bound in V :
3m 1 √
dim V A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m 1 + 1 < ∞,
ln 2
where m 1 ∈ N is independent of τ and ω, which is large than m 0 .
Proof Let σ1 be the number in (3.17) and
0 0
|z(θr ω)|4 dr
1
σ1 ς+σ2 2
Rω = 2|h| |z(ω)| + 2 + 2M1
2 2
e ς
1 + |z(θς ω)| 4
+ g20 dς .
−∞
(i) By λm+1 → +∞ as m → ∞ we can find an integer m 0 ∈ N such that
λm 0 +1
0 < E(C0 (ω)) ≤ 24 ,
−1 λm 0 +1 σ1
0 < λm 04+1 ≤ 1
8 and 12 ≥ 8 ,
123
where C0 (ω) = c0 (1 + R40 (ω)). Choose t = ι = 4 ln 2

λm 0 +1 in Lemma 5.3. Let t0 = t and
λm 0 +1 λ
λ= 2 . Then we find 0 < E(C0 (ω)) ≤ 12 and λt0 = 2 ln 2, and find from Prop.
3.6 that
λt
− σ1
e 6 Rθ−t ω ≤ e− 8 t Rθ−t ω → 0 as t → +∞.
λm 0 +1
In addition, we find from Lemma 5.3 with m = m 0 , t = t0 and 2 = λ that for all
u 1τ , u 2τ ∈ A(τ, ω),
t0
1 C0 (θs ω)ds
|(I − Pm 0 )(t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ ) − (I − Pm 0 )(t0 , τ, ω, u 2τ )| ≤ e−λt0 + e 0 Rω (5.33)
8
and
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
|Pm 0 (t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ ) − Pm 0 (t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ )| ≤ e 0 Rω . (5.34)
Above results implies that all conditions in (i) of Theorem 2.6 are satisfied for the
λ
finite dimensional projector Pm 0 : H → Pm 0 H , t0 = λ4mln+1 2
, λ = m20 +1 , C0 (ω) =
0
C0 (ω) and C1 (ω) = 0. Hence we have
3m 0 √
dim H A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m 0 + 1 < ∞.
ln 2
(ii) By λm+1 → +∞ as m → ∞ we can find an integer m 1 ∈ N which is large
than m 0 such that
λm 1 +1 √ √ −1 −1 1
0 ≤ E(C0 (ω)) < , λm 1 +1 ≥ 4 ln 2 2, 0 < 2 2 λm 18+1 + λm 14+1 ≤ and
48 8
λm 1 +1 σ1
≥ ,
24 8
where C0 (ω) = ĉ0 (1 + R12

0 (ω)). Choose t = ι :=
8 ln 2
λm 0 +1 in Lemma 5.4. Let t0 = t
λm 1 +1 λ
and λ = 4 . Then we find 0 ≤ E(C0 (ω)) < 12 and λt0 = 2 ln 2, and find from
Prop. 3.6 that
λt σ1
e− 6 Rθ−t ω ≤ e− 8 t Rθ−t ω → 0 as t → +∞.
√ 1 1
By the inequality 2 2e− 2 λm 1 +1 t ≤ e− 4 λm 1 +1 t for t ≥ 1 and the fact Rω ≥ 1, we find
λ
from Lemma 5.4 with with m = m 1 , t = t0 and m41 +1 = λ that for all u 1τ , u 2τ ∈
A(τ, ω),
t0
−λt0 1 C0 (θs ω)ds
(I − Pm 1 )(t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ ) − (I − Pm 1 )(t0 , τ, ω, u 2τ ) ≤ e + e0 Rω
8
123
R. Wang et al.
and
t0
C0 (θs ω)ds
Pm 1 (t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ ) − Pm 1 (t0 , τ, ω, u 1τ ) ≤ e 0 Rω .
By above results, we know that all conditions in (ii) of Theorem 2.6 are satisfied
for the finite dimensional projector Pm 1 : H → Pm 1 H , t0 = λ8mln+1
2
, λ = 41 λm 1 +1 ,
1
C0 (ω) = C0 (ω) and C1 (ω) = 0. Hence we have
3m 1 √
dim V A(τ, ω) ≤ ln 8 m 1 + 1 < ∞.
ln 2
The proof is completed.

