Chapter 2.

Mobile Communication
principles and concepts
2.1 Principles
 Mobile Communication

Tied to electro-magnetic radio transmission

radio transmission

terrestrial orbital (satellite)

broadcast
beam radio equatorial non-equatorial
radio
orbit orbit
cellular non-cellular

Principles:
– Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves
– Modulation methods and their properties
– Multiplex methods
– Satellite orbits/Sight- and overlap areas
 Cellular Networks: Principles

Channels 3 4 2 1
801-1600 4 2 1 5
Interference Zone 2 1 5 7 6
5 7 6 3
7 6 3 2 4 2
R 3 4 1
4 2 1 5 7
1 5 7 6
5 7 6 3 4
6 3 4 2
4 2 1 5
Channels
1-800
Channels
1-800 7-Cell-Cluster
(repeat sample of the
Supply- (radius R) and same radio-channels)
interference areas (5 R)
 Cellular Networks: Principles

Cell structure: Example

Reference cell

Cell in the
interference area of
the reference cell

Further cells, whose

channel distribution
should be known to
the reference cell
Kinds of antennas: directional & sectored
• Energy is radiated in definite directions, for instance x-
Direction
• So called main propagation directions, for instance Satellite
Antennas
• Often also used in Mobile Radio Systems, such as GSM, for
creation of sectored cells
• Seamless radio supply via partial/overlay of sectors
z
y

x x

Directional Antenna Sectored Antenna

2.2 Media Access Methods
Principles
• Multiplex
• Multiple-shift usage of the medium without interference
• 4 multiplex methods:
• Space
• Time
• Frequency
• Code
• Media Access Methods
• controls user access to medium
2.3. Mobile Radio Networks:
Overview
Development of Mobile Radio
General technological development
in mobile telephony Satellite Systems (LEO)

UMTS

GSM Phase II+

Digital cellular
Networks...1800 Mhz

Digital cellular
Networks...900 Mhz

Anal. cellular Prognoses

Networks...900 Mhz

Anal. cellular
Networks...450 Mhz

Analog
Networks...150Mhz

before 1970 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005

Correspondent data rates
1 0 M b it/s

UM TS
(p ic o c e ll)
DAB
1 M b it/s
DECT
EDGE

HSCSD/
1 0 0 k b it/s UM TS
GPRS
(m a c ro c e ll)

1 0 k b it/s GSM
Satellites
S a te llite n (GEO)

1995 2000 2005 2010

 Frequency Assignment
Circuit Switched Radio Mobile Phones Cordless Phones Wireless LANs

TETRA NMT TETRA CT2 CT1+ GSM900 CT1+ GSM900

380-400 453-457 450-470 500Mhz 864-868 885-887 890-915 930-932 935-960 1GHz
410-430 463-467 (nationally different)

TFTS (Pager, aircraft phones) GSM1800 TFTS GSM1800 DECT UMTS

1670-1675 1710-1785 1800-1805 1805-1880 1880-1900 (1885-2025

2110-2200)
WLAN IEEE 802.11a: 5,15-5,25; 5,25-5,35; 5,725-5,825
IEEE 802.11b Bluetooth HIPERLAN1 HIPERLAN2 HIPER-Link

MHz
2400-2483 2402-2480 5176-5270 (ca.5200,5600) (ca.17000)
2412-2472
HomeRF...(approx.2400) Notes: - 2,4 GHz license free, nationally different
- () written : Prognoses!
TFTS - Terrestrial Flight - today speech over license free frequencies up to
Telephone System 61Ghz -> interesting for high data rates
Broadcast/multicast networks
• several carrier frequencies but participant obtains carrier for short time only
• often in use by taxi- and logistics enterprises etc., each own separated frequency
reaches
• can use the same frequency packs with FDM- and TDM- techniques, i.e. more
efficient handling with narrow resource frequency spectrum
• improves transition to fixed network, speech- and data services
• not for public access
• very reliable, cost-efficient
TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio)
• former name: Trans-European Trunked Radio
• frequencies: 380-390, 410-420 MHz Uplink; 390-400, 420-430 MHz Downlink
• bandwidth of each channel: 25 kHz
• 1991 started by ETSI
• replace of national networks like MODACOM, MOBITEX or COGNITO
• Services:
• Voice + Data (V+D)- Service: Speech and Data, channel-oriented, uni-, multi- and broadcast possible
• Packet Data Optimized (PDO)- Service: packet-oriented, improves connection-oriented or
connectionless service, as well as point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication
• carrier services with data rate up to 28,8 kbit/s unprotected; 9,6 kbit/s - protected
TETRA, advantages compared with GSM,
UMTS
• confirmed and/or non-confirmed Group Call (however it’s already possible with GSM today: up to
16 participants)
• Group call
• listening is possible (so called “open-channel mode”)
• very reliable
• fast dialing: approx. 300 ms (so called “push to talk”), GSM: several seconds
• certain independence of infrastructure (so called “direct mode” between end-devices)
• cost-efficient, especially for limited user quantity, because of the „large“ cells x • 10 km
• also especially suitable for emergency teams (fire department, ambulance etc.)
Cordless Telephony - DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
• frequency reach: 1880 - 1990 MHz
• other than GSM limited to short reaches (1km)
• in buildings particularly under 50m
• is not designed for use at high rates
• mobile phones with GSM and DECT are available in the market
• 120 full duplex channels
• TDD (Time Division Duplex) for directional separation with 10ms frame
length
• frequency reach is divided into 10 carrier frequencies using FDMA
• each station 10mW averaged, max. 250mW of transmitting power, GSM –
radio phones transmit at 1 to 2W, fixed car phones up to 8W
DECT – system architecture
D4 D3 D2

HDB
PA PT FT
Local
Networks VDB
PA PT D1

FT
Global
Local Networks
Networks

FT.. Fixed Radio Termination

PT.. Portable Radio
Termination
PA... Portable Terminations
HDB.. Home Data Base
VDB.. Visitor Data Base
GSM: Global System for
Mobile Communications
GSM: Properties
• cellular radio network (2nd Generation)
• digital transmission, data communication up to 9600 Bit/s
• Roaming (mobility between different net operators, international)
• good transmission quality (error detection and -correction)
• scalable (large number of participants possible)
• Security mechanisms (authentication, authorization, encryption)
• good resource use (frequency and time division multiplexing)
• integration within ISDN and fixed network
• standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
 GSM: structure
Fixed network Switching Subsystems Radio Subsystems
OMC

