MK^F@@KÐB 
Fmulrmg L. Yldfb`kl Jgbzìdfz (F]@ Knfrgleërk`l) 

@GG^MKBL@KÐB JFBF^LD
@dlumkl Dlurl Dkeðb Dubl
Jknrìb ^fbmðb Nlutkstl

@GB]FBKMG
Lmrklbl Dgzl ^leårfz

FMK]G^
Lmrklbl Dgzl ^leårfz

FMK]G^FP ]Ë@BK@GP
^lilfd Ykddldvl Jlr`ål
Duks Ldnfrtg Egrldfs Fstrlml

MKPFÜG FMK]G^KLD [ QG^]LML

@rkstgphfr L. Hfrblbmfz Ylddf

@gpyrkjht © >1<: pgr F]@ Knfrgleërk`l (]f`bgdgjål y `gbsudtgrål plrl

dl Fmu`l`kðb PL mf @Y) ]gmgs dgs mfrf`hgs rfsfrvlmgs.

\ufml prghknkml dl rfprgmu``kðb tgtld g plr`kld mf fstl gnrl pgr

`uldqukfr efmkg (yl sfl fdf`trðbk`g, ef`ìbk`g, pgr igtg`gpkl,
jrlnl`kðb, mkjktldkzl`kðb g mf gtrl elbfrl), prg`fmkekfbtg g skstfel
mf ldel`fblekfbtg skb fd prfvkg y fxprfsg pfreksg y lutgrkzl`kðb pgr
fs`rktg mf dl F]@ Knfrgleërk`l g lutgrkzl`kðb l trlvës mfd pljg mf dl
`ugtl pgr `gpkl l ]f`bgdgjål y `gbsudtgrål plrl dl Fmu`l`kðb PL mf
@Y .

Lmgnf L`rgnlt, Lmgnf @rfltkvf @dgum, Lmgnf @rfltkvf Puktf, Lmgnf

Qhgtgshgp, Lmgnf Idlsh Qrgifsskgbld, Lmgnf KbMfskjb, Lmgnf
Kddustrltgr, Lmgnf Mrflewflvfr, Lmgnf Lbkeltf, Lmgnf Litfr
Fiif`ts, Lmgnf Qrfekfrf Qrg y Lmgnf ^flmfr sgb elr`ls rfjkstrlmls
g `gefr`kldfs mf Lmgnf
Lmgnf Pystfe Kb`grpgrltfm fb dgs
dgs Fstlmgs Vbkmgs 
Vbkmgs 
 y/u gtrgs plåsfs. Dls `lpturls mf plbtlddl mfd prgmu`tg Lmgnf sf
rfkeprkekfrgb
rfkeprkek frgb `gb fd pfreksg mf Lmgnf Pystfes Kb`grpgrltfm.

Gtrgs bgenrfs mf prgmu`tgs g feprfsls efb`kgblmgs lquå pufmfb

sfr elr`ls rfjkstrlmls mf sus prgpkftlrkgs rfspf`tkvgs. Dls feprfsls,
grjlbkzl`kgbfs,
grjlbkzl`kgbfs, prgmu`tgs, bgenrfs mf mgekbkg, mkrf``kgbfs mf `grrfg
fdf`trðbk`g, dgjgtkpgs, pfrsgbls, dujlrfs y l`gbtf`kekfbtgs utkdkzlmgs
fb dgs fofepdgs sgb ﬌`tk`kgs. Bg sf prftfbmf kbmk`lr bk mfnf mfmu`krsf
bkbjubl lsg`kl`kðb `gb feprfsls, grjlbkzl`kgbfs, prgmu`tgs, bgenrfs
mf mgekbkg, mkrf``kgbfs mf `grrfg fdf`trðbk`g, dgjgtkpgs, pfrsgbls,
dujlrfs g l`gbtf`kekfbtg
l`gbtf`kekfbtgss rfldfs.

Fd dknrg fxprfsl dgs pubtgs mf vkstl y gpkbkgbfs mfd lutgr. Dl kbigrel`kðb

`gbtfbkml fb fstf dknrg fs prgvkstl skb bkbjubl jlrlbtål fxprfsl, dfjld
g kepdå`ktl. Bk dgs lutgrfs
lutgrfs bk sus rfvfbmfmgrfs g mkstrknukmgrfs
mkstrknukmgrfs sfrìb
dfjldefbtf rfspgbslndfs pgr `uldqukfr mlüg `luslmg g supufstlefbtf
`luslmg, mkrf`tl g kbmkrf`tlefbtf, pgr fstf dknrg.

KPNB fb trìektf.
 

Åbmk`f 0

󰃥󰁢󰁭󰁫󰁠󰁦 󰁪󰁦󰁢󰁦󰁾󰁬󰁤
K󰁢󰁽󰁾󰁧󰁭󰁶󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢  ........................................
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.... : D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 0? 
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Q󰁤󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦 󰁱󰁾󰁧󰁻
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󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢 ..................
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>.6 @ðeg
>.6.< Egmgfbtrfjlr lr`hkvgs
y igrel plrl ﬌bldfs
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Qhgtgshgp @@
 

=.>.0 Lrtf f Kdustrl`k

Kdustrl`kðb ðb ...................
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6.<=.< @dgbf su keljfb mfsmf gtrg grkjfb ........ ........:: ::
ubl keljfb .............................................................66 •Qrì`tk`l? @lenkf fd Grkjfb mf @dgbl`kðb
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=.:.< Jrì﬌`g mf elpl nkts ...............................
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.... 91 D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 9?
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•Qrì`tk`l? fd Qlbfd
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lr fd Hkstgrkl
plbfd ..............................
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f Hkstgrkl ................... 8:
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.................. 96 •Qrì`tk`l? Vtkdk`f dl Hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd .................................. 8;
9.0.< Mkbìek`l mf Igrel .................... ............................. ...............
...... 8;
•Qrì`tk`l? Egmk﬌quf dl Mkbìek`l mf Igrel
D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 6? 
6?  mf ub Qkb`fd...................................................
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V󰁰󰁧 󰁭󰁦 󰁤󰁬󰁰
󰁤󰁬 󰁰 󰁨󰁦󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁬󰁰
󰁨󰁦󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁬󰁰 
󰁬󰁰 ..............
.............. 9: •@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb 9....................................................
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6.< Ylrktl eìjk`l ................
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..... 9;
•Qrì`tk`l? Ylrktl Eìjk`l ................................................................
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D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 :? 
:? 
F󰁭󰁫󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦 󰁫󰁥󰃬󰁪󰁦󰁢󰁦󰁰 ........................
........................ ;0
6.> Pfdf``kðb rìpkml ...............
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•Qrì`tk`l? @rff Vbl Pfdf``kðb ^ìpkml ..................................... :1 :.< Pfdf``kðb
Pfdf``kðb .........
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6.0 Ngtf mf pkbturl.......................
pkbturl......................................
..........................
........... :< •Qrì`tk`l? Julrmlr sfdf``kðb.........................................................
................................................... ...... ;6
•Qrì`tk`l? Qkbtf ub ìrfl sfdf``kgblml ..................................... :< :.<.> Ljrfjuf l ubl sfdf``kðb fxkstfbtf ......... ............ ... ;9
6.= Fdkpsf..........................
....................................
....................
...................
...................
..............
.... :> •Qrì`tk`l? .................................................................................................
................................................ ................................................. ;9
•Qrì`tk`l? @rff Vbl Fdkpsf Pgnrf Vbl Keljfb ................... :> :.<.= @gbvkfrtl ub trlzlmg fb ubl sfdf``kðb ...... ;9
6.6 Dìpkz .........
...................
....................
...................
...................
....................
....................
.............. :0 •Qrì`tk`l? @gbvkfrtl ub ]rlzlmg fb ubl Pfdf``kðb .......... ;9
•Qrì`tk`l? Vslr hfrrlekfbtl dìpkz .............................................. :0 :.> Egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfstru`tkvls
6.9 Dlzg pgdkjgbld ......................................................:0   y bg mfstru`tkvl
mfstru`tkvlss ..........
...................
...................
....................
.............
... ;8
6.: Dlzg ..........
....................
....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
..............:=
....:= •Qrì`tk`l? @rff ubl Egmk﬌`l`kðb Bg Mfstru`tkvl ............ ;8
6.8 Elr`g rf`tlbjudlr ..............................................:= :.0 Loustfs mf keljfb ........................................<11
6.; Egvkekfbtg `gb mftf``kðb :.0.> Kbtfbskmlm ...............
.......................
.................
..................
................
....... <11
•Qrì`tk`l? Egmk﬌quf dl Kbtfbskmlm mf ubl Keljfb .......<11
mf `gbtfbkmg.........................................................:=
•Qrì`tk`l? Egvkekfb
Egvkekfbtg
tg `gb mftf``kðb mf `gbtfbkmg........ :=   :.= Mfjrlmlmg ..............
..............................
................................
.......................<1<
.......<1<
•Qrì`tk`l? Hfrrlekfbtls mf sfdf``kðb....................................... := :.=.< Fmktgr mf Mfjrlmlmg...............
Mfjrlmlmg........................
................
....... <1<
•Qrì`tk`l? Lpdk`lr ub mfjrlmlmg l ubl Keljfb
K eljfb ..............<1<
6.<1 Qkb`fd mf hkstgrkl ................
...............................
..........................
........... :6

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Åbmk`f 6

  :.6 Ikdtrgs..............
..............................
...............................
...............................
...................<1>
...<1> •Qrì`tk`l? @gbvfrtkr fb fbdlzlmg ..............................................<0<
:.6.< Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg ............. ......................
...............
...... <10 ;.=.= Lpdk`lr Ikdtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs y eìs`lrls mf
•Qrì`tk`l? Lpdkquf Mfsfbigquf J Jlussklbg
lussklbg l `lpl plrl rf﬌blr su keljfb ........ .................
..................
............ ... <0<
ubl Keljfb .................................................
..........................................................................................<10
.........................................<10 •Qrì`tk`l? Lpdk`lr ub Ikdtrg Kbtfdkjfbtf y ubl ,,Eìs`lrl Eìs`lrl mf
:.6.> Mfsfbigquf rlmkld ..................... .............................. ................... <10 @lpl .............................................
.................................................................................................
............................................................<0<
........<0<
•Qrì`tk`l? Lpdk`lr M Mfsfbigquf
fsfbigquf ^lmkld l ubl Keljfb....<1= ;.=.6 Fmktf dl gpl`kmlm......... ..................
.................
.................
............. <00
•@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb : .................................................................<16 •Qrì`tk`l? Fmktlr dl gpl`kmlm
mf dl `lpl..............................................................................................<00

D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 8? @󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾 
@󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾 ............................
........................
............
............................<1:
................
.... <1: ;.6 Fxpgrtlr `lpl .................................................<0=
•Qrì`tk`l? Fxpgrtlr
F xpgrtlr ubl `lpl .....................................................<0=
8.< ]fgrål mfd `gdgr ..............................................<1;
Egmgs, fspl`kgs
fs pl`kgs y egmfdgs mf `gdgr .......... ..........<1;
<1; ;.9 Jrupg mf `lpls ..............................................<06
8.>.< Fd egmfdg `gdgr @E[C ................. .......................... ............. <<1 •Qrì`tk`l? @rflr ub Bufvg jrupg mf `lpls .......................<06
•Qrì`tk`l? Egmg mf `gdgr @E[C ...............................................<<1 ;.: Mupdk`lr fd `gbtfbkmg mf ubl `lpl .......<08
8.>.> @gdgr Kbmfxlmg........ .................
..................
..................
................... <<< •Qrì`tk`l? Mupdk`lr ubl `lpl ..............................................
......................................................<08
........<08
•Qrì`tk`l? @lenklr l @gdgr Kbmfxlmg ....................................<<< ;.8 L`tkvlr y mfsl`tkvlr `lpls.........................<0;
`lpls.........................<0;
8.>.0 Yfl fd Egmg mf @gdgr ^JN .......... ...................
............. <<> •Qrì`tk`l? G`udtlr
G `udtlr ubl @lpl .......................................................<0;
•Qrì`tk`l? @lenklr l Egmg mf `gdgr ^J ^JNN ..........................<<>
 ;.; Eìs`lrls mf `lpl ........................................<0;
•Qrì`tk`l? Lülml ub fif`tg mf `gdgr sfpkl •Qrì`tk`l? Lülmkr
Lülm kr ubl eìs`lrl mf `lpl ..............................<=1
l ubl keljfb..............................................
.....................................................................................<<0
........................................<<0
;.;.< @gepgsk`kðb utkdkzlbmg eìs`lrls
8.>.= Vsg lmf`ulmg plrl `lml efmkg ......... ................... <<=   mf `lpl......... ..................
..................
..................
.................
................
........ <=<
8.0 Mlr `gdgr l ubl keljfb fb fs`ldl •Qrì`tk`l? @rflr ubl @gepgsk`kðb `gb Eìs`lrls
  mf jrksfs ..............
..............................
...............................
...............................
................<<6
<<6 mf @lpl .................................................................................................<=<
.............................................. ...................................................<=<
•Qrì`tk`l? Mlr `gdgr l ubl kelj keljfb fb fb fs`ldl ;.<1 Eìs`lrl vf`tgrkld <=>
mf jrksfs .................................................................................................<<6 •Qrì`tk`l? @rflr ubl eìs`lrl vf`tgrkld ................................<=>
8.= Mfspdkfjuf mf `gdgr y mkspgsktkvgs .......<<9 ;.<< Egmgs mf iuskðb .........................................<=0
8.6 Fmktf dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf `gdgr ...............<<: •Qrì`tk`l? Egmgs mf iuskgb ..................................................
..........................................................<==
........<==
•Qrì`tk`l? Fmktlr dl `gb﬌jkrl`kðb mf `gdgr mf
ubl Keljfb .................................................
..........................................................................................<<: 
.........................................<<:  ;.<> ]kpgs mf `lpls .............................................<==
•Qrì`tk`l? ]rlnlolr `gb Mkifrfbtfs tkpgs mf @lpl ...........<=6
•@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb 8 .................................................................<<8
;.<0 Lpdkquf trlbsigrel`kgbfs l
`lpls sfdf``kgblmls .................................<=8
D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 ;? Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰 ...........
󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰 ...........
........... <<; •Qrì`tk`l? ]rlbsigrelr `lpls .....................................................<=8
;.< @rff, bgenrf y lülml `gbtfbkmg ;.<0.< Lpdkquf fstkdgs (Nksfd) mf `lpl mf
  l dls `lpls ...............
...............................
...............................
..........................
...........<><
<><   tfxtg plrl mlrdf fif`tg........ .................
..................
......... <61
•Qrì`tk`l? @rflr y ^fbgenrlr @lpls .....................................<>< •Qrì`tk`l? Lpdk`lr fi
fif`tg
f`tg NNksfd
ksfd .............................................
.....................................................<61
........<61
Eufvl
;.> Eufvl `lpls y `rff ubl ;.<= Ldkbff y fspl`kf fquktltkvlefbtf
  `gepgsk`kðb ...............
...............................
...............................
.....................<>0
......<>0 dls `lpls .........................................................<6>
•Qrì`tk`l? @rflr ubl @gepgsk`kðb `gb @lpls ..................<>0 •Qrì`tk`l? Ldkbflr `lpls
`lpls.................................................................<6>
.................................................................<6>
;.0 L`gpdlr Keljfb...............
..............................
...............................
................<>:
<>: ;.<6 @lpls mf loustf............................................<60
•Qrì`tk`l? L`gpdlr ubl ke
keljfb
ljfb .................................................<>:  •Qrì`tk`l? Lpdk`lr `lpl mf lloustf
oustf..............................................<60
;.= Gnoftgs Kbtfdkjfbtfs .....................................<>: ;.<6.< @lenklr dgs `gdgrfs utkdkzlbmg @lpls
;.=.< @gbvfrtkr ubl `lpl fxkstfbtf fb   mf loustf .........
..................
..................
..................
..................
............ ... <6=
  gnoftg kbtfdkjfbt
kbtfdkjfbtff ...........................
..................
.................
.......... <>: •Qrì`tk`l? @lenklr `gdgrfs fb `lpl mf loustf ..................<6=
•Qrì`tk`l? ]rlnlolr `gb ubl @lpl @gbvfrtkml l ;.<6.> Loustf mf ]gbg y slturl`kðb ......... ..................
......... <66
Gnoftg Kbtfdkjfbtf .............................................................................<>:  •Qrì`tk`l? Loustlr ]gbg y sl slturl`kðb
turl`kðb ......................................<69
;.=.> ^ffepdlzlr y fxpgrtlr Gnoftgs ;.<6.0 @lenklr fd loustf l Ndlb`g y bfjrg. ...... <69
  kbtfdkjfbtfs.........
.................
.................
..................
..................
............. <>; •Qrì`tk`l? @lenklr loustf l Ndlb`g y bfjrg ......................<69
•Qrì`tk`l? ^ffepdlz
^ffepdlzlr lr `gbtfbkmg mf ubl ;.<6.= @lpl mf loustf sfpkl. .............
......................
...............
...... <6:
@lpl Kbtfdkjfbtf.................................................................................<>; •Qrì`tk`l? @rflr @lpl mf Loustf Pfpkl ..................................<6: 
•Qrì`tk`l? FFxpgrtlr
xpgrtlr `gbtfbkmg ...............................................
....................................................<01
.....<01
;.<9. Lpdk`lr fif`tgs uslbmg fstkdgs
;.=.0 @gbvfrtkr fb fbdlzlmg ............ .....................
.................
........ <0<
mf `lpls .........................................................<68

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

;.<9.< Fstkdgs mf `lpl prfmftfrekblmgs ........ ............ <68 <>.0.> Keprfsgs ....................
............................
.................
..................
............. <86
•Qrì`tk`l? Lpd
Lpdk`lr
k`lr fstkdg mf `lpl prfmftfrekblmg ..........<6; <>.0.>.< Keljfb plrl keprfskðb ......... ..................
............. <86
;.<9.> Julrmlr ub fstkdg mf `lpl plrl <>.0.>.> QMI .....................
..............................
..................
..................
............. <86
  ub usg iuturg .........
..................
.................
.................
.............. ..... <9< •Qrì`tk`l? Julrmlr QMI ...................................................
..................................................................<86
...............<86
•Qrì`tk`l? @rflr fstkdg prfmftfrekblmg.................................<9< prfvksuldkzl`kðb .........
<>.0.>.0 Jrlb igreltg y prfvksuldkzl`kðb ......... <89
;.<9.0 @gpklr y pfjlr fstkdgs mf `lpl. ........ .................. <90 •Qrì`tk`l? Julrmlr
J ulrmlr fb jrlb igrel igreltg tg.......................................<89
•@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb ; .................................................................<9= <>.0.0 Ykmfg ........
.................
..................
..................
..................
..................
......... <8:
<>.0.0.< Julrmlmg y fxpgrtl`kðb mf vkmfg
  y lbkel`k
lbkel`kgbfs gbfs ........
.................
..................
.................
........ <8:
D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 <1? ]󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧 ...........................
...........................<9:
.......................
...........................
.... <9: •Qrì`tk`l? Fxpgrtlr
Fx pgrtlr vvkmfgs
kmfgs y lbkel`kgbf
lbkel`kgbfss ..........................<8: 

<1.< Lülmkr tfxtg `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl   <>.= ^lstfrkz

^lstfrkzlr
lr ..............
.............................
...............................
........................<8;
........<8;
  tfxtg ...............
...............................
...............................
...............................
...................<9;
...<9; •Qrì`tk`l? ^lstfrkzlr `lpl..............................................
.............................................................<8;
...............<8;
<1.> Loustfs mf ]fxtg .........................................<9; •@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb <> ..............................................................<;1
<1.0 Qlbfd @lrì`tfr ..............................................<9;
•Qrì`tk`l? Lülmk
Lülmkrr tfx
tfxtg
tg ...................................................................<9;
•Qrì`tk`l? E
Egmk﬌`lr
gmk﬌`lr tfx
tfxtgtg ..............................................
.............................................................<:1
...............<:1
<1.0.< Loustfs mf ]rl`ckbj ......... .................
.................
................... <:1
•Qrì`tk`l? Vsg mf trl`ckbj fb tfx tfxtg tg.........................................<:1
<1.0.> Loustfs mf Cfrbkbj .............. .......................
..................
......... <:<
<1.= Qlbfd Qìrrlig ................................................<:<
<1.=.< Ldkbfl`kðb ...............
........................
.................
.................
..............
..... <:<
<1.6 Mfigrelr tfxtg ............................................<:>
•Qrì`tk`l? Mfigrelr tfxtg .............................................
.............................................................<:>
................<:>
•@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb <1 ..............................................................<:0

D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 <<? 
<<? 
Y󰁫󰁭󰁦󰁧 󰁻 󰁬󰁢󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢..........................
.........................<:6
.......................
.........................
.. <:6
<<.< @gb﬌jurl`kðb mf ub bufvg
mg`uefbtg plrl vkmfg .............. ............................
..............<::
<::
<<.> ]kpgs mf lr`hkvgs mf keljfb
plrl vkmfg ......................................................<::
<<.>.< ]KII.................
.......................... ..................
..................
..................
............ ... <::
•Qrì`tk`l? Julrmf ub Lr`hkvg ]KII ..........................................<:: 
<<.>.> ]L^JL..............
.......................
.................
.................
..................
............. <:8
•Qrì`tk`l? ..............................................................
................................................................................................<:8
..................................<:8
<<.0 Dl kepgrtlb`kl mf dl ]rlbsplrfb`kl ..<:8
•@ufstkgblrkg Df``kðb << ..............................................................<:;

D󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 <>? 
<>? 
J󰁶󰁬󰁾󰁭󰁬󰁭󰁧 󰁻 󰁦󰁸󰁱󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 
󰁦󰁸󰁱󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 
󰁭󰁦 󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁨󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰 ............
........................
........................
..............
.. <8<
<>. < Julrmlr mg`uefbtg ................................<80
<>.> Qrfplrlr lr`hkvgs plrl su usg fb
gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf Lmgnf.................<80
Lmgnf.................<80
<>.0 ]kpgs mf lr`hkvg..........................................<80
<>.0.< Igreltgs mf keljfb plrl wfn .........
..............
..... <80
<>.0.<.< Julrmlr plrl wfn, egmg mf `gdgr
 •Qrì`tk`l? Julrmlr
y rfsgdu`kðb
pplrl .................
.........
lrl wfn .................
..................
............. <8=
......................................................<8=
<>.0.<.> Mkefbskgbfs `geubfs y fstìbmlr
  mf nlbbfrs wfn. .........
..................
..................
............ ... <86

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

K󰁢󰁽󰁾󰁧󰁭󰁶󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢

Fd `ursg mf Lmgnf y dgs dknrgs mf dl @rfltkvf @dgum fstìb mksfülmgs

`geg tfxtgs kbtrgmu`tgrkgs `gepdftgs sgnrf ub prgmu`tg mfd
sgitwlrf mf Lmgnf fb plrtk`udlr. Dgs dknrgs tlenkëb fstìb
mksfülmgs plrl `unrkr dgs gnoftkvgs mf lprfbmkzlof mfd fxlefb
Lmgnf @frtk﬌fm Lssg`kltf (L@L) rfdl`kgblmg `gb mk`hg prgmu`tg.

Fd fxlefb L@L lvldlmg pgr Lmgnf y rf`gbg`kmg pgr dl kbmustrkl f

kmfbtk﬌`l dls hlnkdkmlmfs y tfels prfvkstgs plrl dgs bkvfdfs nìsk`gs.
 Ylrkls mf dls `lrl`tfråstk
`lrl`tfråstk`ls
`ls pfmljðjk`ls sf hlb mfslrrgddlm
mfslrrgddlmg
g
fspf`å﬌`lefbtf plrl fstf `ursg. Dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls ÿbk`ls mf
bufstrg fbigquf nlslmg fb tlrfls kb`duyf ubl eltrkz mf hlnkdkmlmfs
fb dl df``kðb quf `grrfdl`kgbl dls hlnkdkmlmfs fbsfülmls fb `lml
df``kðb `gb dgs gnoftkvgs mfd L@L3 fofr`k`kgs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb y mgs
bkvfdfs mf l`tkvkmlmfs ﬌bldfs mf dl df``kðb (mf elygr mk﬌`udtlm
`lml vfz)3 fvldul`kðb mf lptktum y fvldul`kðb mf mgekbkg.

Dl prfsfbtl`kðb mf dl fxtfbsl kbigrel`kðb mf prg`fmkekfbtgs y

`gb`fptgs të`bk`gs fbtrfdlzlmgs fb tgmg fd dknrg mf tfxtg prfsfbtl
mfsliågs plrl fd lduebg y fd kbstru`tgr. Dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls `dlvf fb
`lml df``kðb, mksfülmls plrl quf dgs fstumklbtfs tfbjlb ëxktg fb
dgs fxìefbfs y ìrfls mf trlnlog?

• @lml df``kðb `gekfbzl `gb dgs gnoftkvgs mf lprfbmkzlof y dgs

rfdl`kgbl `gb dgs gnoftkvgs fspf`å﬌`gs mfd L@L.

• @lml df``kðb kb`duyf prì`tk`ls quf prfsfbtlb fd `gbg`kekfbtg y

dls hlnkdkmlmfs fb fd usg mfd sgitwlrf quf mfnfb lmqukrkrsf fb ub
fbtgrbg mf dl vkml rfld.

• Kbstru``kgbfs mf dls prì`tk`ls, `gb`ksls y irf`ufbtfs, plrl lyumlr

l dgs lduebgs l lprfbmfr dls hlnkdkmlmfs mfd sgitwlrf. Dgs plsgs
tlenkëb eufstrlb dgs rfsudtlmgs f keìjfbfs fb plbtlddl quf
`grrfspgbmfb l dg quf dgs fstumklbtfs mfnfb vfr fb dls plbtlddls
mf sus `geputlmgrls.

• Dls keìjfbfs rfiufrzlb dgs tërekbgs `dlvf, prgpgr`kgblb pkstls

vksuldfs mf dgs plsgs y pfrektfb l dgs lduebgs egbktgrflr su
lvlb`f.

• Fd vg`lnudlrkg të`bk`g kepgrtlbtf g pg`g `gbg`kmg sf fb`ufbtrl

fb fd jdgslrkg ld ﬌bld mfd dknrg.

• Lskstfbtfs mf df`turl, prgpgr`kgblb sujfrfb`kls mf lyuml l

dgs lduebgs (]gef bgtl), g elbfrls mf lepdklr sus hlnkdkmlmfs
(Lprfbmfr eìs).

• Ld ﬌bld mf `lml df``kðb sf kb`duyf ub `gboubtg mf prfjubtls l

elbfrl mf fxlefb plrl fvldulr l dgs lduebgs sgnrf
sgnr f dgs `gb`fptgs
lprfbmkmgs fb dl df``kðb.

• Dls sf``kgbfs mf prgyf`tg kbtfjrlmgr `gbtkfbfb l`tkvkmlmfs

mf elygr mk﬌`udtlm, fstgs prgyf`tgs girf`fb l dgs fstumklbtfs dl
gpgrtubkmlm mf rfplslr y prl`tk`lr dls hlnkdkmlmfs lprfbmkmls fb
dls df``kgbfs. Pfrìb fvldulmgs pgr fd mg`fbtf g ub prgifskgbld mf
ìrfl `gb fd quf sf `gdlngrl, efmklbtf ubl rÿnrk`l prgpgr`kgblml.
prgpgr`kg blml.
• Dl pdltligrel mf lprfbmkzlof `gepdfefbtlrkl, `gbtkfbf dgs
lr`hkvgs bf`fslrkgs plrl `lml prì`tk`l kbmk`lml fb dls df``kgbfs.
 

@gb`fptgs nìsk`gs
mf keljfb mkjktld,
`gepgsk`kðb
`gepgsk`kðb y
`geubk`l`kðb
Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp @@ fs ub sgiwlrf plrl `rflr y fmktlr keìjfbfs mkjktldfs, fb fstl prkefrl df``kðb, vl l `gbg`fr
`gb`fptgs nìsk`gs vkb`udlmgs l dl keljfb mkjktld. Lprfbmfrì dg `gb`fptgs nìsk`gs, fsfb`kldfs, plrl jfbfrlr `gepgsk-
`kgbfs mf keljfb mkjktld.
 

G󰁮󰁯󰁦󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁧
@gbg`fr dgs `gb`fptgs nìsk`gs bf`fslrkgs plrl
jfbfrlr `gepgsk`kgbfs mf keljfb mkjktld .

H󰁬󰁮󰁫󰁤󰁫󰁭󰁬󰁭󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁦󰁾󰁽󰁫󰁩󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
• @gbg`fr dgs prkb`kpkgs y fdfefbtgs mfd mksfüg, y dl
`gepgsk`kðb mf keìjfbfs.

• Mfegstrlr su `gbg`kek
`gbg`kekfbtg
fbtg sgnrf dl tkpgjrliål.

• @gbg`fr dl tfrekbgdgjål prkb`kpld ld trlnlolr `gb

keìjfbfs mkjktldfs.
 

Df``kðb < 
<  @gb`fptgs nìsk`gs mf keljfb mkjktld, `gepgsk`kðb y `geubk`l`kðb <<

<.< K󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢 󰁭󰁫󰁪󰁫󰁽󰁬󰁤
Fb tkfepgs rf`kfbtfs dl keljfb mkjktld sf hl
vufdtg prgnlndfefbtf fd igreltg mf keljfb eìs
`geÿb, tfbkfbmg fbtrf sus eÿdtkpdfs nfbf﬌`kgs, sfr
`gbskmfrlndfefbtf eìs rìpkml, fif`tkvl y nlrltl quf
dl igtgjrliål trlmk`kgbld, lmfeìs mf pgmfr utkdkzlrsf
mf elbfrl euy sfb`kddl.
Dl igrel fb `ðeg sf utkdkzl dl igtgjrliål fs
kbefbslefbtf vlrklndf, yfbmg mfsmf fd usg eìs
`gbvfb`kgbld, ld lyumlrbgs l pfrpftulr rf`ufrmgs,
ddfvlr ub rfjkstrg mftlddlmg fb ub prg`fsg mf
kbvfstkjl`kðb g `geg plrtf mf ub mf prgyf`tg mf
lrtf.

Pf pufmf `gbskmfrlr `geg keljfb mkjktld l `uldqukfr

kdustrl`kðb, igtgjrliål g jrì﬌`g, quf hlyl tfbkmg ub
trltlekfbtg pgr efmkg mf ldjÿb efmkg fdf`trðbk`g,
plrl fvfbtuldefbtf `gbvfrtkrsf fb ub lr`hkvg
lr` hkvg mkjktld.
 <.> Q󰁾󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁫󰁱󰁫󰁧󰁰
Fxkstf ubl mkifrfb`kl fbtrf dl kmfl mf keljfb mkjktld,
f keljfb mkjktldkzlml, skfbmg dl prkefrl jfbfrlml
󰁭󰁦󰁤 󰁭󰁫󰁰󰁦󰃼󰁧
`gepdftlefbtf pgr `geputlmgrl g mkspgsktkvg,
ekfbtrls quf dl sfjubml hl skmg trlbsifrkml mfsmf Pf trltl mf dl igrel fb quf dgs eëtgmgs y fdfefbtgs
ub grkjkbld iåsk`g, l trlvës mf ldjÿb prg`fsg mf prgifskgbldfs sf utkdkzlb fb fd prg`fsg mf mksfüg,
mkjktldkzl`kðb `geg dg fs fd fs`lbfg. fstgs krìb igrelbmg pltrgbfs quf pgmrìb kb﬎ukr fb
dl pfr`fp`kðb ﬌bld mfd rfsudtlmg fb ub mksfüg, su
Fbtrf dls mkvfrsls vfbtlols mf dl keljfb mkjktld, sf usg kbmk`lmg, `gbtrknukrì l dl `geprfbskðb mf ubl
fb`ufbtrlb? kmfl mftfrekblml quf sf nus`l trlbsektkr.

• Ld pgmfr rfpftkr dl `lbtkmlm mf tgels `ulbtls vf`fs

sf mfsff, fd ekfmg ld frrgr mfslplrf`f.
<.>.< Lregbål
Lregbål
• Ld pgmfr vfr mf elbfrl kbefmkltl fd rfsudtlmg mf
dl tgel, fs pgskndf mfs`lrtlr ubl tgel bg mfsflml y
rfpftkrdl. Fb ubl `gepgsk`kðb vksuld ubl lprgpklml
`genkbl`kðb mf fdfefbtgs, jfbfrl ubl sfbsl`kðb mf
• Pf pgmrìb `geplrtkr dls igtgjrliåls fb mkifrfbtfs ubkmlm y `ghfrfb`kl, mf egmg quf bkbjÿb fdfefbtg
efmkgs fdf`trðbk`gs,
fdf`trðbk`gs, pgr efmkg mf ubl `geputlmgrl u prfmgekbf mf igrel lrnktrlrkl, `gbtrknuyfbmg l quf
gtrgs mkspgsktkvgs fdf`trðbk`
fdf`trðbk`gs.
gs. dl kbigrel`kðb ﬎uyl mf igrel lmf`ulml.
• ^fmu`f `gstgs, ld prfs`kbmkr `gepdftlefbtf mf ub
rgddg mf pfdå`udl y pfrektkr dl keprfskðb ÿbk`lefbtf mf
dls igtgjrliåls quf sf mf mfsffb.
• Dl igtgjrliål mkjktld sf utkdkzl lepdklefbtf fb dlngrfs
mklrkls mf eu`hls prgifskgbfs `geg pgr fofepdg,
pgdk`åls, ljfbtfs mf nkfbfs rlå`fs, ljfbtfs mf sfjurgs,

ngenfrgs, `kfbtå﬌`gs, mg`tgrfs, fbtrf gtrgs.

<.<.< Dl
Dl keljfb mkjktld fb
dl l`tuldkmlm
Fb dl l`tuldkmlm, ubl jrlb `lbtkmlm mf pfrsgbls
`ufbtlb `gb mkifrfbtfs mkspgsktkvgs `gb dl `lpl`kmlm
`lp l`kmlm
mf `lpturlr keìjfbfs, mfsmf mkspgsktkvgs eðvkdfs
`geg tlndftls y tfdëigbgs `fdudlrfs hlstl fd eìs
sg﬌stk`lmg fqukpg prgifskgbld, dg quf il`kdktl
`gbskmfrlndfefbtf dl igrel fb dl quf sf lmqukfrfb Ikjurl <.>.< Lregbål
dls keìjfbfs mkjktldfs, plrl tgml `dlsf mf prgpðsktgs.

Qhgtgshgp @@

<>
<.>.> Nldlb`f
Nldlb`f
Kepdk`l ub sfbtkmg mf kjuldmlm fbtrf dgs fdfefbtgs mf
ubl `gepgsk`kðb, yl sfl fb pfsg vksuld, prgpgr`kðb
tlelüg g `gdgr, lubquf pufmf `gbsfjukrsf l trlvës
mf ub fqukdknrkg skeëtrk`g g lskeëtrk`g dgjrlbmg ubl
`grrf`tl mkspgsk`kðb mf dgs fdfefbtgs fb fddl.
Ikjurl <.>.> Nldlb`f
<.>.0 Ëbilsks
Ëbilsks
Fstì prfsfbtf `ulbmg dgs fdfefbtgs mf ubl
`gepgsk`kðb fstìb `ggrmkblmgs ldrfmfmgr mf ub
`fbtrg mf kbtfrës, sufdf prgvg`lr ubl sfbsl`kðb
mf mrleltkseg rgepkfbmg `gb fd fqukdknrkg mf dl
eksel, `gb fd ﬌b mf mfstl`lr ldjubg mf fddgs `gb
nlsf l ub `rktfrkg mlmg.
Ikjurl <.>.0 Ëbilsks
Qhgtgshgp @@
<.>.= Fqukdknrkg
Fqukdknrkg
Fs ubl `genkbl`kðb mf fdfefbtgs quf kbtfrl`tÿlb
fbtrf så sgnrf ub pdlbg skfbmg su pfsg vksuld fd quf
pfrektf fqukdknrlr fd `gboubtg, skb fenlrjg fxkstfb
gtrgs fdfefbtgs quf pufmfb jfbfrlrdg `geg fd
`gdgr, dl tfxturl y fd igbmg.
Ikjurl <.>.= Fqukdknrkg
<.>.6 Ofrlrquål
Ofrlrquål
Pf trltl mf dl grmfbl`kðb mf fdfefbtgs `gb rfspf`tg
l su skjbk﬌`lmg g kepgrtlb`kl mfbtrg mf ubl
`gepgsk`kðb tfbkfbmg lså ubl rfdl`kðb mkrf`tl `gb
rfspf`tg ld pfsg vksuld fofr`kfbmg lså ubl kmfl mf
jrlvfmlm mfbtrg mf ubl keljfb.
Ikjurl <.>.6 Ofrlrquål

Df``kðb < 
<  @gb`fptgs nìsk`gs mf keljfb mkjktld, `gepgsk`kðb y `geubk`l`kðb
<.>.9 Qrgxkekmlm
Qrgxkekmlm
Pf fb`ufbtrl fb dl rfdl`kðb fbtrf fdfefbtgs quf
pufmfb ljruplrsf y dl sfplrl`kðb mf fdfefbtgs
mkifrfbtfs `gb fspl`kg su﬌`kfbtf mf egmg quf sfl
pgskndf ubl mkifrfb`kl`kðb fbtrf fddgs.
Ikjurl <.>.9 Qrgxkekmlm  Ikjurl <.>.8 Vbkmlm
<.>.: ^fpftk`kðb
^fpftk`kðb
Pf jfbfrl ld utkdkzlr eìs mf ubl vfz ub fdfefbtg
mf dl eksel igrel fb ubl `gepgsk`kðb jfbfrlbmg
mkvfrsls sfbsl`kgbfs mf l`ufrmg l `ðeg iufrgb
utkdkzlmgs, mfsmf dl rfl﬌rel`kðb mf ubl kmfl hlstl
dl `rfl`kðb mf ubl tfxturl skfbmg prgnlndfefbtf fd
prkb`kpkg eìs skepdf y fd eìs utkdkzlmg.
Ikjurl <.>.: ^fpftk`kðb
<0
<.>.8 Vbkmlm
Vbkmlm
Pf lprf`kl fb dl tgtldkmlm mf dgs fdfefbtgs mf
ubl `gepgsk`kðb (tfxtg, keìjfbfs, `gdgrfs ft`.),
mf egmg quf `gbigrefb ubg sðdg fb så ekseg
mfnkfbmg julrmlr ubl prgiubml rfdl`kðb fbtrf fddgs
plrl pgmfr jfbfrlr fstl kmfl.
 