Final conclusion As a direct consequence of the results obtained in the present paper,
we could get a new/better upper bound of fractal dimension of random attractors for
a wide class of stochastic partial differential equations in fluid mechanics including
stochastic 2D Navier–Stokes equation, 2D MHD equation, 2D Boussinesq equation,
2D magnetic Bénard equation as well as 3D Leray-α model, where the equations are
defined on bounded domains or unbounded domains satisfying the Poincaré inequality
(see e.g. [14, 25, 36–38] for more details on those models). It would be interesting to
extend the present results to the stochastic hydrodynamical systems driven by more
general infinite dimensional noise, and this will be the subject of future work.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the referees for some constructive suggestions and
valuable comments.
Data availability Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during
the current study.
Declarations
Conflict of interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of
interest.
References
1. Anh, C.T., Trang, P.H.: Pullback attractors for three-dimensional Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations in
some unbounded domains. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. A 143, 223–251 (2013)
2. Ball, J.M.: Continuity properties and global attractors of generalized semiflows and the Navier–Stokes
equations. J. Nonlinear Sci. 7, 475–502 (1997)
3. Bates, P.W., Lu, K., Wang, B.: Random attractors for stochastic reaction–diffusion equations on
unbounded domains. J. Differ. Equ. 246, 845–869 (2009)
4. Brzeźniak, Z., Capiński, M., Flandoli, F.: Pathwise global attractors for stationary random dynamical
systems. Probabil. Theory Relat. Fields 95, 87–102 (1993)
5. Caffarelli, L., Kohn, R., Nirenberg, L.: Partial regularity of suitable weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes
equations. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 35, 771–831 (1982)
6. Caraballo, T., Carvalho, A.N., Langa, J.A., Rivero, F.: Existence of pullback attractors for pullback
asymptotically compact processes. Nonlinear Anal. 72, 1967–1976 (2010)
7. Caraballo, T., Marín-Rubio, P., Valero, J.: Autonomous and non-autonomous attractors for differential
equations with delays. J. Differ. Equ. 208, 9–41 (2005)
123
8. Caraballo, T., Herrera-Cobos, M., Marín-Rubio, P.: Time-dependent attractors for non-autonomous
non-local reaction–diffusion equations. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. A Math. 148(5), 957–981 (2018)
9. Caraballo, T., Lukaszewicz, G., Real, J.: Pullback attractors for non-autonomous 2D Navier–Stokes
equations in unbounded domains. C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 342, 263–268 (2006)
10. Caraballo, T., Langa, J.A., Melnik, V.S., Valero, J.: Pullback attractors for nonautonomous and stochas-
tic multivalued dynamical systems. Set-Valued Anal. 11, 153–201 (2003)
11. Caraballo, T., Sonner, S.: Random pullback exponential attractors: general existence results for random
dynamical systems in Banach spaces. Discret. Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A 37(12), 6383–6403 (2017)
12. Caraballo, T., Garrido-Atienza, M.J., Taniguchi, T.: The existence and exponential behavior of solutions
to stochastic delay evolution equations with a fractional Brownian motion. Nonlinear Anal. 74, 3671–
3684 (2011)
13. Caraballo, T., Kloeden, P.E., Schmalfuss, B.: Exponentially stable stationary solutions for stochastic
evolution equations and their perturbation. Appl. Math. Optim. 50, 183–207 (2004)
14. Chueshov, I., Millet, A.: Stochastic 2D hydrodynamical type systems: well-posedness and large devi-
ations. Appl. Math. Optim. 61, 379–420 (2010)
15. Chueshov, I.: Dynamics of Quasi-Stable Dissipative Systems. Springer, Berlin (2015)
16. Crauel, H., Flandoli, F.: Attractors for random dynamical systems. Probabil. Theory Relat. Fields 100,
365–393 (1994)
17. Crauel, H., Debussche, A., Flandoli, F.: Random attractors. J. Dyn. Differ. Equ. 9, 307–341 (1997)
18. Crauel, H., Flandoli, F.: Hausdorff dimension of invariant sets for random dynamical systems. J. Dyn.
Differ. Equ. 10, 449–474 (1998)
19. Debussche, A.: On the finite dimensionality of random attractors. Stoch. Anal. Appl. 15, 473–491
(1997)
20. Debussche, A.: Hausdorff dimension of a random invariant set. J. Math. Pures Appl. 77, 967–988
(1998)
21. Flandoli, F., Schmalfuß, B.: Random attractors for the 3D stochastic Navier–Stokes equation with
multiplicative noise. Stoch. Stoch. Rep. 59, 21–45 (1996)
22. Giga, Y.: Weak and strong solutions of the Navier–Stokes initial value problem. Publ. Res. Inst. Math.
Sci. 19(3), 887–910 (1983)
23. Giga, Y.: Solutions for semilinear parabolic equations in L p and regularity of weak solutions of the
Navier–Stokes system. J. Differ. Equ. 62(2), 186–212 (1986)
24. Gess, B., Liu, W., Röckner, M.: Random attractors for a class of stochastic partial differential equations
driven by general additive noise. J. Differ. Equ. 251, 1225–1253 (2011)
25. Gess, B., Liu, W., Schenke, A.: Random attractors for locally monotone stochastic partial differential
equations. J. Differ. Equ. 269, 3414–3455 (2020)
26. Gess, B.: Random attractors for singular stochastic evolution equations. J. Differ. Equ. 255, 524–559
(2013)
27. Gess, B.: Random attractors for degenerate stochastic partial differential equations. J. Dyn. Differ.
Equ. 25, 121–157 (2013)
28. Gu, A., Li, D., Wang, B., Yang, H.: Regularity of random attractors for fractional stochastic reaction-