Data VLR HLR AuC EIR

networks
MS
(G)MSC BSC BTS

PSTN/
BTS
ISDN MS
Call Management
Network Management BSS MS

AuC Authentication Centre MS Mobile Station

BSS Base Station Subsystem (G)MSC (Gateway) Mobile Switching Centre
BSC Base Station Controller OMC Operation and Maintenance Centre
BTS Base Transceiver Station PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
EIR Equipment Identity Register VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
 GSM: Structure
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
• logical, central structure with HLR, AuC und EIR
Authentication Centre (AuC)
• authentication, storage of symmetrical keys, generation of
encryption keys
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• storage of device attributes of allowed, faulty and jammed
devices (white, grey, black list)
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
• arrangement centre, partial as gateways to other nets, assigned
to one VLR each
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): technical radio centre
• Base Station Controller (BSC): control centre
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio tower / antenna
 Radio technical structure
1 TDMA-Frame, 144 Bit in 4,615 ms

8 TDMA-channels, together 271 kBit/s inclusive

error protection information

124 radio frequency channels (carrier), each 200 kHz

downlink
890 915 MHz
uplink
935 960 MHz
2 frequency wavebands, for each 25 MHz, divided into radio
cells
• One or several carrier frequencies per BSC
• Physical channels defined by number and position of time slots
 GSM: protocols, incoming call
(4)
BSS VLR (3) HLR

(8) (7) (6)

(11) (10) (4) (2)
(8) (8)
(5) (1) PSTN/

BSS
(9) (9) MSC GMSC
BSS
ISDN
(12) (12)
(8)

BSS

(1) Call from fixed network was switched via GMSC

(2) GMSC finds out HLR from phone number and transmits need of
conversation
(3) HLR checks whether participant for a corresponding service is
authorized and asks for MSRN at the responsible VLR
(4) MSRN will be returned to GMSC, can now contact responsible MSC
 GSM: protocols, incoming call
(4)
BSS VLR (3) HLR

(8) (7) (6)

(11) (10) (4) (2)
(8) (8)
(5) (1) PSTN/

BSS
(9) (9) MSC GMSC
BSS
ISDN
(12) (12)
(8)

BSS

(5) GMSC transmits call to current MSC

(6) ask for the state of the mobile station
(7) Information whether end terminal is active
(8) Call to all cells of the Location Area (LA)
(9) Answer from end terminal
(10 - 12) security check and connection construction
 GSM: protocols, outgoing call

BSS VLR HLR

(4) (3)

(1) (2) (5)

BSS
BSS MSC GMSC

(1) Demand on connection

(2) Transfer by BSS
(3-4) Control for authorization
(5) Switching of the call demand to fixed net
GSM: channel structure
Traffic Channel
• speech- / data channel (13 kbit/s brutto; differential encoding)
• units of 26 TDMA - Frames
• Half-rate traffic channel: for more efficient speech encoding with 7 kbit/s
Control Channel
• Signal information
• Monitoring of the BSCs for reconnaissance of Handover
Broadcast Control Channel
• BSC to MS (identity, frequency order etc.)
Random Access Channel
• Steering of channel entry with Aloha-procedure
Paging Channel
• signalize incoming calls
 Databases
Home Location Register (HLR), stores data of participants, which
are reported in an HLR-area
– Semi-permanent data:
• Call number (Mobile Subscriber International ISDN Number) - MSISDN,
e.g. +49/171/333 4444 (country, net, call number)
• identity (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) - IMSI: MCC = Mobile
Country Code (262 for .de) + MNC = Mobile Network Code (01-D1, 02-
Vodafone-D2, 03-eplus, 07-O2) + MSIN = Mobile Subscriber
Identification Number
• Personal data (name, address, mode of payment)
• Service profile ( call transfer, Roaming-limits etc.)
– Temporary data:
• MSRN (Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number) (country, net, MSC)
• VLR-address, MSC-address
• Authentication Sets of AuC (RAND (128 Bit), SRES (128 Bit), KC
(64Bit))
• charge data
 Databases
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• local database of each MSC with following data:
– IMSI, MSISDN
– service profile
– accounting information
– TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) - pseudonym for data
security
– MSRN
– LAI (Location Area Identity)
– MSC-address, HLR-address
GSM: mobile telephone areas
MSC-area = VLR-area
Handover
Location Area (LA)

radio- with
cell BTS

LA = smallest
addressable unit
 Connection HLR, VLR
HLR

MSC-area
VLR

Location
advantage of the architecture: area
Location Update at limited
mobility, as a rule only at VLR,
rarely at (perhaps far remote)
HLR
 Localization at GSM
VLR 10 VLR 9 HLR 26
IMSI LA 2 32311 VLR 9 IMSI

z.B. 0x62F220 01E5

LA 3 +49 0177-26 32311

LA 2
participant call number
in HLR

LA 5 Provider
LA 3
net-entry code

country code number

Data transmission
• each GSM-channel configurable as a data channel; similar structure like ISDN-B and -
D-channels
• data rates up to 9600 bit/s now
• delay approximately 200 ms
• speech channels have as a rule higher priority as data channels
• kinds of channels:
• transparent (without error correction; however FEC; fixed data rate; error rate 10-3 up to
10-4)
• non-transparent (repeat of faulty data frames; very low error rate, but also less
throughput)
• Short-Message-Service (SMS)
• connectionless transmission (up to 160 Byte) on signal channel
• Cell Broadcast (CB)
• connectionless transmission (up to 80 Byte) on signal channel to all participants, e.g. one
cell
 Data transmission - structure

BSC MSC IWF

UDI
ISDN
BTS Modem
TA

PSTN

Internet Modem

IWF - Inter Working Function

UDI - Unspecified Digital
TA - Terminal Adapter
 Security aspects: Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM)
Chip-card (Smart Card) to personalize a mobile
subscriber (MS):
• IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• participant special symmetric key Ki, stored also at AuC
• algorithm “A3” for Challenge-Response-Authentication
• algorithm “A8” for key generation of Kc for content data
• PIN (Personal Identification Number) for entry control
Temporary data:
• TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• LAI (Location Area Identification)
• Encryption key Kc
Security in GSM-networks
SIM
• Entry control and cryptographic algorithms
Single-sided authentication (participant against network)
• Challenge-Response-method (cryptographic algorithm: A3)
Pseudonyms of participants at the Radio interface
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Connection encoding on the Radio interface
• Key generation: A8
• Encryption: A5
 Security aspects:
MS
Authentication
MSC, VLR, AuC
K i max. 128 Bit