 <.0 ]󰁫󰁱󰁧󰁪󰁾󰁬󰁩󰃥󰁬
L trlvës mf dgs skjdgs dl bf`fskmlm mf `geubk`l`kðb
mfd sfr huelbg dg ddfvð l mfslrrgddlr buefrgsgs y
`gepdfogs skstfels mf skjbgs, `geg efmkml plrl
rfprfsfbtlr su dfbjulof.
Dl fs`rkturl pufmf mf﬌bkrsf `geg dl rfprfsfbtl`kðb
fs`rktl mf dl `geubk`l`kðb, ekfbtrls quf dl
tkpgjrliål fs dl rfprfsfbtl`kðb vksuld mfd dfbjulof
`gb `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf﬌bkmls quf `gbvkfrtfb l `lml
`lrl`tfr fb ubl
mftfrekblml qufgrl`kðb y ëstl
sf qukfrf l su vfz fb ubl kmfl
trlbsektkr.
<.0.< Vsg
Vsg mf dl ]kpgjrliål
`geg fdfefbtg vksuld
L rlåz mf dl fxpdgskðb mf dls bufvls tf`bgdgjåls hung
ub `rf`kekfbtg fxpgbfb`kld fb dl gifrtl y mkvfrskmlm
mf iufbtfs tkpgjrì﬌`ls, fstlbmg lså ld ld`lb`f tlbtg
mf dgs prgifskgbldfs mf dl keljfb `geg mfd pÿndk`g
fb jfbfrld, dg `uld hl rfsudtlmg fb ubl fxpdgtl`kðb
mf fstf fdfefbtg mf elbfrl elskvl plrl trlbsektkr
tgml `dlsf mf efbslofs, mfsmf dgs eìs `gtkmklbgs
hlstl dgs eìs `gepdfogs,
`gb﬌jurl`kðb, lskjblbmg mfpfbmkfbmg mf fstg su
ub lspf`tg fspf`å﬌`g dl
tkpgjrliål, mfpfbmkfbmg mfd gnoftg fb dl quf fstl
vlyl l sfr lpdk`lml (dknrgs, rfvkstls, pfrkðmk`gs,
`lrtfdfs, ft`).
Qhgtgshgp @@

<=
Fb fd prg`fsg mf mksfüg fs mf suel kepgrtlb`kl
tgelr fb `ufbtl lspf`tgs të`bk`gs mf dl tkpgjrliål
`geg dg sgb fd fstkdg, fd `gdgr y fd fspl`klmg
tfbkfbmg `geg prkgrkmlm sfdf``kgblr ub tkpg mf
dftrl quf lyumf l kdustrlr rfigrzlr fd efbslof mf ubl
pundk`l`kðb.
<.0.> @lrl`tfråstk`ls
@lrl`tfråstk`ls
@lrl`tfråstk`ls mf dl
elb`hl tkpgjrì﬌`l
Pf fbtkfbmf `geg fd pfsg vksuld l dl mkstrknu`kðb quf
fd tfxtg tkfbf fb ubl pundk`l`kðb, prkb`kpldefbtf
pgr dgs pìrrligs quf dl `gepgbfb skfbmg fstgs dgs
quf elygr `lrjl tkfbfb fb fddl.
Dgs ndgqufs mf tfxtg quf sf kb`duyfb fb ubl
`gepgsk`kðb lyumlrlb l grjlbkzlr mf elbfrl `dlrl
dl kbigrel`kðb, fs pgr fstg quf sf tkfbf quf tgelr
fb `ufbtl dgs skjukfbtfs lspf`tgs ld kb`dukr tfxtg fb
dls `gepgsk`kgbfs?
• ]lelüg.
• ]kpg mf dftrl.
• Fspl`klmg.
• Ldkbfl`kðb.
• Mkrf``kðb.
<.0.0 Dåbfl
Dåbfl nlsf
Fs ubl dåbfl keljkblrkl sgnrf dl quf sf lpgylb dls
dåbfls mf tfxtg mf ub pìrrlig fstlbmg pgr
p gr dg jfbfrld
tgmgs dgs `lrl`tfrfs ldkbflmgs, lubquf fxkstfb
ldjubls `dlsfs mf iufbtfs mfsldkbflmgs `gb ﬌bfs
fstëtk`gs.
Ikjurl <.0.0 ]kpgjrliål, dåbfl nlsf
<.0.= Qubtg
Qubtg
Fs fd fdfefbtg fb fd quf sf iubml fd skstfel
mugmf`keld mf eëtrk`l tkpgjrì﬌`l, su `rflmgr iuf
Qkfrrf Pkegb Igurbkfr, fs dl ubkmlm mf efmkml
utkdkzlml fb dl tkpgeftrål pumkfbmg lså efmkr dgs
tlelügs mf dls iufbtfs lså `geg dgs kbtfrdkbflmgs
fb dgs tfxtgs y rftå`udls, fs skengdkzlml `geg pt.
<.0.6
 ]rl`ckbj
]rl`ckbj
Fs fd prg`fsg mf `rfl`kðb mf fspl`kg g `geprfskðb
mf ub ndgquf mf tfxtg tfbkfbmg `geg plrìeftrg
</<111 `ulmrltåb, quf fs ubl ubkmlm mf efmkml
rfdltkvl ld tlelüg mfd tfxtg, fs fstrk`tlefbtf
prgpgr`kgbld ld tlelüg mfd tfxtg.
Loustlr fd trl`ckbj prgmu`f quf dls dftrls fstëb
eìs sfplrlmls fbtrf så, pgr dg jfbfrld ëstf bg sf
rfmu`f l efbgs quf sf hlyl kb`rfefbtlmg `gb
lbtfrkgrkmlm, pufs ub trl`ckbj mfelsklmg rfmu`kmg
hlrì quf fd tfxtg sf gs`urfz`l.
Ikjurl <.0.6 ]rl`ckbj
<.0.9 Cfrbkbj
Cfrbkbj
Fs fd prg`fsg mf lmk`kðb g fdkekbl`kðb mf fspl`kg
fbtrf plrfs mf `lrl`tfrfs `gepdftgs pufmf sfr
mftfrekblmg mf elbfrl elbuld g lutgeìtk`l pgr fd
usulrkg y fs fstrk`tlefbtf prgpgr`kgbld ld tlelüg
mfd tfxtg.
<.0.: Kbtfrdkbflmg
Kbtfrdkbflmg
Fs fd fspl`kg fxkstfbtf fbtrf dls dåbfls quf `gepgbfb
dl elb`hl tkpgjrì﬌`l tkfbf `geg iub`kðb jfbfrlr
ub mfs`lbsg vksuld, fspf`k﬌`lbmg su vldgr fb pubtgs
hl`kfbmg dl kbigrel`kðb `gbtfbkml eìs dfjkndf.
Vb kbtfrdkbflmg mfelsklmg pfqufüg pufmf ldtfrlr
dl dfjknkdkmlm mfd ndgquf mf tfxtg ld `luslr ubl
slturl`kðb hl`këbmgdg vfr nlstlbtf gs`urg, sf
rf`gekfbml fxpfrkefbtlr `gb mkifrfbtfs vldgrfs
plrl vfr `uìd iub`kgbl efogr.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
Df``kðb < 
<  @gb`fptgs nìsk`gs mf keljfb mkjktld, `gepgsk`kðb y `geubk`l`kðb
Ikjurl <.0.: Kbtfrdkbflmg
<.= ]󰃫󰁠󰁢󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁰 󰁭󰁦
@󰁧󰁥󰁱󰁧󰁰󰁫󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
Vb lspf`tg l `gbskmfrlr ld egefbtg mf `gefbzlr
l rfldkzlr ub prgyf`tg fs fdfjkr dgs fdfefbtgs quf
dg `gepgbmrìb, plrl fvfbtuldefbtf `gb nlsf l
ubl sfrkf mf `rktfrkgs fspf`å﬌`gs, mftfrekblr su
mkstrknu`kðb.
@gb fd ﬌b mf jfbfrlr ub elygr kepl`tg fs
kepgrtlbtf rf`grmlr quf tgmgs dgs fdfefbtgs quf
kbtfjrlb fd mksfüg mfnfrìb tfbfr ub fqukdknrkg
julrmlbmg ubl `kfrtl `ghfrfb`kl fbtrf fddgs, plrl dg
quf fxkstfb mkvfrsls bgrels fb dls quf fd mksfülmgr
pgmrì lpgylrsf.
<.=.< Fspkrld
Fspkrld lurfl
Ikjurl <.=.< Fspkrld lurfl
Dl sf``kðb g fspkrld lurfl fs ubl prgpgr`kðb mf
efmkmls quf sf hl utkdkzlmg mfsmf hl`f skjdgs, fb
dl ëpg`l mf dgs lbtkjugs jrkfjgs, hlstl fjkp`kgs y
rgelbgs `gbskmfrìbmgdl ubl prgpgr`kðb mf nfddfzl.
<6
Fs ub rf`ursg efmklbtf fd `uld fd `frfnrg huelbg
pfr`knf ub efbslof vksuld mf elbfrl eìs grmfblml,
skfbmg ubl sfrkl`kðb fb dl quf `lml bÿefrg fs fd
rfsudtlmg mf dl suel mf dgs mgs lbtfrkgrfs.
<.=.> ^fjdl
^fjdl mf dgs tfr`kgs
Pf nlsl fb dl mkvkskðb mf dl `gepgsk`kðb fb trfs
sf`tgrfs mf elbfrl tlbtg hgrkzgbtld `geg vfrtk`ld,
mlbmg `geg rfsudtlmg ; eðmudgs, gntfbkfbmg lså
ubl kbtfrsf``kðb fbtrf `ultrg pubtgs ddlelmgs
pubtgs iufrtfs.
Fs utkdkzlml euy irf`ufbtfefbtf fb dl igtgjrliål
y pfrektf mftfrekblr skb `ìd`udgs mfelsklmg
`gepdfogs dls prgpgr`kgbfs eìs `fr`lbls l dl
sf``kðb lurfl mfd `lepg mf vkskðb.
Pf df pufmf fb`gbtrlr fb dl hfrrlekfbtl @grtlr,
`gb dls gp`kgbfs mf supfrpgsk`kðb, fb dl quf ustfm
pgmrì l`tkvlr g mfsl`tkvlr su vksuldkzl`kðb sfjÿb dg
rfqukfrl.
Ikjurl <.=.> ^fjdl mf dgs tfr`kgs
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<9

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB <

<. ·@uìdfs sgb ldjubls vfbtlols mf dl keljfb mkjktld7

L) Qgmfr rfpftkr dl tgel `ulbtls vf`fs sf rfqukfrl, pgmfr `geplrtkr dls igtgjrliåls fb mkifrfbtfs efmkgs
eìs iì`kdefbtf, rfmu`f `gstgs.
N) Pf pufmfb rfldkzlr loustfs iì`kdefbtf mfsmf dl `ìelrl, sf pufmfb rftg`lr dls keìjfbfs skb bf`fskmlm
mf sgitwlrf fspf`kldkzlmg.
@) Pf usl fb dlngrfs `geubfs, sf pufmf keprkekr mkrf`tlefbtf mfd mkspgsktkvg, rfqukfrf fqukpg
prgifskgbld.

>. ·@uìdfs sgb prkb`kpkgs mf mksfüg7

L) Vbkðb, Pustrl``kðb, Kbtfrsf``kðb, ]gquf, Mkstlb`klekfbtg.

N) Lregbål, Nldlb`f, Ëbilsks, Qrgxkekmlm, Vbkmlm.
@) Grjìbk`ls, Jfgeëtrk`ls, Krrfjudlrfs, L``kmfbtldfs.

0. ·Dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf dl tkpgjrliål sgb kepgrtlbtfs, `uldfs sgb `gb`fptgs kepgrtlbtfs l `gbskmfrlr fb fd
usg mfd tfxtg7

L) Ngdm, Ktìdk`l, Punrlylml.

N) @ulmrltåb, Qubtlof, Lstl.
@) Cfrbkbj, ]rl`ckbj, Qubtg.

=. ·@uìdfs mf dgs skjukfbtfs fbub`klmgs mfs`rknfb efogr dl sf``kðb lurfl y rfjdl mf dgs tfr`kgs7

L) Dl mkvkskðb mf dl keljfb fb trfs sf``kgbfs.

N) Qrgpgr`kgbfs mf efmkmls uslmls mfsmf hl`f ub skjdg y quf lyumlb l fbig`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf ubl
igtgjrliål g keljfb fb fd `fbtrg.

@) ]ë`bk`ls mf `gepgsk`kðb vksuld quf lyumlb l pfr`knkr ub efbslof vksuld mf elbfrl eìs grmfblml,
irf`ufbtfefbtf sf uslb fb igtgjrliål y fmk`kðb mf keljfb mkjktld.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Qdlbfl`kðb mf
Qdlbfl`kðb
prgyf`tgs

Qlrl `rflr prgyf`tgs fb Qhgtgshgp, mfnf fstlr ld tlbtg mf `ðeg pdlbflrdgs y slnfr mf dl dfjldkmlm mf dls keìjfbfs quf
vl l utkdkzlr fb su
s u prgyf`tg. Fb fstl df``kðb, fb`gbtrlrì kbigrel`kðb
kbigrel`kðb l`fr`l mf dl pdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs fb Qhgtgshgp
y sgnrf fd usg `grrf`tg mf dls keìjfbfs quf fmktlrì.
 

G󰁮󰁯󰁦󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁧
@gbg`fr fd prg`fsg mf pdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs mf
keljfb mkjktld.

H󰁬󰁮󰁫󰁤󰁫󰁭󰁬󰁭󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁦󰁾󰁽󰁫󰁩󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢

• Kmfbtk﬌`lr fd gnoftkvg, dl lumkfb`kl y dls bf`fskmlmfs

mf fstl plrl prfplrlr dls keìjfbfs.

• Mfegstrlr `gbg`kekfbtg mf dls rfjdls fstìbmlr mf

`gpyrkjht plrl keìjfbfs y su usg.
us g.

• @gbg`fr dls tlrfls y rfspgbslnkdkmlmfs rfdltkvls l dl

jfstkðb mf prgyf`tgs.

• Hlndlr `gb gtrls pfrsgbls (`geg `geplüfrgs y

`dkfbtfs) l`fr`l mf dgs pdlbfs mf mksfüg.

Vb prgyf`tg fs ub fsiufrzg `gdf`tkvg plrl fd quf sf
mfstkblb ubl sfrkf mf rf`ursgs, huelbgs, eltfrkldfs
y f`gbðek`gs plrl fd ld`lb`f mf ub gnoftkvg fb ub
dlpsg mftfrekblmg tfbkfbmg `lrl`tfråstk`ls prgpkls,
quf dg hl`fb ÿbk`g `gb ld`lb`fs mf﬌bkmgs lså `geg
ub prkb`kpkg y ub ﬌bld, lskjblbmg rgdfs l `lml ubg
mf dgs kbvgdu`rlmgs plrl gptkekzlr sus prg`fsgs.
Dl pdlbfl`kðb g lmekbkstrl`kðb mf ub prgyf`tg
`gbskstf fb dl igrel mf grjlbkzl`kðb mf dgs
rf`ursgs mfstkblmgs plrl fstf, `uepdkfbmg `gb
dls rfstrk``kgbfs të`bk`ls, mf `gstgs y mf tkfepg
mftfrekblmls fb ub kbk`kg.
>.< M󰁦󰁩󰁫󰁢󰁫󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦
󰁧󰁮󰁯󰁦󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰
@geg sf efb`kgbð lbtfrkgrefbtf, plrl quf ub
prgyf`tg ld`lb`f su eìxkeg pgtfb`kld fs bf`fslrkg
fstlndf`fr ubl sfrkf mf eftls y ld`lb`fs.
Plnfr
dgjrlrdgquë
fs sfiubmlefbtld
nus`l gntfbfr
fb ydl`uìbmg sf prftfbmf
pdlbfl`kðb mf ub
prgyf`tg, mk`hl kmfl sfrvkrì `geg ubl egtkvl`kðb
jfbfrld plrl fd fqukpg mf trlnlog
>.<.< Lumkfb`kl
Lumkfb`kl gnoftkvg
Murlbtf fd mfslrrgddg mf ub prgyf`tg, sf mfnf
rfldkzlr ubl kbvfstkjl`kðb igreld l`fr`l mfd kepl`tg
mfd ekseg fb dl sg`kfmlm y sgnrf tgmg `gb fd
sfjefbtg mfd pÿndk`g ld quf sf qukfrf mkrkjkr skfbmg
rf`gefbmlndf gntfbfr kbigrel`kðb mf iufbtfs
prkelrkls, pufs fstg `gbtrknukrì l trlnlolr `gb mltgs
eìs fspf`å﬌`gs y sgnrf tgmg eìs `gb﬌lndfs `gb
rfspf`tg l dl pfbftrl`kðb fb mk`hg sfjefbtg.
Dl rfldkzl`kðb mf ubl kbvfstkjl`kðb sgnrf dl lumkfb`kl
hlrì efmkndfs y eìs pldplndfs dgs gnoftkvgs quf
fd prgyf`tg prftfbmf ld`lbzlr, dg quf lyumlrì l
ltfrrkzlr dls kmfls jfbfrlmls murlbtf fd prg`fsg
`rfltkvg, fvktlbmg lså quf fd fqukpg mf trlnlog
pkfrml vldkgsg tkfepg mkvljlbmg `gb kmfls pg`g
`gb`rftls.
>.<.> Gnoftkvgs
Gnoftkvgs mfd `dkfbtf
Fd `dkfbtf fs ubl ﬌jurl iubmlefbtld fb fd
mfslrrgddg mf ub prgyf`tg y sk nkfb pufmf fstlr
g bg `lrjg mfd ekseg, ld ﬌bld mfd mål fs qukfb
tkfbf ub kbtfrës plrtk`udlr fb fd rfsudtlmg y
pufmf sfr `gbmk`kgblbtf mfd ëxktg g irl`lsg mf
ubl gpfrl`kðb.
Df``kðb > 
>  Qdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs <;
Fd `dkfbtf fs qukfb mf ubl igrel u gtrl mf﬌bf dgs
gnoftkvgs mf ub prgyf`tg y sf `gbvfrtkrìb fb dl
mkrf``kðb fb dl quf tgmls dls gpfrl`kgbfs quf dg
`gepgbjlb sf mkrkolb.
Ld ﬌bld mfd prgyf`tg fd `dkfbtf mfnfrì lprgnlr
su kepdfefbtl`kðb `geprgnlbmg quf sf hl
gntfbkmg fd rfsudtlmg l`grmlmg pgr dls plrtfs
lsfjurìbmgsf lmfeìs mf quf `uepdl `gb dgs
bkvfdfs mf `ldkmlm fstlndf`kmgs.
Q^Ì@]K@L? F B]^FYKP]L @GB FD @DKFB]F
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb >―
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W>.zkp quf
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.
<. Fb fd mg`uefbtg fbtrfvkstl, `gepdftf fd kbk`kg y
dgs `lepgs mf dl prkefrl sf``kðb.
  >.> L󰁤󰁠󰁬󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦󰁤
󰁱󰁾󰁧󰁻󰁦󰁠󰁽󰁧
@ulbmg sf mfslrrgddl ub prgyf`tg fb g`lskgbfs sf
bf`fsktl tgelr `kfrtls mf`kskgbfs fb dg quf rfspf`tl
l ldjubgs lspf`tgs mf prgmu``kðb, pgr dg quf
`gb irf`ufb`kl sf mfnfrì lmlptlr dl kbigrel`kðb
mkspgbkndf, plrl utkdkzlrdl fb ldjubl lpdk`l`kðb ﬌bld.
@lml ubl mf fstls mf`kskgbfs rfspgbmf l mkifrfbtfs
runrgs quf `geprfbmfb fd prgyf`tg, tldfs `geg dl
lskjbl`kðb rf`ursgs, tlrfls y if`hls dåektf.
Pupgbjlegs quf fb su trlnlog ustfm sf fb`ufbtrl
mfslrrgddlbmg ub prgyf`tg lprl ubl feprfsl quf
sf mfmk`l l dl prgmu``kðb mf eltfrkld keprfsg, ëd
df sgdk`ktl fd mksfüg mf ub `ltìdgjg `gseëtk`gs plrl
euofrfs lmgdfs`fbtfs.
Lbtfs mf prg`fmfr l dl prgmu``kðb mfd gnoftg
jrì﬌`g, ustfm mfnfrì tfbfr fb `ufbtl buefrgsgs
il`tgrfs quf df lyumfb l gntfbfr ub rfbmkekfbtg
ðptkeg mf dgs rf`ursgs quf vlyl l utkdkzlr, `lml ubl
mf fstls mf`kskgbfs tkfbf ub bgenrf fspf`å﬌`g,
y fs kepgrtlbtf mf﬌bkrdls mf sfr pgskndf mfsmf fd
egefbtg mf `gefzlr l trlnlolr fb fd prgyf`tg.
Fb fd mg`uefbtg fbtrfvkstl, `gepdftf dgs `lepgs
mf dl sfjubml sf``kðb.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

>1
m) Qlrl lsfjurlrsf mf quf bg sf fstì vkgdlbmg
>.0 M󰁦󰁾󰁦󰁠󰁨󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦 bkbjubl dfy mf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr, fs kepgrtlbtf
quf rfldk`f dg skjukfbtf?

󰁬󰁶󰁽󰁧󰁾 - Fs`rknl g fbvåf ub `grrfg fdf`trðbk`g ld lutgr y

pkml `gbsfbtkekfbtg plrl utkdkzlr fd eltfrkld.
- Pkjl dls kbstru``kgbfs mfd sktkg wfn `gb
Ld kbmkvkmug `lplz mf `rflr ubl gnrl dktfrlrkl,
rfifrfb`kl ld usg mfd eltfrkld. Pf df pgmrål
eusk`ld, g `kfbtå﬌`l sf df `gbg`f `geg lutgr y `geg
pfmkr quf `rff ub fbdl`f fb su pìjkbl wfn g
tld pgsff ubl sfrkf mf mfrf`hgs gtgrjlmgs pgr
quf bgtk﬌quf ld lutgr.
mkvfrsls bgrels ouråmk`ls fstlndf`kmls pgr fd fstlmg.
- Bg utkdk`f bkbjÿb eltfrkld sk bg `ufbtl `gb ub
Dls gnrls `gb`fnkmls pgr fd kbtfdf`tg huelbg sgb pfreksg pgr fs`rktg.
gnoftg mf prgtf``kðb pgr fd `lepg mfd mfrf`hg
f) Qlrl lskjblrdf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr l su prgpkg
`gbg`kmg `geg prgpkfmlm kbtfdf`tuld, eìs
eltfrkld, kb`duyl fd lvksg mf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr
fspf`å﬌`lefbtf fb mgs mf sus `lepgs `geg dg sgb
quf skrvf plrl pfr`knkr vksuldefbtf quf fd eltfrkld
dgs mfrf`hgs mf lutgr y dgs mfrf`hgs mf prgpkfmlm
fstì prgtfjkmg mfnf `gbtfbfr ubg g vlrkgs mf dgs
kbmustrkld.
skjukfbtfs fdfefbtgs?
Pf pufmf hlndlr mf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr `ulbmg fd
- Fd såengdg © (dl dftrl @ fb ub `år`udg), g dl
lutgr `rfl sus gnrls `gb ﬌bfs fstëtk`gs `gb dl ÿbk`l
pldlnrl @gpyrkjht
﬌bldkmlm mf kb`rfefbtlr su `udturl, ekfbtrls quf
- Fd lüg mf dl prkefrl pundk`l`kðb.
`ulbmg dg hl`f `gb dl kbtfb`kðb mf ubl fxpdgtl`kðb
- Fd bgenrf mfd prgpkftlrkg mf dgs mfrf`hgs mf
fb ldjubl kbmustrkl g `gefr`kg fb fspf`å﬌`g, sf
lutgr. Qgr fofepdg? © >1<: Lmgnf Pystfes,
trltl mf mfrf`hgs mf prgpkfmlm kbmustrkld.
Kb`.
- Dl bgtk﬌`l`kðb mf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr mfnf
Fb dg quf rfspf`tl `gb`rftlefbtf l dgs mfrf`hgs mf
sfr hf`hl mf tld igrel quf fxprfsf ub lvksg
lutgr,
ekseg fstgs `gb`fmfb
mfrf`hg quf sgb?mgs lspf`tgs pfrtkbfbtfs ld rlzgblndf fb fd quf sf rf`dlefb dgs mfrf`hgs
mf lutgr mf igrel `dlrl.
Fd mfrf`hg egrld, quf `gbskstf fb fd mfrf`hg Qlrl elygr kbigrel`kðb vksktf dls pìjkbls mf dls
fx`duskvg mf `rfl`kðb, `udekbl`kðb y egmk﬌`l`kðb
kbstktu`kgbfs quf rfjudlb dgs mfrf`hgs mf lutgr
mf dl gnrl, lmfeìs mf dl il`udtlm mf elbtfbfrdl
fb su plås?
kbëmktl g pundk`lrdl, yl sfl `gb su bgenrf g nlog ub
sfumðbkeg.
Fstlmgs ubkmgs?
www.`gpyrkjht.jgv
Fd mfrf`hg pf`ubklrkg, f`gbðek`g g pltrkegbkld ,
quf kepdk`l gntfbfr ubl mfnkml rfeubfrl`kðb
Eëxk`g?
f`gbðek`l pgr dl fxpdgtl`kðb mf dl gnrl, lmfeìs
www.kbmlutgr.jgn.ex,
www.kbmlutgr.jgn.ex, www.jgn.ex/ke
www.jgn.ex/kepk 
pk 
mf gtgrjlr fd mfrf`hg mf rfprgmu``kðb, trlmu``kðb y
lmlptl`kðb mf dl eksel.
@gdgenkl?
http?//mfrf`hgmflutgr.jgv.`g
Pujfrfb`kls sgnrf dgs mfrf`hgs mf lutgr?
Jultfeldl?
l) Bg pufmf utkdkzlr eltfrkld prgtfjkmg skb fd mfnkmg
www.rpk.jgn.jt
pfreksg pgr fs`rktg mfd `rflmgr mfd eltfrkld (g mf dl
pfrsgbl quf pgsfl dgs mfrf`hgs mf lutgr).
^fpÿndk`l Mgekbk`lbl?
http?//gbml.jgn.mg
n) Fd eltfrkld pufmf fstlr prgtfjkmg lÿb `ulbmg bg
eufstrf fd såengdg ©. Lÿb `ulbmg bg sf efb`kgbf
Qufrtg ^k`g?
quf fstì prgtfjkmg, sf mfnf lsuekr quf tgmg
https?//fstlmg.pr.jgv/fs/`lt
https?//fstlmg.pr.jgv/fs/`ltfjgrkl/sfrvk`
fjgrkl/sfrvk`kgs
kgs
eltfrkld mf ubl iufbtf dg fstì.
Nrlskd?
`) Dls slb`kgbfs pgr vkgdlr dfyfs mf mfrf`hgs mf
http?//www.nrlskd.jgv.nr/`udturl/>1
http?//www.nrlskd.jg v.nr/`udturl/>11;/<</fbtfb
1;/<</fbtfbml-
ml-
lutgr pufmfb kr mf dfvfs l sfvfrls. Pk bg `uepdf dl
l-dfk-mf-mkrfktgs-lutgrlks
dfy mf mfrf`hgs mf lutgr, pufmf quf skepdfefbtf
rf`knl ub efbslof mf `grrfg fdf`trðbk`g mfd lutgr
Fsplül?
pkmkëbmgdf quf mfof mf uslr fd eltfrkld. Pk pundk`l
http?//www.ef`m.jgn.fs/`udturl-ef`m/lrfls-
fd eltfrkld fb ub sktkg wfn, fd lmekbkstrlmgr Zfn
pgmrål `frrlr su sktkg. G pgmrål sfr mfelbmlmg pgr `udturl/prgpkfmlmkbtfdf`tuld   
`udturl/prgpkfmlmkbtfdf`tuld 
fd lutgr g prg`fslmg pgr lutgrkmlmfs ifmfrldfs.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb > 
>  Qdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs ><

>.0.< ]r
 ]rlnlogs
]rlnlogs
lnlogs mfrkvlmgs
mfr kvlmgs   >.= M󰁫󰁰󰁦󰃼󰁧 󰁻
Pf rf﬌frf l ubl gnrl surjkml ld trlbsigrelr g
egmk﬌`lr gtrl gnrl fxkstfbtf skfbmg fb g`lskgbfs fd
lutgr grkjkbld fd ekseg mf dl gnrl mfrkvlml, lubquf
󰁠󰁧󰁢󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁶󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
tlenkëb pufmf trltlrsf mf ubl pfrsgbl mkstkbtl.
Ld egefbtg mf mfslrrgddlr ub prgyf`tg fs pfrtkbfbtf
Lenls gnrls sgb `gbskmfrlmls `geg grkjkbldfs
nus`lr ubl `ghfrfb`kl fb sus gnoftkvgs, `gb rfspf`tg
y sf prgtfjf su lutgrål, pgr dg quf mf dg grkjkbld
l dgs rf`ursgs fepdflmgs plrl su jfstkðb y fvfbtuld
quf `gbtfbjl ubl gnrl mfrkvlml, sfrì gnoftg mf
kepdfefbtl`kðb, sf skjuf lså ubl sfrkf mf plsgs
prgpkfmlm kbtfdf`tuld sfplrlml.
mftfrekblmgs quf `gbddfvlb ub prg`fsg mf mksfüg mf
prgyf`tg.
Qlrl `rflr ubl gnrl mfrkvlml bg fs bf`fslrkl
lutgrkzl`kðb ldjubl, bg lså su fxpdgtl`kðb quf fxkjf
ub tåtudg gtgrjlmg pgr dl dfy g dgs mfrf`hgs mf dl >.=.< Ilsfs
Ilsfs mfd prg`fsg mf
gnrl grkjkbld.
mksfüg
>.0.> Dfy
Dfy mf Vsg oustg @geg tgmg prg`fsg, fd mksfüg fs ubl sfrkf mf plsgs
quf `gbigref lvlbzl, ltrlvkfsl pgr mkvfrsls ilsfs
quf sgb fd rf﬎fog tlbtg mfd trlnlog `geg mf dgs
Fs ub `gb`fptg kmflmg fb fd skstfel mf mfrf`hg
gnoftkvgs quf sf prftfbmf `uepdkr fb ub prgyf`tg,
lbjdgsloðb quf pfrektf dl elbkpudl`kðb mf
fstg lyumlrì l fstru`turlr dls tlrfls mfd fqukpg mf
eltfrkld prgtfjkmg, skfeprf y `ulbmg sfl `gb ﬌bfs
trlnlog mf ubl elbfrl eu`hg eìs f﬌`kfbtf pufs
l`lmëek`gs g kbigreltkvgs hlnkfbmg mf `uepdkr `gb
`gbtrknuyf l kmfbtk﬌`lr dl igrel fb dl quf fstls sf
`ultrg il`tgrfs fsfb`kldfs quf sgb dgs skjukfbtfs?
rfldkzlrìb.
<. Fd prgpðsktg y `lrì`tfr mfd usg? Kbmk`l quf dgs Fxkstfb mkifrfbtfs eëtgmgs mfpfbmkfbmg mf dls
prgpðsktgs fmu`ltkvgs skb ﬌bfs mf du`rg tkfbf prkgrkmlm
mkifrfbtfs rlels y mks`kpdkbls fb quf sf vlyl l
sgnrf dgs ﬌bfs `gefr`kldfs lmfeìs mf fbdkstlr
trlnlolr, plrtkfbmg mf elbfrl jfbfrld `gb dgs
fspf`å﬌`lefbtf vlrkgs prgpðsktgs lprgpklmgs plrl
skjukfbtfs plsgs?
fd usg oustg, tldfs `geg dl `råtk`l, mks`uskðb, rfpgrtf
mf bgtk`kls, fbsfülbzl f kbvfstkjl`kðb.
• Lbìdksks y Qdlbfl`kðb.
• Mksfüg.
>. Dl blturldfzl mfd eltfrkld prgtfjkmg? Pf `fbtrl fb
• @gbstru``kðb.
fd trlnlog utkdkzlmg y dl dfy quf pfrektf ub lepdkg
• Qrufnl.
g `grtg ld`lb`f mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus `lrl`tfråstk`ls.
• Kepdfefbtl`kðb g dlbzlekfbtg.
0. Dl `lbtkmlm mf sustlb`kldkmlm mf dl pgr`kðb
Fbtfbmfr lmf`ulmlefbtf fstgs prg`fsgs fb
utkdkzlml? Lubquf dl dfy bg fstlndf`f dåektfs fxl`tgs
`lsgs `gb`rftgs, df lyumlrìb l skepdk﬌`lr tlrfls y
sf fbtkfbmf quf fbtrf elygr sfl dl `lbtkmlm quf sf
gptkekzlr sus rf`ursgs.
utkdkzl mf ubl gnrl fs efbgs prgnlndf tfbfr mfrf`hg
ld usg oustg skfbmg fstl `lbtkmlm efmkml fb tërekbgs
`ulbtktltkvgs. ]gefegs `geg fofepdg fd `lsg `gb`rftg mfd mksfüg
mf dl pgrtlml mf ub dknrg, plrl dg `uld prkefrg
mfnfegs fbtfbmfr quf fstf fdfefbtg fs fd eìs
=. Fd fif`tg mfd usg fb ub efr`lmg pgtfb`kld plrl
kepgrtlbtf mf dl pundk`l`kðb, pufs su iub`kðb fs
fd vldgr mf dl gnrl? Iubmlefbtldefbtf skjbk﬌`l quf
`lptlr dl ltfb`kðb mfd df`tgr mf elbfrl kbefmkltl,
sk sf tkfbf ubl gnrl quf pgtfb`kldefbtf pufml sfr
skrvkfbmg `geg jlb`hg mf su ltfb`kðb jfbfrlbmg
fxpdgtlml f`gbðek`lefbtf dkektlrì dl pgsknkdkmlm
su kbtfrës pgr fd dknrg.
mf gntfbfr fd mfrf`hg mf usg oustg.
Mfnfrì `gbskmfrlr dg skjukfbtf?
Fb fd mg`uefbtg fbtrfvkstl, `gepdftf dgs `lepgs
mf dl tfr`frl sf``kðb.
• Lbìdksks y Qdlbfl`kðb? Ftlpl fb dl quf sf
rf`gpkdl dl kbigrel`kðb bf`fslrkl, fd fstumkg mf dl
lumkfb`kl y bf`fskmlmfs mfd `dkfbtf.
• Mksfüg?  Pf jfbfrlb ng`ftgs, mkljrlels y
Mksfüg? Pf
prgpufstl mf kmfls, jfbfrldefbtf skfbmg eìs mf
ubl, egstrlbmg dl mkrf``kðb fb dl quf sf qukfrf
mkrkjkr fd prgmu`tg.