diffusion equations on Rn . J. Differ. Equ. 264, 7094–7137 (2018)
29. Guo, B., Chen, F.: Finite-dimensional behavior of global attractors for weakly damped nonlinear
Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations. Phys. D 93, 101–118 (1996)
30. Guo, B., Li, Y.: Attractor for dissipative Klein–Gordon-Schrödinger equations in R3 . J. Differ. Equ.
136, 356–377 (1997)
31. García-Luengo, J., Marín-Rubio, P., Real, J.: Pullback attractors for 2D Navier–Stokes equations with
delays and their regularity. Adv. Nonlinear Stud. 13, 331–357 (2013)
32. Kato, T.: Perturbation Theory for Linear Operators. Springer, Berlin (2013)
33. Lions, J.L.: Quelques Methodes de Resolution des Problemes aux Limites Non Lineaires. Dunod, Paris
(1969)
34. Ladyzhenskaya, O.A.: Attractors for Semigroups and Evolution Equations. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge (1991)
35. Ladyzhenskaya, O.A.: On the determination of minimal global attractors for the Navier–Stokes and
other partial differential equations. Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 42(6), 25–60 (1987)
36. Liu, W., Röckner, M.: SPDE in Hilbert space with locally monotone coefficients. J. Funct. Anal. 259,
2902–2922 (2010)
123
R. Wang et al.
37. Liu, W., Röckner, M.: Local and global well-posedness of SPDE with generalized coercivity conditions.
J. Differ. Equ. 254, 725–755 (2013)
38. Liu, W., Röckner, M.: Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: An Introduction. Springer, Berlin
(2015)
39. Liu, W., Röckner, M., da Silva, J.L.: Quasi-linear (stochastic) partial differential equations with time-
fractional derivatives. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 50, 2588–2607 (2018)
40. Liu, W., Röckner, M., da Silva, J.L.: Strong dissipativity of generalized time-fractional derivatives and
quasi-linear (stochastic) partial differential equations. J. Funct. Anal. 281, 109135 (2021)
41. Miranville, A.: Exponential attractors for a class of evolution equations by a decomposition method.
Comptes Rend. l’Acad. Sci. Ser. I Math. 328(2), 145–150 (1999)
42. Robinson, J.C.: Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems: An Introduction to Dissipative Parabolic
PDEs and the Theory of Global Attractors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
43. Schmalfuss, B.: Backward cocycle and attractors of stochastic differential equations. In: Reitmann, V.,
Riedrich, T., Koksch, N. (eds.) International Seminar on Applied Mathematics-Nonlinear Dynamics:
Attractor Approximation and Global Behavior, pp. 185–192. Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
(1992)
44. Temam, R.: Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics. Springer, New York
(1997)
45. Temam, R.: Navier–Stokes Equations. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1977)
46. Wang, B.: Attractors for reaction–diffusion equations in unbounded domains. Phys. D 128, 41–52
(1999)
47. Wang, B.: Random attractors for the stochastic Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation on unbounded
domains. J. Differ. Equ. 246, 2506–2537 (2009)
48. Wang, B.: Asymptotic behavior of stochastic wave equations with critical exponents on R3 . Trans.
Am. Math. Soc. 363, 3639–3663 (2011)
49. Wang, B.: Sufficient and necessary criteria for existence of pullback attractors for non-compact random
dynamical systems. J. Differ. Equ. 253, 1544–1583 (2012)
50. Wang, B.: Periodic random attractors for stochastic Navier–Stokes equations on unbounded domains.
Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 59, 1–18 (2012)
51. Wang, B.: Random attractors for non-autonomous stochastic wave equations with multiplicative noise.
Discret. Contin. Dyn. Syst. 34, 269–300 (2014)
52. Wang, B.: Well-posedness and long term behavior of supercritical wave equations driven by nonlinear
colored noise on R n . J. Funct. Anal. 283, Paper No. 109498 (2022)
53. Wang, Z., Zhou, S.: Random attractor for stochastic non-autonomous damped wave equation with
critical exponent. Discret. Contin. Dyn. Syst. 37, 545–573 (2017)
54. Xu, J., Caraballo, T.: Long time behavior of stochastic nonlocal partial differential equations and
Wong–Zakai approximations. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 54, 2792–2844 (2022)
55. Zhou, S., Tian, Y., Wang, Z.: Fractal dimension of random attractor for stochastic non-autonomous
reaction-diffusion equation. Appl. Math. Comput. 276, 80–95 (2016)
56. Zhou, S., Zhao, M.: Fractal dimension of random attractor for stochastic non-autonomous damped
wave equation with linear multiplicative white noise. Discret. Cont. Dyn. Syst. 36, 2887–2914 (2016)
57. Zhou, S., Wang, Z.: Finite fractal dimensions of random attractors for stochastic FitzHugh–Nagumo
system with multiplicative white noise. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 441, 648–667 (2016)
58. Zhou, S.: Random exponential attractor for cocycle and application to non-autonomous stochastic
lattice systems with multiplicative white noise. J. Differ. Equ. 263, 2247–2279 (2017)
59. Zhou, S.: Random exponential attractor for stochastic reaction–diffusion equation with multiplicative
noise in R3 . J. Differ. Equ. 263, 6347–6383 (2017)
60. Zhou, S., Yin, F., Ouyang, Z.: Random attractor for damped nonlinear wave equations with white noise.
SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 4, 883–903 (2005)
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under
a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted
manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable
law.
123