Authentication Request Random number

A3 RAND (128 Bit) generator

K i

A3

SRES

Authentication Response
SRES (32 Bit)
=
• Location Registration
• Location Update with VLR-change
• Call setup (in both directions)
• SMS (Short Message Service)
Security aspects: Session Key
MS Netz
K i

Authentication Request Random number

A8 RAND (128 Bit)
generator

K
K c 64 Bit i

A8
• Key generation: Algorithm A8
– Stored on SIM and in AuC
K
–
c
with Ki parametric one way function
– no (Europe, world wide) standard
– can be determined by net operator
– Interfaces are standardized
– combination A3/A8 known as COMP128
 Security aspects: encryption at the
Radio interface
MS Net
TDMA-frame- Ciphering Mode Command TDMA-frame-
Kc number number K c

A5 A5
Key block
Ciphering Mode Complete
+ +
Plain text block Encrypted Text Plain text block

114 Bit

• Data encryption through algorithm A5:

– stored in the Mobile Station
– standardized in Europe and world wide
– weaker algorithm A5* or A5/2 for specific countries
GSM-Security: assessment
• cryptographic methods secret, so they are not „well examined“
• symmetric procedure
• consequence: storage of user special secret keys with net
operators required
• low key length Ki with max. 128 Bit (could be hacked by using
Brute Force Attack in 8-12 hours)
• no mutual authentication intended
• consequence: Attacker can pretend a GSM-Net
• no end-to-end encryption
• no end-to-end authentication
• Key generation and -administration not controlled by the
participants
GSM Phase II+
HSCSD, GPRS
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit
Switched Data
Properties
• higher data rate because of channel bundling
• parallel usage of several time slots (TCH) of one frequency on
Um
• more efficient channel encoding (14,4 kbit/s per TCH)
• Data rates from 9,6 up to 53,8 kbit/s
• asymmetric transmission (1TCH Uplink /
3TCH Downlink)
 HSCSD: structure

BSC MSC IWF

UDI
ISDN
BTS Modem
TA

n time slots (TCH) of PSTN

each
TDMA frame Internet
Modem
(theoretically max. 8)

IWF - Inter Working Function

UDI - Unspecified Digital
TA - Terminal Adapter
HSCSD: changes
n time slots (TCH) of
each TDMA frame
(theoretically max. 8)

BTS BSC MSC

Um Abis A
multiplex of the
time slots
on each 64 kBit/s
channel

certain changes are necessary at the component

several changes at the software/firmware
minimal changes at the software/firmware
Assessment of HSCSD
+ existing net structure and accounting model maintained
+ in comparison to GPRS only around1/5 of investment necessary
+ HSCSD is still circuit switched
+ has defined QoS- settings (data rate, delay)
• one logical channel will be switched on all interfaces for the time of the connection
• Non-efficient for burst-like traffic (Internet) or Flat Rate billing (Logistics)
• no international acceptance (Roaming!)
• uses also more resources on the radio interface
• problems with handover into a new cell
GPRS: General Packet Radio
Service
Properties
• Packet switching service (end- to- end)
• Data rates up to 171,2 kbit/s (theoretical)
• Effective and flexible administration of the radio interface
• adaptive channel encoding
• Internetworking with IP- and X.25 nets standardized
• dynamic sharing of resources with „classical“ GSM speech services
• Advantage: Billing and Accounting according to data volume
• Disadvantage: cost intensive additional net hardware necessary
Properties
• point-to-point-Packet transfer service
• PTP-CONS (PTP Connection oriented Network Service)
• connection oriented, similar to X.25
• PTP- CLNS (PTP Connectionless Network Service)
• connectionless, similar to IP
• point- to- multipoint
- group communication
 GPRS: Structure
GSM
GPRS Nets
BSC MSC other operators
HLR

BTS

Internet
Border
SGSN Gateway

GGSN
other packet GPRS Backbone GGSN
switching Frame Relay / ATM SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
networks GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
signalization data
user data
GPRS: Changes
GMSC
public
remote fixed nets
n time slots (TCH) per
Circuit switched traffic
TDMA frame
(theoretically max. 8)
MSC MAP
per packet! A
Abis HLR/AuC
BTS BSC Gs GPRS register
PCU
Gb MAP
SGSN
Packet arranged
Um traffic
Gn other packet
Gi switching
GGSN networks

modified network components

new components or extensively modified components
PCU - Packet Control Unit
Existing components
Tasks: SGSN, GGSN
SGSN: HLR External Data Domain
- mobility management
- session management
- QoS MAP MAP
Signalization Signalization
- security
(GGSN) (SGSN)

Intranet Internet
BSS
SGSN
PCU

BSS GGSN
Client PCU

BSS
SGSN
PCU

SGSN, GGSN:
Client - Routing
- Signalization Server
- Resource management
Tasks of the SGSN
• Packet delivery
• mobility management
• apply/ sign off of terminals
• localization
• LLC (Logical Link Control) management
• authentication
• billing
Tasks of the GGSN
• mediator between GPRS backbone and external data
networks (Internet, X-25 etc.)
• converts GPRS packets, data Protocol (PDP) into the
corresponding structure
• also converts PDP addresses of incoming packets into
GSM address of the receiver
• saves current data for the SGSN address of the
participant as well as their profile and data for
authentication and invoice
GPRS: air interface
Radio Link Control (RLC)
• Segmentation of the LLC-Frames in RLC blocks
• Block size dependent on short-term channel conditions
• Backward error correction and data flow control by
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocol
• repeating not repairable RLC blocks selectively
Medium Access Control ( MAC)
• Channel reservation contains:
- one/several time slots (Packet Data Channels PDCH) of
one
frequency
• one uplink status flag (USF) per Packet Data Channel (PDCH),
channel partition of up to 8 ms
GPRS: air interface
Medium Access Control ( MAC)
• Reservation in the uplink (MS to BSS):