>>
• @gbstru``kðb?  ^fldkzl`kðb mf dgs jrì﬌`gs
@gbstru``kðb? ^fldkzl`kðb
bf`fslrkgs, fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs y loustfs
bf`fslrkgs plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mf dl pgrtlml.
• Qrufnl?  Fd eltfrkld fdlngrlmg fs rfvkslmg pgr fd
Qrufnl? Fd
rfspgbslndf mfd prgyf`tg y tlenkëb pgr fd `dkfbtf,
fs ubl mf dls ftlpls ﬌bldfs y fb dl quf sf rfldkzlb
dgs ÿdtkegs loustfs. Fb fstl ftlpl sf rfldkzl ubl
egmfdg (eg`c-up) mf lplrkfb`kl dg eìs `fr`lbg ld
mksfüg ﬌bld.
Ikjurl >.=.< Ilsfs mfd prg`fsg mf mksfüg
• Kepdfefbtl`kðb?  Vbl vfz rfldkzlmgs dls
Kepdfefbtl`kðb? Vbl
`grrf``kgbfs pfrtkbfbtfs, fs lprgnlmg plrl su
pundk`l`kðb.
>.=.> Elquftl`kðb
Elquftl`kðb y
ng`ftlof
Fd prkb`kpkg mf ub prg`fsg mf mksfüg `gbddfvl l su
vfz gtrg prg`fsg fb fd quf sf `gekfbzlb l jfbfrlr
dls kmfls quf pufmlb lpgrtlr dl sgdu`kðb mfd
prgndfel kmfbtk﬌`lmg, tfbkfbmg fb `ufbtl tgmls
sus dkektlbtfs y dls bf`fskmlmfs quf ub mftfrekblmg
gnoftg mf mksfüg rfqukfrl fb su kepdfefbtl`kðb, l
fstg sf df `gbg`f `geg prg`fsg `rfltkvg.
Vbg mf dgs prkefrgs plsgs l sfjukr mfspuës mf dl
jfbfrl`kðb mf kmfls fs fd prg`fsg mf ng`ftlof quf
trlmu`f mk`hls kmfls fb ubl rfprfsfbtl`kðb vksuld,
quf mlrì ubl kmfl euy jfbfrld mf dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls
mf dl prgpufstl, tgmg fstg hlnrì mf sgeftfrsf l ubl
sfrkf mf lsfsgråls, fb dls quf hlnrìb mf mks`utkrsf
dgs lvlb`fs rfldkzlmgs y dgs pgskndfs `lenkgs, fstg
bgreldefbtf `gb fd ﬌b mf gntfbfr rftrgldkefbtl`kðb
y ubl fvfbtuld lprgnl`kðb mfd `dkfbtf, plrl
fvfbtuldefbtf prg`fmfr l su prgmu``kðb fb sfrkf.
Fb fd `lsg plrtk`udlr mf dl rlel mfd mksfüg `gbg`kml
`geg mksfüg fmktgrkld, sf `gbg`f `geg elquftl`kðb
ld prg`fsg mf mkstrknu`kðb mf fdfefbtgs quf
`gepgbfb l ubl pundk`l`kðb (tfxtgs, keìjfbfs,
`gbstlbtfs, eìrjfbfs, ft`), nlsìbmgsf fb ubl
prgpufstl prfdkekblr.
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl >.=.> Ng`ftlof y elquftl`kðb
>.=.0 ]lrfls
]lrfls
Dl rfldkzl`kðb mf ub prgyf`tg `gbddfvl blturldefbtf
ub fsiufrzg `gdf`tkvg mf dgs kepdk`lmgs fb ëd,
tgml vfz quf sf hlyl mf﬌bkmg fb quf `gbskstf
tld prgyf`tg, dl efogr elbfrl mf lsfjurlrsf mf
quf ëstf gntfbmrì dgs rfsudtlmgs mfsflmgs, fs dl
kbtfjrl`kðb mf ub fqukpg mf trlnlog `gepftfbtf,
`gb dls lptktumfs bf`fslrkls fb mkifrfbtfs mks`kpdkbls
nus`lbmg lså jfbfrlr ubl skbfrjkl y lepdklr sus
pfrspf`tkvls y ld`lb`fs.
Fstf fqukpg sfrì fd fb`lrjlmg mf rfldkzlr dls
mkifrfbtfs l`tkvkmlmfs bf`fslrkls plrl `unrkr dgs
lspf`tgs të`bk`gs y tfðrk`gs plrl `uepdkr `gb dgs
mkvfrsgs gnoftkvgs pdlbtflmgs fb ub kbk`kg y ubl vfz
`gbigrelmg ëstf sf pgmrì `gefbzlr l mksfülr ub
pdlb mf trlnlog quf fxpdkquf mftlddlmlefbtf dls
rfspgbslnkdkmlmfs mf `lml kbtfjrlbtf, fstkpudlbmg
pdlzgs mf tkfepg fspf`å﬌`gs l egmg mf mf﬌bkr
tkfepgs mf fbtrfjl, tgelbmg fb `ufbtl, dls
`lpl`kmlmfs mf dgs kbtfjrlbtfs.
Vb nufb fofepdg plrl fbtfbmfr fstf prg`fsg sfrål
fb su dlngr `geg prgifskgbld, ld trlnlolr plrl ubl
feprfsl mfmk`lml ld `gefr`kg fdf`trðbk`g, quf
rfqukfrf mf ubl sfrkf mf sfskgbfs igtgjrì﬌`ls plrl
egstrlr sus prgmu`tgs y rfldkzlr pfmkmgs pgr `grrfg.
Vb `ltìdgjg skrvf `geg eufstrl mf dgs mkifrfbtfs
prgmu`tgs quf dl feprfsl tkfbf mkspgbkndfs, fstg
`gb fd ﬌b mfmf
`geprlmgr mlrdf ublgntfbmrì
dg quf kmfl dg eìs `fr`lbl pgskndf
﬌bldefbtf ld
ld rfldkzlr
su pfmkmg.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
Qlrl fstru`turlr fd `ltìdgjg, sf mfnfb rfldkzlr ub
jrlb bÿefrg mf tgels igtgjrì﬌`ls y pgstfrkgrefbtf
ub prg`fsg mf lmlptl`kðb mf dgs lr`hkvgs gntfbkmgs
plrl su pundk`l`kðb fb fd `ltìdgjg, dg quf kepdk`l
ubl `lbtkmlm `gbskmfrlndf mf trlnlog quf pufmf
sfr mkstrknukml fb mkvfrsls dlngrfs rfldkzlmls pgr
pfrsgbls fspf`å﬌`ls quf tfbjlb fd `gbg`kekfbtg y
fxpfrkfb`kl bf`fslrkls, mfnkfbmg tfbfr fb `ufbtl
fb fstf `lsg dg skjukfbtf?
Igtðjrlig - Pfskðb igtgjrì﬌`l? @lpturl mf
dls keìjfbfs mf prgmu`tg bf`fslrkls plrl dl
rfldkzl`kðb mfd `ltìdgjg.
Mksfülmgr ‐ ^ftgquf y prfplrl`kðb mf lr`hkvgs
﬌bldfs? Fs fd prg`fsg mf fmk`kðb rfldkzlmg
`gb lyuml mf fqukpg mf hlrmwlrf y sgitwlrf
fspf`kldkzlmg quf df pfrektl egmk﬌`lr dls
prgpkfmlmfs mf dls keìjfbfs. Mfpfbmkfbmg fd
usg ﬌bld quf sf df mlrì l dls keìjfbfs mfnfb
tfbfr dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls `grrf`tls `geg sgb
efmkmls, rfsgdu`kðb y egmg mf `gdgr.
>.=.= Lskjbl`kðb
Lskjbl`kðb mf
rf`ursgs
Fb g`lskgbfs dl prfeurl ld egefbtg mf `gefbzlr dl
jfstkðb mf ub prgyf`tg, grkddl l ub dåmfr mf prgyf`tg
l rfldkzlr fstkel`kgbfs kbfxl`tls g lrnktrlrkls fb
dl lskjbl`kðb mf rf`ursgs, fstg fvfbtuldefbtf
pufmf rfsudtlr suelefbtf `gstgsg y pgr fstg
fs euy kepgrtlbtf rf`lnlr dl elygr `lbtkmlm mf
kbigrel`kðb pgskndf lbtfs mf kbk`klr, quf pfrektl
rfldkzlr ubl fstkel`kðb dg eìs `fr`lbl pgskndf l ubl
`lbtkmlm ﬌bld fs fsfb`kld plrl ubl efogr pdlbfl`kðb
mfd prgyf`tg.
Fd fqukpg pgmrì lpgylrsf fb tgmg `lsg mf rfpgrtfs
mf gtrgs prgyf`tgs lbtfrkgrfs mf `lrl`tfråstk`ls
skekdlrfs
`gefbzlr ldl quf sf fb`ufbtrl
lskjblr rf`ursgs, fb mfslrrgddg
skfeprf plrl
tfbkfbmg
fb `ufbtl quf tgmgs dgs rfsudtlmgs gntfbkmgs
lbtfrkgrefbtf sgb suoftgs l efogrls `gbtkbuls.
^ftgelbmg fd fofepdg mf dl feprfsl mfmk`lml
ld `gefr`kg fdf`trðbk`g, plrl rfldkzlr dl sfskðb
igtgjrì﬌`l efb`kgblml fs bf`fslrkg mkspgbfr mf
fqukpg prgifskgbld mf igtgjrliål fspf`å﬌`g quf
jlrlbtk`f dl gntfb`kðb mf ub rfsudtlmg mf `ldkmlm.
` ldkmlm.
Lskjblr fstgs rf`ursgs, `geprfbmf mfsmf fd fqukpg
igtgjrì﬌`g prgifskgbld, tkfepg, lskjbl`kðb mf
hlrmwlrf y sgitwlrf, y fd pfrsgbld quf sf fb`ufbtrf
mfnkmlefbtf `lpl`ktlmg plrl su gpfrl`kðb.
Df``kðb >
>   Qdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs >0
>.=.6 @geubk`l`kðb
@geubk`l`kðb `gb
dgs kbvgdu`rlmgs fb fd
prgyf`tg
Fs rf`urrfbtf quf dgs plrtk`kplbtfs fb ub prgyf`tg
murlbtf tgmg fd prg`fsg ltrlvkfsfb pgr mkvfrsls
mk﬌`udtlmfs quf mf bg fxkstkr ubl lprgpklml
`geubk`l`kðb fbtrf fddgs mfvfbjlb fb sktul`kgbfs
`råtk`ls y sus l`tkvkmlmfs bg sf `gepdfefbtfb, dg
quf hlrål quf fd prg`fsg sf fbtgrpfz`l y sf ldlrjufb
dgs tkfepgs fstkpudlmgs mf ﬌bldkzl`kðb, pfgr lÿb sf
elbtfbjlb pfrg skb `uepdkr dgs gnoftkvgs mfsflmgs,
g bg sf tfbjlb fb `ufbtl dgs fstìbmlrfs eåbkegs mf
`ldkmlm bf`fslrkgs.
Fd lmekbkstrlmgr mfd prgyf`tg hlnrì mf `gbtlr `gb
mgb mf dkmfrlzjg, fstl il`udtlm pfrektkrì ubl elygr
lmekbkstrl`kðb mf dgs rf`ursgs tlbtg eltfrkldfs
`geg huelbgs, dg `uld pfrektkrì ubl `udekbl`kðb
fxktgsl mfd prgyf`tg.
]gmls fstls l``kgbfs tfbmrìb ubl rfpfr`uskðb
mkrf`tl fb dl igrel fb quf sf lngrmlrìb dgs tfels
rfifrfbtfs
`gb ld mfslrrgddg
qukfb hl mfd prgyf`tg,
mf elbtfbfrsf `gb fd
ub `gbtl`tg `dkfbtf,
irf`ufbtf
prgpgr`kgblbmg kbigrel`kðb mftlddlml quf pfrektl
ubl rftrgldkefbtl`kðb `gbstru`tkvl, fxpgbkëbmgdf
fb tgmg egefbtg dls kbqukftumfs, lså `geg dgs
dgjrgs y lvlb`fs gntfbkmgs.
Qlrl jfbfrlr fstl rftrgldkefbtl`kðb, sf sujkfrf
jfstkgblr ubl sfrkf mf rfubkgbfs `gb fd `dkfbtf
mgbmf sf eufstrl fd lvlb`f y mf dl eksel elbfrl
sf rf`knfb `gefbtlrkgs y sujfrfb`kls rfspf`tg
ld mfslrrgddg mfd prgyf`tg, tgmg fstg plrl dgjrlr
`uepdkr `gb dgs gnoftkvgs pdlbtflmgs fb ub kbk`kg.
Fofepdg? Vb `dkfbtf euy prgl`tkvg.
Lqufd quf `rff slnfr eu`hg mfd tfel y quf
rfldkzl `gbtlbtfefbtf sujfrfb`kls mf `ðeg
hl`fr dls `gsls.
Murlbtf fd mfslrrgddg mfd prgyf`tg skfeprf
trltlbmg mf kbmk`lr dl dåbfl mf mksfüg l sfjukr
y `ðeg mfnål rfldkzlr tld g `uld loustf kb`dusg
l kbtfbtlr mf`kmkr sgnrf dls l`tkvkmlmfs mfd
fqukpg, tfels fspf`å﬌`gs `geg `gdgr y
tkpgjrliål. Kb`dusg trltlbmg mf kepgbfr su justg
pfrsgbld lbtfs quf fdfjkr dl efogr të`bk`l mf
`gepgsk`kðb plrl dgjrlr fd gnoftkvg pfrsfjukmg.

>=
Dl sgdu`kðb? rfstlndf`fr dls iub`kgbfs mf `lml
ekfenrg mfd fqukpg mf﬌bkmls prfvklefbtf. Pk
dls l`dlrl`kgbfs sutkdfs bg iub`kgblb, fbtgb`fs
murlbtf dls rfubkgbfs prgjrlelmls sf mfnfrìb
l`dlrlr tldfs sktul`kgbfs `geg sgb ·―mf tld g `uld
sujfrfb`kl―, pgrquf `gbskmfrl quf sfrì efogr
plrl fd mfslrrgddg mf fstf prgyf`tg7, ·@uìbmg
sujkrkð —tld g `uld `gsl― `gbskmfrg `geg
rfpfr`utkrål fstf `lenkg, rfspf`tg l dgs mfeìs
fdfefbtgs yl lprgnlmgs7, ·tkfbf kbqukftum
rfspf`tg l… (`gdgr, tlelüg, df`turl)7, sk ef
pfrektf df fxpdk`lrë fd pgrquë mf fsl fdf``kðb
y qukzì egstrlr ldtfrbltkvls quf tlenkëb sflb
iub`kgbldfs l fstf mksfüg.
>.6 @󰃰󰁥󰁧 󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁾󰁦󰁪󰁬󰁾
󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁨󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰 󰁩󰁫󰁢󰁬󰁤󰁦󰁰
Ld ddfjlr ld ﬌bld mf ub prgyf`tg y lbtfs mf su
kepdfefbtl`kðb y prgmu``kðb, fs bf`fslrkg
lsfjurlrsf mf quf dgs rfsudtlmgs gntfbkmgs hlstl fd
egefbtg `uepdfb `gb dgs gnoftkvgs mfsflmgs.
]lbtg sk dl keljfb sfrì keprfsl fb ubl keprfsgrl
mf fs`rktgrkg `geg sk dl fbvål l ub sfrvk`kg mf
prfkeprfskðb, fs rf`gefbmlndf `gbg`fr ldjubgs
pubtgs nìsk`gs sgnrf dl keprfskðb.
Fbtrfjl mf Lr`hkvgs ﬌bldfs plrl keprfskðb?
Fxkstfb ubl sfrkf mf rfquksktgs, mfpfbmkfbmg mf dls
pdltligrels fb quf dls keìjfbfs mkjktldfs vlylb l
pundk`lrsf. Mf fstf egmg dls keprfbtls, quf sgb dls
fb`lrjlmls mf dl prgmu``kðb fb sfrkf, fstkpudlb ubl
sfrkf mf dkbflekfbtgs plrl jlrlbtkzlr ub rfsudtlmg
mf `ldkmlm mf tgmg fd trlnlog rfldkzlmg.
]kpgs mf keprfskðb? Qlrl
keprfskðb? Qlrl eu`hgs usulrkgs mf
Qhgtgshgp, keprkekr ub lr`hkvg skjbk﬌`l fbvklr
dl keljfb l ubl keprfsgrl mf kbyf``kðb mf tkbtl.
Qhgtgshgp pufmf fbvklr dl keljfb l mkstkbtgs
mkspgsktkvgs plrl quf sf keprkel mkrf`tlefbtf
fb plpfd g sf `gbvkfrtl fb ubl keljfb fb
pgsktkvg g bfjltkvg mf ubl pfdå`udl.
]kpgs mf keìjfbfs? Igreltg lmf`ulmg sfjÿb dg
sgdk`ktf fd prgvffmgr mfd sfrvk`kg mf keprfskðb.
`gdgr? Dl keìjfbfs plrl
Pfplrl`kðb mf `gdgr?
rfprgmu``kðb `gefr`kld l tgmg `gdgr mfnfb
keprkekrsf fb pdl`ls elfstrls kbmfpfbmkfbtfs,
ubl plrl `lml `gdgr. Fstf prg`fsg, ddlelmg
sfplrl`kðb mf `gdgr, sufdf rfqufrkr fd usg mf
tkbtls @E[C (`klb, eljfbtl, lelrkddg y bfjrg).
Qhgtgshgp @@
mftlddf? Dl `ldkmlm mf mftlddf mf ubl
@ldkmlm mf mftlddf? Dl
keljfb keprfsl mfpfbmf mf dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dl
keljfb (påxfdfs pgr pudjlml) y mf dl rfsgdu`kðb
mf dl keprfsgrl (pubtgs pgr pudjlml).
@uepdkr `gb fstls bgrels fs vktld, yl quf ubl
mfs`ukmlml `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf dgs lr`hkvgs quf sf
fbtrfjufb plrl prgmu``kðb pgmrål tkrlr pgr dl ngrml
tgmg ub prg`fsg mf efsfs mf trlnlog, pgr dg quf
ubl `geubk`l`kðb `gb dgs prgvffmgrfs fs fsfb`kld
skfbmg pgr dg jfbfrld fstls bgrels plrtf mf ub
fstìbmlr prfsfbtf fb dl elygrål mf dgs prgvffmgrfs
mf keprfskðb.
Julrmlbmg lr`hkvgs plrl wfn?
Dls keìjfbfs plrl pdltligrels wfn sf mfnfrìb
prfplrlr fb fd igreltg quf fd mfslrrgddlmgr sgdk`ktf
y fd eìs utkdkzlmg plrl julrmlr ubl keljfb fs dl
fxtfbskðb OQFJ, fb `geplrl`kðb `gb dgs igreltgs
JKI (utkdkzlmg plrl keìjfbfs mf `gdgrfs dkektlmgs),
y QBJ quf lubquf ﬎fxkndf, fs nlstlbtf efbgs
utkdkzlmg.
Dls hfrrlekfbtls wfn mf Qhgtgshgp il`kdktlb dl
`rfl`kðb mf `gepgbfbtfs plrl dls pìjkbls wfn g mf
pìjkbls wfn `gepdftls fb igreltgs prffstlndf`kmgs
g pfrsgbldkzlmgs.
>.6.< Egmg
Egmgy igrel plrl
fbtrfjlr lr`hkvgs ﬌bldfs
Ldjubgs mf dgs dkbflekfbtgs plrl fbtrfjlr dgs
lr`hkvgs ﬌bldfs mf ub prgyf`tg eìs irf`ufbtfs sgb
dgs skjukfbtfs?
Dls keìjfbfs mfnfrìb fstlr mfnkmlefbtf `ldknrlmls,
`gb﬌jurlbmg mfsmf ub grkjfb ubl rfsgdu`kðb mf
011 pubtgs pgr pudjlml, lsfjurìbmgsf lmfeìs
quf sfeljfbtl,
(@kìb, fb`ufbtrfb fb fdy bfjrg),
lelrkddg egmfdgquf
mf fs
`gdgr @E[C,
fd egmfdg
`gb fd quf dls eìqukbls mf keprfskðb trlnlolb
efmklbtf dgs mkvfrsgs eëtgmgs mf keprfskðb skfbmg
prgnlndfefbtf fd eìs `geÿb fd eëtgmg mf giisft.
Dls iufbtfs utkdkzlmls tlenkëb rfprfsfbtlb ub il`tgr
l tgelr fb `ufbtl l dl hgrl mf fbtrfjlr ub lr`hkvg
﬌bld, sk nkfb fd igreltg QMI fs ub igreltg mf lr`hkvg
quf pfrektf kbtfjrlr dls iufbtfs ldjubls rfstrk``kgbfs
mf dk`fb`kl pgmrålb `geprgeftfr fd rfsudtlmg ﬌bld,
sgnrf tgmg sk dls iufbtfs iufrgb lmqukrkmls efmklbtf
prgvffmgrfs mfs`gbg`kmgs, pgr dg quf fs kepgrtlbtf
lsfjurlrsf mfd grkjfb mf dls eksels, g fb tgmg `lsg
lpgylrsf mf lpdk`l`kgbfs quf pfrektfb fd trlzlmg
t rlzlmg mf
dgs tfxtgs.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb >
>   Qdlbfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs >6
Fs kepgrtlbtf tfbfr fb `ufbtl ub ìrfl fxtrl mfd
ìrfl mf keprfskðb, `gbg`kmg `geg slbjrlmg  >.6.>  If`hls
If`hls mf vfb`kekfbtg
lsfjurìbmgsf mf ubl mkstrknu`kðb mf dgs fdfefbtgs
quf bg `geprgeftl mk`hg fspl`kg y prg`urlbmg Murlbtf fd mfslrrgddg mf ub prgyf`tg dgs fsiufrzgs
julrmlr mkstlb`kls lreðbk`ls vksuldefbtf. Dl efmkml mfd fqukpg mf trlnlog ltrlvkfslb mkstkbtls ilsfs,
mf ëstl ìrfl vlrål mfpfbmkfbmg mfd prgvffmgr pgr tgmls tfbkfbmg `geg eftl dl ilsf mf fbtrfjl
dg jfbfrld gs`kdlbmg fbtrf dgs 0 y 6 ee eìs lddì mf mf﬌bkml l trlvës mf ubl if`hl dåektf y `geprfbmf
dls elr`ls mf `grtf (pfqufüls juåls quf kbmk`lrlb dl fbtrfjl mfd prgmu`tg ﬌bld ld `dkfbtf, fb g`lskgbfs
ld keprfsgr mgbmf rfldkzlr dgs `grtfs plrl gntfbfr fd nrkbmìbmgdf ubl nrfvf `lpl`ktl`kðb.
tlelüg ﬌bld mfd gnoftg).
Mfsmf fd kbk`kg mfd prgyf`tg dls ftlpls y if`hls plrl
Fb dg quf rfspf`tl l dl fbtrfjl mf lr`hkvgs fbtrfjlr
prg`urlrlgrfspftlrdls
rfvkslr fd `gb
lvlb`f iufrgb
fd ﬌b mf﬌bkmls
mf fvktlr y sfy
rftrlsgs
gptkekzlmgs plrl dl wfn, pufmf fdfjkr fbtrf dgs
skjukfbtfs `ultrg igreltgs? `uepdkr `gb dl if`hl mf fbtrfjl mfd prgyf`tg.

OQFJ? Fs fd igreltg eìs utkdkzlmg, skfbmg `lplz

mf elbtfbfr jrlb plrtf mf dl `ldkmlm mf ubl
keljfb skb luefbtlr mfelsklmg fd tlelüg mfd
lr`hkvg.

QBJ->=? L mkifrfb`kl mfd igreltg OQFJ, sf

`lrl`tfrkzl pgr ldel`fblr kbigrel`kðb mf dl
keljfb lmektkfbmg ubl trlbsplrfb`kl, hl`kfbmg
fd tlelüg mfd lr`hkvg, `gbskmfrlndfefbtf eìs
jrlbmf.

JKI? Pf utkdkzl plrl lr`hk`gs `gb ìrfls mf

`gdgr ubkigref y mftlddfs båtkmgs, lmfeìs mf
sfr `geÿbefbtf utkdkzlmg plrl lbkel`kgbfs
pfqufüls.

QBJ-8? Pkrvf `geg ldtfrbltkvl ld igreltg JKI

lubquf efbgs `gbg`kmg, skb fenlrjg bg pufmf
utkdkzlrdg plrl fxpgrtlr lbkel`kgbfs.

Qhgtgshgp tlenkëb df pfrektkrì jfbfrlr keìjfbfs

lprgpklmls plrl quf pufmlb lplrf`fr `grrf`tlefbtf
fb mkspgsktkvgs `geg egbktgrfs mf våmfg.

Fxkstfb mftfrekblmls gp`kgbfs mf våmfg `gb dls

quf pgmrì `gepfbslr fd rfmkefbskgblekfbtg mf
keìjfbfs `ulbmg sf kb`grpgrfb ld våmfg.

Mfspuës mf hlnfr `rflmg fd `gbtfbkmg mf våmfg g

ubl lbkel`kðb fb Qhgtgshgp, pgmrì gptkekzlrdg,
rfbmfrkzlrdg y fxpgrtlrdg iì`kdefbtf.

Qhgtgshgp df pfrektkrì fxpgrtlr lr`hkvgs mf våmfg

g sf`ufb`kls mf keìjfbfs, egstrlbmg mkifrfbtfs
igreltgs mf lr`hkvgs, mfpfbmkfbmg mf dl gp`kðb mf
`gmk﬌`l`kðb quf hlyl sfdf``kgblmg.

Dl gp`kðb Lmgnf Efmkl Fb`gmfr df pfrektkrì fdfjkr

fbtrf @QP, H.>9= y \uk`ctkef, skfbmg pgskndf fb
`lml ubg mf fddgs egmk﬌`lr dls prgpkfmlmfs mf
fxpgrtl`kðb, l ﬌b mf gntfbfr mkifrfbtfs rfsudtlmgs
mfpfbmkfbmg mf dl lpdk`l`kðb ﬌bld quf fd våmfg vlyl
l tfbfr yl sfl plrl mkspgsktkvgs eðvkdfs, rfprgmu``kðb
mf lbkel`kgbfs jfbfrlmls pgr grmfblmgrfs,
lbkel`kgbfs plrl ﬎uog `gbtkbug mf våmfg y sgbkmg l
trlvës mf kbtfrbft fbtrf gtrgs.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

>9

@VFP]KGBL^KG DF@@KÐB >

<. ·Qgr quë fs mftfrekblbtf `gbg`fr dgs gnoftkvgs mfd `dkfbtf y dl lumkfb`kl l dl quf mkrkjf fd prgmu`tg7

L) Qlrl jfbfrlr fepltål `gb fd `dkfbtf.

N) Qlrl mftfrekblr fd `gstg mfd mfslrrgddg.
@) Qfrektf mf﬌bkr dl dåbfl y fstkdg mf mksfüg l sfjukr.

>. ·Mf quf igrelb plrtf fd dkektlr dls tlrfls, lskjbl`kðb mf rf`ursgs y if`hls dåektfs7

L) Ld`lb`f mf prgyf`tg.
N) Gnoftkvgs mfd `dkfbtf.
@) Egmg y igrel.

0. ·@uìdfs mf dls skjukfbtfs sgb tfels rfifrfbtfs l mfrf`hg mf lutgr7

L) ]kpg mf dftrl, lüg mf `rfl`kðb, BGE, fbdl`f wfn l dl nkndkgjrliål.

N) Qrg`fsgs ifmfrldfs, bgenrf mfd lutgr, `gstgs mf prgmu``kðb.
@) ©, `gbsfbtkekfbtg plrl uslr fd eltfrkld, gnrls `rflmls pgr fd kbtfdf`tg huelbg, gnrl mfrkvlml.

=. ·@uìdfs sgb dls vfbtlols mf elbtfbfr ubl nufbl `geubk`l`kðb `gb dgs kbvgdu`rlmgs fb ub prgyf`tg7

L) L`grtlr dls ilsfs mfd mksfüg, pfrektkr quf fd `dkfbtf pufml tgelr mf`kskgbfs l`fr`l mfd fstkdg, `gdgr y
tkpg mf dftrl quf sf uslrl fb fd mfslrrgddg mfd prgyf`tg, lså `geg `grrfjkr dl dåbfl mf mksfüg sfjÿb
lvlb`f fd prgyf`tg.
N) Vb lenkfbtf ljrlmlndf murlbtf fd mfslrrgddg, dgjrlr dlzgs mf lekstlm `gb tgmgs dgs kbvgdu`rlmgs.

@) L`tkvkmlmfs rfldkzlmls pgr pfrsgbls `gb fd `gbg`kekfbtg y fxpfrkfb`kls bf`fslrkls, lskjblr dgs rf`ursgs
`grrf`tlefbtf ld pfrsgbld kbmk`lmg. Qfrektf tfbfr ubl rftrgldkefbtl`kðb `gbstru`tkvl quf `gbtrknuyf ld
lvlb`f y dgjrlr dgs gnoftkvgs kbk`kldfs.

6. ·Qgr quë fs kepgrtlbtf quf dl fbtrfjl mf lr`hkvgs ﬌bldfs sf hljl fb tkfepg y igrel7

L) Qlrl fvktlr eudtls pgr kb`uepdkekfbtg.

N) Fvktlr rftrlsgs y fbtrfjlr dgs lr`hkvgs bf`fslrkgs mf dl elbfrl `grrf`tl.
@) Qlrl fvktlr fbilmlr ld `dkfbtf.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

·\uë fs
Qhgtgshgp7

Lbtfs mf `gefbzlr `gb dl `rfl`kðb mf prgyf`tgs, fb fstl df``kðb `gbg`frì fd fspl`kg mf trlnlog plrl dl fmk`kðb mf dls
keìjfbfs. Lprfbmfrì `ðeg lnrkr keìjfbfs fb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp, utkdkzlr hfrrlekfbtls nìsk`ls f kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs plbfdfs
y efbÿs. ]lenkëb, `rflr fspl`kgs mf trlnlog pfrsgbldkzlmgs.
 

Gnoftkvg
@gbg`fr dl kbtfrilz mf Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp .

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Plnfr utkdkzlr dgs mkspgsktkvgs mf jfbfrl`kðb mf
keìjfbfs, dgs tkpgs mf keìjfbfs rfsudtlbtfs y fd
egmg mf l``fsg l mk`hls keìjfbfs fb Qhgtgshgp.

• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg

mf Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.

• Plnfr prgmu`kr y rfutkdkzlr keìjfbfs.

• Vslr dls juåls y rfjdls mf Qhgtgshgp

Qhgtgshgp..

Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp fs ub sgitwlrf mf fmk`kðb mf
keìjfbfs mkjktldfs prkb`kpldefbtf uslmg plrl fd
rftgquf mf igtgjrliåls y jrì﬌`gs. Pu bgenrf fb
fsplügd skjbk﬌`l dktfrldefbtf tlddfr mf igtgs.
@gb ubl `frtk﬌`l`kðb Lmgnf® @frtk﬌fm
Lssg`kltf (L@L), dgs fstumklbtfs lmqukfrfb
dls hlnkdkmlmfs y mks`kpdkbl bf`fslrkgs plrl
uslr fd sgitwlrf y `rflr keìjfbfs mkjktldfs
ÿbk`ls. Dgs fmu`lmgrfs girf`fb ubl
`frtk﬌`l`kðb rf`gbg`kml pgr dl kbmustrkl `geg
` geg
ubl plrtf kbtfjrld mf su pdlb mf fstumkgs,
dgs fstumklbtfs tkfbfb eìs `gb﬌lbzl fb sus
hlnkdkmlmfs yl quf `frtk﬌`lb fd `gbg`kekfbtg
mf sgitwlrf bf`fslrkg plrl tfbfr ëxktg fb dl
fmu`l`kðb efmkl, supfrkgr y ld kbk`kg mf su
vkml dlngrld.
0.< L󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁭󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁰
Fs prgnlndf quf hlyl fs`u`hlmg ldjubl vfz dl
irlsf, fsl keljfb fstl —phgtgshgpflml―, lubquf
fs ub tërekbg eld lpdk`lmg y quf Lmgnf Pystfes
Kb`. elr`l `geg ub usg kb`grrf`tg mfd bgenrf, fs
eìs `geÿb fs`u`hlrdl ld hlndlr mf elbkpudl`kðb
mf keìjfbfs mkjktldfs y fs pgrquf Qhgtgshgp fs
lepdklefbtf fepdflmg `geg skbðbkeg plrl dl
fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs mkjktldfs fb jfbfrld.
Pu dlbzlekfbtg g﬌`kld iuf fb <;;1, Qhgtgshgp
hl `lenklmg y efogrlmg bgtlndfefbtf hlstl dl
hfrrlekfbtl quf utkdkzl l`tuldefbtf.
Pgpgrtl eu`hgs tkpgs mf lr`hkvgs mf keìjfbfs,
`geg NEQ, OQJ, QBJ, JKI y eìs, lmfeìs tkfbf
igreltgs mf keljfb prgpkgs (QPM).
0.> I󰁧󰁽󰁧󰁪󰁾󰁬󰁩󰃥󰁬
󰁭󰁫󰁪󰁫󰁽󰁬󰁤
Fif`tkvl, rìpkml y nlrltl sgb vlrkls mf dls vfbtlols
mf dl igtgjrliål mkjktld. L`tuldefbtf fs eìs iì`kd
tfbfr l``fsg l ub fqukpg igtgjrì﬌`g sfl fstf nìsk`g
g ldtlefbtf sg﬌stk`lmg pgr dg quf fstf sf`tgr
hl `rf`kmg `gbskmfrlndfefbtf y dgs nfbf﬌`kgs
prkb`kpldefbtf plrl qukfbfs bg sf mfmk`lb
prgifskgbldefbtf l fstl l`tkvkmlm, `geg sgb dgs
fstumklbtfs fs quf
mf ldtl `ldkmlm, dfs pfrektf
kbefmkltgs, jfbfrlr mf
bg rfqukfrfb prgyf`tgs
fqukpg
ldtlefbtf fspf`kldkzlmg y dg efogr iì`kdefbtf mf
fmktlr plrl gntfbfr efogrfs rfsudtlmgs.
Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 >;
Dl igtgjrliål mkjktld fstì fb `lsk tgmg dg quf bgs
rgmfl, dl pundk`kmlm, dls rfmfs sg`kldfs, kbtfrbft,
tfdëigbgs eðvkdfs, ft`.
]gml keljfb yl sfl ﬌ol `geg fb dl igtgjrliål g fb
egvkekfbtg `geg fb dl lbkel`kðb, `kbf y tfdfvkskðb,
t fdfvkskðb,
sf ldkbfl l `kfrtls rfjdls. Qfrskjukfbmg fd ekseg
gnoftkvg `lml `lpturl mf keljfb pufmf rfsudtlr
euy mkifrfbtf ld `lptlr ubgs u gtrgs fdfefbtgs y
tfbfr rfsudtlmgs euy vlrklmgs. Qgr fofepdg unk`lr
dl `ìelrl fb pgsk`kðb nlol fbjrlbmf`f ld pfrsgblof,
ekfbtrls quf fb ubl pgsk`kðb ldtl mlrì dl sfbsl`kðb
mf ekbkekzl`kðb mf dl pfrsgbl, g ub prkefr pdlbg
sgnrf fd rgstrg pfrektkrì fepltål `gb fd pfrsgblof,
ekfbtrls quf ub pdlbg jfbfrld sfrì lmf`ulmg plrl
mfs`rknkr fd fspl`kg.
Ikjurl 0.> @gbtrlpk`lmg y pk`lmg.
Fd
mf`dkfbtf fs ubl y﬌jurl
ub prgyf`tg iubmlefbtld
sk nkfb fbgfdbg
pufmf fstlr mfslrrgddg
l `lrjg
mfd ekseg, ld ﬌bld mfd mål fs qukfb tkfbf ub kbtfrës
plrtk`udlr fb fd rfsudtlmg y pufmf
p ufmf sfr `gbmk`kgblbtf
mfd ëxktg g irl`lsg mf ubl gpfrl`kðb.
Fd `dkfbtf fs qukfb mf ubl igrel u gtrl mf﬌bf dgs
gnoftkvgs mf ub prgyf`tg y sf `gbvfrtkrìb fb dl
mkrf``kðb fb dl quf tgmls dls gpfrl`kgbfs quf dg
`gepgbjlb sf mkrkolb.
Ld ﬌bld mfd prgyf`tg fd `dkfbtf mfnfrì lprgnlr su
kepdfefbtl`kðb `geprgnlbmg quf sf hl gntfbkmg
fd rfsudtlmg l`grmlmg pgr dls plrtfs lsfjurìbmgsf
lmfeìs mf quf `uepdl `gb dgs bkvfdfs mf `ldkmlm
fstlndf`kmgs.
Qrkb`kpldfs tgels utkdkzlmls fb igtgjrliål?
plbgrìek`l? ^fldkzlml fb fspl`kgs lepdkgs g
]gel plbgrìek`l? ^fldkzlml
lnkfrtgs, eufstrl fd fs`fblrkg y fbtgrbg.
Ikjurl 0.>.L ]gel plbgrìek`l

01
Qdlbg jfbfrld (Dgbj Phgt)? Fbelr`l
Phgt)? Fbelr`l l dgs pfrsgblofs
fb ubl tgel eufstrl tlbtg ld pfrsgblof `geg fd
dujlr mgbmf fstl unk`lmg.
Ikjurl 0.>.N ]gel jfbfrld 
Qdlbg efmkg? @geg sf dff, lqufddl tgel mgbmf fd
suoftg u gnoftg sf fb`ufbtrf l dl ektlm, sf pufmf
vksuldkzlr euy nkfb `gb ub `grrf`tg fbigquf.
Ikjurl 0.>.@ Qdlbg Efmkg
@ulrtgs?  Lnlr`l mfsmf dl
Qdlbg Lefrk`lbg/]rfs @ulrtgs? 
ldturl mf dls rgmkddls hlstl dl `lnfzl.
Ikjurl 0.>.M Qdlbg Lefrk`lbg
Qhgtgshgp @@
Qrkefråskeg prkefr pdlbg? Fs dl tgel `gb ub
l`fr`lekfbtg mfd rgstrg. Pkrvf plrl mkrkjkr dl ltfb`kðb
ld pfrsgblof, rfstìbmgdf kepgrtlb`kl mfd igbmg.
Ikjurl 0.>.F Qrkefråskeg prkefr pdlbg
Qdlbg mftlddf (Fxtrfef @dgsf up)? Pf rf﬌frf l ub
l`fr`lekfbtg fb fd `uld dgs mftlddfs sf ljrlbmlb ld
eìxkeg y egstrlbmgdg fb ub pdlbg bgreld.
Ikjurl 0.>.I Fxtrfef @dgsf up
  0.0 L󰁮󰁾󰁫󰁾 󰁶󰁢
󰁭󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
Pf pufmf lnrkr lr`hkvgs utkdkzlbmg fd `gelbmg Lnrkr
y fd `gelbmg Lnrkr rf`kfbtfs. Ld lnrkr mftfrekblmgs
lr`hkvgs `geg ^LZ mf `ìelrl y QMI, sf fspf`k﬌`lb
y sf sgdk`ktl `gb﬌relr dgs loustfs y gp`kgbfs fb ub
`ulmrg mf mkìdgjg.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 0<
Qhgtgshgp usl eðmudgs pdujkb plrl lnrkr f kepgrtlr
buefrgsgs igreltgs mf lr`hkvg, sk ub igreltg mf
lr`hkvg bg lplrf`f fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Lnrkr bk
fb fd sunefbÿ Lr`hkvg 2 Kepgrtlr, pgskndfefbtf sfl
bf`fslrkg kbstldlr ub pdujkb. Fb g`lskgbfs Qhgtgshgp
bg pufmf mftfrekblr fd igreltg `grrf`tg plrl lnrkr
ub lr`hkvg. Fstg pufmf g`urrkr, pgr fofepdg, pgrquf
fd lr`hkvg sf hl trlbsifrkmg mf ub skstfel gpfrltkvg
l gtrg y plrl mftfrekblr fd igreltg sf mfnfrì
`geubk`lr `gb fd lutgr mfd lr`hkvg plrl `gb﬌relr fd
tkpg mf lr`hkvg uslmg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L N^K^ L^@HKYG
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l. Ikjurl 0.0.N
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb 0― plrl
mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W0.zkp quf 0. Hljl `dk` fb Lnrkr. Pk lplrf`f ub efbslof mf frrgr
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd sgnrf fd pfr﬌d mf `gdgr, sfdf``kgbf Bg egmk﬌`lr (bg
fofr`k`kg. fif`tulr jfstkðb mf `gdgr) y hljl `dk` fb GC.

<. Pfdf``kgbf efbÿ Lr`hkvg 2 Lnrkr.

=. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg.

Ikjurl 0.0.L Lnrkr 

>. Mkråolsf l dl unk`l`kðb mgbmf julrmg dgs lr`hkvgs

mf fstl df``kðb y sfdf``kgbf fd lr`hkvg jdgngs.psm.

Ikjurl 0.0.@ @frrlr 

  0.= F󰁰󰁱󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧 󰁭󰁦 󰁽󰁾󰁬󰁮󰁬󰁯󰁧
Qlrl `rflr y fmktlr lr`hkvgs sf fepdflb mkstkbtgs fdfefbtgs `geg plbfdfs, nlrrls y vfbtlbls. @uldqukfr
mkspgsk`kðb mf fstgs fdfefbtgs sf mfbgekbl fspl`kg mf trlnlog.

0.=.< @gbg`kekf
 @gbg`kekfbtg
@gbg`kekfbtg
@gbg`kekfbtg
btg mf kbtfrilz
kbtfri lz
Dl kbtfrilz mf Qhgtgshgp fstì `geprfbmkml pgr vlrklmls gp`kgbfs y dls eìs uslmls f kepgrtlbtfs quf sf
mfnfb lprfbmfr fs dl vfbtlbl mfd mg`uefbtg, dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtl y dgs plbfdfs.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

0>

L N @

F
I

Ikjurl 0.= Kbtfrilz 

L) Nlrrl mf efbÿs, N) Qlbfd mf `gbtrgd g Nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs, @) @gbeutlmgr mf fspl`kgs mf trlnlog, M) Ngtðb @gbtrlfr fb k`gbgs,
F) Jrupgs mf plbfdfs, I) Qlbfd Hfrrlekfbtls, J) Yfbtlbls mf mg`uefbtg fb igrel mf ﬌`hls.

0.=.>Qfrsgbldkzlr fspl`kg
mf trlnlog.
Fb Qhgtgshgp lhgrl sf pufmf pfrsgbldkzlr dl nlrrl
mf hfrrlekfbtls y julrmlr su `gb﬌jurl`kðb `geg
plrtfs mf mkstkbtgs fspl`kgs mf trlnlog. ]lenkëb
sf pufmf mkspgbfr mf dgs plbfdfs fb fd egmg quf
efogr sf loustfb l dls bf`fskmlmfs mfd usulrkg. Ld
julrmlr dl pgsk`kðb y fd tlelüg l`tuldfs mf dgs
plbfdfs `geg ub fspl`kg mf trlnlog `gb bgenrf,
pufmf rfstlurlr mk`hg fspl`kg mf trlnlog kb`dusg
lubquf eufvl g `kfrrf ub plbfd. Dgs bgenrfs mf
dgs fspl`kgs mf trlnlog prfmftfrekblmgs lplrf`fb
fb fd `gbeutlmgr mf fspl`kgs mf trlnlog.