Mathematische Annalen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mathematische Annalen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mathematische Annalen

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-023-02661-3 Mathematische Annalen

Fractal dimension of random invariant sets and regular

Renhai Wang1 · Boling Guo2 · Wei Liu3 · Da Tien Nguyen4

Received: 29 March 2023 / Revised: 4 May 2023 / Accepted: 15 June 2023

Mathematics Subject Classification 37L55 · 60H15 · 37L30 · 35Q35

1 School of Mathematical Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

It is well-known that the notation of global or pullback attractors plays an important

du + Au(t)dt + B(u(t), u(t))dt + R(t, u(t))dt = g(t)dt + hdW (t) in H , t > τ,

with initial condition

where τ ∈ R, H is a separable Hilbert space equipped with norm |·|, A is an unbounded

B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (1.3)

2D viscous lake equations, 2D magneto-hydrodynamics equation, 2D magnetic Bénard

Table 1 Conditions, main results and open problems

A A Upper bound of Upper bound of

2 Improved bound of fractal dimension of random invariant sets

In this section, we establish some estimates on the controllability of fractal dimension

Definition 2.3 (See [49, Def. 2.1]) A mapping φ : R+ × R × × X → X is said

Definition 2.4 Let R(ω) : ω → R be a random variable.

lim e−εt |R(θ−t ω)| = 0, ∀ ε > 0.

lim e−ε0 t |R(θ−t ω)| = 0.