• MS sends reservation request on a Random Access Channel

(Slotted ALOHA)
• BTS allocates a (split) channel and sends packet assignment
• MS sends data depending on the current priority (USF flag)

• Reservation in the Downlink (BSS to MS):

• BTS displays transmitting request and informs about the reserved channel
• MS supervises the reserved channel and receives
GPRS: air interface
Physical Link Control
• adaptive forward error correction (FEC) dependent on short-term
channel conditions
• temporal scrambling (Interleaving) of the bursts and Mapping on
reserved PDCH (Packet Data Channel)
• procedure to recognize overbooking situations on the physical channel
GPRS Channel Encoding
S chem e Code P a y lo a d BCS P re - T a il b its Coded P u n c tu r e d D a ta
R a te coded b its b its r a te
USF ( k b it/s )

C S -1 1 /2 181 40 3 4 456 0 9 .0 5

C S -2 ~ 2 /3 268 16 6 4 588 132 1 3 .4

C S -3 ~ 3 /4 312 16 6 4 676 220 1 5 .6

C S -4 1 428 16 12 0 456 0 2 1 .4
Quality of Service
• QoS profile agrees service parameters inside the whole network
• Agreed for the duration of one PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context
(session, end terminal is obtainable for the duration of the context, e.g.
obtainable over Internet ) :
• temporary address (IP) for mobile station
• tunneling information, among others GGSN, which is used for access to
corresponding packet arranged network
• type of the connection
• QoS profile
• QoS profile commits:
• precedence class, priority against other services (high, normal, low)
• packet delay class, times are valid for traffic inside the GPRS- network
• reliability class
• peak throughput class
• mean throughput class
Quality of Service
Packet delay classes
S iz e 1 2 8 o c te ts 1 0 2 4 o c te ts

C la s s M e a n D e la y 9 5 % D e la y M e a n D e la y 9 5 % D e la y

1 ( p r e d ic tiv e ) < 0 ,5 s < 1 ,5 s < 2 s < 7 s

2 ( p r e d ic tiv e ) < 5 s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s

3 ( p r e d ic tiv e ) < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s

4 ( b e s t e f f o r t) B e s t e ffo rt

Security classes
P r o b a b ilit y f o r
Out of
D u p lic a t e d C o rru p te d
C la s s Lost packet Sequence
packet packet
packet
-9 -9 -9 -9
1 10 10 10 10
-4 -5 -5 -6
2 10 10 10 10
-2 -5 -5 -2
3 10 10 10 10
 Quality of Service
GPRS- using data rates
Coding # of timeslots
Scheme 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CS-1 9,05 18,1 27,15 36,2 45,25 54,3 63,35 72,4
CS-2 13,4 26,8 40,2 53,6 67 80,4 93,8 107,2
CS-3 15,6 31,2 46,8 62,4 78 93,6 109,2 124,8
CS-4 21,4 42,8 64,2 85,6 107 128,4 149,8 171,2

• CS 3 and CS 4 are only reasonable in the second phase of

GPRS introduction
• They will be used adaptively at corresponding good quality of
radio connection
• CS 4 does not comprise error correction, code rate = 1!
Assessment of GPRS
+ An up to 4 times higher data rate in comparison to ordinary GSM- data services
+ better resource management through packet arranged service
+ „always on” data service (email, etc.)
+ GPRS is a more suitable carrier for services like WAP
- IP-derivate, no true guaranties (QoS)
- development of the network infrastructure is relatively expensive, particularly regarding
introduction to UMTS (return of investment)
- GPRS doesn’t give such data rates like advertising has sometimes promised
 Development of the GSM-data
services

Data rate
CS 1 CS 2

Channel packing, NT
39.6 kbit/s 40.2 kbit/s

Packet arranged
26.4 kbit/s 27.2 kbit/s 26.8 kbit/s
18.1 kbit/s

HSCSD

GPRS
13.2 kbit/s 13.4 kbit/s
9.6 kbit/s 9 kbit/s

flow
 Enhanced Services - EMS (enhanced
message service)

• Uses widespread existing infrastructure (SMS)

• new Mobile telephones necessary
• allows sending and receiving of messages with formatted texts, melodies,
graphics (32 x 32 Pixel) and animations (16 x 16 Pixel) – e.g. NOKIA
• new applications like Mobile Ticketing
• tickets will be transferred to mobile phone like a bar code and checked at
the admission
• EMS enables transition to MMS (multimedia messaging service), which
allows transmission of multimedia enriched messages over UMTS-Network
(photos, parts of videos)
• MMS requires new network elements in the Infrastructure of the operators
 MMS - architecture
MMS User
HLR
Databases

LDAP MMS
GSM-MAP or
Relay
IS-41-MAP or
TCP/IP
WAP or MExE
(e.g. Java and TCP/IP)

MMS User
Agent SMTP, HTTP,
SMTP
POP3,
IMAPv4

alien MMS
Relay
MMS Server MMS Server ... MMS Server
(e.g. E-Mail) (e.g. Fax) (other service)

Based on materials from 3GPP, http://www.3gpp.org

 UMTS:
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System, 3G,
3rd generation of mobile radio
 IMT-2000 - structure
individual carrier IMT-SC UWC-136 (EDGE)
• 3 systems
TDMA - UMTS
- CDMA2000
multiple carrier IMT-FT DECT
- UWC-136
IMT-2000 • 2 core technologies
IMT-DS UTRA-FDD
- TDMA
FDD - CDMA
IMT-MC CDMA2000
CDMA
IMT-2000 family of radio
interfaces :
UTRA-TDD
– IMT-DS (Direct Spread)
TDD IMT-TC
• UTRA-FDD (UMTS)
TD-SCDMA – IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)
satellite- supported network expansion: • CDMA2000, USA
- SW-CDMA: Satellite Wideband CMDA – IMT-TC (Time Code)
- SW-CDTMA: Satellite Wideband CDMA/TDMA • UTRA-TDD (UMTS), TD-
In europe SCDMA (Synchronous Code
(Hybride procedure)
- SAT-CDMA: Satellite CDMA
UMTS Division Multiple Access,
China)
- ICO RTT: ICO Radio Transmission Technology – IMT-SC (Single Carrier)
ICO RTT... Standard by ICO Global Communications • UWC-136, USA
IMT ... International Mobile Telecommunications – IMT-FT (Frequency time)
UTRA ... Universal Terrestrial Radio Access • DECT
UWC ... Universal Wireless Communications
source: www.UMTS-Report.com
Worldwide frequency assignment for IMT-200
• developed by ITU