Q^Ì@]K@L? BVFYG FPQL@KG MF ]^LNLOG
<. Pfdf``kgbf fd `gbeutlmgr mf fspl`kgs mf Ikjurl 0.=.>.L Fspl`kgs prfmftfrekblmgs.
trlnlog, pgmrì gnsfrvlr quf hly `kfrtgs fspl`kgs
prfmftfrekblmgs, sfdf``kgbf
sfdf``kgbf Qkbturl, pgmrì gnsfrvlr
kbefmkltlefbtf quf dl mkspgsk`kðb mf dgs plbfdfs y >. Fs`gol ubl mkspgsk`kðb mf plbfdfs quf df plrfz`l
l`grmf l su fstkdg, mfspuës sfdf``kgbf Yfbtlbl 2
mfeìs fdfefbtgs
ub l``fsg eìs iì`kdmf
l dl
dlskbtfrilz sf loustlb
hfrrlekfbtl plrl tfbfr
mf pkbtlr. Fspl`kg mf trlnlog 2 Bufvg fspl`kg mf trlnlog…
 Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl 0.=.>.N Bufvg fspl`kg
0. @gdgquf su bgenrf fb fd `lepg Bgenrf?,
sfdf``kgbf dls `lskddls `grrfspgbmkfbtfs sk
prfvklefbtf egmk﬌`ð Eëtgmgs lnrfvklmgs, efbÿs g
dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls. Hljl `dk` fb Julrmlr.
Ikjurl 0.=.>.@ Bgenrf mf fspl`kg mf trlnlog
=. Qgmrì bgtlr quf su fspl`kg mf trlnlog yl fstì
julrmlmg fb fd `gbeutlmgr mfd fspl`kg mf trlnlog.
Ikjurl 0.=.>.M Fspl`kg mf trlnlog pfrsgbldkzlmg
Qlrl ngrrlr dgs fspl`kgs mf trlnlog g rfstlurlrdgs
l su mkspgsk`kðb grkjkbld dg pgmrì hl`fr mfsmf dls
gp`kgbfs ^fstlurlr y Fdkekblr fspl`kg mf trlnlog…
quf sf fb`ufbtrlb ld ﬌bld mf dl vfbtlbl.
0.=.0 Qrfifrfb`kls
Qrfifrfb`kls
Eu`hgs loustfs mf prgjrlel sf ldel`fblb fb fd
lr`hkvg mf prfifrfb`kls mf Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp,
kb`dukmls dls gp`kgbfs jfbfrldfs mf vksuldkzl`kðb,
rfbmkekfbtg, gp`kgbfs mf `ursgr, dls gp`kgbfs mf
tfxtg y dls gp`kgbfs mf pdujkbs y mks`gs mf efegrkl
vkrtuld. Dgs loustfs mf dls prfifrfb`kls sf julrmlb
`lml vfz quf sldf mf dl lpdk`l`kðb.
Qlrl lnrkr fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg mf prfifrfb`kls
Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls y fdkol fd `gboubtg
mf prfifrfb`kls mfsflmg mfd sunefbÿ.
Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 00
Ikjurl 0.=.0 Qrfifrfb`kls
.
0.=.0.<  Kbtfrilz
Kbtfrilz
Fd fspl`kg mf trlnlog mf Qhgtgshgp fs euy iì`kd
mf uslr f kb`duyf mkvfrsls gp`kgbfs, fs pgskndf
fstlndf`fr fd `gdgr mf dl fxpfrkfb`kl mf usulrkg
pfrsgbldkzlbmg dl kbtfrilz `gb ubg mf dgs skjukfbtfs
tfels mf `gdgr? bfjrg, jrks gs`urg, jrks efmkg y jrks
`dlrg.
Qlrl `lenklr fd tfel mf `gdgr mf dl kbtfrilz,
Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Kbtfrilz y fdkol
fd tfel mf `gdgr mfsflmg.
Ikjurl 0.=.0.< ]fels mf `gdgr mf Kbtfrilz 
0.=.0.>
 Vbkmlmfs
Vbkmlmfs y rfjdls
Dls rfjdls df lyumlb l `gdg`lr fdfefbtgs mf igrel
prf`ksl. @ulbmg fstìb vkskndfs, dls rfjdls lplrf`fb
l dg dlrjg mf dl plrtf supfrkgr y l dl kzqukfrml mf
dl vfbtlbl l`tkvl. Dls elr`ls mf dl rfjdl eufstrlb
dl pgsk`kðb mfd pubtfrg `ulbmg dg eufvf. @lenklr
fd grkjfb mf dl rfjdl (dl elr`l (1, 1) fb dls rfjdls
supfrkgr f kzqukfrml) df pfrektf efmkr mfsmf ub
pubtg fspf`å﬌`g mf dl keljfb. Fd grkjfb mf dl
rfjdl tlenkëb mftfrekbl fd pubtg mf grkjfb mf dl
`ulmrå`udl.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKF DL  VBKMLM MF 
EFMKML MF DLP  ^FJDLP
<. @rff ub lr`hkvg bufvg sfdf``kgblbmg Lr`hkvg 2
Bufvg 2 Keprkekr 2 @lrtl.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

0=
>. L`tkvl dls rfjdls sfdf``kgblbmg Ykstl 2 ^fjdls.

0. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Vbkmlmfs y

^fjdls.

Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.N Vbkmlmfs

0. Mfof fd rfstg mf dls `gb﬌jurl`kgbfs fb su vldgr

prffstlndf`kmg. Qrfskgbf GC.

=. Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Juål bufvl…

Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.L L`tkvlr Vbkmlmfs y fjdls...

0. Fb fd `lepg ^fjdls `lenkf l Qudjlmls y hljl `dk`

fb Gc.
Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.@ juål

6. Yfrk﬌quf quf fstl l`tkvlml dl grkfbtl`kðb vfrtk`ld f

kbjrfsf fb fd `lepg Qgsk`kðb? fd vldgr <:0. Hljl `dk`

fb GC 

Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.N Qrfifrfbk`ls

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKF QLPG L QLPG DLP  
@GBIKJV^L@KGBFP  MF Q^FIF^FB@KLP 
MF  VBKMLMFP   [ 
 [  ^FJDLP Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.M Juål bufvl

9. Qgmrì gnsfrvlr quf yl sf eufstrl ubl juål mf

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg tlroftlWf.psm `gdgr vfrmf sgnrf fd mg`uefbtg. Dls juåls lplrf`fb
`geg dåbfls fb dl keljfb, pfrg bg sf keprkefb.

Qufmf
hl`kl dlegvfr y quktlr juåls
rfjdl kzqukfrml `gb sgdg
g supfrkgr. lrrlstrlr
]lenkëb pufmf
ndgquflrdls plrl quf bg sf eufvlb pgr mfs`ukmg
(Ykstl 2 Ndgquflr juåls).

>. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb2 Qrfifrfb`kls2 Vbkmlmfs y

rfjdls. Fb dl sf``kðb Vbkmlmfs, fdkol ekdåeftrgs mfd
efbÿ mfspdfjlndf ^fjdls.

Ikjurl 0.=.0.>.F Juåls

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 06

  0.6 N󰁬󰁾󰁾󰁬 󰁭󰁦
󰁨󰁦󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁬󰁰
@ulbmg kbk`kf Qhgtgshgp, fd plbfd Hfrrlekfbtls lplrf`f fb dl plrtf kzqukfrml mf dl plbtlddl. Ldjubls
hfrrlekfbtls mf fstf plbfd `ufbtlb `gb gp`kgbfs quf lplrf`fb fb dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs `gbtfxtuldfs.

 
Ikjurl 0.6 Nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls

0.6.> Egmk﬌quf
Egmk﬌quf ubl
0.6.< Hfrrlekfbtls
Hfrrlekfbtls hfrrlekfbtl `gb dls
g`udtls fb dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs mf dl nlrrl mf

Hfrrlekfbtls
Qufmf fxplbmkr ldjubls hfrrlekfbtls `gb fd ﬌b
mf vfr dls quf `gbtkfbf g`udtls. Vb trkìbjudg
pfqufüg fb fd dltfrld kbifrkgr mfrf`hg mfd k`gbg
mf hfrrlekfbtl kbmk`l dl prfsfb`kl mf hfrrlekfbtls
g`udtls. Pf egstrlrlb hl`kfbmg `dk` sgstfbkmg sgnrf
dl hfrrlekfbtl.
Gp`kgbfs
Fd plbfd @gbtrgd eufstrl gp`kgbfs fspf`å﬌`ls mf
dl hfrrlekfbtl sfdf``kgblml fb fd egefbtg. Fb
Qhgtgshgp, fd plbfd @gbtrgd eufstrl gp`kgbfs mfd
gnoftg sfdf``kgblmg fb fsf egefbtg. (Fb Lmgnf
Idlsh®, Lmgnf Mrflewflvfr® y Lmgnf Ikrfwgrcs®
sf `gbg`f `geg Kbspf`tgr mf prgpkfmlmfs f kb`duyf
prgpkfmlmfs mfd fdfefbtg sfdf``kgblmg fb fsf
egefbtg) .

<. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl pkb`fd.

Ikjurl 0.6.< Hfrrlekfbtls g`udtls.

Ikjurl 0.6.>.L Qkb`fd 


09
>. Qkbtf sgnrf ub mg`uefbtg bufvg g fxkstfbtf.
Ikjurl 0.6.>.N Qkb`fd  0.:.<  Qlbfd
0. @lenkf ldjubls mf dls gp`kgbfs mfd pkb`fd, pufmf
sfr tlelüg, igrel mf dl pubtl mf pkb`fd, egmg,
gpl`kmlm, g ﬎uog.
Ikjurl 0.6.>.@ Qlbfd mf gp`kgbfs
=. Yufdvl l pkbtlr sgnrf fd mg`uefbtg, bgtlrì quf dl
igrel (g dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls quf fdkjkð) hl `lenklmg.
Ikjurl 0.6.>.M Qkb`fd   0.:.<.L)) y mlbmg mgndf `dk` sgnrf dl kbstlbtìbfl
0.9 N󰁬󰁾󰁾󰁬 󰁭󰁦 󰁥󰁦󰁢󰃿󰁰
Fb fstl nlrrl fstìb dgs efbÿs `gb dgs quf tlenkëb
pgmrì egstrlr u g`udtlr mkstkbtls gp`kgbfs y plbfdfs
plrl trlnlolr `gb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp.
Ikjurl 0.9 Efbÿs
Qhgtgshgp @@
  0.: Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤󰁦󰁰
Dgs plbfdfs df lyumlb l egbktgrflr y egmk﬌`lr su
trlnlog. Ldjubgs plbfdfs lplrf`fb fb plbtlddl mf
elbfrl prfmftfrekblml, pfrg pufmf ljrfjlr eìs
plbfdfs sfdf``kgbìbmgdgs mfd efbÿ Yfbtlbl.
Dgs plbfdfs sf pufmfb ljruplr, mfspdfjlr g l`gpdlr
mf dl igrel quf prf﬌frl.
Qlbfd Hkstgrkl
Fstf plbfd elbtkfbf murlbtf dl sfskðb `uldqukfr
fstlmg rf`kfbtf mf dl keljfb `rflmg murlbtf
dl sfskðb l`tuld mf trlnlog. @lml vfz quf lpdk`l
ub `lenkg l ubl keljfb, fd bufvg fstlmg mf fsl
keljfb sf lülmf ld plbfd.
Qgr fofepdg, sk rf`grtl, lpdk`l ub ﬌dtrg y mknuol fb
ubl plrtf mf ubl keljfb, `lml ubg mf fstgs fstlmgs
lplrf`f mf igrel grmfblml f kbmfpfbmkfbtf fb dl
dkstl mfd plbfd. Ld sfdf``kgblr ubg mf dgs fstlmgs,
dl keljfb lmgptl fd lspf`tg quf tfbål `ulbmg sf
lpdk`ð fsf `lenkg y pufmf trlnlolr l plrtkr mf fsf
pubtg.
]lenkëb pufmf utkdkzlr fd plbfd Hkstgrkl plrl `rflr
ub mg`uefbtg l plrtkr mf ub fstlmg g kbstlbtìbfl.
Qlrl egstrlr fd plbfd Hkstgrkl, sfdf``kgbf Yfbtlbl
2 Hkstgrkl.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LQ]V^L^ KBP]LB]LBFLP
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg fs`rktgrkg.psm
>. L`gegmf dgs `gepgbfbtfs mfd fqukpg mf
`ðeputg quf sf eufstrlb fb dl keljfb hl`kl dl plrtf
kbifrkgr.
0. @rff ubl bufvl kbstlbtìbfl mlbmg `dk` fb fd k`gbg
`rflr kbstlbtìbfl bufvl mfd plbfd hkstgrkl (Ikjurl
(Ikjurl
0.:.<.L
`rflml fb dl plrtf
plr tf supfrkgr bðenrfdl Qrkefr
prgpufstl (Ikju
(Ikjurl
rl 0.:
0.:.<
.<.N).
.N).
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 0:
9. Jfbfrf ubl bufvl kbstlbtìbfl y bðenrfdl ]fr`frl
prgpufstl..
prgpufstl

:. Lhgrl pgmrì bgtlr quf ld `lenklr mf ubl

kbstlbtìbfl l gtrl sf hl julrmlmg dl mkspgsk`kðb dgs
fdfefbtgs fb fd mg`uefbtg ld egefbtg mf jfbfrlr
dl kbstlbtìbfl. Fstls kbstlbtìbfls sgdg fstlrìb
mkspgbkndfs ekfbtrls fstë lnkfrtg fd mg`uefbtg yl
quf dl `frrlrdg fstls sfrìb mfs`lrtlmls.

Ikjurl 0.:.<.L <ª Kbstlbtìbfl

Ikjurl 0.:.<.M ^fvkslr kbstlbtìbfls

  0.8 @󰁶󰁬󰁭󰁾󰃥󰁠󰁶󰁤󰁬 󰁻
J󰁶󰃥󰁬󰁰
Ikjurl 0.:.<.N Kbstlbtìbfl 
@gb lyuml mf dl `ulmrå`udl y dls juåls ustfm pgmrì
=. Yufdvl l l`gegmlr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl keljfb `gdg`lr fdfefbtgs fb fd ìrfl mf trlnlog mf elbfrl
mfd fs`rktgrkg `geg `rfl eìs `gbvfbkfbtf, vufdvl l eìs prf`ksl, mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus bf`fskmlmfs.
`rflr ubl bufvl kbstlbtìbfl y bðenrfdl Pfjubml
prgpufstl..
prgpufstl Pk nkfb dls juåls lplrf`fb `geg dåbfls vkskndfs fb
dl keljfb, fstls bg sf keprkekrìb, lmfeìs mf quf
ustfm pgmrì egvfrdls, quktlrdls y ndgquflrdls, plrl
6. Lnrl fd plbfd `lpls y mfsl`tkvf
mfs l`tkvf mlbmg `dk` fb
fvktlr egvkekfbtgs bg mfsflmgs, ekfbtrls quf dls
fd k`g
k`gbg
bg ( ) dls
dls `lpl
`lplss Ldtlv
Ldtlvgz
gz >, Dìpk
Dìpkzz <,
<, Dìpk
Dìpkzz >,
>,
juåls kbtfdkjfbtfs pfrektfb ldkbflr igrels, sf`tgrfs
Ldeghlmkddl tì`tkd y Lbtfgogs.
y sfdf``kgbfs, lplrf`kfbmg lutgeìtk`lefbtf ld
mknuolr ubl igrel g `rflr ubl sfdf``kðb.
Qgr gtrl plrtf dl `ulmrå`udl df lyumlrì l gntfbfr
ubl mkspgsk`kðb skeëtrk`l mf dgs fdfefbtgs fb su
`gepgsk`kðb, ld l`tkvlrdl lplrf`f `geg dåbfls bg
keprkekndfs.

Qlrl vksuldkzlr u g`udtlr dls `ulmrå`udls?

<. Pfdf``kgbf
Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Egstrlr 2 @ulmrå`udl.

Ikjurl 0.:.<.@ Mfsl`tkvlr `lpls

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

08

Ikjurl 0.8 @ Egstrlr Juåls kbtfdkjfbtfs.

Ikjurl 0.8 L Yksuldkzlr @ulmrå`udl

Qlrl vksuldkzlr u g`udtlr dls juåls? 0.8.< Loustf

Loustf mf Juåls
<. Pfdf``kgbf
Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Egstrlr 2 Juåls
Qlrl mfspdlzlr dls juåls rfldk`f dls skjukfbtfs
l``kgbfs?
<. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl egvfr, g elbtfbjl
prfskgblml dl tf`dl @]^D?

Ikjurl 0.8.< L Hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr 

>. @gdgquf fd `ursgr fb dl juål y eufvl dl juål.

Ikjurl 0.8 N Egstrlr Juåls

Qlrl vksuldkzlr u g`udtlr dls juåls kbtfdkjfbtfs?

<. Pfdf``kgbf
Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Egstrlr 2 Juåls kbtfdkjfbtfs.

Ikjurl 0.8.< N Egvfr Juål

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 0;
Qlrl mf﬌bkr dls prfifrfb`kls mf juål rfldk`f dls
skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs? 0.8.> Lous
 Loustf
Loustf
tf mf ^fjdls
<. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Juåls, `ulmrgs Dls rfjdls df pfrektkrìb `ld`udlr dl unk`l`kðb mf dgs
y sf`tgrfs? fdfefbtgs quf mfsff `gdg`lr, lplrf`fb fb dl plrtf
supfrkgr y ld `gstlmg kzqukfrmg, pgr mfif`tg su pubtg
mf grkjfb sf unk`l fb dl plrtf supfrkgr kzqukfrml
pfrg, ustfm pufmf egmk﬌`lrdg, mf l`ufrmg l sus
bf`fskmlmfs.

Qlrl egstrlr u g`udtlr dls rfjdls?

<. Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 ^fjdls

Ikjurl 0.8.< @ Mf﬌bkr Qrfifrfb`kls mf Juåls

Fb dl gp`kðb `gdgr, ustfm pgmrì lskjblr ub `gdgr

mftfrekblmg l dl juål, ekfbtrls quf fb dl gp`kðb
fstkdg, pgmrì sfdf``kgblr ubl gp`kðb mf vksuldkzl`kðb
plrl dl juål.

>. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Qrfifrfb`kls mf juål

Ikjurl 0.8.> L Egstrlr ^fjdls.
`lenkf dl gp`kðb Dkfbzg? ^gog `dlrg, `lenkf fd fstkdg
mf mknuog mf dls juåls y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
Qlrl `lenklr fd pubtg mf grkjfb mf ubl rfjdl rfldk`f
dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

<. Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Loustlr.

Ikjurl 0.8.< M @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Qfrfifrfb`kls

0. Dl juål mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl 0.8.> N Loustlr ^fjdls

0. Pfdf``kgbf `uldqukfr `genkbl`kðb mf gp`kgbfs mfd

sunefbÿ, fstg egmk﬌`lrì fd grkjfb mf dl rfjdl y dgs

dåektfs juåls, lmfeìs ustfm pufmf loustlr dl rfjdl l

dl `ulmrå`udl.

Ikjurl 0.8.< F ^fsudtlmg mf `lenklr Qrfifrfb`kls mf juåls

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

=1
G nkfb, hljl `dk` `gb fd ngtðb mfrf`hg mfd rltðb
sgnrf dl rfjdl sfdf``kgbf dl ubkmlm mf efmkml
mfsff.
efmkml quf
  0.; F󰁤󰁦󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦
N󰁫󰁮󰁤󰁫󰁧󰁽󰁦󰁠󰁬
Fb ubl nkndkgtf`l ustfm pgmrì l``fmfr iì`kdefbtf
l rf`ursgs y lpdk`l`kgbfs eðvkdfs y mf fs`rktgrkg
mf Lmgnf, pfrektkëbmgdf lülmkr jrì﬌`gs, `gdgrfs,
pkb`fdfs y fstkdgs mf tfxtg y `lpl.

Dl nkndkgtf`l `gbstl mf dgs skjukfbtfs fdfefbtgs?

Ikjurl 0.8.> @ @lenklr ubkmlm mf efmkml mf dls ^fjdls.

K
Fb Qhgtgshgp, vlyl ld efbÿ Qrfifrfb`kls, y L H
sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Vbkmlmfs y rfjdls g pudsf dl
tf`dl —@gbtrgd― y hljl `dk` sgnrf dl rfjdl y sfdf``kgbf N
dl ubkmlm mf efmkml quf mfsff

0.8.0 @ulmrå`udl
@ulmrå`udl
Fs ubl sfrkf mf dåbfls vfrtk`ldfs y hgrkzgbtldfs @
sgnrfpufstls sgnrf fd ìrfl mf trlnlog, quf df
lyumlrìb l `gdg`lr fdfefbtgs mf elbfrl eìs
prf`ksl fb su `gepgsk`kðb.

Qlrl mf﬌bkr dls prfifrfb`kls mf juål rfldk`f dls

skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

<. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Juåls

@ulmrå`udls y Pf`tgrfs. M F I J
Ikjurl 0.; L Qlbfd Nkndkgtf`l

L) Dkstl mf nkndkgtf`ls, N) Nus`lr, @) ^f`ursgs, M) Lülmkr

`gbtfbkmg, F) Bufvl Nkndkgtf`l l plrtkr mf mg`uefbtg,
I) Fstlmg mf skb`rgbkzl`kðb mf nkndkgtf`ls, J) Pupr.,
H) Egstrlr fdfefbtgs fb ubl dkstl, K) Gp`kgbfs mf nkndkgtf`l

Q^Ì@]K@L? L J^FJL^ F DFEFB]GP L 

NKNDKG]F@L
Pupgbjlegs quf ustfm fstì trlnlolbmg plrl ubl
grjlbkzl`kðb mfmk`lml l dl prfvfb`kðb mfd eldtrltg
lbkeld, y sf df hl lskjblmg mksfülr ub vgdlbtf quf
dgs më l `gbg`fr fb ubl `geubkmlm, ustfm mfnfrì
ljrfjlr `kfrtgs fdfefbtgs jrì﬌`gs quf dg `gepgbfb
l dl Nkndkgtf`l mf Qhgtgshgp.

Ikjurl 0.8.0 L Qrfifrfb`kls mf `ulmrå`udl.

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 =<
<. lnrl fd lr`hkvg vgdlbtfWels`gtls.QPM. =. Lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf Els`gtls.

 Ikjurl 0.; N Ygdlbtf Els`gtls.

>. Lnrl fd plbfd Nkndkgtf`l, sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

Nkndkgtf`ls.

Ikjurl 0.; F Lskjbf bgenrf l dl Nkndkgtf`l.

6. Pfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Qfrrg >.

Ikjurl 0.; @ Lnrkr fd plbfd Nkndkgtf`ls.

0. Mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd Nkndkgtf`l y

sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Bufvl Nkndkgtf`l.

Ikjurl 0.; I @lpl Qfrrg >.

Ikjurl 0.; M Bufvl Nkndkgtf`l.

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

=>
9. Fb fd plbfd Nkndkgtf`l hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr ;. Fb fd plbfd Nkndkgtf`l hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr
`gbtfbkmg. `gbtfbkmg.

<1. Pfdf``kgbf dls `lskddls mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb Jrì﬌`g,

Fstkdg mf `lrì`tfr, Fstkdg mf `lpl y @gdgr mf tfxtg.
Ikjurl 0.; J Ngtðb Lülmkr `gbtfbkmg

:. Pfdf``kgbf ÿbk`lefbtf dl `lskddl mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb

Jrì﬌`g.

Ikjurl 0.; H @lskddls mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb

8. Pfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Qrfvfb`kðb mfd eldtrltg lbkeld.

Ikjurl 0.; O Lülmkr

Lülmkr jrì﬌`gs fstkdgs
fstkdgs mf `lrl`tfr,
`lrl`tfr, `lpl y `gdgr
irgbtld 

  0.<1 ]󰁾󰁬󰁮󰁬󰁯󰁬󰁾 󰁠󰁧󰁢
Q󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁬󰃼󰁬󰁰
Dls pfstlüls sf utkdkzlb plrl trlnlolr `gb vlrkgs
mg`uefbtgs l dl vfz, ub fofepdg fs `ulbmg rfqukfrf
`gpklr ldjubgs mf sus fdfefbtgs, pufmf hl`frdg
lrrlstrìbmgdgs g efmklbtf fd efbÿ Fmk`kðb, fstg
df pfrektkrì kbtfjrlr tlbtgs fdfefbtgs `geg sfl
bf`fslrkg, mf ub mg`uefbtg l gtrg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L ^^LP]^L^ FDFEFB]GP FB 
QFP]LÜL
Ikjurl 0.; K @lpl Qrfvfb`kðb mfd eldtrltg lbkeld 

<. Lnrl dls keìjfbfs fofepdg <.opj y fofepdg >.opj.

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 =0

Ikjurl 0.<1 M ^fsudtlmg mf lrrlstrlr `gbtfbkmg mf pfstlül

Ikjurl 0.<1 L Lnrkr lr`hkvgs fofepdg < y fofepdg >.
Qlrl `gpklr fdfefbtgs fb pfstlül.
>. Mfsl`gpdf dl pfstlül fofepdg > hl`kfbmg `dk`
sgnrf fddl y lrrlstrìbmgdl
lrrls trìbmgdl hl`kl lnlog.
<. Lnrl dls keìjfbfs fofepdg <.opj y fofepdg >.opj.

Ikjurl 0.<1 N Mfsl`gpdlr pfstlül. >. Mfsl`gpdf dl pfstlül fofepdg > hl`kfbmg `dk`
sgnrf fddl y lrrlstrìbmgdl
lrrls trìbmgdl hl`kl lnlog.
0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl egvfr lrrlstrf fd `gbtfbkmg mf
dl pfstlül fofepdg > l dl pfs tlül fofepdg <.

0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Elr`g rf`tlbjudlr, sfdf``kgbf

ubl pgr`kðb mf dl keljfb.fb dl pfstldl fofepdg >.
Ikjurl 0.<1 @ Lrrlstrlr fdfefbtgs fb ubl pftlül.

=. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl 0.<1 F @rflr sfdf``kðb.

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

==
=. @gpkf dl sfdf``kðb yfbmg l Fmk`kðb 2 @gpklr. plbgrìek`ls y HM^
• Jfbfrl ekbklturls mf keljfb
• Kepgrtl keìjfbfs g vkmfgs mfsmf mkspgsktkvgs
eðvkdfs
• Qrg`fsl dgtfs mf keìjfbfs mf elbfrl ﬎fxkndf
• Qfrektf lrrlstrlr y sgdtlr lr`hkvgs
• Qfrektf ub loustf mf `gdgr `fbtrldkzlmg.

0.<<.< Lnrkr
Lnrkr ub Lr`hkvg
Ikjurl 0.<1 I @gpklr sfdf``kðb
6. Vnåqufsf fb dl pfstlül fofepdg < y sfdf``kgbf
mfsmf Lmgnf Nrkmjf
Fmk`kðb 2 Qfjlr. Qlrl jfstkgblr lr`hkvgs efmklbtf Lmgnf Nrkmjf
pufmf rfldkzlr dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

<. Lnrl Lngmf Nrkmjf

>. Pfdf``kgbf ubl `lrpftl mfd plbfd @lrpftls.

Ikjurl 0.<1 J Qfjlr sfdf``kðb

9. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

 
Ikjurl 0.<<.< L Qlbfd @lrpftls

0. Vtkdk`f dls ﬎f`hls lrrknl y lnlog plrl mfspdlzlrsf

pgr fd fs`rktgrkg.

Gtrls igrels mf lnrkr ub lr`hkvg sgb?

• Efmklbtf fd plbfd ilvgrktgs, ld sfdf``kgblr ub

fdfefbtg.

• Efmklbtf fd ngtðb Egstrlr rf`kfbtfs fb dl nlrrl

mf lpdk`l`kgbfs.

Ikjurl 0.<1 H ^fsudtlmg mf pfjlr `gbtfbkmg mf pfstlül

0.<< N󰁾󰁫󰁭󰁪󰁦 Ikjurl 0.<<.< N Nlrrl mf lpdk`l`kgbfs

• Ld lrrlstrlr ubl `lrpftl mfsmf fd fxpdgrlmgr mf

Fs ub prgjrlel quf prgpgr`kgbl ub l``fsg eìs Zkbmgws hlstl dl nlrrl mf rutl.
vfrsìtkd l tgmgs dgs lr`hkvgs jrì﬌`gs fb mkvfrsgs
igreltgs, pfrektkfbmg lså `rflr ub nlb`g mf • Ld lrrlstrlr ubl `lrpftl mfsmf fd fxpdgrlmgr mf
keìjfbfs grjlbkzlmg y su `grrf`tl vksuldkzl`kðb. Zkbmgws.

Ldjubgs mf sus nfbf﬌`kgs? 0.<<.> Eftlmltgs

Eftlmltgs
• Qfrektf ubl `lrjl sfb`kddl mf dls keìjfbfs Pgb ub jrupg mf kbigrel`kðb fstlbmlrkzlml sgnrf ub
• Fs `gepltkndf `gb plbtlddls mf rftkbl y HKMQK
lr`hkvg, `gbtfbkfbmg mltgs `geg bgenrf mf lutgr,
`gb `lpl`kmlm mf fs`ldlr
rfsgdu`kðb, fspl`kg mf `gdgr, `gpyrkjht y pldlnrls
• Jfstkgbl fd `l`hë lutgeìtk`lefbtf
`dlvf, pufmfb utkdkzlrsf plrl ubl efogr grjlbkzl`kðb
• Grjlbkzl y ljrupl rìpkmlefbtf keìjfbfs
 Grjlbkzl y ljrupl rìpkmlefbtf keìjfbfs
Qhgtgshgp @@
Q^Ì@]K@L? L ÜLMK^ E F]LML]GP
<. Ylyl l dl unk`l`kðb mgbmf julrmg dgs lr`hkvgs mf
dl df``kðb 0 l trlvës mfd plbfd Ilvgrktgs mf Lmgnf
Nrkmjf y sfdf``kgbf dl keljfb fs`ufdl.
Ikjurl 0.<<.> L Qlbfd Ilvgrktgs
>. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Eftlmltgs.
Ikjurl 0.<<.> N Ngtðb Eftlmltgs
0. Fb dl sf``kðb KQ]@ @grf, kbtrgmuz`l sus mltgs fb fd
`lepg @rflmgr.
Ikjurl 0.<<.> @ Pf``kðb KQ]@ @grf
=. Vstfm pgmrì vksuldkzlr dgs mltgs quf kbtrgmuog
mfsmf fd fxpdgrlmgr mf Zkbmgws fb fd plbfd
Mftlddfs.
mf dgs lr`hkvgs `gb quf vlyl l trlnlolr.
Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 =6
Ikjurl 0.<<.> M Eftlmltgs fb fd fxpdgrlmgr mf Zkbmgws
  0.<> Y󰁫󰁰󰁶󰁬󰁤󰁫󰁿󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
󰁭󰁦 F󰁰󰁱󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧 󰁭󰁦
]󰁾󰁬󰁮󰁬󰁯󰁧
@gb dls gp`kgbfs mf vksuldkzl`kðb mf Qhgtgshgp,
ustfm pgmrì vfr dls keìjfbfs fb tgml dl plbtlddl,
egstrlr u g`udtlr dl nlrrl mf efbÿs, mf tåtudg y mf
mfspdlzlekfbtg.
Qlrl vksuldkzlr dl keljfb fb fd egmg pgr mfif`tg
rfldk`f dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?
Qlrl vksuldkzlr ubl keljfb fb Qlbtlddl fbtfrl?
<. Pfdf``kgbf Ykstl 2 Egmg mf plbtlddl 2 Egmg mf
plbtlddl fbtfrl.
Ikjurl 0.<< Yksuldkzlr keljfb fb plbtlddl fbtfrl.
Gtrls igrels mf vksuldkzlr mkifrfbtfs ìrfls mf ubl
keljfb sgb?
Efmklbtf dls nlrrls mf mfspdlzlekfbtg, hl`kfbmg
`dk` sgnrf fddls y mfspdlzlbmg hlstl fd ìrfl
mfsflml.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

=9
Efmklbtf fd plbfd Blvfjlmgr, utkdkzlbmg dl >. Lrrlstrf fd `ursgr sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl keljfb quf
vksuldkzl`kðb fb ekbklturl, fb dl quf fd `ulmrg mfsff lepdklr.
`gdgrflmg `grrfspgbmf ld ìrfl vkskndf
v kskndf l`tuldefbtf
fb dl vfbtlbl, g fstlndf`kfbmg ub vldgr fb fd
`ulmrg mf mkìdgjg g nkfb, hl`kfbmg `dk` fb dgs
ngtgbfs ^fmu`kr y Luefbtlr.

0.<0 @󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁫󰁬󰁾 󰁦󰁤
󰁿󰁧󰁧󰁥 󰁭󰁦 󰁶󰁢󰁬
󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢
Dl hfrrlekfbtl zgge skrvf plrl luefbtlr g rfmu`kr
dl vksuldkzl`kðb mf ubl keljfb, `gb dl quf `lml
vfz quf sf hl`f `dk` lepdål g rfmu`f ld skjukfbtf
pgr`fbtlof prf fstlndf`kmg y `fbtrl dl keljfb
ldrfmfmgr mfd pubtg fb quf sf mkg fd `dk`, tfbkfbmg
`geg eìxkeg fd vldgr mf 0>11% g `ulbmg sf hl
ld`lbzlmg fd tlelüg eåbkeg mf < pkxfd.

Dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mfd zgge ld <11% girf`f ubl vkstl

fb dl quf `lml pkxfd mf dl keljfb sf eufstrl fb ub
pkxfd mfd egbktgr.

Qlrl gntfbfr ubl vksuldkzl`kðb mfd <11% mfd zgge

rfldk`f dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

<. Hljl mgndf `dk` fb dl hfrrlekfbtl _gge.

Ikjurl 0.<0 L Hfrrlekfbtl _gge.

]lenkëb pufmf gntfbfr ubl vksuldkzl`kðb ld <11%

mfd zgge mf dls skjukfbtfs elbfrls?
Efmklbtf fd efbÿ Ykstl, hl`kfbmg `dk` fb dl gp`kðb
<11%, g fb dl gp`kðb Qkxfdfs ^fldfs.

Efmklbtf dl nlrrl mf Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl

_gge g mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Elbg.

Efmklbtf dl nlrrl mf Fstlmg, fstlndf`kfbmg ub

vldgr mf <11% y pudslbmg dl tf`dl Kbtrg.

Qlrl luefbtlr ub ìrfl fspf`å﬌`l mfbtrg mf ubl

keljfb, rfldk`f dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

<. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl _gge.

 Ikjurl 0.<0 L Hfrrlekfbtl _gge.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 0 
0  ·\uë fs Qhgtgshgp7 =:

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB 0
<. ·@uìd mf dgs skjukfbtfs fbub`klmgs mfs`rknf dls vfbtlols mf dl igtgjrliål mkjktld7

L) Dl igtgjrliål mkjktld pufmf sfr utkdkzlml sgdlefbtf pgr prgifskgbldfs mf dl igtgjrliål.

N) Dl igtgjrliål mkjktld fs fif`tkvl, rìpkml y nlrltl.
@) Dl igtgjrliål mkjktld sgdlefbtf sf utkdkzl plrl ﬌bfs pfrsgbldfs.

>.  ]kpg mf tgel igtgjrì﬌`l quf fbelr`l y eufstrl ld pfrsgblof, lså `geg fd dujlr mgbmf sf fb`ufbtrl
unk`lmg.

L) ]gel plbgrìek`l.
N) Qdlbg efmkg.
@) Qdlbg jfbfrld.

0. ·@uìd fs dl `lrl`tfråstk`l mf tgel igtgjrì﬌`l mf Qdlbg Lefrk`lbg/]rfs `ulrtgs.

L) Dl tgel igtgjrì﬌`l lnlr`l mfsmf dl ldturl mf dls rgmkddls mf ubl pfrsgbl hlstl dl `lnfzl.
N) @ulbmg sf `lpturl dl keljfb lpdk`l ub l`fr`lekfbtg fb fd `uld dgs mftlddfs sf ljrlbmlb ld eìxkeg
egstrìbmgdg fb ub pdlbg bgreld.
@) Fb dl tgel fd suoftg sf fb`ufbtrl l dl ektlm y sf pufmf vksuldkzlr `gb ub `grrf`tg fbigquf.

=. ·Fb quë sktul`kðb sf pufmf uslr dl tgel plbgrìek`l7

L) @ulbmg sf bf`fsktf `lpturl dgs mftlddfs fspf`å﬌`gs mf ubl pfrsgbl.
N) @ulbmg sf bf`fsktf `lpturlr fspl`kgs lepdkgs g lnkfrtgs.
@) @ulbmg fd `dkfbtf dg sgdk`ktf.

6. Pgb trfs fdfefbtgs quf `gepgbfb dl kbtfrilz mf Qhgtgshgp.

L) Qlbfdfs, nlrrls y vfbtlbls.

N) Efbÿs, vfbtlbls y `ulmrgs mf mkldgjg.
@) @ulmrg mf mkldgjg, nlrrls y plbfdfs

9. ·\uë l``kðb mfnf sfjukr plrl egstrlr u g`udtlr rfjdls fb dl kbtfrilz mf Qhgtgshgp7

L) Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Vbkmlmfs y rfjdls.

N) Lr`hkvg 2 Ykstl 2 Egstrlr ^fjdls.
@) Ykstl 2 ^fjdls.

:. ·\uë plbfd eufstrl gp`kgbfs fspf`å﬌`ls plrl dls hfrrlekfbtls7

L) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl.
N) Qlbfd Nkndkgtf`l.
@) Qlbfd @gbtrgd.

8. Vslr juåls y `ulmrk`udls fb Qhgtgshgp pfrektf?

L) @gdg`lr fdfefbtgs fb fd ìrfl mf trlnlog mf elbfrl eìs prf`ksl.

N)  Yksuldkzlr fd prgyf`tg `gb eìs mftfbkekfbtg.
mft fbkekfbtg.
@)  Yfr dgs pkxfdfs mf dl keljfb.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

=8
;.  Qlbfd mgbmf pufmf l``fmfr iì`kdefbtf l rf`ursgs y lpdk`l`kgbfs eðvkdfs y mf fs`rktgrkg mf Lmgnf,
pfrektkëbmgdf lülmkr jrì﬌`gs, `gdgrfs, pkb`fdfs y fstkdgs mf tfxtg y `lpl.

L) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl.
N) Qlbfd Nkndkgtf`l.
@) Qlbfd @gbtrgd.

<1.  Pf utkdkzlb plrl trlnlolr `gb vlrkgs mg`uefbtgs

mg`uefbtgs l dl vfz.

L)  Efsl mf trlnlog.
N) Qfstlüls.
@) Nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs.

<<.  Qrgjrlel lmk`kgbld mf Qhgtgshgp quf prgpgr`kgbl l``fsg l lr`hkvgs jrì﬌`gs mf mkvfrsgs igreltgs y
pfrektf `rflr nlb`g mf keìjfbfs.

L) Ikrfwgrcs.
N) KbMfskjb.
@) Nrkmjf.

<>. Pk rfqukfrf vksuldkzlr dl keljfb tgtld fb plbtlddl ·quë l``kðb mfnf sfdf``kgblr7

L)  Ykstl 2 Fb`lolr
F b`lolr fb Qlbtlddl
N) Ykstl 2 <11%
@)  Ykstl 2 Luefbtlr

<0. ·\uë hfrrlekfbtl sf mfnf uslr plrl luefbtlr g rfmu`kr dl vksuldkzl`kðb mf ubl keljfb7

L) _gge.
N) ^f`tìbjudg.
@) ^gtlr Ykstl.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Qrgpkfmlmfs mf

keljfb
Fb fstl df``kðb lprfbmfrì `ðeg `rflr mkifrfbtfs tkpgs mf mg`uefbtgs fb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp y `gb`fptgs nìsk`gs plrl
sl`lr dl elygr vfbtlol mf fstl hfrrlekfbtl. Lmfeìs, `gbg`frì dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls quf `gbstktuyfb ubl keljfb mkjktld.
 

Gnoftkvg
@gbg`fr, `rflr y egmk﬌`lr mkifrfbtfs tkpgs mf
mg`uefbtgs fb Qhgtgshgp.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Mfegstrlr `gbg`kekfbtg mf dl rfsgdu`kðb tlelüg
y fd igreltg mf dgs lr`hkvgs mf keljfb plrl dl Zfn,
våmfg f keprfskðb.

• @gbg`fr dgs prkb`kpkgs y fdfefbtgs mfd mksfüg y dl

`gepgsk`kðb mf keìjfbfs.

• ]rlbsigrelr keìjfbfs.

• Plnfr kepgrtlr, fxpgrtlr, grjlbkzlr y julrmlr.

• Plnfr prfplrlr keìjfbfs plrl dl Zfn, keprfskðb y

våmfg.