(ii) If R(ω) is tempered, then it is weakly tempered.

lim e−εt |R(θ−t ω)| = 0, ∀ ε ≥ ε0 ,

In this section, we provide two general results on the controllability of fractal

(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X

(Ḣ2) Lipschitz projection in X ∩ Y : there exist constants t0 , λ > 0, random

(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X ∩Y

(H3) Controllability on parameters and random variables in expectation:

(H4) Weak temperedness in X only: there exists a random variable 0 <

where B Pm (X ∩Y ) (v, r ) denotes the ball in Pm (X ∩ Y ) of radius r and center v. For

Note that A(τ, ω) is contained in B X (u 0 , Rω ). Then by the invariance of A(τ, ω), it

This yields that

Then by (2.10)–(2.11), it follows

By the recursion (2.12) and

A(τ + kt0 , θkt0 ω) = φ(kt0 , τ, ω)A(τ, ω)

Thus, there exists k0 (ω) such that for all k ≥ k0 (ω),

Then by condition (H3), for all k ≥ k0 (ω) we have

A(τ, ω) = φ(kt0 , τ − kt0 , θ−kt0 ω)A(τ − kt0 , θ−kt0 ω)

for all k ≥ k1 (ω),

From (2.16)–(2.19) it yields that

The proof is completed. 

Then A(τ, ω) has a finite fractal dimension in X :

3 Random attractors of stochastic hydrodynamical systems

3.1 Description of stochastic hydrodynamical systems

A = −, H = L 2 (O) and V = Dom((−)1/2 ),

where O is a bounded domain in the real line.

0 |u|2 ≤ u2 , ∀ u ∈ V . (3.1)

Assume that R(t, ·) : H → H is a bounded linear operator uniformly for t ∈ R, i.e.

|R(t, u)| ≤ 1 |u|, ∀u ∈ H . (3.2)

Assume that B : V × V → V  is a bilinear continuous mapping such that

B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (3.3)

where 2 > 0 is a constant.

with initial condition

2 (R, V  ) and the two-sided real-valued Wiener process W is

3.2 Non-autonomous random dynamical systems

To show that (3.5)–(3.6) generates a non-autonomous random dynamical system, we

where  is the Gamma function.

with initial condition

v(τ ) = vτ = u τ − hz(θτ ω) ∈ H . (3.11)

Definition 3.2 Given τ ∈ R and vτ ∈ H , a function v(·, τ, ω, vτ ) : [τ, ∞) → H is

and v satisfies that for all ξ ∈ V ,

in the sense of distribution on [τ, ∞).

B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (1.3)

(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X

(I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)u − (I − Pm )φ(t0 , τ, ω)v X ∩Y

The proof is completed.

A = −, H = L 2 (O) and V = Dom((−)1/2 ),

0 |u|2 ≤ u2 , ∀ u ∈ V . (3.1)

Assume that B : V × V → V is a bilinear continuous mapping such that

B(u, v), w = −B(u, w), v, ∀ u, v, w ∈ V , (3.3)

2 (R, V ) and the two-sided real-valued Wiener process W is

where is the Gamma function.

(t, τ, ω, u τ ) = u(t + τ, τ, θ−τ ω, u τ ) = v(t + τ, τ, θ−τ ω, vτ ) + z(θt ω)h,

D = {D = {∅ = D(τ, ω) ⊆ H : τ ∈ R, ω ∈ } : D satisfies (3.18)} .

lim dist H ((t, τ − t, θ−t ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)), A(τ, ω)) = 0,

2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. For every τ ∈ R, ω ∈

where ϕ(v) = 2v2 − 0 |v|2 .

I1 (n) = e−0 k |v(τ − k, τ − tn , θ−τ ω, v0,n )|2 ,

This is just the desired result (3.30). The proof is completed.

This yields K ∈ D is tempered as required. The proof is completed.

cocycle for (3.5)–(3.6) is D-pullback asymptotically compact in H in the sense that

2 (R, V ), (3.3)–(3.4) and (3.19) hold. The continuous cocy-

lim distV ((t, τ − t, θ−t ω, D(τ − t, θ−t ω)), A(τ, ω)) = 0,