PCS... Personal Communication System

MSS...Mobile Satellite Service
PHS... Personal Handy-Phone System
 UMTS - Facts

• consideration: early 90ies

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, developed in the EU (ETSI: European
Telecommunication Standards Institute)
• UMTS is the European implementation of IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications by the year 2000)
• Start of network expansion:
• in Europe: 2003 (some trials, e.g. British Telecom on Isle of Man, 2002)
• in the USA: 2005
• in Japan since 2000 : NTT DOCOMO
Frequency award in Europe
230 MHz frequency range for IMT-2000

DECT
TDD

TDD
GSM1800 GSM1800 FDD MSS FDD MSS
Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink

1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
MSS…Satellite- based

• at FDD symmetrical spectrum is necessary, not at TDD (time slots at same frequency)
• gradual new assignment of wavebands
• depending on development of the need up to 300-500 MHz frequency range in 2008

source: www.UMTS-Report.com
Characteristics
• system general , worldwide roaming

• high data rates: 144 kbit/s mobile, up to 2 Mbit/s at local area

• fusion of different mobile radio communications-, wireless- and pager-systems into one
common system

• speech-, data-, and multimedia- information services independent of used network access

• support of different carrier services:

• real-time capable/not real-time capable
• circuit switched/ packet switched

• Roaming also between UMTS and GSM and satellite networks

• Asymmetrical data rates in up-/downlink

 UMTS- Disadvantages
• Technology not yet perfect
• rent ability of pico cells („Hotspots“) not yet analyzed

• strong contention by WLAN

• increased radiation exposure
• high data rate only obtainable sometimes (High-Tech-network expansion, stationary and
exclusive usage necessary!)

• because of high license costs high charges necessary (around double GSM-costs)
UMTS - Performance
Transmission Real- time (Video) Not Real-time (SMS etc.)

Bit error rate 10-3 … 10-7 10-5 … 10-8

Permitted delay 20ms … 300ms > 150 ms

UMTS Photo Report Video

GPRS Web Photo Report Video

ISDN Mail Web Photo Report Video

PSTN Mail Web Photo

GSM Mail Web Photo Report Video

~ 0 sec 10 sec 1 min 10 min 1h
source: Mobilkom Austria
UMTS - Hardware
• big color displays
• high resolution
• True Color
 UMTS- cell structure
UMTS-Core Gateway Home Gateway
circuit Location
Network switched Mobile GPRS
Register Support Internet
Switching
Centre Node
PSTN/
ISDN 3G 3G- Serving customer
Visitor
Mobile GPRS Intranet
Location Support
Register Switching
Centre Node packet-
switched

Base Station Controller Radio Network Controller Radio Network Controller

BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS

Radio GSM - BSS UTRAN- UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
access
network

Quelle: Mobilkom Austria

 UMTS: cell structure

Satellite
Zone 4: Global
“World cell”

Zone 3: Suburban

“Macro cell” Zone 2: Neighborhood

Zone1: In-building
“Micro
cell”
“Pico cell”

PDA terminal

Basic terminal Audio/visual terminal

Integration with the fixed network
UMTS: hierarchical cell structure
principle:
- all neighbor cells use same frequency channel
- only one waveband is necessary for cellular construction
- further wavebands are necessary for hierarchical structure

Global Regional
Local
Home/
Office
Pico
World Macro Micro

expansion Data Max. Special features

rate velocity
(kbit/s) (mph)
World Cell global - no UTRAN, other technology!
Macro Cell Up to 1,24 miles 144 310 complete national UMTS support
Micro Cell Up to 0,62 miles 384 74 Greater cities, commonly used
Pico Cell > 60miles 2000 6,2! „Hotspots“ – e.g. airport, station
Classification
Service concept
• Virtual Home Environment (VHE): offered services are freely
configurable, configuration still exists in the whole network

• choose of service quality and also arising costs

• behave at bottlenecks (data rates, etc.) configurable

• dynamic customization to connection

 UPT: Universal Personal
Telecommunication Service
• one phone number for several devices (Call- Management)

• subscriber localization e.g. with SIM-card

• call passing

• virtual mobility of fixed networks

Intelligent networks
• Implementation of basic services like subscriber localization billing etc.
• supply of value added service (Voice-Mailbox, etc.)
• possibility of easy, fast introduction of new services
• flexible service administration
• usage of services also from foreign network possible
• better control of service parameters through subscriber
UMTS: basic network structure
• Access Network: base stations, responsible for radio contact to mobile end
devices
• Core Network (Fixed Network): responsible for structure of connections
• Intelligent Network (IN): responsible for billing, subscriber localization,
Roaming, Handover

Intelligent Network

Access
Network Core Network
User Equipment (UE)
General reference architecture
UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu
• UTRA: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
• UTRAN (UTRA- Network) contains several radio subsystems, so called Radio Network
Subsystems (RNS) and contains functions for mobility management
• RNS controls handover at cell change, capacitates functions for the encoding and
administrates the resources of the radio interface
• Uu connects UTRAN with mobile end devices, so called User Equipment (UE), is
comparable with Um in GSM
• UTRAN is connected over Iu with the Core Network, comparable with the A interface in
GSM between BSC and MSC
• CN contains the interfaces to other networks and mechanisms for connection handover
to other systems
The UMTS-radio interface UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access)
• Two modes defined:
• UTRA/FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
• mainly in suburban areas for symmetrical transmission of speech and video
• data rates up to 384 kbit/s, supra-regional roaming
• for circuit- and packet switched services in urban areas
• UTRA/TDD (Time Division Duplex)
• mainly in households and other restricted areas (company's premises, similar to DECT)
• for broadcast of speech and video, both symmetrical: up to 384 kbit/s
• also asymmetrical:
up to 2 Mbit/s
UTRA/FDD
• puts wide- band- CDMA (W-CDMA) together with DSSS (Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum) as spread spectrum technique
• channel separation by carrier frequencies, spreading code and phase position
(only uplink)
• ca. 250 channels for used data, data rates up to 2 Mbit/s
• complex performance control necessary

f in MHz

2169,7 carrier 12
.
.
.
2110,9 carrier 1 downlink

190 MHz
5 MHz
1979,7 carrier 12
.
.
.
1920,9 uplink
carrier 1
t
UTRA/TDD
• puts wideband- TDMA/CDMA together with DSSS
• sends and receives on same carrier (TDD)
• ca. 120 channels for used data, data rates up to 2 Mbit/s
• channel separation by spread code and time slots
• less spreading than at FDD
• precise synchronization necessary
• lower demand for performance control

f in MHz
uplink downlink
2020,1 carrier 6
2010,1 carrier 5
5 MHz
1920,1 carrier 4
.
.
.
1900,1 carrier 1
t
 Frequency award for UMTS
satellite- based