=.< @󰁾󰁦󰁬󰁾 󰁶󰁢 󰁢󰁶󰁦󰁹󰁧
󰁭󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
@ulbmg sf `rfl ub bufvg mg`uefbtg fb Lmgnf
Qhgtgshgp @@, sf fstlndf`fb gp`kgbfs tldfs `geg
rfsgdu`kðb, tkpg mf `gdgr y tlelüg. Pus fdf``kgbfs
mfpfbmfrìb mfd tkpg mf keljfb quf fstë `rflbmg.
Lub `ulbmg pufml `lenklr fstls gp`kgbfs mfspuës,
dg efogr fs fstlndf`frdls mfsmf fd prkb`kpkg. Fb
ldjubls g`lskgbfs, `lenklr dls gp`kgbfs mfspuës
pufmf lif`tlr dl lplrkfb`kl mf su keljfb.
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg.
Ikjurl =.<. L @rflr ub bufvg mg`uefbtg.
Fb dl vfbtlbl fefrjfbtf, ustfm pufmf fdfjkr dl
`gb﬌jurl`kðb mf dl ldturl y dl lb`hurl plrl fd bufvg
mg`uefbtg
>. Mlr `dk` fb `rflr.
Ikjurl =.<.N Yfbtlbl fefrjfbtf Bufvg Mg`uefbtg
Hl `rflmg ub mg`uefbtg, fb fd `uld, pufmf kbk`klr
l trlnlolr. Pk fb ldjÿb egefbtg bf`fsktl `lenklr
dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mfd mg`uefbtg, dg pgmrì rfldkzlr3
fstg, dg lprfbmfrì eìs lmfdlbtf.
Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 6<
  =.> ]󰁫󰁱󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦
M󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
Pf pfr`ltlrì quf, `ulbmg ustfm fdkjf dl gp`kðb mf
`rflr ub bufvg mg`uefbtg, fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg
Bufvg Mg`uefbtg df lplrf`f vlrkls gp`kgbfs plrl
`rflr ub mg`uefbtg. Fstls gp`kgbfs sf prfsfbtlb
plrl quf sf df il`kdktf `rflr ub ìrfl mf trlnlog
lmf`ulml plrl mftfrekblmgs prgyf`tgs vksuldfs quf
sf prfsfbtlb fb mkifrfbtfs pdltligrels mkjktldfs.
Ikjurl =.> L ]kpgs mf Mg`uefbtgs.
Ld `rflr ub mg`uefbtg fb Qhgtgshgp, fb dujlr mf
`gefbzlr `gb ub dkfbzg fb ndlb`g, fs pgskndf fdfjkr
fbtrf ubl jrlb vlrkfmlm mf pdlbtkddls mf Lmgnf
Ptg`c. Dls pdlbtkddls kb`duyfb rf`ursgs f kdustrl`kgbfs
fb dls quf nlslrsf plrl `gepdftlr ub prgyf`tg. Ld
lnrkr ubl pdlbtkddl fb Qhgtgshgp, sf pufmf trlnlolr
`gb fddl mfd ekseg egmg quf `gb `uldqukfr gtrg
mg`uefbtg mf Qhgtgshgp.
=.>.< Igtg
Igtg
Fd mg`uefbtg Igtg, fs ub tkpg mf lr`hkvg
lmf`ulmg plrl trlnlolr, `geg su bgenrf dg kbmk`l,
fb prgyf`tgs igtgjrì﬌`gs. Dls gp`kgbfs quf
Qhgtgshgp df sujkfrfb plrl `rflr su mg`uefbtg, sgb
`gb﬌jurl`kgbfs quf `grrfspgbmfb l dls efmkmls
eìs usuldfs fb mg`uefbtgs igtgjrì﬌`gs.
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg. Fb fd efbÿ mfd
`ulmrg mf mkldgjg më `dk` fb dl gp`kðb Igtg.
>. Fdkol fd loustf prffstlndf`kmg Hgrkzgbtld 6x:.
Ikjurl =.>.< L @rflr Bufvg Mg`uefbtg mf Igtg.
0. Mlr `dk` fb @rflr.

6>
Kbefmkltlefbtf, sf `rflrì fd ìrfl mf trlnlog
Kbefmkltlefbtf,
lmf`ulml plrl quf ustfm pufml fepfzlr l trlnlolr
fb ub prgyf`tg mf igtg.
Ikjurl =.>.< N Igtg Hgrkzgbtld 6x:.
=. @kfrrf fd mg`uefbtg skb julrmlr
=.>.> Keprkekr
Keprkekr
Fd ]kpg mf Mg`uefbtg Keprkekr `grrfspgbmf l
`gb﬌jurl`kgbfs, dls `uldfs, sgb prfplrlmls plrl
sfr fbvklmgs l keprfbtls. Fb keprfbtls sf utkdkzlb
efmkmls fstìbmlr ld tlelüg mf dgs plpfdfs eìs
usuldfs y mf dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf dls keprfsgrls
(`gb rfspf`tg l dls tkbtls y `gdgrfs)3 pgr fsg Lmgnf
Qhgtgshgp prffstlndf`f mkstkbtls `gb﬌jurl`kgbfs
mf l`ufrmg l dgs lspf`tgs mfs`rktgs.
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg. Fb fd efbÿ mfd
`ulmrg mf mkldgjg mf `dk` fb dl gp`kðb Keprkekr.
>. Vstfm vfrì quf hly gp`kgbfs prfmftfrekblmls
plrl fstf tkpg mf mg`uefbtg, dl elygrål sgb mfd
tlelüg mf hgols fb quf sf keprkefb dl elygrål
mf dgs mg`uefbtgs `gbvfb`kgbldfs. Fdkol fd loustf
prffstlndf`kmg @lrtl.
Ikjurl =.>.> L @rflr Bufvg Mg`uefbtg Keprkekr.
Qhgtgshgp @@
0. Mlr `dk` fb `rflr.
Gnsfrvf quf fd mg`uefbtg `rflmg tkfbf ub plrf`kmg
l dl hgol tlelüg `lrtl, `geÿbefbtf `gbg`kmg pgr dl
elygrål mf dls pfrsgbls.
Ikjurl =.>.> N Mg`uefbtg mfd tkpg Keprkekr @lrtl.
=. @kfrrf fd mg`uefbtg skb julrmlr.
=.>.0 Lr
Lrtf
tf f Kdustrl`kðb
Kdustrl`kðb
Fd tkpg mf mg`uefbtg Lrtf f Kdustrl`kðb, tkfbf `geg
`lrl`tfråstk`ls fb quf dl rfsgdu`kðb mfd mg`uefbtg
mfnf sfr mf ldtl `ldkmlm. Dls rfsgdu`kgbfs mf fstgs
mg`uefbtgs tkfbfb ubl `lrl`tfråstk`l mf 011
pkxfdfs/pudjlml, dg quf kbmk`l quf sgb lmf`ulmls l
dl hgrl mf keprkekr.
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg.
>. Fb fd efbÿ mfd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg më `dk` fb dl
gp`kðb Gnrl mf Lrtf f Kdustrl`kðb.
Kdus trl`kðb.
0. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb `ulmrk`udl mf >111 påxfdfs.
Ikjurl =.>.0 L @rflr ub mg`uefbtg mf Lrtf f Kdustrl`kðb
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 60
=. Mlr `dk` fb `rflr. Lhgrl pufmf fepfzlr l trlnlolr fb ìrfl mf trlnlog
`rflml `gb dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls pfrtkbfbtfs l ub
mg`uefbtg tkpg wfn fb Qhgtgshgp.
Pf mfnfrål `rflr ub mg`uefbtg `geg fd quf sf
eufstrl.

Ikjurl =.>.= N Mg`uefbtg Zfn.

Ikjurl =.>.0 N Ìrfl mf trlnlog mf >111 pkxfdfs.
6. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg skb julrmlr

6. @kfrrf fd mg`uefbtg skb julrmlr.

=.>.6 Eðvkd
Eðvkd
=.>.= Z
 Zfn
Zfn
fn Qhgtgshgp df prgpgr`kgbl `gb﬌jurl`kgbfs
prffstlndf`kmls plrl quf trlnlof fb prgyf`tgs quf
]kpg wfn df pfrektf trlnlolr fb prgyf`tgs quf sfrìb sfrìb prfsfbtlmgs fb mkspgsktkvgs eðvkdfs. Qrfstf
kb`rustlmgs fb pìjkbls wfn3 Qhgtgshgp df pfrektkrì ltfb`kðb l dls gp`kgbfs prfsfbtlmls, sf pfr`ltlrì
fdfjkr mkstkbtgs igreltgs, mf dgs eìs hlnktuldfs, quf `grrfspgbmf l fqukpgs eðvkdfs mf elygr usg
quf df pfrektkrì `rflr ubl `ldkmlm vksuld lmlptlndf fbtrf dls pfrsgbls.
l dls pìjkbls wfn. @ulbmg prfplrl lr`hkvgs plrl
wfn qukfrf keìjfbfs fb fd egmg mf `gdgr ^JN y <. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg. Fb fd efbÿ mfd
nlol rfsgdu`kðb3 dls gp`kgbfs prffstlndf`kmls fb `ulmrg mf mkldgjg më `dk` fb dl gp`kðb Eðvkd.
Qhgtgshgp bgs gtgrjlb mkifrfbtfs `gb﬌jurl`kgbfs
`gb dgs lspf`tgs rfqufrkmgs fb `gdgr y rfsgdu`kðb. >. Nusquf y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb mf Lbmrgkm <181p.
 
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg.
>. Fb fd efbÿ mfd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg mf `dk` fb dl
gp`kðb Keprkekr.
0. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Zfn (eìs hlnktuld).

Ikjurl =.>.6 L @rflr ub mg`uefbtg Eðvkd.

0. Mlr `dk` fb `rflr.

Gnsfrvf `geg sf hl `rflmg ub fs`fblrkg plrl quf

Ikjurl =.>.= L @rflr mg`uefbtg Zfn. ustfm pufml mksfülr ub prgyf`tg vksuld lmf`ulmg
plrl mkspgsktkvgs eðvkdfs.
=. Më mdk` fb `rflr
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

6=

Ikjurl =.>.6 N Mg`uefbtg plrl mkspgsktkvgs eðvkdfs Lbmrgkm. Ikjurl =.>.9 N Mg`uefbtg plrl prfplrlr keìjfbfs quf sfrìb
utkdkzlmgs fb Qfdå`udls y Ykmfgs.
=. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg skb julrmlr.
=. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg skb julrmlr.

=.>.9 Qfdå`udl
Qfdå`udl y vkmfg
Qhgtgshgp pufmf sfr ubl hfrrlekfbtl euy ÿtkd   =.0 J󰁶󰁬󰁾󰁭󰁬󰁾 󰁶󰁢󰁬
ld egefbtg mf prfplrlr keìjfbfs plrl usg fb
prgjrlels mf våmfg `geg Lmgnf Qrfekfr, Litfr
Fiif`ts u gtrgs prgjrlels mf fmk`kðb mf våmfg,
󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢
tldfs `geg Ikbld @ut Qrg. Qhgtgshgp sgpgrtl dl
`rfl`kðb mf keìjfbfs uslbmg påxfdfs bg `ulmrlmgs Qufmf mf﬌bkr ubl vlrkfmlm mf tkpg mf julrmlmg
quf lyumlb l elbtfbfr prgpgr`kgblmg fd eltfrkld plrl su keljfb, eìs lmfdlbtf `gbg`frì dgs mkstkbtgs
jrì﬌`g `ulbmg dg usl fb lpdk`l`kgbfs mf våmfg. tkpgs mf lr`hkvgs quf pufmf fdfjkr plrl julrmlr
Gnsfrvf `geg fb Qhgtgshgp sf kb`duyf gp`kgbfs keìjfbfs fb Qhgtgshgp. L `gbtkbul`kðb, kmfbtk﬌`lrì
fb dl quf pufml `rflr prgyf`tgs vksuldfs plrl quf fd `gelbmg quf pufmf uslr plrl pgmfr julrmlr ubl
sf lmf`ufb l rfprgmu`tgrfs lumkgvksuldfs mf ldtl keljfb.
`ldkmlm vksuld.
Qlrl julrmlr ubl keljfb fb Qhgtgshgp, skjl dgs
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Bufvg. Fb fd efbÿ mfd skjukfbtfs plsgs.
`ulmrg më mkldgjg mf `dk` fb dl gp`kðb pfdå`udl y
vkmfg <. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg.
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb VHM]Y/=C ><91p

Ikjurl =.0. L Julrmlr `geg

Ikjurl =.>.9 L @rflr ub mg`uefbtg plrl Ykmfg. >. Fb dl vfbtl fefrjfbtf kbmkquf fd bgenrf mf `ðeg
sf ddlelrì su lr`hkvg
l r`hkvg..
0. Më `dk` fb `rflr. 0. Pfdf``kgbf fd tkpg mf lr`hkvg, mf l`ufrmg ld ﬌b
quf dg vl l g`uplr su keljfb, eìs lmfdlbtf pgmrì
`gbg`fr dgs tkpgs mf igreltg lmf`ulmgs, pgr fd
Bgtf `geg fd
mg`uefbtf sf ìrfl mf trlnlog
prfsfbtl `gb mgsmfdåbfls
fstf tkpg mf plrl
dltfrldfs egefbtg fdfjkrì fd igreltg Qhgtgshgp (*.QPM,
*.QMM3 *. QPM]).
`lml dlmg. Fstls dåbfls rfprfsfbtlb juåls plrl quf
ustfm pufml unk`lr f kbsfrtlr
kbsfr tlr mf efogr elbfrl dgs
 gnoftgs l trlnlolr.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 66
]fbjl fb `ufbtl quf dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb
` gb﬌jurl`kðb mfd mg`uefbtg
sfrì prgpgr`kgbld ld pfsg fb Ckdgnytfs mfd lr`hkvg
quf sf jfbfrë3 fs mf`kr, dls efmkmls quf kbjrfsf l
`gb﬌jurlr sfrìb rfdfvlbtfs ld egefbtg mf julrmlr
fd lr`hkvg fb fd fqukpg.

 
Ikjurl =.0.N Pfdf``kgblr y bgenrlr fd tkpg mf lr`hkvg   =.6 Y󰁦󰁬 󰁦󰁤 󰁽󰁬󰁥󰁬󰃼󰁧 󰁻
=.
sf Ld `gepdftlr
julrmlrì dgs vldgrfs lbtfrkgrfs unkquf mðbmf
su lr`hkvg.
󰁤󰁬 󰁾󰁦󰁰󰁧󰁤󰁶󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦
󰁶󰁢󰁬 󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢
Fd tlelüg mf ubl keljfb `ulbmg sf vf fb plbtlddl
fs mkstkbtg mfd tlelüg `ulbmg sf keprkef. Pk
`geprfbmf fstls mkifrfb`kls, pufmf mfslrrgddlr ubl
efogr `geprfbskðb mf quë `gb﬌jurl`kðb `lenklr
`ulbmg `lenkf fd tlelüg mf ubl keljfb.

Q^Ì@]K@L? ] LELÜG  [  ^FPGDV@KÐB 
Ikjurl =.0.@ Fdfjkr mfstkbg
MF   VBL  KELJFB
6. Vbl vfz sfdf``kgblmg dl `lrpftl mf mfstkbg, mf `dk`  Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
fb Julrmlr `ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb =―
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W=.zkp quf
=.= ]󰁬󰁥󰁬󰃼󰁧 󰁭󰁦󰁤 `grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.

󰁭󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧 <. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg `gb fd bgenrf ps1=-=.6.psm .

Ld `rflr ub bufvg mg`uefbtg, Qhgtgshgp df gtgrjl

efmkmls prffstlndf`kmls mkrkjkmls l mkifrfbtfs tkpgs
mf mg`uefbtgs, `geg sf vkg fb dl sf``kðb lbtfrkgr.
Pk ustfm vl l trlnlolr fb ub mg`uefbtg `gb efmkmls
quf bg vkfbfb fb dls gp`kgbfs prffstlndf`kmls,
pufmf fstlndf`fr dls efmkmls quf bf`fsktf fb fd dlmg
mfrf`hg mfd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg Bufvg Mg`uefbtg.

Fb mftlddfs mf loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs, pufmf loustlr

fd tlelüg mfsflmg l su mg`uefbtg, dl grkfbtl`kðb,
rfsgdu`kðb, egmg mf `gdgr y fd `gbtfbkmg mf igbmg
mfd mg`uefbtg.

Ikjurl =.6.L Keljfb mfd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.= 

>. Fb fd ìrfl mf kbigrel`kðb fb dl nlrrl mf fstlmg,

dg`ldkzlml fb dl fsqukbl kbifrkgr kzqukfrml mf dl
vfbtlbl mfd mg`uefbtg, më `dk` sgstfbkmg y egstrlrì
dl rfsgdu`kðb y tlelüg mf dl keljfb.

@geg sf eufstrl fb dl ﬌jurl, dls mkefbskgbfs mf dl

keljfb sf mfspdkfjlb `geg :111 påxfdfs mf Lb`hurl
pgr =999 påxfdfs mf Ldturl y `gb ubl ^fsgdu`kðb fs
mf 011 påxfdfs/pudjlml.
påxfdfs/pudjlml.
  
=.= Fstlndf`fr fd tlelüg mfd mg`uefbtg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

69

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ GQKL^  [  QFJL^ VBL  
KELJFB

Fb fstl prì`tk`l `gpklrì y pfjlrì ub gnoftg plrl quf

Ikjurl =.6.N Egstrlr efmkmls mf keljfb
Fb dl df``kðb =.:.6  lprfbmfrì
 lprfbmfrì `ðeg egmk﬌`lr fd
gnsfrvf dl l``kðb mfbtrg mf Qhgtgshgp. Qlrl rfldkzlr
fd prg`fsg utkdkzlrì ubl hfrrlekfbtl mf sfdf``kðb3
eìs lmfdlbtf `gbg`frì sus iub`kgbfs fb dl fmk`kðb
mf keìjfbfs.

tlelüg mf dl keljfb.
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.9.<.psm
=. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg. >. @gb fd lr`hkvg yl lnkfrtg, unkquf dl hfrrlekfbtl
Elr`g ^f`tlbjudlr fb dl Nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls y
sfdf``kðbfdl

  =.9 L󰁮󰁾󰁫󰁾 󰁦
󰁫󰁥󰁱󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁾 󰁫󰁥󰃬󰁪󰁦󰁢󰁦󰁰  
Ikjurl =.9.<.L Hfrrlekfbtl Elr`g ^f`tlbjudlr 
Qufmf lnrkr lr`hkvgs utkdkzlbmg fd `gelbmg Lnrkr y
fd `gelbmg Lnrkr rf`kfbtfs. Lmfeìs, fb Qhgtgshgp 0. Fb dl keljfb, unkquf fd gnoftg mf rfdgo y `gb dl
tlenkëb sf pufmfb lnrkr lr`hkvgs mfsmf Lmgnf hfrrlekfbtl Elr`g ^f`tlbjudlr sfdf``kgbf fd `ulmrg
mgbmf fstì fd rfdgo, dl sfdf``kðb mfnfr du`kr `geg sf
Nrkmjf g Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp Dkjhtrgge. eufstrl fb dl keljfb.
Ld lnrkr mftfrekblmgs lr`hkvgs `geg ^LZ mf
`ìelrl y QMI, sf fspf`k﬌`lb loustfs y gp`kgbfs fb
ub `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg lbtfs mf lnrkr pgr `gepdftg
dgs lr`hkvgs fb Qhgtgshgp.

L vf`fs, fs pgskndf quf Qhgtgshgp bg pufml

mftfrekblr fd igreltg `grrf`tg plrl ub lr`hkvg. Fstg
pufmf g`urrkr, pgr fofepdg, pgrquf fd lr`hkvg sf hl
trlbsifrkmg mf ub skstfel gpfrltkvg l gtrg, fb fstgs
`lsgs mfnf fspf`k﬌`lr fd igreltg `grrf`tg fb fd quf
sf lnrf fd lr`hkvg.

Qlrl lnrkr g kepgrtlr ubl keljfb? Ikjurl =.9.<.N Pfdf``kgblr gnoftg

<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Lnrkr, Nus`lr Nrkmjf g Lnrkr =. Pfdf``kgbf 2 Fmk`kðb 2 @gpklr.
`geg.

=.9.L Lnrkr keljfb

Ikjurl =.9.<.@ @gpklr gnoftg

=.9.< @gpkf y pfjuf ubl 6. Fb fd tf`dlmg usf @rtd + M plrl mfsfdf``kgblr fd

gnoftg.
keljfb 9. Fbsfjukml, vufdvl l Efbÿ Fmk`kðb y sfdf``kgbf
Qfjlr.
Vbl mf dls gp`kgbfs quf pufmf uslr fb Qhgtgshgp
plrl `genkblr gnoftgs fs `gpklr y pfjlr3 l
`gbtkbul`kðb, sf sfüldl ub eëtgmg plrl lpdk`lr fstl
 të`bk`l.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 6:
Qgr fofepdg, `ulbmg ub igtðjrlig fmktl keìjfbfs
mkjktldfs fb Qhgtgshgp, g elbml fmktlrdls, mfnf
fbtrfjlr sus igtgjrliåls fb igreltg ^LZ pufs
pfrektf ubl elygr ﬎fxknkdkmlm mf dls eksels,
lmfeìs, pufmf sgpgrtlr tgmgs dgs mltgs mf dl
igtgjrliål3 fs mf`kr, julrml tgmgs dgs fdfefbtgs
mf dl keljfb tld `uld iuf tgelml pgr fd dfbtf mf
dl `ìelrl. Dg ekseg g`urrf `ulbmg tkfbf quf
julrmlr keìjfbfs quf sfrìb utkdkzlmls fb kbtfrbft,
pfrg grkjkbldefbtf iufrgb hf`hls plrl prgyf`tgs
Ikjurl =.9.<.M Qfjlr gnoftg keprfsgs3 mfspuës
mfnf julrmlrdl mf rfldkzlr
fb igreltg ^lwfd plrl
loustfquf
mf fd
dl keljfb
`lenkg
Fd gnoftg quf `gpkð mfnf lplrf`fr fb dl plrtf `fbtrld fb fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb bg lif`tf fb dl rfsgdu`kðb
mf dl keljfb mf dl keljfb.

=.9.0 @gdg`lr
@gdg`lr fdfefbtgs
fbdlzlmgs
Fb Qhgtgshgp @@ pufmf `rflr gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs
fbdlzlmgs l `uyg `gbtfbkmg sf hljl rfifrfb`kl
fb lr`hkvgs mf keljfb fxtfrbgs. Fd `gbtfbkmg mf
dgs gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs fbdlzlmgs sf l`tuldkzl
`ulbmg `lenkl fd lr`hkvg mf keljfb mf grkjfb. Dgs
gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs fbdlzlmgs rfsudtlb mf utkdkmlm
plrl fqukpgs g `ulbmg sf mfnfb utkdkzlr ldjubgs
fdfefbtgs fb vlrkgs mksfügs.

Ikjurl =.6.<.F. Gnoftg pfjlmg Q^Ì@]K@L? @ GDG@L^ FDFEFB]GP 

FBDL_LMGP
:. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg.
8. Kbmkquf dl unk`l`kðb mðbmf julrmlrl fd lr`hkvg fb
Fb fstl prì`tk`l `gdg`lrl ub fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg l ubl
su p`.
tlroftl mf prfsfbtl`kðb. Qgstfrkgrefbtf egmk﬌`lrl
;. Julrmf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl dl keljfb plrl quf gnsfrvf `geg iub`kgbl dgs
ps1=-=.9.
ps1=- < + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg,
=.9.< fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs fb Qhgtgshgp.
sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps1=-=.9.<OIG. <. Lnrl fd mg`uefbtg ps1=-=.9.0L.psm
<1. Fb dl gp`kðb mf ]kpg pgr mfiludt mfnf kbmk`lr >. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 @gdg`lr fdfefbtgs
Qhgtgshgp. Bg eufvl fstl gp`kðb. Më `dk` fb fbdlzlmgs.
julrmlr.
<<. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg

=.9.> ^LZ
^LZ
Fd igreltg ^LZ mf Qhgtgshgp fs ub igreltg mf
lr`hkvg ﬎fxkndf utkdkzlmg fb dl trlbsifrfb`kl mf
keìjfbfs fbtrf lpdk`l`kgbfs y pdltligrels mf
grmfblmgr. Fstf igreltg lmektf keìjfbfs @E[C,
^JN y fb fs`ldl mf jrksfs `gb `lbldfs ldil, lså
`geg keìjfbfs eudtk`lbld y Dln skb `lbldfs ldil.
Dgs mg`uefbtgs julrmlmgs fb igreltg ^LZ mf
Qhgtgshgp pufmfb tfbfr `uldqukfr tlelüg mf
påxfdfs
`lpls. g mf lr`hkvg, pfrg bg pufmfb `gbtfbfr
Ikjurl =.9.0.L @gdg`lr fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

68

=.9.= @gdg`lr
@gdg`lr fdfefbtgs
0. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.9.0N.psm

Mfnf mf tfbfr ubl keljfb skekdlr l dl skjukfbtf.

kb`rustlmgs
L mkifrfb`kl mf dgs fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs, fstgs
fdfefbtgs yl bg mfpfbmfb mf su lr`hkvg grkjkbld.
grkjkbld. Ld
`gdg`lr dl keljfb kepgrtlml pufmf sfr egmk﬌`lml
skb quf rfpfr`utl fb fd lr`hkvg mf rf`fp`kðb.
Vbl mkifrfb`kl fbtrf dgs fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs
f kb`rustlmgs fs quf, fd lr`hkvg Qhgtgshgp `gb
fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg pfslrì eìs quf fd lr`hkvg
Qhgtgshgp `gb fdfefbtg kb`rustlmg.

Q^L@]K@L? @ GDG@L^ FDFEFB]GP 
 
KB@^VP]LMGP
Ikjurl =.9.0.N Fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg

=. Pfdf``kgbf dl Hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr, plrl mf egvfr <. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.9.=L.psm

mf dujlr ld gnoftg. >. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 @gdg`lr fdfefbtgs
kb`rustlmgs.

Ikjurl =.9.0.@ Pfdf``kgblr Hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr 

6. Më @dk` sgstfbkmg sgnrf dl keljfb y lrrls

lrrlstrf
trf fd
gnoftg hl`kl dl fsqukbl supfrkgr kzqukfrml, `geg sf
eufstrl fb dl keljfb.

 
Ikjurl =.9.=.L @gdg`lr fdfefbtgs kb`rustlmgs

0. Pfdf``kgbf fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.9.=N.psm

=. Më @dk` fb `gdg`lr

Pu plbtlddl mfnf du`kr skekdlr l dl skjukfbtf keljfb.

Ikjurl =.9.0.M @gdg`lr fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg

9. Më @dk` sgnrf dl hfrrlekfbtl egvfr, df lplrf`frì

ub `ulmrg mf mkldgjg, quf df prfjubtlrì ·Mfsfl
`gdg`lr fd lr`hkvg7
:. Më `dk` fb `gdg`lr.
`gdg` lr.

Hl `gdg`lmg ub fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg fb ubl keljfb,

sk egmk﬌`l fd lr`hkvg grkjkbld mfd fdfefbtg fbdlzlmg
tlenkëb, fb lutgeìtk`g, `lenkl dl keljfb mgbmf dg
hl `gdg`lmg.
  
Ikjurl =.9.=.N @gdg`lr keljfb kb`rustlml

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 6;
6. Ylyl l dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls y sfdf``kgbf dl
Hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr.
9. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg quf sldkð, më `dk` fb
`gdg`lr.

Pu keljfb mfnf du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl.

Ikjurl =.9.6.L @gelbmg ^gtlr keljfb

Kbefmkltlefbtf ld sfdf``kgblr ^gtlr (g `uldqukfrl

mf dls gtrls gp`kgbfs), Qhgtgshgp prfplrl dl keljfb
kb`rustlml plrl sfr egmk﬌`lml.

=. Mkrkol fd egusf hl`kl `uldqukfrl mf dls fsqukbls mf

Ikjurl =.9.=.@ Fdfefbtg kb`rustlmg dl keljfb.
6. Elbtfbjl prfskgblmg `dk` kzqukfrmg y `gekfb`f l
Pk ustfm egmk﬌`l fd lr`hkvg grkjkbld mfd fdfefbtg
jkrlr dl keljfb mf tld egmg quf dl keljfb sf pufml
kb`rustlmg, dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs quf sflb hf`hls
vksuldkzlr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl.
bg suirkrìb fif`tgs fb dl keljfb kb`rustlmls
kb`rustlml s fb
Qhgtgshgp, l mkifrfb`kl mf dg quf plsl `gb dgs
fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs.

:. Bg `kfrrf fd lr`hkvg, yl quf dg utkdkzlrì fb fd

skjukfbtf tfel.

=.9.6 ]r
 ]rlbsigref
]rlbsigref
lbsigref ubl
keljfb Ikjurl =.9.6.N ^gtlr keljfb

9. Eufvl fd gnoftg mf dujlr, `geg sf eufstrl fb dl

@ulbmg utkdk`f keìjfbfs kepgrtlmls, pufmf sfr keljfb.
quf ëstls bg sf lnrlb fb dl grkfbtl`kðb quf mfsff,
bg sf prfg`upf, pgmrì hl`fr usg mfd `gelbmg mf
^gtl`kðb mf keljfb. Fstf `gelbmg bg iub`kgbl `gb
`lpls kbmkvkmuldfs,
sfdf``kðb mf ngrmfs.bk plrtfs
Qlrl rgtlrmf
ubl`lpls, `lbldfs
sfdf``kðb g
g `lpl
utkdk`f fd `gelbmg ]rlbsigrel`kðb.

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.9.=L.psm  lÿb lnkfrtg,

sfdf``kgbf fd fdfefbtg kb`rustlmg.
>. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 ]rlbsigrelr

@ulbmg sf unkquf fb fd `gelbmg ]rlbsigrelr Ikjurl =.9.6.` Egvfr gnoftg

sldmrìb mkifrfbtfs gp`kgbfs quf pufmf lpdk`lr
l pdk`lr plrl
trlbsigrelr ubl keljfb. Qufmf hl`fr usg mf fddls
mfpfbmkfbmg mf dl egmk﬌`l`kðb quf df qukfrf mlr l
dl keljfb. Qlrl fstl prì`tk`l sgdlefbtf utkdkzlrfegs
dl gp`kðb ^gtlr
:. Ylyl l dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls y sfdf``kgbf dl
Hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr.
8. Më `dk` fb `gdg`lr fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg quf
sldkð.

0. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb ^gtlr ]gef Bgtl? ]lenkëb sf pufmf rfldkzlr dl l``kðb mf

trlbsigrelr ubl keljfb mfsmf fd Qlbfd mf `gbtrgd g
plbfd mf gp`kgbfs.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

91
Pu keljfb mfnf du`kr skekdlr l fstl Dls keìjfbfs mf elpl mf nkts mfpfbmfb mf dl
rfsgdu`kðb, fs mf`kr, `gbtkfbfb ub bÿefrg ﬌og mf
påxfdfs. @geg `gbsf`ufb`kl, pufmfb pfrmfr mftlddf
y lplrf`fr mfbtlmls sk sf `lenkl dl fs`ldl l jrlbmfs
lepdkl`kgbfs fb plbtlddl g sk sf keprkefb `gb ubl
rfsgdu`kðb kbifrkgr quf lquëddl plrl dl quf iufrgb
`rflmls.

Ikjurl =.9.6.M keljfb trlbsigrelml

=.: ]󰁬󰁥󰁬󰃼󰁧 󰁭󰁦
Ikjurl =.:.<.L Keljfb mf elpl nkts

=.:.> Jrì﬌`g
Jrì﬌`g Yf`tgrk
Yf`tgrkld
ld
󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢, 󰁾󰁦󰁰󰁧󰁤󰁶󰁠󰁫
󰁾󰁦󰁰󰁧󰁤󰁶󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
󰃰󰁢
Dgs jrì﬌`gs vf`tgrkldfs  (l
 (l vf`fs mfbgekblmgs igrels
󰁻 󰁾󰁦󰁥󰁶󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁦󰁬󰁾 vf`tgrkldfs u gnoftgs vf`tgrkldfs) fstìb `gepufstgs
mf dåbfls y `urvls mf﬌bkmls pgr gnoftgs eltfeìtk`gs
Fs kepgrtlbtf rf`grmlr quf fd egmg fb quf sf vf dl mfbgekblmgs
mf l`ufrmg `gbvf`tgrfs, quf mfs`rknfb
sus `lrl`tfråstk`ls ubl keljfb
jfgeëtrk`ls.
kdustrl`kðb fb plbtlddl bg fs skfeprf fd egmg fb quf
sf vfrì fb fd efmkg ﬌bld. Pk `rfl ubl keljfb plrl Qufmf egvfr g egmk﬌`lr jrì﬌`gs vf`tgrkldfs `gb
sgpgrtfs keprfsgs, rfsudtl ÿtkd fspf`k﬌`lr fd tlelüg dknfrtlm skb pfrmfr mftlddf bk `dlrkmlm pgrquf
mf dl keljfb fb tërekbgs mf dls mkefbskgbfs mf sgb kbmfpfbmkfbtfs mf dl rfsgdu`kðb. Dgs gnoftgs
keprfskðb y dl rfsgdu`kðb mf keljfb. Fstls mgs vf`tgrkldfs `rflmgs utkdkzlbmg dls hfrrlekfbtls
efmkmls, l dls quf sf mfbgekbl tlelüg mfd mf mknuog y igrels fb Lmgnf @rfltkvf Puktf sgb
mg`uefbtg, mftfrekblb dl `lbtkmlm tgtld mf påxfdfs
p åxfdfs fofepdgs mf jrì﬌`gs vf`tgrkldfs.
y, pgr dg tlbtg, fd tlelüg mf lr`hkvg mf dl keljfb3
fd tlelüg mfd mg`uefbtg tlenkëb mftfrekbl
fd tlelüg nlsf `gb fd `uld ubl keljfb sf `gdg`l
mfbtrg mf gtrl lpdk`l`kðb. Fs pgskndf elbkpudlr
`gb eìs mftlddf dl fs`ldl mf dl keljfb keprfsl `gb
fd `gelbmg Keprkekr3 skb fenlrjg, dgs `lenkgs
rfldkzlmgs utkdkzlbmg fstf `gelbmg lif`tlb sgdg l
dl keljfb
lr`hkvg mfkeprfsl, bg ld tlelüg mfd mg`uefbtg mfd
dl keljfb.

=.:.< Jrì﬌`g
Jrì﬌`g mf elpl nkts Ikjurl =.:.>.L Keljfb vf`tgrkld 

Dls keìjfbfs mf elpls mf nkts, mfbgekblmls

të`bk`lefbtf keìjfbfs rlstfrkzlmls , utkdkzlb ubl =.:.0 Qkxfdfs
Qkxfdfs
`ulmrå`udl rf`tlbjudlr mf fdfefbtgs mf keljfb
(påxfdfs) plrl rfprfsfbtlr keìjfbfs. L `lml påxfd
sf df lskjbl ubl unk`l`kðb y ub vldgr mf `gdgr Vb pkxfd sf `gbg`f `geg dl ubkmlm eåbkel
fspf`å﬌`gs. Ld trlnlolr `gb keìjfbfs mf elpl mf mf kbigrel`kðb fb ubl keljfb.
keljfb . Dls keìjfbfs
nkts, sf fmktlb dgs påxfdfs, fb dujlr mf dgs gnoftgs fb Qhgtgshgp pufmfb efmkrsf pgr pkxfdfs.
g dls igrels. Dls keìjfbfs mf elpl mf nkts sgb fd Mkefbskgbfs fb pkxfdfs sf rf﬌frf l dl `lbtkmlm rfld
efmkg fdf`trðbk`g eìs uslmg plrl dls keìjfbfs mf mf pkxfdfs `gbtfbkmgs fb dl keljfb. Dl `lbtkmlm
tgbg `gbtkbug, `geg igtgjrliåls g pkbturls mkjktldfs, mf pkxfdfs
mltgs tlenkëb Dls
fb dl keljfb.
keljfb. rfprfsfbtl
keìjfbfs dl
`gb`lbtkmlm mf
eìs påxfdfs
pufstg quf pufmfb rfprfsfbtlr mf elbfrl eìs
f﬌`lz mfjrlmlmgs sutkdfs mf sgenrls y `gdgr. eufstrlb efogr dgs mftlddfs `ulbmg sf keprkefb,
pfrg bf`fsktlb elygr fspl`kg fb mks`g plrl su

fmk`kðb f keprfskðb.
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl =.:.6. L @ulmrg mf mkldgjg ]lelüg mf keljfb
Ikjurl =.:.0.L Qkxfdfs
@lml `ulmrktg mf dl keljfb lbtfrkgr fs ub pkxfd,
pufmf gnsfrvlr dgs pkxfdfs mf ubl keljfb `ulbmg
luefbtl fd zgge mf dl eksel.
=.:.= ^fsgdu`kðb
^fsgdu`kðb
Dl rfsgdu`kðb fs dl prf`kskðb mfd mftlddf fb dls
keìjfbfs mf elpl mf nkts, sf s f ekmf fb påxfdfs pgr
pudjlml (ppp) . Fd usg mf ubl rfsgdu`kðb mfelsklmg
nlol plrl ubl keljfb keprfsl prgmu`f ubl
pkxfdl`kðb, påxfdfs mf jrlb tlelüg `gb ub lspf`tg
euy mfskjuld fb dl keprfskðb. Vtkdkzlr ubl rfsgdu`kðb
mfelsklmg ldtl (påxfdfs eìs pfqufügs quf dgs quf
pufmf prgmu`kr fd mkspgsktkvg mf sldkml) luefbtl fd
tlelüg mfd lr`hkvg skb efogrlr dl `ldkmlm mf dl sldkml
keprfsl y rldfbtkzl dl keprfskðb mf dl kdustrl`kðb.
=.:.6 Loustf
Loustf fd tlelüg
t lelüg mf
dl keljfb
Mfspuës mf `gbg`fr dls mkstkbtls efmkmls mf `ðeg
sf `gepgbf ubl keljfb fb Qhgtgshgp, ustfm
pufmf loustlr fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb mfpfbmkfbmg
mfd prgyf`tg ld quf sf mkrkjf3 pufmf `lenklr tlbtls
vf`fs dg `rfl `gbvfbkfbtf.
Q^Ì@]K@L? L OVP]L^  FD  ]LELÜG  MF 
DL  KELJFB
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.:.6psm
>. Pfdf``kgbf Keljfb 2 ]lelüg mf keljfb.
Ikjurl =.:.6.N ]lelüg mf keljfb
ldel`fblekfbtg y rfqukfrfb eìs tkfepg plrl su
Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 9<
Fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ]lelüg mf keljfb  sf
fb`ufbtrl fstru`turlmg mf tld elbfrl quf,
eufstrl dls mkefbskgbfs fb påxfdfs y ]lelüg
mfd mg`uefbtg. Mkefbskgbfs fb påxfdfs
eufstrl fd bÿefrg mf påxfdfs quf igrelb dl
keljfb (plrl jrì﬌`gs wfn, dls mkefbskgbfs
fb påxfdfs sgb eìs kepgrtlbtfs quf fd tlelüg
mf keprfskðb rfld mfd mg`uefbtg). Pf eufstrl
dl kbigrel`kðb mf dl rfsgdu`kðb, lså `geg fd
tlelüg iåsk`g rfld mf dl keljfb.
Fd tlelüg l`tuld mf dl keljfb fs mf 6;.>: `e pgr
0;.6<, pfrg l ustfm df kbtfrfsl hl`fr eìs pfqufül dl
keljfb plrl quf sf loustf l ub tlelüg mf igtgjrliål.
0. @lenkf dl Lb`hurl l <6.>= `e y dl Ldturl l <1.<9
`e (sk dl `lskddl mf rfeufstrflr fstl sfdf``kgblml,
mfsl`tåvfdl).
Bgtf quf ld `lenklr dl Lb`hurl mf dl keljfb fb
lutgeìtk`g df `lenkl fd tlelüg mf dl Ldturl y dl
rfsgdu`kðb, fstg sf mfnf pgrquf Qhgtgshgp kmfbtk﬌`l
fd tlelüg kmfld mf dgs pkxfdfs mfd vldgr mlmg, fb dl
skjukfbtf df``kðb lprfbmfrì l `lenklr dgs vldgrfs.
Qufmf gnsfrvlr quf dl keljfb fb su plbtlddl sf
elbtkfbf kjuld l `geg sf lnrkð. Fstg fs mfnkmg l
quf, `ulbmg `lenkl fd tlelüg rfmu`f dl keljfb (fd
lr`hkvg pfsf efbgs), pfrg dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dl keljfb
luefbtl l `gbskmfrl`kðb mfd bufvg tlelüg mf dl
keljfb.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

9>
=. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg ^fjrfsf l Qhgtgshgp plrl `gbtkbulr `gb fd fofr`k`kg.
6. Juìrmfdg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl ps1=-=.:.6
+ dls kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf. pgr fofepdg, sk sf ddlel 0. Pfdf``kgbf dl `lskddl ^feufstrflr
Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd lr`hkvg mfnf
ddlelrsf ps1=-=.:.6OIG 

=.:.9 ^feufstrflr
^feufstrflr
Fd rfeufstrfg `gbskstf fb ldtfrlr dl `lbtkmlm mf
mltgs mf keljfb ld `lenklr dls mkefbskgbfs fb
påxfdfs g dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dl keljfb. Ld mksekbukr dl
rfsgdu`kðb (rfmu`kr fd bÿefrg mf påxfdfs), sf ngrrl
kbigrel`kðb mf dl keljfb. Pk luefbtl dl rfsgdu`kðb,
(luefbtl dl `lbtkmlm mf påxfdfs), sf lülmfb bufvgs
påxfdfs.
Ikjurl =.:.9.L @lenklr tlelüg mf rfsgdu`kðb
Ld egmk﬌`lr ubl keljfb l trlvës mfd `ulmrg mf
mkldgjg ]lelüg mf keljfb sf fb`ufbtrl ubl `lskddl =. @lenkf dl rfsgdu`kðb l 011
mgbmf pufmf `lenklr dl rfsgdu`kðb. ^feufstrflr fs 6. Ld dlmg mf ^feufstrflr, mfspdfjlr dl dkstl y
fd `lenkg mfd bÿefrg mf pkxfdfs fb ubl keljfb. sfdf``kgblr Nk`ÿnk`l eìs fbig`lml (rfmu``kðb).
9. Mlr `dk` fb GC.
 Yufdvl l dl keljfb
kelj fb quf trlnlog
t rlnlog fb fd tfel
tfe l lbtfrkgr.
lbtfr kgr.

<. Lnrl dl keljfb quf julrmg `geg Dl keljfb fb su egbktgr sf hl rfmu`kmg mfnkmg l
dl ﬎u`tul`kðb fbtrf tlelüg mf keljfb y rfsgdu`kðb.
ps1==.:.6+kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf ^f`ufrmf quf hl rfmu`kmg dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dl keljfb,
>. Pfdf``kgbf Keljfb 2 ]lelüg mf keljfb.
fs pgr fstg pgr dg quf sf hl sfdf``kgblmg dl gp`kðb
Nk`ÿnk`l eìs fbig`lml (rfmu``kðb) `geg rfeufstrfg.
Ld `lenklr fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb dl rfsgdu`kðb
Qufmf gnsfrvlr dl mkifrfb`kl fbtrf mkifrfbtfs
luefbtg l <<99.99: ppp, pgrquf ld `lenklr fd
tlelüg mf dl keljfb fd bÿefrg mf pkxfdfs mf dl efmkmls mf tlelüg mf ubl keljfb `gb dl eksel
keljfb grkjkbld sf elbtkfbfb y tkfbfb quf mkvkmkrsf efmkml mf rfsgdu`kðb.
plrl fd tlelüg lskjblmg. Fd prg`fsg mf rfmu`kr g
luefbtlr fd tlelüg mf dgs pkxfdfs mf dl keljfb sf df
:. Julrmf y `kfrrf fd mg`uefbtg.
ddlel Kbtfrpgdl`kðb. Qhgtgshgp df prgpgr`kgbl vlrkls
gp`kgbfs plrl fdfjkr fd rfeufstrfg eìs `gbvfbkfbtf
mf l`ufrmg `gb fd `lenkg quf df mlrì l su keljfb.

• Qgr lprgxkel`kðb? Vb eëtgmg rìpkmg, lubquf

  =.8 ]󰁬󰁥󰁬󰃼󰁧 󰁭󰁦
efbgs prf`ksg quf rfprgmu`f dgs påxfdfs mf ubl
keljfb. Fstf eëtgmg sf utkdkzl plrl kdustrl`kgbfs D󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁿󰁧
`gb ngrmfs quf bg fstìb sulvkzlmgs y skrvf
plrl `gbsfrvlr ngrmfs elr`lmgs y prgmu`kr ub Fd dkfbzg fs fd ìrfl fmktlndf `gepdftl mf dl keljfb.
keljfb .
lr`hkvg eìs pfqufüg. Pkb fenlrjg, fstf eëtgmg Fd `gelbmg ]lelüg mf dkfbzg pfrektf luefbtlr g
pufmf prgmu`kr fif`tgs krrfjudlrfs, quf sf hl`fb rfmu`kr fd tlelüg mfd dkfbzg mf dl keljfb. Fd luefbtg
lplrfbtfs ld mkstgrskgblr g rfmkefbskgblr ubl mfd tlelüg mfd dkfbzg lülmf fspl`kg ldrfmfmgr mf
keljfb g ld rfldkzlr vlrkls elbkpudl`kgbfs fb ubl ubl keljfb fxkstfbtf. Pk sf rfmu`f fd tlelüg mfd
sfdf``kðb. dkfbzg mf dl keljfb, sf rf`grtlrì fb dl keljfb.
• Nkdkbfld? Vb eëtgmg quf lülmf påxfdfs efmklbtf
fd `ìd`udg mf dl efmkl mf dgs vldgrfs mf `gdgr <. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1=-=.8.psm
mf dgs påxfdfs lmyl`fbtfs. Qrgmu`f rfsudtlmgs mf
`ldkmlm efmkl.
• Nk`ÿnk`l eìs sulvkzlml (lepdkl`kðb)? Vb nufb >. Pfdf``kgbf Keljfb 2 ]lelüg mf dkfbzg.
eëtgmg plrl lepdklr keìjfbfs nlslmg fb
dl kbtfrpgdl`kðb nk`ÿnk`l, pfrg mksfülmg plrl
prgmu`kr rfsudtlmgs eìs sulvfs.
• Nk`ÿnk`l eìs fbig`lml (rfmu``kðb)? Vb nufb
eëtgmg plrl rfmu`kr fd tlelüg mf ubl keljfb
nlslmg fb dl kbtfrpgdl`kðb nk`ÿnk`l `gb ub
fbigquf efogrlmg. Fstf eëtgmg elbtkfbf fd
 mftlddf mf ubl keljfb rfeufstrflml.
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl =.8.L ]lelüg mf Dkfbzg
0. Fb dl vfbtlbl mf ]lelüg mf dkfbzg, dg`ldk`ë fd ìrfl
mf trlnlog mf ]lelüg bufvg. Pf mlrì `ufbtl mf quf
hly mgs gp`kgbfs Lb`hurl y Ldturl3 ld dlmg mfrf`hg
pufmf `lenklr fd tlelüg mf `lml ngrmf mf dl pìjkbl
mf trlnlog3 mf kjuld elbfrl pufmf fdfjkr dl efmkml
mf dgbjktum, `gb dl `uld, fd mg`uefbtg sf loustlrì.
Ikjurl =.8.N @ulmrg mf mkldgjg ]lelüg mf dkfbzg
=. Kbjrfsfs dgs vldgrfs <>.= pudjlmls mf Lb`hurl y
8.0 pudjlmls mf Ldturl.
6. Më `dk` fb GC.
Pu dkfbzg hl `lenklmg mf tlelüg y bg dl keljfb,
lhgrl pufmf bgtlr dl mkifrfb`kl fbtrf `lenklr fd
tlelüg mf dkfbzg y fd tlelüg mf keljfb.
Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 90
Fd dkfbzg `grrfspgbmf ld igbmg ndlb`g mf
m f dl keljfb.
Ld egefbtg mf lnrkr ubl keljfb fb Qhgtgshgp fd
tlelüg mf dkfbzg fs fd ekseg quf fd tlelüg mf dl
keljfb.
=.; @󰁬󰁤󰁫󰁭󰁬󰁭 󰁭󰁦
󰁫󰁥󰃬󰁪󰁦󰁢󰁦󰁰
@ulbmg hl ﬌bldkzlmg mf trlnlolr fb Qhgtgshgp
ustfm pufmf fdfjkr mf ubl vlrkfmlm mf gp`kgbfs
mf julrmlmg mf lr`hkvgs fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg
Julrmlr `geg. Dl mkspgbknkdkmlm mf gp`kgbfs
mfpfbmf mf dl keljfb quf julrmf y mfd igreltg mf
lr`hkvg sfdf``kgblmg.
Ekfbtrls trlnlol fb dls keìjfbfs, dg efogr
fs julrmlrdls uslbmg fd igreltg Qhgtgshgp
prfmf﬌bkmg, quf usl dl fxtfbskðb .QPM ld ﬌bld mfd
bgenrf mfd lr`hkvg. Fstf fs fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg
bltkvg mf Qhgtgshgp y rftkfbf dgs mltgs eìs ÿtkdfs
skb pfrmfr `ldkmlm mf keljfb. Mfnkmg l quf fd
igreltg Qhgtgshgp iuf mfslrrgddlmg pgr Lmgnf,
eu`hls lpdk`l`kgbfs quf bg sgb mf dl ilekdkl Lmgnf
bg rf`gbg`fb fd igreltg QPM.
Lubquf Qhgtgshgp pufmf sfr uslmg plrl `rflr
lr`hkvgs plrl tgml `dlsf mf efmkgs, dgs usgs eìs
`geubfs mf dgs lr`hkvgs mf keìjfbfs sgb wfn,
keprfskðb y prgmu``kðb mf våmfgs. Fb sfjukml fstì
ubl dkstl mf dgs igreltgs mf lr`hkvg eìs `geubfs y
`ðeg sf uslb. L efbgs quf sf fspf`k﬌quf gtrl `gsl
fb dl mfs`rkp`kðb mfd igreltg, sf usl fd egmg mf
`gdgr ^JN plrl dgs igreltgs mf wfn y prgmu``kðb
mf våmfg3 fd egmg mf `gdgr @E[C sf utkdkzl plrl dgs
igreltgs mf prgmu``kðb keprfsl. (Yfr tlndl mf dl
pìjkbl skjukfbtf) .
 Ikjurl =.8.@ Dkfbzg egmk﬌`lmg 

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

9=

Igreltgs plrl prgmu``kðb wfn

Fstf fs ub igreltg `geÿb plrl dgs igtðjrligs `gb `ìelrl mkjktld y fd
OQFJ (Ogkbt igreltg prkelrkg plrl keìjfbfs mf `gdgr `gepdftg `geplrtkmls fb dl wfn.
Qhgtgjrlphk` Dls keìjfbfs OQFJ uslb dl `geprfskðb mënkd quf mfjrlml dl `ldkmlm mf
Fxpfrts Jrgup)  dls keìjfbfs y mfsf`hl mltgs mf `gdgr y påxfd. Vbl vfz quf dgs mltgs mf dl
keljfb sf hlb pfrmkmg, bg pufmfb sfr rf`upfrlmgs.
Dgs lr`hkvgs JKI sf uslb plrl prfsfbtlr jrì﬌`gs dkektlmgs fb `gdgr (kbmfxlmgs)
JKI (Jrlphk` fb dl wfn. Fstf fs ub igreltg `geprkekmg quf rfmu`f fd tlelüg mfd lr`hkvg
Kbtfr`hlbjf mf dls keìjfbfs, pfrg sgdg sgpgrtl ub bÿefrg dkektlmg mf `gdgrfs y fs eìs
Igrelt)  lprgpklmg plrl dgjgs y trlnlogs lrtåstk`gs eìs quf igtgjrliåls. Dgs lr`hkvgs
JKI sgpgrtlb trlbsplrfb`kls.
QBJ (Qgrtlndf QBJ iuf mfslrrgddlmg `geg ubl ldtfrbltkvl plrl JKI plrl mfspdfjlr keìjfbfs
Bftwgrc Jrlphk`s)  fb dl wfn. Vsl `geprfskðb efbgs mënkd y sgpgrtl trlbsplrfb`kl.
Igreltgs plrl prgmu``kðb keprfsl
Fd igreltg Qhgtgshgp (QPM) fs fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg prfmf﬌bkmg y fd ÿbk`g
igreltg, lmfeìs mfd Dlrjf Mg`uefbt Igrelt (QPN), quf sgpgrtl dl elygrål mf
QPM (Qhgtgshgp dls iub`kgbfs mf Qhgtgshgp. Dgs lr`hkvgs julrmlmgs `geg QPM pufmfb uslrsf
mg`uefbt)  fb gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs Lmgnf, tldfs `geg Lmgnf Kddustrltgr, Lmgnf KbMfskjb,
Lmgnf Qrfekfrf y gtrls. Dgs prgjrlels pufmfb kepgrtlr mkrf`tlefbtf
lr`hkvgs QPM y l``fmfr l eu`hls iub`kgbfs Qhgtgshgp, `geg @lpls.
]KII fs ub igreltg `geÿb mf elpls mf nkt. Dl elygrål mfd sgitwlrf mf
fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs y mf pdlbtkddls mf pìjkbl sgpgrtlb keìjfbfs ]KII mf
]KII g ]KI (]
(]ljjfm
ljjfm hlstl >JN mf tlelüg mf lr`hkvg. ]KII sgpgrtl eìs egmgs mf `gdgr y pufmf
Keljf Ikdf Igrelt)  julrmlr keìjfbfs
kb`dukr `lpls fb ub `gb `lbldfs
lr`hkvg ]KIIldphl.
, gtrls Lubquf
]KII, Qhgtgshgp
lpdk`l`kgbfs tlenkëb
bg pufmfb uslr pufmf
fstl iub`kðb
lülmkml y sgdg vfb dl keljfb `genkblml (lpdlblml).
Dgs lr`hkvgs FQP pufmfb `gbtfbfr lengs mltgs vf`tgrkldfs y elpl mf nkt.
Mlmg quf fs ub igreltg mf lr`hkvg `geÿbefbtf uslmg fb dl prgmu``kðb
keprfsl, eu`hgs mf dgs prgjrlels mf sgitwlrf jrì﬌`g sgpgrtlb fd igreltg
FQP plrl kepgrtlr g `gdg`lr keìjfbfs. FQP fs ub sun`gboubtg mfd igreltg
QgstP`rkpt. Ldjubls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf sgitwlrf bg pufmfb prfvksuldkzlr
FQP (Fb`lpsudltfm
dl kbigrel`kðb mf ldtl rfsgdu`kðb quf sf `gbtkfbf mfbtrg mf ub lr`hkvg
QgstP`rkpt) 
FQP, mf egmg quf Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf
pfr ektf julrmlr ub lr`hkvg fspf`kld mf
prfvksuldkzl`kðb plrl su usg `gb fstgs prgjrlels, fepdflbmg dl gp`kðb FQP
]KII g FQP QK@]
QK@].. FQP sgpgrtl eìs egmgs mf `gdgr
`gdgr,, tlenkëb dls trlyf`tgrkls
mf rf`grtf quf sf uslb `geÿbefbtf fb keìjfbfs mf skduftls y plrl rfegvfr
igbmgs.
Dgs lr`hkvgs Qhgtgshgp QMI sgb fxtrfelmlefbtf vfrsìtkdfs, pufmfb `gbtfbfr
mltgs mf elpls
Qhgtgshgp mf nkt g elbtfbfr
QMI pufmfb vf`tgrkldfs.
dlsDls keìjfbfs mf
`lpl`kmlmfs julrmlmls
fmk`kðb fb
mf fd
dl igreltg
elygrål
mf dls iub`kgbfs Qhgtgshgp, tldfs `geg vf`tgrfs, gnoftgs, tfxtg y `lpls3 dl
Qhgtgshgp QMI  elygrål mf dgs fspl`kgs mf `gdgr sf sgpgrtlb. Dgs lr`hkvgs Qhgtgshgp QMI
tlenkëb pufmfb sfr `geplrtkmgs `gb gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs jrì﬌`ls, `geg dl
elygrål mf dls vfrskgbfs eìs rf`kfbtfs mfd sgitwlrf jrì﬌`g, sgb `lpl`fs mf
kepgrtlr g elbkpudlr lr`hkvgs QMI.
QMI. Dgs lr`hkvgs Qhgtgshgp QMI pufmfb sfr
lnkfrtgs pgr dgs usulrkgs `gb fd sgitwlrf jrltuktg Lmgnf ^flmfr.
^flmfr.
Igreltgs plrl prgmu``kðb mf våmfgs 
Pgpgrtl egmg mf `gdgr ^JN y trlbsplrfb`kl, lmfeìs mf lr`hkvgs `gb ub pfsg
]KII g ]KI 
fb cn ldtg, pgr dg quf tlenkëb sf usl fb prgmu``kðb mf vkmfg.
]L^JL (]rufvkskgb Fstf igreltg mf lr`hkvg prgpkftlrkg fs uslmg plrl prgmu``kðb mf våmfg. Fd
Lmvlb`fm ^lstfr igreltg mf lr`hkvg ]L^JL sgpgrtl ekddgbfs mf `gdgrfs oubtg `gb `lbldfs
Jrlphk`s Lmlptfr)  ldphl.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb = 
=  Qrgpkfmlmfs mf keljfb 96

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB =
<. Pgb `lrl`tfråstk`ls quf pufmf fstlndf`fr ld `rflr ub bufvg mg`uefbtg fb Qhgtgshgp.

L) @gdgr mf igbmg, Efsls mf trlnlog y @gbtrlstf.

N) ]lelüg mf mg`uefbtg, Jlel mf `gdgrfs y ^fsgdu`kðb.
@) ^fsgdu`kðb, @gdgr mf igbmg y ]lelüg mf mg`uefbtg.

>. Pgb tkpgs mf mg`uefbtgs prffstlndf`kmgs fb Qhgtgshgp.

L) Ykmfg, mknuog y wfn.
N) Zfn, Keprfskðb y Qlkslof.
@) Keprfskðb, Igtg y wfn.

0. ·@uìd fs fd `gelbmg plrl julrmlr ubl keljfb7

L) Fmk`kðb 2 Julrmlr keljfb.

N) Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg.
@) Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr keljfb.

=. Eufstrl dl `lbtkmlm mf pkxfdfs fb plbtlddl.

L) Jrì﬌`g mf elpl nkts.

N) ^fsgdu`kðb.
@) ^lstfrkzl`kðb.

6. Pgitwlrf mf Lmgnf luxkdklr mf Qhgtgshgp quf pfrektf lnrkr keìjfbfs.

L) Lbkeltf
N) Nrkmjf
@) Qrfekfrf

9. Pgb fdfefbtgs quf ld `gdg`lrdgs fb dl keljfb sf mfsprfbmf mf su lr`hkvg grkjkbld.

L) Fdfefbtgs jrì﬌`gs.
N) Fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs.
@) Fdfefbtgs kb`rustlmgs.

:. Pgb jrì﬌`gs `gepufstgs pgr dåbfls y `urvls mf﬌bkmls pgr gnoftgs eltfeìtk`gs.

L) Jrì﬌`g vf`tgrkld.
N) Jrì﬌`g mf elpl nkts.
@) Jrl﬌`g `gepufstg.

8. Fd `gelbmg ]lelüg mf dkfbzg pfrektf?

L) Luefbtlr y mksekbukr fd ìrfl fmktlndf mf dl keljfb.

N) Luefbtlr y mksekbukr fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb.
@) Luefbtlr y mksekbukr fd bÿefrg mf pkxfdfs mf ubl keljfb.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

99
;. Igreltg plrl prgmu``kðb keprfsl quf sgpgrtl eìs egmgs mf `gdgr y pufmf julrmlr keìjfbfs `gb `lbldfs
Ldphl.

L) QPM
N) ]KII
@) FQP.

<1. Igreltg plrl prgmu``kðb wfn fd `uld fs `lplz mf rfmu`kr fd tlelüg mfd lr`hkvg mf dls keìjfbfs.

L) QBJ.
N) OQFJ.
@) JKI.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Vsg mf dls
hfrrlekfbtls
Qlrl `rflr g egmk﬌`lr keìjfbfs mfnfrì `gbg`fr fd plbfd mf hfrrlekfbtls y dls iub`kgbfs nìsk`ls mf `lml ubl mf fstls.
Lprfbmfrì `ðeg pfrsgbldkzlr dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls plrl il`kdktlr su usg.
 

Gnoftkvg
Kmfbtk﬌`lr y utkdkzlr dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls fb Lmgnf
Qhgtgshgp. Plnfr dl iub`kðb mf vlrkls hfrrlekfbtls
plrl fmktlr keìjfbfs.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg
mf Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.

• ]rlbsigrelr keìjfbfs.

• Plnfr utkdkzlr fd mknuog y dl pkbturl.

 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls 9;

6.< Y󰁬󰁾󰁫󰁽󰁬 󰁥󰃬󰁪󰁫󰁠󰁬

󰁥󰃬󰁪󰁫󰁠󰁬
 

Dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l pfrektf sfdf``kgblr

ub ìrfl `gdgrflml mf igrel `ghfrfbtf, pgr fofepdg
fd `kfdg fb ubl igtgjrliål, skb tfbfr quf trlzlr su Ikjurl 6.>.N Ylrktl eìjk`l
`gbtgrbg. Qufmf fspf`k﬌`lr dl tgdfrlb`kl, `gb
rfdl`kðb ld `gdgr grkjkbld quf sfdf``kgbl. 0. Hljl `dk` fb ldjubl plrtf fd `kfdg fb dl keljfb.

 
Dls gp`kgbfs mf sfdf``kðb fb dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs
pfrektfb ljrfjlr g quktlr plrtf mf fsl sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl 6.>.@ Pfdf``kgblr `kfdg.opj

 
L N @ M =. Fb fd plbfd mf gp`kgbfs sfdf``kgbf Lülmkr
L) Pfdf``kðb Bufvl, N) Lülmkr sfdf``kðb, @) ^fstlr mf dl sfdf``kðb y `lenkf dl tgdfrlb`kl l 06.

sfdf``kðb, M) Igrelr kbtfrsf``kðb `gb sfdf``kðb

 
Q^Ì@]K@L? Y L^K]L
L^K]L  E ÌJK@L Ikjurl 6.>.M Gp`kgbfs

 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.

6. Hljl `dk` fb dls sf``kgbfs quf ildtl sfdf``kgblr mfd
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb 6―
`kfdg fb dl keljfb.
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W6.zkp quf
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps16-6.>.psm

Ikjurl 6.>.F Lülmkr sfdf``kgbfs

9. @ulbmg tfbjl dl sfdf``kðb `gepftl.

 Ikjurl
Ikjurl 6.>.L lr`hkvg nlsf.opj
 >. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l.

Ikjurl 6.>.I Pfdf``kðb `gepdftl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:1
:. Pfdf``kgbf Fmk`kðb 2 Ngrrlr.
Ngr rlr. <. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg bkül.opj.

Ikjurl 6.>.J Ngrrlr 

8. Pf egstrlrl dl `lpl mf igbmg. Ikjurl 6.; L Lr`hkvg bkül.opj

>. Hljl `dk` fb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml.

Ikjurl 6.; N Hfrrlekfbtl sfdf``kðb rìpkml.

0.
mfHljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Bufvl sfdf``kðb fb dl nlrrl
gp`kgbfs.

Ikjurl 6.> @ Pfdf``kðb Bufvl.

Ikjurl 6.>.H Mfs`unrkr igbmg =. Egmk﬌quf dgs vldgrfs mf ]lelüg l <1< px, Murfzl
<11%, y Fspl`klmg >6% fb dls gp`kgbfs mf pkb`fd.
;. Julrmf fd lr`hkvg `geg foWvlrWelj.psm
<1. @kfrrf fd lr`hkvg.

6.> P󰁦󰁤󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁾󰃬󰁱󰁫󰁭󰁬
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml df pfrektf `rflr
sfdf``kgbfs pkbtlbmg fb`kel mfd ìrfl mf sfdf``kðb,
ddfblbmg ub ìrfl lepdklml hlstl dgs ngrmfs mf﬌bkmgs
mf dl keljfb.

Dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml sgb?

Ikjurl 6.> M Gp`kgbfs mf Qkb`fd.
Eufstrfg mf tgmls dls `lpls? @rfl ubl sfdf``kðb fb
tgmls dls `lpls fb ub dujlr, `gb rfspf`tg l dl `lpl
6. Fdkol ubl mf dls gp`kgbfs mf Pfdf``kðb
fb dl quf fstë trlnlolbmg l`tuldefbtf.
rìpkml, hl`kfbmg `dk` fb dl `lskddl mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb
`grrfspgbmkfbtf.
lutgeìtk`lefbtf? Fstl gp`kðb hlrì quf dl
Efogrlr lutgeìtk`lefbtf? Fstl
sfdf``kðb ﬎uyl eìs hl`kl dgs ngrmfs rfmu`kfbmg dl
rujgskmlm y sgdkmfz mfd dåektf mf sfdf``kðb.
Ikjurl 6.> F Gp`kgbfs mf Pfdf``kðb rìpkml
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FF  V BL  P FDF@@KÐB 
 ^ÌQKML
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl 6.>. I Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `rflml
:. @gpkf dl sfdf``kðb yfbmg Fmk`kðb 2 @gpklr.
Ikjurl 6.>. @gpklr sfdf``kðb
8. Qfjuf dl sfdf``kðb yfbmg l Fmk`kðb 2 Qfjlr.
Ikjurl 6.>. Qfjlr sfdf``kðb
;. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr mfspdl`f dl sfdf``kðb
hl`kl dl kzqukfrml.
9. Qkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl bkül fb dl keljfb.
Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls :<
  6.0 N󰁧󰁽󰁦 󰁭󰁦 󰁱󰁫󰁢󰁽󰁶󰁾󰁬
Ld utkdkzlr dl hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl, sf ddfblrì
ub ìrfl sfdf``kgblml mf dl keljfb `gb fd `gdgr
irgbtld l`tuld, lmfeìs df pfrektkrì rfddfblr fd ìrfl
`gb ub `gdgr irgbtld g `gb ub egtkvg, fspf`k﬌`lr ub
egmg mf iuskðb y egmk﬌`lr dgs vldgrfs mf tgdfrlb`kl
y gpl`kmlm, lså `geg sulvkzlr dgs ngrmfs g rfddfblr
sgdg dgs pkxfdfs `gbtkjugs l lquëd fb fd quf hkzg `dk`
y lpdk`lr fd rfddfbg l tgmls dls `lpls mf ubl sgdl vfz.
Qlrl lpdk`lr ub rfddfbg l ubl sfdf``kðb `gb dl
hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl?
Q^Ì@]K@L? Q KB]F VB  Ì^FL 
PFDF@@KGBLML
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ]fdfigbg.opj.
Ikjurl 6.0 L Lr`hkvg ]fdëigbg.opj.
>. Pfdf``kgbf fd ìrfl mf dl plbtlddl mfd tfdëigbg
`fdudlr.
Ikjurl 6.0. N Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `rflml
0. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl.
 Ikjurl 6.>. Egvfr sfdf``kðb Ikjurl 6.0. @ Hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf mf pkbturl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:>
=. @lenkf dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl fb dl Nlrrl
mf gp`kgbfs mf l`ufrmg l sus bf`fskmlmfs.

Ikjurl 6.0. M Gp`kgbfs mf Ngtf mf pkbturl

6. Pfdf``kgbf bfjrg `geg @gdgr irgbtld.

Ikjurl 6.= L Lr`hkvg dkfbzg.opj

>. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Fdkpsf.

Ikjurl 6.0. F @gdgr irgbtld bfjrg.

Ikjurl 6.= N Hfrrlekfbtl Fdkpsf.
=.Qkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl sfdf``kgblml.
0. ]rl`f dl fdkpsf sgnrf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg.

Ikjurl 6.0 I Pfdf``kðb pkbtlml

Ikjurl 6.= @ ]rlzlr fdkpsf

6.= F󰁤󰁫󰁱󰁰󰁦 =. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb

Mf﬌bkr tkpg rfddfbg mf igrel y sfdf``kgbf fd `gdgr
rgog.
Qlrl mknuolr ubl hfrrlekfbtl `kr`udlr, ustfm pgmrì
lpgylrsf dl hfrrlekfbtl Fdkpsf quf sf fb`ufbtrl fb
fd `ulmrg mf Hfrrlekfbtls.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FF  V BL  F DKQPF P GN^F 

V BL  K ELJFB
<. Lnrl dl keljfb dkfbzg.opj.
 Ikjurl 6.= M Mf﬌bkr rfddfbg mf igrel.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls :0
=. Pfdf``kgbf fd `gdgr lzud `geg @gdgr irgbtld.
  6.6 D
 D󰃬󰁱󰁫
󰃬󰁱󰁫󰁿
󰁿
Dl hfrrlekfbtl dìpkz pkbtl `gb fd `gdgr irgbtld fb ubl
keljfb, `rflbmg trlzgs `gb ngrmfs murgs,
m urgs, pumkfbmg
lmfeìs egmk﬌`lr dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl
`geg fd tkpg mf pubtl mfd dìpkz, fd egmg mf iuskðb,
dl gpl`kmlm, `gbtrgdlr dl prfskðb sgnrf dl gpl`kmlm
y tlelüg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? V PL
PL^^  HF^^LEKFB]L   DÌQK_

<. Lnrl dl keljfb dkfbzg.opj.

Ikjurl 6.6 @ Pfdf``kgblr `gdgr Irgbtld 

6. ]rl`f sgnrf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg.

>. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Dìpkz.

Dì pkz.

Ikjurl 6.6 M ]rlzlr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Dìpkz 

Ikjurl 6.6 L Hfrrlekfbtl Dìpkz    6.9 D

 D󰁬󰁿󰁧
󰁬󰁿󰁧 󰁱󰁧󰁤󰁫󰁪󰁧󰁢󰁬󰁤
󰁱󰁧󰁤󰁫󰁪󰁧󰁢󰁬󰁤
0. Egmkiquf dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Dìpkz.

Dl hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg pgdkjgbld rfsudtl ÿtkd plrl

mknuolr
ngrmf mfsfjefbtgs
sfdf``kðb. mf ngrmf
Mfrkvl rf`tkdåbfg
su bgenrf mf ub
pgrquf ld
﬌bldkzlr dl sfdf``kðb igrel ub pgdåjgbg. @gb fstl
hfrrlekfbtl rfsudtl eìs il`tkndf dl sfdf``kðb mf
igrels jfgeëtrk`ls.

G`lskgbldefbtf dl hfrrlekfbtl bg sf fb`ufbtrl

vkskndf fb dl nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls. Qlrl sfdf``kgblrdl?

<. Fb dl Nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls unkquf dl Hfrrlekfbtl

Dlzg.
>. @dk` mfrf`hg sgnrf dl Hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg.
0. Pfdf``kgblr Dlzg pgdkjgbld.

Ikjurl 6.6 N Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Dìpkz 


:=
6.: D󰁬󰁿󰁧
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg fs ubl hfrrlekfbtl mf sfdf``kðb
mf igrel dknrf. Fs mf jrlb lyuml plrl `rflr ubl
sfdf``kðb kbk`kld jrufsl y, efogr lÿb, plrl dkepklr
ubl sfdf``kðb fxkstfbtf. Dl sfdf``kðb quf jfbfrf
sfrì tlb fxl`tl `geg fd egusf dg pfrektl. Dg efogr
mf fstl hfrrlekfbtl fs quf bg mfnf prfg`uplrsf
pgr sfr prf`ksg, pufmf egmk﬌`lr dl sfdf``kðb.
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg rfjudlrefbtf sf fb`ufbtrl
vkskndf fb dl Nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls.
Ikjurl 6.:. L Hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg
6.8 E󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁧
󰁾󰁦󰁠󰁽󰁬󰁢󰁪󰁶󰁤󰁬󰁾
Dl hfrrlekfbtl mf elr`g df pfrektf, `geg kbmk`l
fd bgenrf mf dl hfrrlekfbtl, rfldkzlr ubl sfdf``kðb
mf elbfrl rf`tlbjudlr g `ulmrlml. Fs ÿtkd plrl ubl
sfdf``kðb rìpkml mf ldjÿb fdfefbtg g plrtf mf dl
keljfb.
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Elr`g rf`tlbjudlr rfjudlrefbtf sf
fb`ufbtrl vkskndf fb dl Nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls.
 Ikjurl
Ikjurl 6.8. L Hfrrlekfbtl Elr`g ^f`tlbjudlr  @gbtfxtg
6.; E󰁧󰁹󰁫󰁥
 E󰁧󰁹󰁫󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
󰁠󰁧󰁢 󰁭󰁦󰁽󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦
󰁠󰁧󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁢󰁫󰁭󰁧
Vtkdk`f dl hfrrlekfbtl Egvkekfbtg `gb mftf``kðb mf
`gbtfbkmg plrl sfdf``kgblr y egvfr ubl plrtf mf
ubl keljfb. Dl keljfb sf rf`gepgbf y fd ljuofrg
quf mfol sf rfddfbl `gb dgs fdfefbtgs `gkb`kmfbtfs
mf dl keljfb. Bg fs bf`fslrkg ddfvlr l `lng jrlbmfs
Ikjurl 6.9. L. Pfdf``kgblr Hfrrlekfbtl Dlzg pgdkjgbld 
Qhgtgshgp @@
Qlrl unk`lr dl hfrrlekfbtl, fb g`lskgbfs bg sf
fb`ufbtrl vkskndf fb dl nlrrl mf hfrrlekfbtls. Qlrl
sfdf``kgblrdl?
Q^Ì@]K@L? E GYKEKFB]G @GB  
MF]F@@KÐB MF   @GB]FBKMG
<. Fb dl Nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls unkquf Qkb`fd
`grrf`tgr.
Ikjurl 6.;. L Hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd `grrf`tgr 
>. Fb pkb`fd `grrf`tgr mlr `dk` mfrf`hg.
0. Pfdf``kgblr Hfrrlekfbtl `gb mftf``kðb mf
`gbtfbkmg
Ikjurl 6.;. N Pfdf``kgblr Hfrrlekfbtl Egvkekfbtg `gb
mftf``kðb mf `gbtfbkmg
Q^Ì@]K@L? H F^^LEKFB]LP  MF 
PFDF@@KÐB
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl
 plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs
quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg.
Lnrkr fd lr`hkvg ps16-6.;.psm.
Pf fstì prgeg`kgblbmg dl @leplül Bl`kgbld mfd
Efmkg Lenkfbtf. Qlrl
Qlrl dl lpfrturl mf dl `leplül sf
mksfüð ubl keljfb quf sfrì utkdkzlml fb dgs `lrtfdfs
mf dl `leplül.
]lrfl
Egmk﬌quf fd `lrtfd `gb dls kbmk`l`kgbfs quf sf
prfsfbtlb l `gbtkbul`kð
`gbtkbul`kðb?
b?
Eufvl fd tfxtg —@leplül Bl`kgbld mfd Efmkg
Lenkfbtf― hl`kl fd dlmg `gbtrlrkg.
<. Vtkdk`ë dl Hfrrlekfbtl dlzg, Dlzg pgdkjgbld g Elr`g
rf`tlbjudlr plrl sfdf``kgblr fd tfxtg.
 egmk﬌`l`kgbfs quf kepdkqufb fd usg mf `lpls y
sfdf``kgbfs `gepdfols.
Qhgtgshgp @@
@gdgrflr fd igbmg mf dl keljfb
0. Vslr dl Hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl.
=. Pfdf``kgbf fd `gdgr #lll68=.
6. @gdgrff `geg sf eufstrl fb dl keljfb ﬌bld.
Ld ﬌bldkzlr dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs su keljfb mfnf du`kr
sfefolbtf l dl skjukfbtf?
6.;. @ Keljfb ﬌bld prl`tk`l 6.; 
6.<1 Q󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁤 󰁭󰁦
󰁨󰁫󰁰󰁽󰁧󰁾󰁫󰁬
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd mf hkstgrkl pfrektf pkbtlr ubl
`gpkl mf ub fstlmg g ubl kbstlbtìbfl mf dl keljfb
fb dl vfbtlbl mf dl keljfb l`tuld.
Fstl hfrrlekfbtl rfldkzl ubl `gpkl g eufstrl mf dl
keljfb y, l `gbtkbul`kðb, pkbtl `gb fddl.
]rls mfshl`fr fd `lenkg fb dl keljfb, pufmf utkdkzlr
dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd mf hkstgrkl plrl lpdk`lr fd
`lenkg mf igrel sfdf`tkvl fb ìrfls mf dl keljfb.
6.<< Q󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁤 󰁨󰁫󰁰󰁽󰃰󰁾󰁫󰁠󰁧
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd hkstðrk`g pkbtl `gb trlzgs
fstkdkzlmgs, utkdkzlbmg dgs mltgs mf grkjfb mf ub
fstlmg g ubl kbstlbtìbfl mf hkstgrkl fspf`k﬌`lmgs.
Ld fxpfrkefbtlr `gb mkifrfbtfs gp`kgbfs mf fstkdg
mf pkbturl, tlelüg y tgdfrlb`kl, pufmf skeudlr dl
tfxturl mf pkbtlr `gb mkifrfbtfs `gdgrfs y fstkdgs
lrtåstk`gs.
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd mf hkstgrkl, skb fenlrjg,
pkbtl rf`rflbmg dgs mltgs mf grkjfb fspf`k﬌`lmgs,
>. Vtkdk`f dl hfrrlekfbtl Egvkekfbtg `gb mftf``kðb
mf `gbtfbkmg.
Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls :6
  6.<> Q󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁤
󰁥󰁦󰁿󰁠󰁤󰁬󰁭󰁧󰁾
Fd pkb`fd Efz`dlmgr skeudl të`bk`ls mf pkbturl
rfldfs `geg dl efz`dl mf `gdgrfs fb fd dkfbzg, dl
`genkbl`kðb mf `gdgrfs fb ub pkb`fd g dl egmk﬌`l`kðb
mf dl huefmlm mf dl pkbturl l dg dlrjg mf ub trlzg.
Fd pkb`fd Efz`dlmgr prfsfbtl mgs ìrfls mf pkbturl?
ubl rfsfrvl y ub mfpðsktg. Dl rfsfrvl ldel`fbl
fd `gdgr ﬌bld lpdk`lmg sgnrf fd dkfbzg y tkfbf eìs
`lpl`kmlm. Fd mfpðsktg sgdg rf`knf pkbturl mfd
dkfbzg3 su `gbtfbkmg sf efz`dl `gbtkbulefbtf `gb
dgs `gdgrfs mfd dkfbzg.
  6.<0 Q󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁤
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd pkbtl trlzgs mf pkb`fd. Dl
hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd `rfl sulvfs trlzgs mf `gdgr.
  6.<= ]󰁬󰁥󰁱󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦
󰁠󰁤󰁧󰁢󰁬󰁾
@gb dl hfrrlekfbtl tlepðb mf `dgblr, ustfm pgmrì
pkbtlr fd ìrfl mf ubl keljfb sgnrf gtrl mf dl eksel
keljfb g mf `uldqukfr gtrg mg`uefbtg quf
q uf tfbjl fd
ekseg egmg mf `gdgr lså `geg plrtf mf ubl `lpl
sgnrf gtrl `lpl. Dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr
fs uslml irf`ufbtfefbtf plrl mupdk`lr gnoftgs g
`grrfjkr kepfrif``kgbfs fb ubl igtgjrliål y pkbtlr fd
`gbtfbkmg mf `ulmrgs mf våmfg tgelbmg eufstrls
mf dls ìrfls quf mfsff `dgblr.
Qufmf pkbtlr `gb dl eufstrl eìs l`tuld,
l` tuld, skfeprf quf
sf mftfbjl y vufdvl l pkbtlr `gb dl gp`kðb Ldkbflmg,
 ekfbtrls quf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd hkstðrk`g utkdkzl lmfeìs mf utkdkzlr `uldqukfr pubtl mf pkb`fd `gb dg
lmfeìs mf fsgs mltgs dls gp`kgbfs mf﬌bkmls pgr quf pgmrì `gbtrgdlr fd tlelüg mfd ìrfl mf `dgbl`kðb.
fd usulrkg plrl `rflr mkifrfbtfs `gdgrfs y fstkdgs
lrtåstk`gs.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:9
Qlrl utkdkzlr dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr. 6. Qkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl pdlyfrl, l egmg mf
ngrrlr dl dfyfbml —YGDVB]FF^―.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ DGBF VB  Ì ^FL  
MF]F^EKBLML MF  VB
VBLL  K ELJFB

<. Lnrl dl keljfb vgdubtlrkl.opj .