1885 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 MHz 60 GHz

terrestrial MBS
Extension Bands (for a future market potential ..from 2005)

Extension Band 1 (worldwide similar) – partly terrestrial, partly satellite- based

Existing Nets satellite-based
GSM,
DECT
470 862 2290 2300 2520 2670 2700 2900 MHz 880 1885 MHz 1675 1710 MHz
2.4. Satellite-based systems
Satellite-based systems
• A satellite system is a set of gravitationally bound objects in orbit around
a planetary mass object or minor planet.
• Satellite systems, like planetary systems, are the product of gravitational
attraction, but are also sustained through fictitious forces.
Basics: How do Satellites Work
• Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too
far away to use conventional means.
• The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication
• One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink.
• The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second
earth station. This is called a Downlink.
Basics: Advantages of Satellites
• The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial
communication are:
 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center
of the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Basics: Disadvantages of Satellites
• The disadvantages of satellite communication:
 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in
terrestrial communication.
Sample system
Inter-Satellite Link (ISL)

Mobile User
Link (MUL)
Gateway
Link (GWL)

Gateway User
Ground Station

Spot beams

Footprint

PSTN, ISDN, GSM, ...

Internet
Basics: Factors in satellite communication
• Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface to the center
line of the satellite transmission beam.
 This affects the satellites coverage area. Ideally, you want a elevation angle of 0 degrees, so
the transmission beam reaches the horizon visible to the satellite in all directions.
 However, because of environmental factors like objects blocking the transmission,
atmospheric attenuation, and the earth electrical background noise, there is a minimum
elevation angle of earth stations.
Basics: Factors in satellite communication
(cont.)
• Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of the earth surface visible
to a satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account.
• R/(R+h) = sin(π/2 - β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2)
= cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)
R = 6370 km (earth’s radius)
h = satellite orbit height
β = coverage angle
θ = minimum elevation angle
Basics: Factors in satellite communication
(cont.)
• Other impairments to satellite communication:
 The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free space loss).
 Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s strength is strongest in the center of the
transmission, and decreases farther from the center as free space loss increases.
 Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can impair the transmission. It is
particularly bad during rain and fog.
Basics (1)
• satellites describe elliptical or circular orbit around the earth
• distance to the earth remains constant:

FG  m  g  R / r   m  r  
2
 FZ
2
(1)
FG - Attractive force/ or Appeal of the Earth
FZ - Centrifugal force
m - Mass of the satellite
R - Earth radius, 6,370km
r - Distance of the satellite to the Earth’s center
g - Grounding acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2
ω - Angular frequency:   2    f , T  1 / f  2   / 
f - Cycle frequency of the satellite
Basics (2)
Formulae transformation:
• F =m.a (by Newton)
• Fgrav = k . M . m / r2 (Gravitation between 2 point masses)
• mg = k . M . m / R2 (Appeal on
the Earth surface = Gravitation)
• k . M = gR2

• FG = gR2 m/r2 = gm(R/r)2 (transformed) Satellite

r-R
• δt = 2 . (r-R) / c r-R Downlink
Uplink
Signal propagation delay
Basics (3)
• (1) resolved to r gives: 2
gR
r  3 (2)
2 
2
 f

• that means, the distance of a satellite to the earth's surface depends only on its cycle
duration (special case T = 24h - > synchronous distance r=35,786 km)

velocity [x1000km/h] Cycle duration

[h]
20

12

4
Synchronous distance 35,786 km

10 20 30 40 x 106 m
Basics: How Satellites are used
• Service Types
 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
• Example: Point to Point Communication
 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
• Example: Satellite Television/Radio
• Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
• Example: Satellite Phones
Satellite system classes
GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
ca. 36 000 km ca. 500 - 1500 km

MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)

ca. 6000 - 12 000 km
Van-Allen-belts
2000 - 6000 km
15 000 - 30 000 km
HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit)
(no satellite use possible)
 Geostationary Satellite systems
Principle:
Satellit

Base for Inmarsat

Uplink Downlink

• Constant position to the Earth, 3 satellites cover complete earth (with

the exception of the polar caps), satellites move synchronously to the
Earth
• Simple solution, however large distance (36000 km), therefore high
signal propagation delay, long life time of the satellites: ~ 15 years
• low data rates, large transmission power required
• problems:
– on the other side of the 60th degree of latitude reception problems
(elevation)
– because of a high transmission power unfavorable for mobile telephones
– signal propagation delay too high (0.25 s)
LEO- Systems
• non-stationary satellites (LEO - Low Earth Orbit)
• distance to the earth ~ 500 - 2000 km
• shorter signal runtimes (5-10 ms), lower transmission power of the
mobile stations sufficing
• however more satellites necessary, frequent handover between
satellites, approximately all 10 min.
• examples: Teledesic, Globalstar
• only low transmission power necessary, suitable for mobile phone
networks
• Disadvantages:
• large number is necessary (50 - 200, or more)
• fast handovers within satellites are necessary
• short life time of the satellites because of atmospheric friction (5-8 years)
MEO- Systems
• ~ 10000km, lower number of satellites necessary : ~12
• slow movement: handover between satellites is hardly
necessary
• cycle duration: 6h
• high elevation enables coverage large, highly-populated areas
• Problems:
• signal propagation delay: 70 to 80 ms
• higher transmission power is necessary
• special antennas for small cells are necessary
Service transitions in Inmarsat-C-service
L-Band 1,5/1,6 GHz
Inmarsat Rx/Tx (GPS)
Satellite 600 bit/s

laptop
600 bit/s Inmarsat - C – End-Terminal
Graphic table
Terrestrial station X.25
X.25 Net Email System
Buffer memory Interface
Telefax- modem PAD
Phone-Interface
Interface