Ikjurl 6.<= M Qkbtlr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr 

9. ]gef ubl eufstrl mf dl ftkquftl lzud

lz ud fb dl `lol
quf sgstkfbf dl `hk`l prfskgblbmg Ldt
prfskgblbmg  Ldt + `dk` .
:. Qkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl ftkquftl l egmg mf
Ikjurl 6.<= L Lr`hkvg Ygdubtlrkl.opj ngrrlr dl dfyfbml —MGBL]KGBP―.
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr.

Ikjurl 6.<= N Hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr 

0. ]gef ubl eufstrl mfd `gdgr ndlb`g mf dl pdlyfrl

mf dl `hk`l fb dl keljfb prfskgblbmg Ldt
prfskgblbmg Ldt + `dk` .
=. Loustf dls gp`kgbfs mf ]lelüg y Murfzl fb dls
gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr.
Ikjurl 6.<= F Qkbtlr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr 

8. Ld ﬌bld dl keljfb mfnfrì vfrsf mf dl skjukfbtf

elbfrl.

Ikjurl 6.<= I ^fsudtlmg mf dl prì`tk`l

Ikjurl 6.<= @ Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr 

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls ::
0. Fb fd plbfd Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb, hljl `dk` fb
6.<=.< @dgbf
@dgbf
su keljfb ldjubg mf dgs ngtgbfs Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb.
mfsmf gtrg grkjfb
Ld utkdkzlr dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgbl`kðb ustfm
pgmrì egmk﬌`lr fd grkjfb mf dls eufstrls mf keljfb
quf sfdf``kgbf, yl sfl mfsmf fd mg`uefbtg `gb fd
quf sf fb`ufbtrf trlnlolbmg l`tuldefbtf g mfsmf
`uldqukfr mg`uefbtg lnkfrtg mf Qhgtgshgp.

Qufmf mf﬌bkr hlstl 6 gråjfbfs mf eufstrl mkifrfbtfs

mfsmf fd plbfd mf Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb quf julrml
dgs gråjfbfs mf eufstrl hlstl quf julrmf fd
mg`uefbtg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKF FD  G ^KJFB MF 

@ DGBL@KÐB FB  VBL  K ELJFB Ikjurl 6.<=.< N Ngtðb grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb

=. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr y

<. Lnrl dl keljfb vgdubtlrkl.opj `lenkf fd pkb`fd l @kr`udlr mf﬌bkmg y ]lelüg mfd
pkb`fd l <0; px y murfzl <11%.

>. Lnrl fd plbfd Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb,

sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2 Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb.
Ikjurl 6.<=.< @ @lenklr gp`kgbfs mf Qkb`fd 

6. ]gef ubl eufstrl fb fd ìrfl lzud mf dl ftkquftl

quf sgstkfbf
9. Hljl dl gtrg
`dk` fb `hk`l.
mf dgs ngtgbfs Grkjfb mf
`dgbl`kðb.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< L Lnrkr plbfd Grkjfb mf sfdf``kðb

 Ikjurl 6.<=.< M @lenklr ngtðb mf Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:8
:. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr y <<. Pfdf``kgbf fd ìrfl mf dls dftrls G, D, V y B.
`lenkf dls gp`kgbfs mf Qkb`fd l @kr`udlr mf﬌bkmg y
]lelüg mfd pkb`fd l <;1 px y Murfzl? <0%.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< K Lülmkr sfdf``kðb

<>. Fb fd plbfd Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb hljl `dk`

sgnrf fd ngtðb `gb fd quf tgeð dl prkefrl
eufstrl.
Ikjurl 6.<=.< F @lenklr gp`kgbfs mf Qkb`fd 

8. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l y

`lenkf dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl l mf `dk` fb
dl gp`kðb Pfdf``kðb bufvl ,`lenkf dl ]gdfrlb`kl l
=1 y hljl `dk` fb dls `lskddls Pulvkzlr y @gbtkjug.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< I Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l

;. Pfdf``kgbf fd ìrfl mf dftrl Y.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< O @lenklr grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb

<0. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr y

pkbtf sgnrf dl sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< J Pfdf``kgblr ìrfl

<1. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl

eìjk`l, hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr l sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< H Ngtðb Lülmkr l sfdf``kðb

Ikjurl 6.<=.< C Qkbtlr sgnrf sfdf``kðb

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls :;
<=. Pufdtf dl sfdf``kðb prfskgblbmg yfbmg l <8. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ]lepðb mf `dgblr y
Pfdf``kðb 2 Mfsfdf``kgblr. pkbtf sgnrf dl sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< D Pgdtlr sfdf``kðb

<6. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l y fb

dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl sfdf``kgbf fd ngtðb
Lülmkr l sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl 6.<=.< E Ngtðb Lülmkr sfdf``kðb

Ikjurl 6.<=.< Q Qkbtlr sgnrf sfdf``kðb
<9. Pfdf``kgbf fd ìrfl mf dls dftrls ], F, F y ^.
<;. Pufdtf dl sfdf``kðb prfskgblbmg yfbmg l
Pfdf``kðb 2 Mfsfdf``kgblr.
>1. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl 6.<=.< B @rflr sfdf``kðb

<:. Fb fd plbfd Grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb hljl `dk`

sgnrf fd ngtðb `gb fd quf tgeð dl sfjubml
eufstrl. Ikjurl 6.<=.< \ ^fsudtlmg mf @lenklr fd grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb

  6.<6 Q󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁬
Dl hfrrlekfbtl Qduel fstìbmlr mknuol `gb dl elygr
prf`kskðb3 fb `lenkg, dl hfrrlekfbtl mf pduel
mf igrel dknrf mknuol trlzlmgs tld `geg sf mknuol
`gb dìpkz y plpfd y dl gp`kðb mf pduel eljbëtk`l
pfrektf mknuolr trlzlmgs quf sf loustlb l dgs ngrmfs
mf ìrfls mf﬌bkmls fb dl keljfb.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^F
^FFF  VB  ] ^L_LMG  @G
@GBB  DL  
HF^^LEKFB]L Q DVEL
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW6.<6W@@ y lnrl dl
keljfb `grlzgb.
Ikjurl 6.<=.< G @lenklr grkjfb mf `dgbl`kðb

81
Ikjurl 6.<6 L Lr`hkvg `grlzgb.opj
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qduel.
Ikjurl 6.<6 N Hfrrlekfbtl Qduel
0. Hljl `dk` sgnrf fd pubtg fb mgbmf mfsff kb`klr fd
trlzlmg.
Ikjurl 6.<6 @ Qubtg kbk`kld mfd trlzlmg
=. Hljl `dk` fb mgbmf mfsff `gbtkbulr fd sfjefbtg y
lrrlstrf fd `ursgr plrl mf﬌bkr dl kb`dkbl`kðb
kb`dkbl`kðb mf dl
`urvl y sufdtf fd ngtðb mfd rltðb.
Qhgtgshgp @@
6. @gbtkbÿf ljrfjlbmg sfjefbtgs ld trlzlmg,
mf﬌bkfbmg `urvls sfjÿb sfl bf`fslrkg.
Ikjurl 6.<6 F Ljrfjlr eìs sfjefbtgs ld trlzlmg
9. Hljl `dk` fb fd pubtg mgbmf kbk`kð fd trlzlmg plrl
`frrlrdg.
 Ikjurl 6.<6 I @frrlr fd trlzlmg
6.<6.< Vsf
Vsf
dl hfrrlekfbtl
pduel plrl sfdf``kgblr fd
ìrfl mf ubl keljfb
Fb Qhgtgshgp fs pgskndf `rflr sfdf``kgbfs bg sðdg l
plrtkr mf pkxfdfs, skbg quf tlenkëb pufmfb utkdkzlrsf
mltgs vf`tgrkldfs. Efmklbtf dl hfrrlekfbtl pduel
ustfm pgmrì `rflr `gbtgrbgs prf`ksgs ddlelmgs
trlzlmgs quf l su vfz pufmfb `gbvfrtkrsf fb
sfdf``kgbfs, lmfeìs mf quf ub trlzlmg `frrlmg
pufmf lülmkrsf, rfstlrsf g `genkblrsf mf dl
sfdf``kðb l`tuld.
Q^Ì@]K@L? P FDF@@KGBL^ Ì^FL MF 
VBL
VB L   KELJFB
<. Lnrl dl keljfb Dknrg.opj
 Ikjurl 6.<6 M @gbtkbulr fd sfjefbtg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls 8<

Ikjurl 6.<6.< L Lr`hkvg Dknrg.opj

>. @rff ub trlzlmg sgnrf dl pgrtlml mfd dknrg `gb dl

hfrrlekfbtl Qduel.
Ikjurl 6.<6.< M Qlbfd ]rlzlmgs

  6.<9 ^󰁦󰁠󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁾
Dl Hfrrlekfbtl ^f`grtf skrvf plrl fdkekblr plrtfs
mf ubl igtgjrliål y fbig`lr dl `gepgsk`kðb mf dl
keljfb.
Vnkquf dl Hfrrlekfbtl ^f`grtf fb dl Nlrrl mf
Hfrrlekfbtls.

Ikjurl 6.<6.< N @rflr trlzlmg sgnrf dl pgrtlml mfd dknrg.

0. Lnrl fd plbfd ]rlzlmgs Pfdf``kgbf Yfbtlbl 2

Ikjurl 6.<9. L Hfrrlekfbtl ^f`grtf
]rlzlmgs.
Lublmg, pufmf fbmfrfzlr ubl keljfb ld rf`grtlr
dl igtgjrliål. Dl igtgjrliål sf jkrl y sf ldkbfl plrl
fbmfrfzlrdl. Fd dkfbzg mf dl keljfb `lenkl mf
tlelüg lutgeìtk`lefbtf plrl lmlptlrsf l dgs
påxfdfs rgtlmgs.

Qlrl rfldkzlr fstl l``kðb?

<. Vnkquf dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs ^f`grtlr.

>. Kmfbtk﬌quf dl gp`kðb fbmfrfzlr.

Ikjurl 6.<9. N Fbmfrfzlr 

Ikjurl 6.<6.< @ Lnrkr fd plbfd ]rlzlmgs
  6.<: ]󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧
Dl hfrrlekfbtl tfxtg sf utkdkzl plrl `rflr tfxtg
t fxtg fb dl
keljfb. Ld `rflr tfxtg, ubl bufvl `lpl mf tfxtg sf
lülmf ld plbfd @lpls. Vbl vfz `rflml ubl `lpl mf
 =. Fb fd Qlbfd trlzlmgs, mf `dk` fb fd ngtðb @lrjlr fd tfxtg, pufmf egmk﬌`lr fd tfxtg y lpdk`lrdf `gelbmgs
trlzlmg `geg sfdf``kðb. mf `lpl. Eìs lmfdlbtf lprfbmfrì sgnrf fd usg mf dls
`lpls y sgnrf `ðeg egmk﬌`lr fd tfxtg.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

8>
Qlrl ljrfjlr tfxtg l dl keljfb sfdf``kgbf dl
Hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg dl `uld sf fb`ufbtrl vkskndf fb dl
Nlrrl mf Hfrrlekfbtls.

Ikjurl 6.<:. L Hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg

Q^Ì@]K@L? ] FX]G
Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps16-6.<:.psm .
Ikjurl 6.<:.F Ìrfl l rf`grtlr 

@gbtfxtg =. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg quf sldmrì, `dk` fb

Fb su fs`ufdl sf `fdfnrlrì fd mål eubmkld mf dl ]kfrrl. ^f`grtlr
@geg tlrfl sf df sgdk`ktl quf prfsfbtf ubl keljfb
plrl `gbefegrlr fstf mål.

]lrfl
^fmu`kr fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb y fbmfrfzlr

Ljrfjlr ]fxtg
<. Pfdf``kgbfs dl Hfrrlekfbtl ^f`grtf

6. Pfdf``kgbf dl Hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg.

Ikjurl 6.<:.N Nlrrl mf ^f`grtf
>. Fb dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs mf dl Hfrrlekfbtl ^f`grtf
sfdf``kgblr Fbmfrfzlr
9. Vnkquf fd egusf fb dl plrtf kbifrkgr mf dl keljfb
:. @dk` y fs`rknkr —Mål Eubmkld mf dl ]kfrrl―
Eìs lmfdlbtf lprfbmfrì `ðeg egmk﬌`lr tfxtg fb dls
keìjfbfs. Bg sf prfg`upf pgr `geg du`f su tfxtg
fb fstl prì`tk`l.
prì` tk`l. Dl keljfb mfnf du`kr sfefolbtf l dl
skjukfbtf.

Ikjurl 6.<:.@ Fbmfrfzlr 

0. Mkråolsf l dl keljfb y unkquf fd egusf fb dl

fsqukbl supfrkgr mfrf`hl, hljl `dk` sgstfbkmg vlyl
hlstl dl `gbtrl fsqukbl3 mfnf sfüldlr ubl dåbfl `geg
fb dl skjukfbtf keljfb.

Ikjurl 6.<:.J Keljfb ﬌bld prl`tk`l 6.<: 

Ikjurl 6.<:. M ^f`grtlr y fbmfrfzlr keljfb

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 6 
6  Vsg mf dls hfrrlekfbtls 80

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB 6
^fdl`kgbl lenls `gduebls.

L) Qfrektf pkbtlr ubl `gpkl mf ub fstlmg g ubl

kbstlbtìbfl mf dl keljfb fb dl vfbtlbl mf dl keljfb ( ) Fdkpsf
l`tuld.

N) @rfl sfdf``kgbfs pkbtlbmg fb`kel mfd ìrfl mf ( ) Elr`g ^f`tlbjudlr

sfdf``kðb.

@) Pkrvf plrl fdkekblr plrtfs mf ubl keljfb y fbig`lr dl

( ) Dìpkz
`gepgsk`kðb mf dl keljfb.

M) ^fsudtl ÿtkd plrl mknuolr sfjefbtgs mf ngrmf rf`tkdåbfg

( ) Qkb`fd hkstðrk`g
mf ub ngrmf mf sfdf``kðb.

F) @rfl sulvfs trlzgs mf `gdgr. ( ) N g tf mf pk b tu rl

I) Pkrvf plrl mknuolr igrels `kr`udlrfs. ( ) Q kb `f d e f z`dl mg r

J) Qufmf pkbtlr fd ìrfl mf ubl keljfb sgnrf gtrl mf dl

( ) Egvkekfbtg `gb
eksel keljfb g mf `uldqukfr gtrg mg`uefbtg quf tfbjl
mftf``kðb mf `gbtfbkmg
fd ekseg egmg mf `gdgr.
H) Fs ubl hfrrlekfbtl mf sfdf``kðb mf igrel dknrf. ( ) ]f x t g

K) Dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l pfrektf sfdf``kgblr ub

( ) Ylrktl eìjk`l
ìrfl `gdgrflml mf igrel `ghfrfbtf.

O) Pf utkdkzl plrl mknuolr `gb elygr prf`kskðb. ( ) D l zg

C) Pf utkdkzl plrl sfdf``kgblr y egvfr ubl plrtf mf ubl

keljfb. Dl keljfb sf rf`gepgbf y fd fspl`kg quf mfol ( ) ^f`grtlr
sf rfddfbl `gb dgs fdfefbtgs `gkb`kmfbtfs mf dl keljfb.

D) Qkbtl `gb fd `gdgr irgbtld fb ubl keljfb `rflbmg

trlzgs `gbmf
gp`kgbfs ngrmfs murgs, lmfeìs sf pufmf egmk﬌`lr dls
dl hfrrlekfbtl. ( ) Qkb`fd hkstgrkl

E) Pkeudl të`bk`ls mf pkbturl rfldfs `geg dl efz`dl mf

( ) Pfdf``kðb rìpkml
`gdgrfs fb fd dkfbzg.

B) Qkbtl `gb trlzgs fstkdkzlmgs, utkdkzlbmg dgs mltgs

mf grkjfb mf ub fstlmg g ubl kbstlbtìbfl mf hkstgrkl ( ) ]lepðb `dgblr
fspf`k﬌`lmgs.

G) Ld utkdkzlr fstl hfrrlekfbtl sf ddfblrì ub ìrfl

( ) Dlzg pgdkjgbld.
sfdf``kgblml mf dl keljfb `gb fd `gdgr irgbtld l`tuld.

Q) Pf utkdkzl plrl `rflr tfxtg fb ubl keljfb. ( ) Q du e l

\)  Qfrektf rfldkzlr ubl sfdf``kðb mf elbfrl rf`tlbjudlr g

`ulmrlml. ( ) Fdkpsf
Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Vsg mf plbfdfs

Fb fstl df``kðb `gbg`frì dgs mkifrfbtfs plbfdfs fb Qhgtgshgp3 su iub`kðb, `ðeg vksuldkzlrdgs, ljruplrdgs y `ðeg
trlnlolr `gb fddgs fb dl fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs.
 

Gnoftkvg
Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs plbfdfs mf trlnlog fb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg mf
Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.
i ub`kgbfs.
 

Df``kðb 9 
9  Vsg mf plbfdfs 8:
0. @rff ubl sfdf``kðb mfd igbmg mf dl keljfb, `gb
9.< V󰁽󰁫󰁤󰁫󰁠󰁦 󰁦󰁤 Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 dl hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l `lenklbmg fd vldgr mf
tgdfrlb`kl l <1.

H󰁫󰁰󰁽󰁧󰁾󰁫󰁬
 
Ld rftg`lr ubl keljfb fs bf`fslrkg rfldkzlr buefrgsls
l``kgbfs, sgeftkëbmgdls l ub prg`fsg mf prufnl y
frrgr, pgr dg quf utkdkzlr fd plbfd Hkstgrkl, df lyumlrì
l hl`fr fstls prufnls, pfrektkëbmgdf rfjrfslr l ub
mftfrekblmg pubtg lbtfrkgr, sk fs quf sf ldfol mfd
rfsudtlmg mfsflmg, mf elbfrl kbefmkltl.

Q^Ì@]K@L? V]KDK_L^ FD  QLBFD 

MF  H KP]G^KL Ikjurl 9.< @ @rflr sfdf``kðb

 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.

=. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #iimi1;.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb 9―
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W9.zkp quf
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.

^fjrfsf l ub pubtg mftfrekblm.

<. Lnrl dl keljfb bküg.opj

Ikjurl 9.< M Pfdf``kgblr `gdgr irgbtld 

6. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl, `lenkf fd

`gdgr mf igbmg mf dl keljfb.

Ikjurl 9.< L Lr`hkvg bküg.opj

>. Lnrl fd plbfd Hkstgrkl, sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

Hkstgrkl.

Ikjurl 9.< F @lenklr `gdgr mf igbmg

9. Qlrl rfjrfslr ld pubtg kbk`kld mf dl keljfb, vlyl

ld plbfd Hkstgrkl y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Lnrkr.
 Ikjurl 9.< N Lnrkr fd plbfd Hkstgrkl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

88
0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg, fs`rknl —¡Nufbgs måls!―,
uslbmg dl iufbtf @ggpfr Ndl`c y ub pubtlof mf :1
sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl tlzl fb dl keljfb.

Ikjurl 9.< I Ygdvfr ld pubtg kbk`kld 

  9.> Q
 Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤
󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 E󰁶󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁬󰁰
E󰁶󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁬 󰁰 Ikjurl 9.> @ Fs`rknl sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl tlzl

=. Lnrl fd plbfd Eufstrls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

Fb ëd sf ldel`fblb `gdgrfs quf sf utkdkzlb `gb Eufstrls.
irf`ufb`kl, lubquf tlenkëb fs pgskndf ljrfjlr
bufvgs `gdgrfs, fdkekblrdgs, y dl gp`kðb mf sfdf``kgblr
mkifrfbtfs nkndkgtf`ls mf `gdgr prfstlndf`kmls.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L J^FJVF VBL  E VFP]^L 

LD  QLBFD

<. lnrl dl keljfb tlzl.opj

Ikjurl 9.> M Lnrkr fd plbfd Eufstrls

6. Fb fd plbfd Eufstrls, hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr

bufvl eufstrl mf `gdgr irgbtld.

Ikjurl 9.> L Lr`hkvg tlzl.opj

>. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l # 991;ii.

991;i i.

Ikjurl 9.> F @rflr bufvl eufstrl

9. Lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf —¡Nufbgs måls!― y hljl `dk` fb

Gc.
 Ikjurl 9.> N @lenklr `gdgr irgbtld.
Qhgtgshgp @@
9.0 Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 Q󰁫󰁢󰁠󰁦󰁤
Fb fstf plbfd fs pgskndf sfdf``kgblr pkb`fdfs
prfstlndf`kmgs, egmk﬌`lr dgs yl fxkstfbtfs, lmfeìs
mf pgmfr `rflr bufvgs pkb`fdfs, `gb dls prgpkfmlmfs
quf mfsff, sf kb`duyfb gp`kgbfs `geg fd tkpg mf
pubtl mfd pkb`fd, lså `geg ubl prf vksuldkzl`kðb mfd
trlzg mfd pkb`fd.
Q^Ì@]K@L? V ]KDK@F DL  H F^^LEKFB]L 
QKB@FD
<. Lnrl dl keljfb dkfbzg.opj.
Ikjurl 9.0 L Lr`hkvg dkfbzg.opj
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd.
Ikjurl 9.0 N Hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd  pkb`fd.
0. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #ilfn11  Mfsl`tkvlmg?   Bg fspf`k﬌`l bkbjÿb tkpg mf `gbtrgd
Ikjurl 9.0 @ @lenklr `gdgr irgbtld 
Ikjurl 9.> I Lskjblr bgenrf l dl bufvl eufstrl
Df``kðb 9 
9  Vsg mf plbfdfs 8;
=. Qkbtf fb zkj zlj sgnrf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg fb dl
keljfb.
Ikjurl 9.0 M Qkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg
9.0.< Mkbìek`l
Mkbìek`l mf Igrel
Fb fd plbfd pkb`fd fs pgskndf lülmkr fdfefbtgs
mkbìek`gs, l dgs tkpgs mf pubtl mf pkb`fd
prfstlndf`kmgs, pumkfbmg lså egmk﬌`lr gp`kgbfs
`geg fd tlelüg, `gdgr y gpl`kmlm fb fd trlzg mf ub
pkb`fd.
Ld lülmkr `gb igrels mkbìek`ls sf pufmf hlndlr mf
mgs `gepgbfbtfs?
• Dgs pgr`fbtlofs mf vlrkl`kðb fspf`k﬌`lb ubl
prgpkfmlm ldfltgrkl mf dgs fdfefbtgs, fb mgbmf
1% bg `lenkl ld uslr ub pkb`fd, y <11% tkfbf dl
eìxkel `lbtkmlm mf ldfltgrkfmlm.
• Dls gp`kgbfs mf efbÿ fefrjfbtf df lyumlrìb l
fspf`k﬌`lr dl igrel fb quf sf `gbtrgdlrì dl vlrkl`kðb
mf dgs fdfefbtgs.
`gbtrgd? Fb ëd sf fspf`k﬌`lrì
 Ylrkl`kðb mfd tlelüg y `gbtrgd? Fb
dl igrel fb quf fd tlelüg vlrklrì fb dls elr`ls mfd
Mfsl`tkvlmg? 
sgnrf dl vlrkl`kðb mfd tlelüg fb dls elr`ls mfd
pkb`fd.
]rlbsk`kðb? Lyuml l mkiuekblr dls elr`ls mfd trlzg mfd
]rlbsk`kðb? Lyuml
pkb`fd, fbtrf ub vldgr mf mkìeftrg kbk`kld y ub vldgr
eåbkeg mf mkìeftrg fb ub bÿefrg mftfrekblmg mf
plsgs, fb fd quf `lml plsg fqukvldf l ubl elr`l mf
pkb`fd.
Qrfskðb mf dl pduel, kb`dkbl`kðb mf dl pduel,
stydus?  Lyuml l vlrklr fd tlelüg mf dls
rgtltkvg stydus? 
elr`ls mfd pkb`fd, fbtrf fd mkìeftrg kbk`kld, y ub
vldgr mf mkìeftrg eåbkeg, nlsìbmgsf fb dl prfskðb
mf dl pduel.
 Mkìeftrg eåbkeg? Fstlndf`f ub pgr`fbtlof eåbkeg
fb fd quf sf rfmkefbskgblrì l dls elr`ls mfd pkb`fd,
`ulbmg dl vlrkl`kðb mf tlelüg fstë l`tkvlml.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

;1
kb`dkbl`kðb? Mftfrekbl dl fs`ldl lpdk`lml
Fs`ldl mf kb`dkbl`kðb? Mftfrekbl
l dl ldturl mf ub pkb`fd lbtfs mf dl rgtl`kðb `ulbmg
—`gbtrgd― fstì fstlndf`kmg fb dl kb`dkbl`kðb mf dl
pduel.

`gbtrgd?   Lyuml l vlrklr dl

 Ylrkl`kðb mfd ìbjudg y `gbtrgd?
rfmgbmfz mf dls elr`ls mf ub pkb`fd fb ub ekseg
trlzg

Mfsl`tkvlmg?
Mfsl`tkvlmg?    Bg l`tkvl
vlrkl`kðb mf rfmgbmfz bkbjÿb
fb fd `gbtrgd
trlzg mf sgnrf dl
ub pkb`fd.

]rlbsk`kðb?  Mkiuekbl dls elr`ls mf ub pkb`fd fbtrf

]rlbsk`kðb? 
ub vldgr mf <11% y ub vldgr mf rfmgbmfz eåbkel fb Ikjurl 9.0 N @lenklr fd `gdgr irgbtld 
ub bÿefrg fspf`å﬌`g mf plsgs.
0. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd.
Qrfskðb mf pduel, kb`dkbl`kðb mf dl pduel, rgtltkvg
rgtl`kðb? Mftfrekbl dl vlrkl`kðb mf rfmgbmfz
stydus, rgtl`kðb? Mftfrekbl
mf dls elr`ls mfd trlzg mf ub pkb`fd, fbtrf fd <11%
y ub vldgr eåbkeg mf rfmgbmfz, nlsìbmgsf fb
dl prfskðb mf dl pduel, su kb`dkbl`kðb, rgtl`kðb g
pgsk`kðb mfd rgtltkvg mf dl pduel.

eåbkel? Lyuml l mftfrekblr fd vldgr mf

^fmgbmfz eåbkel? Lyuml Ikjurl 9.0 @ Hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd 
rfmgbmfz eåbkel fb dls elr`ls mf pkb`fd, `ulbmg
dl vlrkl`kðb mf rfmgbmfz
kbtrgmu`kfbmg g `gbtrgdquf
ub pgr`fbtlof fstìbkbmkquf
l`tkvlmgs,
dl
=. Lnrl fd plbfd Qkb`fd sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
Qkb`fd.
prgpgr`kðb mf dgs fofs `grtg y dlrjg mfd
m fd pkb`fd.

eåbkel? Egmk﬌`l dl igrel mf dl pubtl ld

Qrgyf``kðb eåbkel? Egmk﬌`l
pkbtlr ub dìpkz stydus, `gb dgs `lenkgs mf kb`dkbl`kðb
y rgtl`kðb.

Q^Ì@]K@L? E GMKIK\VF DL  M KBÌEK@L MF 

IG^EL  MF  VB  Q KB@FD
<. Lnrl dl keljfb kbvkfrbg.opj .

Ikjurl 9.0 M Lnrkr fd plbfd Qkb`fd 

6. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd, `lenkf dl

gpl`kmlm l :=% y hljl `dk` fb fd sfdf`tgr mf pkb`fdfs
prffstlndf`kmgs.

Ikjurl 9.0 L Lr`hkvg kbvkfrbg.opj Ikjurl 9.0 F Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd 

>. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #99n6ii  9. Lnrl dls gp`kgbfs mf pkb`fdfs prffstlndf`kmgs y
sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Qkb`fdfs vlrkgs y hljl `dk` fb
 Gc fb fd `ulmrg fefrjfbtf.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb 9 
9  Vsg mf plbfdfs ;<
;. Qkbtf sgnrf dl plrtf supfrkgr kzqukfrml mf dl
keljfb.

Ikjurl 9.0 J Qkbtf `gb fd pkb`fd prffstlndf`kmg

Ikjurl 9.0 I Gp`kgbfs mf Qkb`fd prffstlndf`kmg

:. Pfdf``kgbf fd pkb`fd @gpg mf bkfvf.

Ikjurl 9.0 I Pfdf``kgblr pkb`fd 

8. Fb fd plbfd Qkb`fd `lenkf dgs vldgrfs mf

]lelüg l <06px y Fspl`klmg <80%.
 Ikjurl 9.0 J @lenklr ]lelüg y Fspl`klmg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

;>

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB 9
<. Fb fstf plbfd mfnf mkrkjkrsf plrl `rflr bufvgs pkb`fdfs g egmk﬌`lr dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf ldjubg.

L) Qlbfd Eufstrls.
N) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl.
@) Qlbfd Qkb`fd.

>. Qlbfd mgbmf pufmf unk`lr y rfjrfslr l ub pubtg mftfrekblmg mf dls mkstkbtls l``kgbfs quf hl rfldkzlmg fb
dl keljfb.

L) Qlbfd Eufstrls.
N) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl.
@) Qlbfd Qkb`fd.

0. Fb fstf plbfd pufmf vfr y sfdf``kgblr

s fdf``kgblr dgs `gdgrfs quf `gb eìs irf`ufb`kl
ir f`ufb`kl sf hlb utkdkzlmg murlbtf dl fmk`kðb
fmk`k ðb
mf keljfb.

L) Qlbfd Eufstrls.
N) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl.
@) Qlbfd Qkb`fd.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Fmk`kðb
mf keìjfbfs
Mfspuës mf `gbg`fr dl kbtfrilz, fstru`turl y `gepgbfbtfs mf Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp, fb fstl df``kðb, fmktlrì keìjfbfs,
fepdflrì hlnkdkmlmfs nìsk`ls `gepgsk`kðb plrl mkstkbtgs usgs. ]lenkëb kmfbtk﬌`lrl dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfbgekblmls
mfstru`tkvls y bg mfstru`tkvls.
 

Gnoftkvg
Qrl`tk`lr dl elbkpudl`kðb mf keìjfbfs mkjktldfs.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg mf
Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.
i ub`kgbfs.

• Plnfr prgmu`kr y rfutkdkzlr keìjfbfs.

• Plnfr trlnlolr `gb sfdf``kgbfs.

• Loustlr g `grrfjkr dl jlel mf tgbgs, fd `gdgr g dls

mkstgrskgbfs mf ubl keljfb.

• Plnfr rftg`lr y iuskgblr keìjfbfs.

 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  ;6
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl Hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l.
:.< P󰁦󰁤󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
 
Vbl sfdf``kðb låsdl plrtfs mf dl keljfb, l fstls
ìrfls fspf`å﬌`ls sf pufmf lpdk`lr fif`tgs y ﬌dtrgs
fb pgr`kgbfs mf dl keljfb skb tg`lr dls ìrfls bg
sfdf``kgblmls.  
0. Më `dk` fb fd ìrfl ndlb`l.

Dl elbfrl
keljfb fs eìs iì`kd
utkdkzlr dlsmfhfrrlekfbtls
sfdf``kgblr mf
dgs sfdf``kðb.
påxfdfs mfFb
dl
fd efbÿ Pfdf``kðb hly `gelbmgs plrl sfdf``kgblr,
lbudlr dl sfdf``kðb g vgdvfr l sfdf``kgblr tgmgs dgs
påxfdfs, tlenkëb sf pufmfb utkdkzlr vf`tgrfs plrl
rfldkzlr sfdf``kgbfs. Vtkdk`f dls hfrrlekfbtls mf
pduel, dlzg, vlrktl eljkl, fbtrf gtrls plrl rfldkzlr
sus sfdf``kgbfs. Qufmf `gpklr, egvfr y pfjlr dls
sfdf``kgbfs, g nkfb julrmlrdls y ldel`fblrdls.

:.<.< Julrmlr sfdf``kðb

Ld kbvfrtkr tkfepg fb rfldkzlr ubl sfdf``kðb rfldkzl =. Fdkol efbÿ Pfdf``kðb 2 Kbvfrtkr.
ub trlnlog quf pufmf vgdvfr l utkdkzlr, julrmlr dls
sfdf``kgbfs
fstf trlnlog fshl`kfbmg
ubl vfbtlol pgrquf
`dk` fb ldjÿb pgmrål
fspl`kgpfrmfr
mf dl
keljfb g ld `frrlr fd lr`hkvg.
Qlsgs l sfjukr plrl julrmlr su sfdf``kðb

Q^Ì@]K@L? JVL^ML^ PFDF@@KÐB
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  fb
 fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb :―
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W:.zkp quf
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1:-:.<.<.psm

ps1:-:.<.<.psm 6. Ylyl l efbÿ Pfdf``kðb 2 Julrmlr sfdf``kðb.
  
9. Fb fd `lepg Bgenrf? fs`rknl pgstrf, mfof fd rfstg
mf dls `gb﬌jurl`kgbfs fb sus vldgrfs prffstlndf`kmgs
y prfskgbf GC.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

;9

Fb `uldqukfr egefbtg quf bf`fsktf rfl`tkvlr dl
sfdf``kðb, fdkol Pfdf``kðb 2 @lrjlr sfdf``kðb y fs`gol
fd `lbld ddlelmg —pgstrf―.
:. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr plrl julrmlr fstf
lr`hkvg. Elbtfbjl fd lr`hkvg lnkfrtg plrl dl skjukfbtf
plrtf mf dl df``kðb.
Ikjurl :.<.>.L @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg @lrjlr sfdf``kðb
=.Më `dk` fb Gc.
Hl `lrjlmg ubl sfdf``kðb quf lbtfrkgrefbtf sf
hlnål julrmlmg. Dl sfdf``kðb mfnf fstlr fb dl ﬌jurl
mf `grlzðb mf dl keljfb.

:.<.> Ljrfjuf l ubl

sfdf``kðb fxkstfbtf
Mfspuës mf hlnfr julrmlmg ubl sfdf``kðb pufmf
utkdkzlrdl plrl dl fmk`kðb fb gtrl keljfb. @gbg`fr
fstl l``kðb df il`kdktlrì fd trlnlog fb Qhgtgshgp
`ulbmg rfqukfrl g`uplr ub gnoftg mf ubl keljfb y
dg vlyl l fstlr utkdkzlbmg `gbstlbtfefbtf3 fs mf`kr,
plrl quf yl bg rfpktl dl sfdf``kðb mfd gnoftg. Ikjurl :.<.>.N @lrjlr sfdf``kðb

Q^Ì@]K@L?
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel mfm f lprfbmkzlof htp?//lmgnf.
f`knfrglefrk`l.`ge/Qhggshgp@@.he  plrl mfs`lrjlr
dgs lr`hkvgs quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps1:-:.<.>.psm
>. @gb fd lr`hkvg vkskndf, sfdf``kgbf Pfdf``kðb 2
@lrjlr sfdf``kðb
s fdf``kðb..
0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg, fb dl gp`kðb `lbld mfnf
tfbfr fd bgenrf `grlzðb. Qlrl fstl prì`tk`l
prì` tk`l sgdg
hly ubl sfdf``kðb julrmlml, så fxkstkfrl eìs mf ubl
sfdf``kðb julrmlml `gb dl gp`kðb @lbld pgmfegs
fdfjkr dl sfdf``kðb quf sf g`uplrål.
:.<.= @gbvkfrtl
@gbvkfrr tl
@gbvkf ub trlzlmg
fb ubl sfdf``kðb
Dgs trlzlmgs prgpgr`kgblb `gbtgrbgs rfmgbmflmgs,
quf l su vfz pufmfb `gbvfrtkrsf fb ngrmfs mf
sfdf``kðb prf`ksgs, pufmf `gbvfrtkr dgs ngrmfs
mf sfdf``kðb fb trlzlmgs efmklbtf dl hfrrlekfbtl
Pfdf``kðb Mkrf`tl y mf﬌bkr `uldqukfr trlzlmg `frrlmg
`geg ngrmf mf sfdf``kðb.
Vb trlzlmg `frrlmg sf pufmf lülmkr, rfstlr g
`genkblr, `gb dl sfdf``kðb l`tuld.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ GBYKF^]L VB  ] ^L_LMG FB 
VBL
VB L  P FDF@@KÐB
 <. Lnrl dl keljfb pgstld.opj

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  ;:
6. Lülml ub sfjefbtg rf`tg ld trlzlmg.

Ikjurl :.<.= L Lr`hkvg pgstld.opj

>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2 Ikjurl :.<.= F Lülmkr sfjefbtg ld trlzlmg
@lpls.
9. Hljl `dk` fb fd pubtg mgbmf kbk`kg fd tlrzlmg
y lrrìstrfdg plrl `rflr ub sfjefbtg `urvg ld
trlzlmg.

Ikjurl :.<.= N Lnrkr fd plbfd @lpls

0. Hljl mgndf `dk` sgnrf dl `lpl Igbmg y lskjbf fd

bgenrf pgstld.

Ikjurl :.<.= I @frrlr trlzlmg

:. Lnrl fd plbfd ]rlzlmgs sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl

2 ]rlzlmgs.

Ikjurl :.<.= @ @gbvfrtkr `lpl Igbmg

=. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Qduel y `rff ub trlzg

rf`tg fb dl plrtf kbifrkgr kzqukfrml mf dl keljfb.
 Ikjurl :.<.> J Lnrkr fd plbfd ]rlzlmgs

Ikjurl :.<.= M @rflr trlzlmg rf`tg 8. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @lrjlr fd trlzlmg `geg
sfdf``kðb.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

;8

 
Ikjurl :.<.> C Ljrfjlr tfxtg

  :.> E󰁧󰁭󰁫󰁩󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁢󰁦󰁰
Ikjurl :.<.> H Qlbfd ]rlzlmgs
󰁭󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁶󰁠󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁰 󰁻 󰁢󰁧
󰁭󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁶󰁠󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁰
;. Fdkekbf fd ìrfl sfdf``kgblml prfskgblbmg dl
tf`dl Ppr. 󰁭󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁾󰁶󰁠󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁰
Dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfstru`tkvls sgb lqufddls fb dls
quf rfldkzlegs ubl fmk`kðb mf dl keljfb mkrf`tlefbtf
sgnrf fd lr`hkvg grkjkbld, sustktuyëbmgdg lså ld
julrmlr fd lvlb`f rfldkzlmg.
Qgr gtrg dlmg, dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls bgs
lyumlb l fmktlr keìjfbfs skb bf`fskmlm mf sgnrf
fs`rknkr fd lr`hkvg grkjkbld, dg quf pfrektf vgdvfr l
utkdkzlrdg mf sfr bf`fslrkg,
bf`fs lrkg, lmfeìs mf bg mfjrlmlr dl
`ldkmlm mf dl keljfb, ld rfldkzlr fstls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs,
egmk﬌`l`kgbfs ,
pumkfbmg lså rfldkzlrsf `gb dgs skjukfbtfs eëtgmgs?