Internet
Mail Fax-
Box Interface

Fixed network

data + data +
text Email
maps maps
laptop fax desktop desktop desktop
Examples of satellite-based systems
Satellites Height Data rate

Teledesic (planned) 288 (?) ~ 700 km 64 Mbit/s 

2 / 64 Mbit/s 
Iridium 66 (+6) ~ 780 km 2,4 / 4,8 kbit/s
Globalstar 48 (+4) ~ 1400 km 9,6 kbit/s
ICO 10 (+2) ~ 10 000 km 4,8 kbit/s
Inmarsat 5 geostationary 2,4 kbit/s
Orbcomm 35 LEO-stationary 57,6 kbit/s

Globalstar can transfer bi-directionally up to 144 Kbit/s, through

combination of channels

Orbcomm - first commercial LEO–service worldwide http://Globalstar.com/

 Comparison of satellite-based systems
Satellite-based GEO MEO LEO
system
Distance, km r = 35,786 km r-R=6000 – r-R= 500 – 2000 km
12000 km
Cycle duration, T 24 h 6h 95 – 120 min
Signal propagation 0.25 s 70-80 ms 10 ms
delay, t
Transmission power, 10 5 1
W
Use examples Numerous systems, approx. ICO 10+2 •Iridium (bankrupt,
2000: 2000) 66+6
•Sputnik (1957) •Globalstar, 48+4/ 144
•Intelsat 1-3 (1965, 1967, 1969) kBit/s
•Marisat (1976) •Teledesic (2003),
•Inmarsat-A (1982) 288/ 2-64 MBit/s
•Inmarsat-C (1988) • Orbcomm, 35

Data rate, kBit/s 0.1 – 1 10 1 – 64000

Life time, years 15 10 5-8
Frequency Bands
• Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.
 L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
 S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
 C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
 X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging, ex: military and meteorological satellites
 Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
 K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
 Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
Capacity Allocation
• FDMA
 FAMA-FDMA (Fixed-Assignment Multiple Access -FDMA)
 DAMA-FDMA (Demand-Assigned Multiple Access -FDMA))
• TDMA
 Advantages over FDMA
FDMA
• Satellite frequency is already broken into bands, and is broken in to
smaller channels in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
• Overall bandwidth within a frequency band is increased due to
frequency reuse (a frequency is used by two carriers with orthogonal
polarization).
FDMA (cont.)
• The number of sub-channels is limited by three factors:
 Thermal noise (too weak a signal will be effected by background noise).
 Intermodulation noise (too strong a signal will cause noise).
 Crosstalk (cause by excessive frequency reusing).
FDMA (cont.)
• FDMA can be performed in two ways:
 Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA): The sub-channel assignments
are of a fixed allotment. Ideal for broadcast satellite communication.
 Demand-assignment multiple access (DAMA): The sub-channel allotment
changes based on demand. Ideal for point to point communication.
TDMA
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) breaks a transmission into
multiple time slots, each one dedicated to a different transmitter.
• TDMA is increasingly becoming more widespread in satellite
communication.
• TDMA uses the same techniques (FAMA and DAMA) as FDMA does.
TDMA (cont.)
• Advantages of TDMA over FDMA.
 Digital equipment used in time division multiplexing is increasingly becoming
cheaper.
 There are advantages in digital transmission techniques. Ex: error correction.
 Lack of intermodulation noise means increased efficiency.
Global Positioning System,
GPS
Overview
• 24 satellites on the 6 orbits (20200 km, time of circulation = 12h)
• 5 earth stations (Hawaii, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein,
Colorado Springs)
• Accuracy:
• so called P-Code for military applications: on ~6m accurately, partially
2,8m
• so called Selective Availability Mode, SAM (artificial degradation) for civil
applications: < 100m (1.5.2000 disestablished)
• Functionality principle: Triangulation
• GPS-receiver calculates distance to the satellite on the base of Time
of Arrival of the received signals
• distances to at least three satellites enables the calculation of
position, a fourth satellite can be used for determination of elevation
over zero
• official initiation 1995, testing since 1978
Principle: TOA (Time of Arrival) /
TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)

Distance d,
Signal Delay T Mobile Object

• synchronized clocks
• measurement of signal delay by speed of light between satellite and
receiver, for instance T = 100 ms
• hence calculation of distance:
d = T • c = 1 • 10-1s • 3 • 108 m/s = 3 • 107 m = 30.000 km
• calculation of spheres around each satellite
• the position is on the intersection point of three spheres
 Principles

• satellites send a signal composed of three components 50 times per second:

• identification component: PRC (Pseudo Random Code), provides satellite recognition and status
information
• position component: exact position of satellite
• time component: time point, when signal is transmitted
• the time offset measured by the receiver is corresponding to the Time of Arrival, from TOA the
distance is calculated
• for measurement of TOA of signals very accurate clocks are required
• the exact position of the satellites must be known
Sources of errors
Clocks
• highly accurate atom clocks in the satellites
• simple clocks in the receivers are calibrated via measurement of a
fourth satellite
Satellite position
• satellite orbits are relatively stable and forecastable
• deviations are measured by US DoD
• deviations are transmitted as correction factor to the satellites using
the PRC
Miscellaneous error sources
• atmospheric faults
• multi-path propagation
Differential GPS, DGPS
• DGPS (Differential GPS) is essentially a system to provide positional corrections
to GPS signals.
• uses of a stationary receiver as reference
• position of this receiver is exactly known
• the stationary receiver carries out position determination and calculates
correction factor from the actually obtained position on the base of deviations
• correction factor is delivered to the mobile receiver
DGPS accuracy grades
• Accuracy under 10cm:
• professional applications, for instance is interesting in meterology and
respectively for user of well-engineered software decisions (machine control
systems etc.)
• Accuracy under 1m:
• events mapping, control of machines, traffic control systems, agriculture
• Guaranteed accuracy under 10m:
• agriculture/ forestry, railway (wagon search service), car navigation
(private/commercial)
Galileo
• EU-Project for installation of European satellite navigation system
• initiation: prospective 2008
• positioning accuracy: 45cm
• 30 satellites
• Approx. costs: 3,2 Billion €
 Galileo
“ A system that both competes with and complements the American GPS system”

ITS (Intelligent Transport

System)

•based on a constellation of 30 MEO-satellites

•ground stations providing information concerning the positioning of
users
•in many sectors usable:
─transport (vehicle location, route searching, speed control, etc.)
─social services (e.g. aid for the disabled or elderly)
─the justice system ( border controls)
─public works (geographical information systems)
 Galileo - Service
architecture centres

GALILEO
Regional Components GLOBAL CONTENT Local Components
MEO Constellation
BSS ... Local MS
network Data link
s-band s-band
. i-band .
. i-band TTC .
BSS Local MS
OSS
network Data link
Network

GEO OSS
Network
RMS
network
Integrity determination Navigation control & constellation UMTS
EGNOS management
&dissemination
I-Band- NAV UHF- S&R
External complementary
COSPAS-SARSAT systems
ground segment
User segment
2.5. Broadcast Systems
&
Distribution Networks
Overview
• special variants of asymmetric communication systems
• High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) supports for instance asymmetric connections
regarding to data rate, also ADSL
• WWW is the biggest representative of asymmetric communication:
• data volume of uplink (URLs) is much lower than downlink (complete HTML-pages)
• Problem of distribution systems: Sender can be optimized for a large quantity of receivers only,
for instance videostreaming
• Examples:
• DVB, Digital Video Broadcast
• DAB, Digital Audio Broadcast
Principle of DistributedSystems

C C C

C B B
Time information sequence is
optimized for expected
access behavior of all
consumers
t B A A

Individual access sample of

diverse consumers can more or
less deviate from expected access
behavior
 Digital Audio Broadcast, DAB
• Audio-transmission in CD-Quality
• Non-sensible towards interferences of multi-path-propagation
• Use of SFN (Single Frequency Network) – i.e. all senders of some broadcast-
program are working on the same frequency as a rule
• Frequencies: UHF,VHF, for instance: 174-230 MHz, 1452-1492 MHz
• Modulation methods: DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
• Optionally COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is used
with several carrier frequencies inside some DAB-channel (its quantity is between
192 and 1536), 1,5MHz bandwidth for each channel
• FEC (Forward Error Correction)-mechanism for fault correction
• Up to 6 stereo-programs by 192 kbit/s in the same frequency band are
transmittable
• alternatively data can be transmitted with up to 1,5 Mbit/s (responding to the used
code rate etc.)
Digital Audio Broadcast, DAB
2 Transport Mechanisms
• Main Service Channel (MSC):
• Data, Audio, Multimedia
• 2 Transport Modes: Stream Mode, Packet Mode
• Fast Information Channel (FIC):
• Transport of Fast Information Blocks (FIB, 32 Byte) – control data for interpretation of Data in the MSC, can be also
used for services such as Traffic Dispatches, Paging etc.

• Audio-converting: PCM 48 kHz & MPEG2-Audiocompression

• High transmission rates by high velocities, up to 250 km/h, responding to distance from sender and error
security class, use for instance in high-speed train
• MOT (Multimedia Object Transfer) protocol for data transmission
• Cyclic repeat and caching of data blocks
Dynamic channel reconfiguration
for DAB
Ensemble-Configuration
Audio 1 Audio 2 Audio 3 Audio 4 Audio 5 Audio 6
192 KBit/s 192 KBit/s 192 KBit/s 160 KBit/s 160 KBit/s 128 KBit/s

PAD PAD PAD PAD PAD PAD

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

Temporarily changed Ensemble-Configuration

Audio 3 Audio 7 Audio 8
Audio 1 Audio 2 128 KBit/s Audio 4 Audio 5 96 KBit/s 96 KBit/s

192 KBit/s 192 KBit/s 160 KBit/s 160 KBit/s

PAD

Data Data
PAD PAD D10 D11 PAD PAD PAD PAD

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
DVB - Digital Video
Broadcasting
• 1991 ELR (European Launching Group) founded
• Goal: joint digital Television System for Europe
• Specifications: DVB-S, DVB-T, DVB-C
• Frequency reaches: 200, 550, 700 MHz
• Cell size: up to 60 km
• Used data rate: ~38.5 Mbit/s
• Velocity of mobile stations: up to 200 km/h
• Central Unit: combined DVB-Receiver-Decoder (set-top-box)
• can receive DVB-Data via satellites, B-ISDN, ADSL…
• some transmission systems offer a feedback channel for Video on Demand etc.
DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting
• Different Quality Levels defined:
• SDTV (Standard Definition TV)
• EDTV (Enhanced DTV)
• HDTV (High DTV)
• Data transport:
• User Data: MPEG2-Container (Data Transfer Unit) like DAB, Container
doesn’t define the type of data
• Service Information about MPEG2-Container-content:
• NIT (Network Information Table): Information from a provider about
offered services and optional data for the receiver
• SDT (Service Description Table): Description and parameters for each
service in the MPEG2-stream
• EIT (Event Information Table): Data about actual transmission status
• TDT (Time and Date Table): e.g. updating of DVB-receiver
Possible contents of
DVB/MPEG2-Container
MPEG2/DVB-Container MPEG2/DVB-Container

HDTV
EDTV

Single channel Several channels

(High Definition TV) (Enhanced DTV)

MPEG2/DVB-Container MPEG2/DVB-Container
SDTV

Several channels Multimedia

(Standard TV) (data broadcasting)
DVB used as medium
for asymmetric Internet-access
• Client sends data query to Provider, Provider transmits data to the satellite
network, receiver obtains data via DVB-receiver
• Feedback channel can be phone network, for on-demand services
• Data rates:
• 6 up to 38 Mbit/s downlink, 33 kbit/s up to over 100 kbit/s (ADSL) uplink
• Advantages:
• data can be transmitted in parallel with TV
• no additional costs for satellite provider
• low priced for low-density populated areas
• Disadvantages:
• all users need satellite antennas
• only a minor part of the total bandwidth is usable
• not suitable for high-density populated areas
DVB as medium
for the asymmetric Internet-access

Satellite provider

DVB–
Card in dedicated line
the PC (user-to-user)

Internet

Content Provider
Service Provider