]rlnlog `gb `lpls mf loustf

Ikjurl :.<.> K Fdkekblr sfdf``kðb
]rlbsigrel`kðb `gb gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs
<1. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl, rfddfbf fd
ìrfl sfdf``kgblml `gb fd `gdgr irgbtld #6`<9<= Ikdtrlmg `gb ﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs

Loustf mf vlrkl`kgbfs, sgenrls f kduekbl`kgbfs

`gb gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs

^ftgquf fb `lpls sfplrlmls

Fmk`kðb ^LZ mf `ìelrl

Lpfrturl mf lr`hkvgs ^LZ mf `ìelrl `geg

gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs

^f`grtf bg mfstru`tkvg

@rfl`kðb mf eìs`lrls
 Ikjurl :.<.> O ^fddfblr sfdf``kðb
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^F
^FFF  VB
VBLL  E GMKIK@L@KÐB 
<<. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg, fs`rknl —Ifdk`fs
vl`l`kgbfs― utkdkzlbmg dl iufbtf Nrktlbk` Ngdm `gb BG M FP]^V@]KYL
pubtlof mf <<1, ldkbflmg l dl kzqukfrml y @gdgr
irgbtld #iif`;< .

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  ;;
<. Lnrl dl keljfb `hk`g.opj

Ikjurl :.> M Egstrlr eìs gp`kgbfs

6. Egmk﬌quf dgs vldgrfs fb fd `lepg Pgenrls l

@lbtkmlm?
@lbtkml m? 08%, ]gbg? 8<%
8<% y ^lmkg? 01påx,
01på x, fb fd
Ikjurl :.> L Lr`hkvg `hk`g.opj `lepg Kduekbl`kgbfs l @lbtkmlm? 1%, ]gbg? <6%,
^lmkg? 011påx y fb fd `lepg Loustfs l @gdgr? -6:,
>. @gbvkfrtl dl keljfb plrl ﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtf, Efmkgs tgbgs? +=8, ^f`grtf bfjrg? 1% y ^f`grtf
sfdf``kgblbmg Ikdtrg 2 @gbvfrtkr plrl ﬌dtrgs ndlb`g? 1%.
kbtfdkjfbtfs.

Ikjurl :.> N @gbvkfrtkr plrl ﬌dtrg kbtfdkjfbtf

0. ^fldk`f ub loustf mf Pgenrls f kduekbl`kgbfs

sfdf``kgblbmg Keljfb 2 Loustfs 2 Pgenrls /
kduekbl`kgbfs.

Ikjurl :.> F Loustfs mf Pgenrls / kduekbl`kgbfs

9. L `gbtkbul`kðb lnrl fd plbfd @lpls, sfdf``kgblbmg

 Yfbtlbl 2 @lpls.
@lpl s.

Ikjurl :.> @ Loustf mf Pgenrls f kduekbl`kgbfs

=. Hljl `dk` fb dl `lskddl mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb Egstrlr eìs Ikjurl :.> I Lnrkr fd plbfd @lpls
gp`kgbfs.
 :.
qufFbsffdljrfjð
plbfd @lpls, ustfmkbtfdkjfbtf
`geg Ikdtrg pgmrì g`udtlr dl fmk`kðb
hl`kfbmg `dk`
fb fd k`gbg `gb igrel mf gog quf sf fb`ufbtrl oubtg
l dl ekbklturl mf dl `lpl mf Ikdtrg kbtfdkjfbtf.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<11

Ikjurl :.> J G`udtlr egmk﬌`l`kðb

  :.0 L
 L󰁯󰁶󰁰󰁽󰁦󰁰
󰁯󰁶󰁰󰁽󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦
󰁭󰁦 Ikjurl :.0.> N Loustf mf Kbtfskmlm 

󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢 0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg, egmk﬌quf dgs vldgrfs

mf Kbtfbskmlm l +<11 y Plturl`kðb l +>=.

:.0.> Kbtfbskmlm
Kbtfbskmlm
Fstl gp`kðb rfldkzl ub loustf fb dl slturl`kðb
rfmu`kfbmg fd rf`grtf `ulbmg dgs `gdgrfs fstìb `fr`l
mf dl slturl`kðb, fstg pfrektkrì kb`rfefbtlr dgs
vldgrfs mf slturl`kðb mf dgs `gdgrfs quf dg fstëb fb
efbgr efmkml, fvktlbmg lså ubl slturl`kðb fx`fskvl.
Ikjurl :.0.> @ @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Kbtfbskmlm 
Qlrl egmk﬌`lr dgs bkvfdfs mf Kbtfbskmlm fb ubl
keljfb rfldk`f dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs fb fd efbÿ
Loustfs mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl. =. Fd rfsudtlmg mf dl keljfb mfnfrì vfrsf lså.

Q^Ì@]K@L? E GMKIK\VF DL  K B]FBPKMLM 

MF  VB
VBLL  K ELJFB

<. Lnrl dl keljfb kbtfbskmlm.opj

Ikjurl :.0.> M ^fsudtlmg mf loustf mf Kbtfbskmlm 

]gef fb `ufbtl quf `gb fstf prg`fmkekfbtg fb

fspf`å﬌`g, dgs loustfs sf lpdk`lrìb fb dl `lpl y
fdkekblrì dl kbigrel`kðb mf dl keljfb.
]lenkëb pufmf egmk﬌`lr dgs bkvfdfs mf kbtfbskmlm
 Ikjurl :.0.> L Lr`hkvg kbtfbskmlm.opj mf dls skjukfbtfs igrels?
>. Pfdf``kgbf Keljfb 2 Loustfs 2 Kbtfbskmlm Efmklbtf fd plbfd Loustfs, hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd k`gbg
@rflr ubl bufvl `lpl mf loustf mf kbtfbskmlm.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  <1<
0. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Mfjrlmlmg.
  :.= M󰁦󰁪󰁾󰁬󰁭󰁬󰁭󰁧
@gb fstl hfrrlekfbtl pgmrì `rflr ubl iuskðb fbtrf
vlrkgs `gdgrfs mf elbfrl jrlmuld, fxkstkfbmg vlrkls
gp`kgbfs mf mfjrlmlmg prffstlndf`kmls, lmfeìs Ikjurl :.=.< @ Hfrrlekfbtl Mfjrlmlmg
mf pgmfr `rflr su prgpkg mfjrlmlmg, skb fenlrjg,
=. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Mfjrlmlmg,
bg fs mf
elpl pgskndf
nkts glpdk`lr ub kbmfxlmg.
mf `gdgr mfjrlmlmg l keìjfbfs mf lnrl fd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf dl
ekbklturl mfd mfjrlmlmg.
:.=.< Fmktgr
Fmktgr mf Mfjrlmlmg
Qfrektf `rflr ub bufvg mfjrlmlmg, efmklbtf dl Ikjurl :.=.< M Gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Mfjrlmlmg
egmk﬌`l`kðb mf ubl eufstrl yl fxkstfbtf, pumkfbmg
ljrfjlr ubg g eìs `gdgrfs kbtfrefmkgs, `rflbmg lså 6. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg mfd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg,
dl iuskðb fbtrf fstgs. sfdf``kgbf fd loustf prffstlndf`kmg Bfjrg, ndlb`g.

Qlrl egstrlr fd fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg, hljl `dk` fb dl

eufstrl l`tuld, fb dl nlrrl gp`kgbfs.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^ VB  MFJ^LMLMG L 

VBL
VB L  K ELJFB

<. Lnrl dl keljfb mfjrlmlmg.opj

Ikjurl :.=.< F Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg

Ikjurl :.=.< L Lr`hkvg mfjrlmlmg.opj

9. Hljl mgndf `dk` sgnrf fd bkvfd mf `gdgr mf dl
kzqukfrml y `lenkf l #l919m= y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
>. @rff ubl sfdf``kðb mfd igbmg mf dl keljfb `gb dl
hfrrlekfbtl Ylrktl eìjk`l egmk﬌`lbmg fd vldgr mf
]gdfrlb`kl l <1.

Ikjurl :.=.< N @rflr sfdf``kðb mf igbmg
<1>
:. Hljl mgndf `dk` sgnrf fd bkvfd `gdgr mf dl mfrf`hl y
`lenkf l #f9ii80  y
 y hljl `dk` fb Gc
Ikjurl :.=.< J Pfdf`tgr mf `gdgr 
8. Hljl `dk` sgnrf fd Qubtg efmkg mf `gdgr y `lenkf
dl unk`l`kðb l =1% y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
Ikjurl :.=.< H Qubtg efmkg mf `gdgr 
:. @gb fd pubtfrg mfd rltðb lrrlstrf fb mkljgbld mf
ub fxtrfeg l gtrg mf dl keljfb.
Ikjurl :.=.< I Pfdf`tgr mf `gdgr 
Qhgtgshgp @@
8. Pufdtf dl sfdf``kðb prfskgblbmg `trd + M, fd
rfsudtlmg mf dl keljfb mfnfrì vfrsf lså.
Ikjurl :.=.< O ^fsudtlmg mf lpdk`l`kðb mf Mfjrlmlmg
Fxkstfb mkifrfbtfs tkpgs mf Mfjrlmlmg, `geg dg sgb?
Mfjrlmlmg Dkbfld? Pf lpdk`l mfsmf fd pubtg kbk`kld
kb k`kld ld
﬌bld, fb dåbfl rf`tl.
Mfjrlmlmg ^lmkld? Pf lpdk`l mfsmf fd pubtg kbk`kld
ld ﬌bld, fb igrel `kr`udlr.
Mfjrlmlmg Lbjudlr? Pf lpdk`l fb sfbtkmg `gbtrlrkg
l dls elbf`kddls mfd rfdgo, ldrfmfmgr mfd pubtg kbk`kld.
Mfjrlmlmg ^f﬎folmg? ^f﬎fol fd ekseg mfjrlmlmg
dkbfld l dgs dlmgs mfd pubtg kbk`kld.
Mfjrlmlmg Mklelbtf? Pf lpdk`l mf dl ektlm mf dls
fsqukbls fxtfrkgrfs, `gb igrel mf mklelbtf.
Qlrl fdkekblr ub bkvfd `gdgr mfd Mfjrlmlmg, hljl `dk`
sgnrf fd trkìbjudg nlog dl eufstrl mf mfjrlmlmg y
lrrìstrfdl hl`kl lnlog, ekfbtrls quf plrl fdkekblr ub
bkvfd mf gpl`kmlm lrrìstrfdg hl`kl lrrknl.
  :.6  I󰁫󰁤󰁽󰁾󰁧󰁰
@gb fstls hfrrlekfbtls pgmrì kektlr `kfrtgs
l`lnlmgs, egmk﬌`lbmg lutgeìtk`lefbtf vlrkls
prgpkfmlmfs mf ubl keljfb, `geg pgr fofepdg
lülmkfbmg kduekbl`kðb g lpdk`lbm
lpdk`lbmgg mkstgrskgbfs.
]lenkëb pufmfb uslrsf plrl dkepklr g rftg`lr
igtgjrliåls, g `rflr egmk﬌`l`kgbfs grkjkbldfs
mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus bf`fskmlmfs.
Fstìb mkspgbkndfs fb fd efbÿ ﬌dtrg, ekfbtrls quf
dgs prgpgr`kgblmgs pgr gtrgs mfslrrgddlmgrfs pgmrì
fb`gbtrlrdgs fb igrel mf pdujkbs.
Qgr gtrl plrtf dgs ﬌dtrgs lpdk`lmgs l gnoftgs
 kbtfdkjfbtfs, rfldkzlrìb
mfstru`tkvls, ldel`fbìbmgsf egmk﬌`l`kgbfs
fb igrel mf `lpls, bg
pfrektkfbmg lså vgdvfr l egmk﬌`lrsf, l plrtkr mf dgs
mltgs quf dl keljfb grkjkbld, `gbtfbjl `geg gnoftg
Ikjurl :.=.< K Mftfreklbr ìrfl mf mfjrlmlmg kbtfdkjfbtf.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  <10

:.6.< Mfsfbigquf
Mfsfbigquf
jlussklbg
Mfsfbig`l rìpkmlefbtf ub ìrfl sfdf``kgblml fb
ubl `lbtkmlm loustlndf. Fd tërekbg Jlussklbg, hl`f
rfifrfb`kl l dl `urvl fb igrel mf `leplbl jfbfrlml
`ulbmg sf lpdk`l fd ﬌dtrg fb ubl efmkml pgbmfrlml
mf pkxfdfs,
prgmu`f lülmlbfnudgsg.
ub fif`tg mftlddfs mf nlol irf`ufb`kl y

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK\VF M FPFBIG\VF 

JLVPPKLBG L VBL  K ELJFB Ikjurl :.6.< @ Pfdf``kgblr Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg...

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW:.6.<W@@ y lnrl dl =. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg, `lenkf fd ^lmkg l 01

keljfb mfsfbigqufWjlussklbg.opj Qåxfdfs y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Ikjurl :.6.< L Lr`hkvg MfsfbigqufWjlussklbg.opj

MfsfbigqufWjlussklbg.opj

>. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `gb tlelüg

mf pkb`fd mf <1px Murfzl mf <11% y Fspl`klmg mf
>6% sfdf``kgbf fd igbmg mf dl keljfb. Ikjurl :.6.< M @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg
mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg

6. Pufdtf dl sfdf``kðb prfskgblbmg @trd + M , fd rfsudtlmg

mf dl keljfb mfnfrì vfrsf lså.

Ikjurl :.6.< N @rflr sfdf``kðb

sfdf``kðb

0. Pfdf``kgbf Ikdtrg 2 Mfsfbig`lr 2 Mfsfbigquf

Jlussklbg. Ikjurl :.6.< F ^fsudtlmg mf Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg
 :.6.> Mfs
 Mfsfbigquf
Mfsfbigquf
fbigquf rlmkld
rlmkld
Fstf fif`tg `rfl ub mfsfbigquf `gb rfspf`tg l
pubtg, feudlbmg fd rfsudtlmg gntfbkmg pgr ubl
`ìelrl quf jkrl g quf usl fd zgge.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<1=
Vstfm pgmrì egmk﬌`lr fd bkvfd mf sulvkzlmg quf sf
lpdk`l fb dl `ldkmlm Ðptkel, ekfbtrls quf fb `ldkmlm
Ngrrlmgr bg sf lpdk`l fd sulvkzlmg, egstrìbmgsf
lmfeìs fb fstf fd mfsfbigquf `geg jrlbudlmg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^ M FPFBIG\VF 

^LMKLD L  VB
VBLL  K ELJFB

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW:.6.>W@@ y lnrl dl

keljfb mfsfbigqufWrlmkld.opj

Ikjurl :.6.> @ Pfdf``kgblr Mfsfbigquf rlmkld...

=. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf rlmkld `lenkf

l @lbtkmlm 61, Eëtgmg? _gge y @ldkmlm? Ðptkel.

Ikjurl :.6.> L Lr`hkvg mfsfbigqufWrlmkld.opj

mfsfbigqufWrlmkld.opj

>. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml, `gb ub

]lelüg mf pkb`fd mf 6 px, Murfzl mf <11% y
Fspl`klmg mf >6%, sfdf``kgbf fd igbmg mf dl keljfb3
pufmf lpgylrsf mf dl gp`kðb ^fstlr sfdf``kðb plrl
dgjrlr ubl efogr sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl :.6.> @ @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf rlmkld 

6. Pufdtf dl sfdf``kðb prfskgblbmg `trd + M, fd

rfsudtlmg mf dl keljfb mfnfrì vfrsf lså.

Ikjurl :.6.> N @rflr sfdf``kðb

0. Pfdf``kgbf Mfsfbig`lr 2 Mfsfbigquf ^lmkld.

Ikjurl :.6.> M ^fsudtlmg mf Mfsfbigquf rlmkld 

 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

:   Fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
Df``kðb :  <16

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB :
<. Pgb hfrrlekfbtls plrl sfdf``kgblr fdfefbtgs fb ubl keljfb.

L) Dìpkz, Dlzg y Qduel.

N) Qduel, Ylrktl eìjk`l y Dlzg.
@) Dlzg, Fdkpsf y Qduel.

>. Fstf tkpg mf egmk﬌`l`kgbfs lyumlb l fmktlr keìjfbfs skb bf`fskmlm mf sgnrfs`rknkr g mlülr fd lr`hkvg
grkjkbld.

L) Egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfstru`tkvls
N) Egmk﬌`l`kgbfs Bg mfstru`tkvls.
@) Egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mf lr`hkvg.

0. Pk fb ubl keljfb sf rfqukfrf rfmu`kr dl slturl`kðb mf `gdgrfs mf ub gnoftg ·quë hfrrlekfbtl pfrektf
rfldkzlr fstl l``kðb7

L) Mfjrlmg.
N) Kbtfbskmlm.
@) Plturl`kðb.

=. @gb fstl hfrrlekfbtl pgmrì `rflr ubl iuskðb fbtrf vlrkgs `gdgrfs mf elbfrl jrlmuld.

L) Mfjrlmg.
N) Kbtfbskmlm.
@) Plturl`kðb.

6. Mfsfbig`l rìpkmlefbtf ub ìrfl sfdf``kgblml fb ubl `lbtkmlm loustlndf.

L) Mfsfbigquf loustlndf.
N) Mfsfbigquf rlmkld.
@) Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg.

9. ]kpg mf mfjrlmlmg quf sf lpdk`l fb sfbtkmg `gbtrlrkg l dls elbf`kddls mfd rfdgo ldrfmfmgr mfd pubtg kbk`kld.

L) Mfjrlmlmg mklelbtf.
N) Mfjrlmlmg lbjudlr.
@) Mfjrlmlmg rf﬎folmg
Qhgtgshgp @@
 

@gdgr

Fstl df``kðb df fbsfül dgs mkifrfbtfs egmgs mf `gdgr quf sgb utkdkzlmgs fb keprfskgbfs y fb vksuldkzl`kgbfs mkjktldfs.
Lprfbmfrì të`bk`ls sgnrf lpdk`l`kðb mf `gdgr fb keìjfbfs y dl kepgrtlb`kl mf dl `geprfbskðb mfd `gdgr fb Qhgtgshgp.
 

Gnoftkvg
Jfstkgblr fd `gdgr fb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs
fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz
kbtfrilz mf usulrkg
mf Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.

• Plnfr `grrfjkr fd `gdgr `gb Qhgtgshgp.

• Loustlr g `grrfjkr dl jlel mf tgbgs, fd `gdgr g dls

mkstgrskgbfs mf ubl keljfb.
 

8  @gdgr
Df``kðb 8  <1;

8.< ]󰁦󰁧󰁾󰃥󰁬 󰁭󰁦󰁤 󰁠󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾   8.> E󰁧󰁭󰁧󰁰, 󰁦󰁰󰁱󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁰

Qlrl fbtfbmfr dl tfgrål mfd `gdgr, rfsudtl pfrtkbfbtf
`gefbzlr pgr trltlr mf mf﬌bkr ub `gb`fptg mf `gdgr,
ld quf sf df pufmf mfs`rknkr `geg dl pfr`fp`kðb
gntfbkml `geg rfsudtlmg mf ubl fstkeudl`kðb vksuld
pgr dls mkvfrsls dgbjktumfs mf gbml mf duz.
Ld hlndlr mfd `gdgr fs kepgrtlbtf tfbfr fb `ufbtl
quf, fd `gdgr fs ubl prgpkfmlm mf dgs gnoftgs quf
pfr`knkegs fb `gbmk`kgbfs duekbgsls pgr efmkg mfd
sfbtkmg mf dl vkstl y quf sf trltl mf ubl sfbsl`kðb
prgmu`kml pgr dgs rlygs mf duz quf fs fb rfldkmlm dl
quf bgs pfrektf pfr`knkr dls keìjfbfs.
Pf df pufmf sfplrlr fb mgs jrupgs mkifrfbtfs.
duz?  @geg su bgenrf dg kbmk`l, fstìb
@gdgr duz?  l gtrg, dgs `gdgrfs mf dl keljfb pufmfb `lenklr
`gepufstgs pgr dÿ`fs `gb mkstkbtls dgbjktumfs mf
gbml nlstlbmg trfs `gdgrfs prkelrkgs (rgog, vfrmf y
lzud) plrl plrl pgmfr gntfbfr ubl jlel kb﬌bktl mf
`gdgrfs efmklbtf su supfrpgsk`kðb.
 󰁻 󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁦󰁤󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦
 󰁠󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾
Dgs egmfdgs mf `gdgr mfs`rknfb dgs `gdgrfs quf sf
vfb fb dls keìjfbfs mkjktldfs, `lml ubg mf fstgs
`geg, pgr fofepdg, ^JN, @E[C g HPN rfprfsfbtl
HPN rfprfsfbtl
ub eëtgmg mkifrfbtf plrl mfs`rknkr dgs `gdgrfs.
@lml mkspgsktkvg usl su prgpkg fspl`kg mf `gdgr,
pgr dg quf sgdg pufmf rfprgmu`kr dgs `gdgrfs mf su
jlel. @ulbmg ubl keljfb plsl mf ub mkspgsktkvg
pgrquf `lml mkspgsktkvg kbtfrprftl dgs vldgrfs ^JN
g @E[C sfjÿb su prgpkg fspl`kg mf `gdgr.
Fb Qhgtgshgp, fd egmg mf `gdgr mf ub mg`uefbtg
mftfrekbl fd egmfdg mf `gdgr utkdkzlmg plrl egstrlr
f keprkekr
Qufmf dl keljfb
sfdf``kgblr fb ^JN
fbtrf dl quf fstìvfrmf,
(rgog, trlnlolbmg.
lzud)3
@E[C (`klb, eljfbtl, lelrkddg, bfjrg)3 @gdgr Dln
(nlslmg fb @KF D* l* n*) y Fs`ldl mf jrksfs. ]lenkëb
hly egmgs plrl sldkmls mf `gdgr fspf`kldkzlmls
`geg @gdgr kbmfxlmg y Mugtgbg. Dgs egmgs mf
`gdgr mftfrekblb fd bÿefrg mf `gdgrfs, fd bÿefrg
mf `lbldfs y fd tlelüg mf lr`hkvg mf ubl keljfb.

Pfdf``kgblr ub egmg mf `gdgr tlenkëb mftfrekbl dls

hfrrlekfbtls y dgs igreltgs mf lr`hkvg mkspgbkndfs.

Ikjurl 8.< L @gdgrfs duz 

@gdgr pkjefbtg? 
pkjefbtg?  Pf tlrtl mf pkjefbtgs quf,
efmklbtf mkvfrsls `genkbl`kgbfs, `rflb ub
fspf`trg mf `gdgrfs. L mkifrfb`kl mf mkspgsktkvgs
`geg dgs egbktgrfs, dls keprfsgrls fepdflb dgs
`gdgrfs pkjefbtg nìsk`gs (`klb, eljfbtl y lelrkddg),
quf fb su `genkbl`kðb `gb fd pkjefbtg jfbfrlb
`genkbl`kgbfs sustrl`tkvls quf mlb `geg rfsudtlmg
`gdgrfs efbgs purgs quf dgs `gdgrfs prkelrkgs.
 Ikjurl 8.< N @gdgrfs pkjefbtg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<<1
0. Fb fd plbfd `lpls, hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd
Jrupg mf `lpls Fdfefbtgs.

8.>.< Fd
Fd egmfdg `gdgr
@E[C
Pf trltl mf dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf `gdgr nlslml fb
`ultrg tkbtls, quf sgb fd `klb, eljfbtl, lelrkddg y
bfjrg `uyl efz`dl fb mkvfrsgs pgr`fbtlofs prgmu`f
p rgmu`f
ubl kbefbsl vlrkfmlm mf `gdgrfs, lubquf dl efz`dl
mf dgs trfs prkefrgs `gdgrfs mfnf mlr ub tgbg bfjrg,
sf ljrfjl fspf`å﬌`lefbtf dl tkbtl bfjrl ld ﬌bld plrl
luefbtlr dl kbtfbskmlm mf dgs tgbgs `gbsfjukmgs.
Ikjurl 8.>.< @ Qlbfd `lpls

Q^Ì@]K@L? E GMG  MF  @GDG^ @E[C  =. Hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd jrupg mf `lpls
Bgenrf f kbtrgmuz`l su bgenrf fb dl @lpl mf tfxtg
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
Bgenrf.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed fb dl sf``kðb —Df``kðb 8―
plrl mfs`lrjlr dl `lrpftl mf lr`hkvgs Df`W8.zkp quf
`grrfspgbmfb l fstl df``kðb plrl dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd
fofr`k`kg.

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW8.>.<W@@ y lnrl fd

lr`hkvg tlroftls.psm

Ikjurl 8.>.< M Kbtrgmu`kr bgenrf

6. Hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd Jrupg mf `lpls

]fdëigbg f kbtrgmuz`l su tfdëigbg fb dl @lpl mf tfxtg
]fdëigbg.

Ikjurl 8.>.< L Lr`hkvg tlroftls.psm 

>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls, sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

@lpls.

Ikjurl 8.>.< N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls
Qhgtgshgp @@
9. Hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd Jrupg mf `lpls
Mkrf``kðb f kbtrgmuz`l su mkrf``kðb fb dl @lpl mf
tfxtg Mkrf``kðb.
Ikjurl 8.>.< I Kbtrgmu`kr mkrf``kðb
:. Hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd Jrupg mf `lpls
@grrfg f kbtrgmuz`l su mkrf``kðb mf `grrfg
fdf`trðbk`g fb dl @lpl mf tfxtg @grrfg.
Ikjurl 8.>.< J Kbtrgmu`kr `grrfg
8. @lenkf fd egmg mf `gdgr l @E[C,
sfdf``kgblbmg Keljfb 2 Egmg 2 @E[C y fb fd
`ulmrg mf mkìdgjg fefrjfbtf hljl `dk` fb Bg
`genkblr y mfspuës fb Gc.
Ikjurl 8.>.< H @lenklr egmg mf `gdgr 
;. Dl keljfb sf vfrì dkjfrlefbtf eìs gpl`l y
fstlrì dkstl plrl keprkekrsf.
Ikjurl 8.>.< F Kbtrgmu`kr tfdëigbg
8  @gdgr
Df``kðb 8  <<<
Ikjurl 8.>.< K Keljfb fb Egmg mf `gdgr @E[C 
8.>.> @gdgr
@gdgr Kbmfxlmg
Fstf egmg mf `gdgr prgmu`f keìjfbfs mf 8 nkts
`gb ub eìxkeg mf >69 `gdgrfs, quf fs fd eìxkeg
bÿefrg mf `gdgrfs l`fptlmg pgr ldjubgs igreltgs
mf keljfb. Ld `gbvfrtkr ubl keljfb l egmg mf `gdgr
kbmfxlmg, Qhgtgshgp `rfl ubl tlndl mf `gdgrfs quf
ldel`fbl y jfbfrl dgs åbmk`fs mf `gdgr mf dl keljfb,
nus`lmg lmfeìs fd `gdgr eìs plrf`kmg sk fs quf fd
`gdgr mf dl keljfb grkjkbld bg lplrf`f fb fstl tlndl.
Fd egmg mf `gdgr kbmfxlmg pufmf rfmu`kr fd tlelüg
elbtfbkfbmg dl `ldkmlm mf dl keljfb, lubquf `gb
ubl dkektlml pldftl mf `gdgrfs, dg quf dg `gbvkfrtf
fb ubl gp`kðb kmðbfl plrl jfbfrlr keìjfbfs plrl
lpdk`l`kgbfs eudtkefmkl, pìjkbls wfn fbtrf gtrls.
Qlrl `lenklr fd egmg mf `gdgr l @gdgr Kbmfxlmg.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKL^ L @ GDG^ 
KBMFXLMG
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW8.>.>W@@ y lnrl fd
lr`hkvg nlbbfr.psm
Ikjurl 8.>.> L Lr`hkvg nlbbfr.psm 

<<>
Ikjurl 8.>.> N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls
0. Hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd Jrupg mf `lpls Nlbbfr
f kbtrgmuz`l fd bgenrf mf su sktkg wfn fb dl @lpl mf
tfxtg Bgenrf mfd sktkg.
Ikjurl 8.>.> @ Kbtrgmu`kr fd bgenrf mf su sktkg
=. Kbtrgmuz`l fd sdgjlb mf su sktkg wfn fb dl @lpl mf
tfxtg sdgjlb.
Ikjurl 8.>.> M Kbtrgmu`kr su sdgjlb
6. @lenkf fd egmg mf `gdgr l @gdgr kbmfxlmg
sfdf``kgblbmg Keljfb 2 Egmg mf `gdgr 2 @gdgr
kbmfxlmg... y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
Ikjurl 8.>.> F @lenklr l @gdgr Kbmfxlmg
>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl 8.>.> I @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg @gdgr kbmfxlmg
:. Dl keljfb sf l`gpdlrì fb ubl sgdl `lpl y pgmrì
uslrsf plrl su lpdk`l`kðb fb ubl pdltligrel wfn.
Ikjurl 8.>.> J ^fsudtlmg mf `lenklr l @gdgr kbmfxlmg
8.>.0 Yfl
Yfl fd Egmg mf @gdgr
^JN
Fd egmg mf `gdgr ^JN fs ubl `gb﬌jurl`kðb nlslml
fb dgs rlygs duekbgsgs mf `gdgr rgog, vfrmf y lzud
quf ld supfrpgbfrsf jfbfrlb ubl duz ndlb`l, y
quf su efz`dl pufmf jfbfrlr tgmgs dgs `gdgrfs
mfd fspf`trg duekbgsg, l mkifrfb`kl mfd egmg mf
`gdgr @E[C, dgs `gdgrfs ^JN sufdfb jfbfrlr ubl
sfbsl`kðb mf elygr kbtfbskmlm y bktkmfz fb fd gog
huelbg ld bg mfpfbmfr mf ub eltfrkld iåsk`g plrl
jfbfrlrsf.
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKL^ L E GMG  MF 
@GDG^ ^
 ^JN
JN
 9. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg @gdgr kbmfxlmg fb fd
`lepg Qldftl `lenkf l Qldftl? Dg`ld (Qfr`fptuld), <. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW8.>.0W@@ y lnrl fd
lr`hkvg ngtgbWwfn.psm
@gdgrfs? >69, Igrzlmg? Bkbjubg y fb fd `lepg
Gp`kgbfs `lenkf l Eltf? Bkbjubg y ]rlelmg?
Bkbjubg y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

8  @gdgr
Df``kðb 8  <<0

Ikjurl 8.>.0 L Lr`hkvg ngtgbWwfn.psm  Ikjurl 8.>.0 F ^fsudtlmg mf `lenklr l Egmg mf `gdgr ^JN

>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

@lpls. Q^Ì@]K@L? L ÜLML VB  FIF@]G MF 
@GDG^  PFQKL  L   VBL   KELJFB.

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW8.>.0W@@ y lnrl dl

keljfb sfpkl.opj

Ikjurl 8.>.0 N Lnrkr plbfd `lpls

0. Fb fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgbf dl @lpl mf tfxtg

Ngtðb f kbtrgmuz`l @hlt.

Ikjurl 8.>.0 I Lr`hkvg sfpkl.opj

>. @lenkf fd egmg mf `gdgr mf @E[C l ^JN.

Ikjurl 8.>.0 @ Kbtrgmu`kr `hlt 

Ikjurl 8.>.0 J @lenklr l egmg mf `gdgr ^JN
=. @lenkf fd egmg mf `gdgr l ^JN sfdf``kgblbmg
Keljfb 2 Egmg 2 ^JN y hljl `dk` fb Bg `genkblr. 0. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.

Ikjurl 8.>.0 M @lenklr l Egmg mf `gdgr ^JN

 6. Dl keljfb `gbsfrvlrì dls `lpls quf dl `gepgbfb Ikjurl 8.>.0 H Lnrkr fd plbfd @lpls
y pgmrì uslrsf plrl su lpdk`l`kðb fb ubl pdltligrel =. Fb fd plbfd `lpl, ljrfjuf ubl bufvl @lpl mf
wfn. loustf hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf
rfddfbg g loustf.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<<=

Ikjurl 8.>.0 K @lenklr l Egmg mf `gdgr ^JN

6. Pfdf``kgbl dl gp`kðb ]gbg / Plturl`kðb.

Ikjurl 8.>.0 C Loustf prffstlndf`kmg Pfpkl

:. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl 8.>.0 D ^fsudtlmg mf lülmkr fif`tg sfpkl

8.>.= Vsg
Vsg
lmf`ulmg plrl
`lml efmkg
Vbl vfz quf hfegs fbtfbmkmg dgs prkb`kpkgs mf dgs
Ikjurl 8.>.0 O Loustf mf ]gbg / Plturl`kðb egmgs mf `gdgr y sus `lrl`tfråstk`ls,
` lrl`tfråstk`ls, fs quf sf pufmf
`gefbzlr l hlndlr mf dls lpdk`l`kgbfs lmf`ulmls
9. Fb fd plbfd mf Qrgpkfmlmfs `lenkf fd Loustf plrl `lml ubg.
 prfstlndf`kmg l Pfpkl.
 [l quf fd egmg mf `gdgr @E[C fstì `gepuf
`gepufstg
stg l
plrtkr mf pkjefbtgs, rfsudtl dl gp`kðb eìs utkdkzlml
pgr tgmgs dgs skstfels mf keprfskðb, fb dgs quf sf
rfqukfrf keprfjblr iåsk`lefbtf pgr efmkg mf tkbtls
dgs `gdgrfs mfsflmgs.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

8  @gdgr
Df``kðb 8  <<6
Qgr gtrg dlmg, fd egmg mf `gdgr ^JN, quf rfspgbmf
l `gbmk`kgbfs prkegrmkldefbtf dueåbk`ls, sf utkdkzl
plrl prfplrlr keìjfbfs plrl wfn yl quf mf﬌bf
fd fspl`kg mf `gdgr mfd egbktgr fstìbmlr quf
sf utkdkzl fb kbtfrbft, lmfeìs mf keìjfbfs mf
`ìelrls mkjktldfs, yl quf dl elygrål mf fddls fstìb
`gb﬌jurlmls `gb fstf egmg mf `gdgr.

  8.0 M󰁬󰁾 󰁠󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾 󰁬
󰁶󰁢󰁬 󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢 󰁦󰁢 Ikjurl 8.0 @ @rflr sfdf``kðb

󰁦󰁰󰁠󰁬󰁤󰁬
󰁦󰁰󰁠󰁬󰁤 󰁬 󰁭󰁦 󰁪󰁾󰁫󰁰󰁦󰁰
󰁪󰁾󰁫󰁰󰁦󰁰 =. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.
@gb Qhgtgshgp ustfm pgmrì fmktlr ubl keljfb
fb ndlb`g y bfjrg, mf egmg quf pufml lülmkrdf
`gdgrfs `gb dl lyuml mf dl hfrrlekfbtl pkb`fd y dl
`gb﬌jurl`kðb mf egmfdgs mf `gdgr quf pfrektlb
`lbldfs mf `gdgr.

Q^Ì@]K@L? M L^  @GDG^ L VBL  KELJFB  Ikjurl 8.0 M @rflr sfdf``kðb

FB  FP@LDL   MF   J^KPFP
6. Lülml ubl `lpl mf loustf hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd
ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf fb fd
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW8.0W@@ y lnrl dl keljfb
plbfd @lpls.
`gdgr.opj

Ikjurl 8.0 L Lr`hkvg `gdgr.opj

>. @lenkf fd egmg mf `gdgr mf Fs`ldl mf jrksfs l Ikjurl 8.0 F Ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf
^JN sfdf``kgblbmg Keljfb 2 Egmg 2 ^JN.
9. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb ]gbg/slturl`kðb...
 Ikjurl 8.0 N @lenklr l Egmg mf `gdgr ^JN
0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `gb ub
]lelüg mf pkb`fd mf 6 px, Murfzl mfd <11% y
Fspl`klmg mfd >6%, `rff ubl sfdf``kðb sgnrf fd ìrfl
mf dl sumlmfrl.
<<9
Ikjurl 8.0 I Gp`kðb ]gbg/slturl`kðb...
]gbg/slturl`kðb...
:. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs sfdf``kgbf dl `lskddl
@gdgrflr y egmk﬌quf dgs vldgrfs l ]gbg? >01,
Plturl`kðb? 61 y Duekbgskmlm? 1
Qhgtgshgp @@
8. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
Ikjurl 8.0 H ^fsudtlmg mf mlr `gdgr l ubl keljfb fb ndlb`g y
bfjrg
  8.= M󰁦󰁰
 M󰁦󰁰󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁦󰁪󰁶󰁦
󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁦󰁪󰁶󰁦
󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾 󰁻
󰁭󰁫󰁰󰁱󰁧󰁰󰁫󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰
Dl vksuldkzl`kðb mfd `gdgr df lyumlrì l tgelr
mf`kskgbfs sustfbtlmls murlbtf fd mfslrrgddg mf su
prgyf`tg, fstl jfstkðb tlenkëb df pfrektkrì `rflr
mg`uefbtgs nlslmgs fb fstìbmlrfs plrl keprfskðb
`geg KPG, PZGQ y Olplb @gdgr.
]fbjl fb `ufbtl quf bg fxkstf bkbjÿb mkspgsktkvg
quf pufml rfprgmu`kr tgml dl jlel mf `gdgrfs
vkskndfs plrl fd gog huelbg pufs `lml mkspgsktkvg
trlnlol fb ub fspl`kg mf `gdgr `gb`rftg quf pufmf
prgmu`kr kbtfrvldgs fspf`å﬌`gs g mf jlel mf `gdgr.
Fd egmfdg mf `gdgr fstlndf`f dl rfdl`kðb fbtrf dgs
vldgrfs ekfbtrls quf fd fspl`kg mf `gdgr mf﬌bf fd
skjbk﬌`lmg lnsgdutg mf fsgs vldgrfs. Dgs egmfdgs
mf `gdgr `geg @[EC, HPD, HPN, @E[C pufmfb
tfbfr eu`hgs fspl`kgs mf `gdgr mkifrfbtfs y fstgs l
su vfz vlrklrìb mfpfbmkfbmg mf `lml mkspgsktkvg g
fspl`kgs mf `gdgr lsg`klmg.
@ulbmg sf trlbs﬌frfb lr`hkvgs fbtrf mkstkbtgs
mkspgsktkvgs, dgs `gdgrfs pufmfb `lenklr su
lplrkfb`kl mfnkmg l fstgs fspl`kgs mf `gdgr.
Fstls vlrkl`kgbfs pufmfb jfbfrlrsf l rlåz mf dls
mkifrfb`kls fb dgs gråjfbfs mf dls keìjfbfs, dl igrel
fb quf dls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf﬌bfb fd `gdgr, dgs sustrltgs
y gtrls vlrklbtfs `geg dls mkifrfb`kls mf ilnrk`l`kðb
mf dgs mkspgsktkvgs.
 Ikjurl 8.0 J Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

8  @gdgr
Df``kðb 8  <<:

  8.6
F󰁭󰁫󰁽󰁦 󰁤󰁬
 󰁠󰁧󰁢󰁩󰁫󰁪󰁶󰁾󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 󰁭󰁦
 󰁠󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁾
Fmktlr dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf `gdgr df pfrektkrì gntfbfr
fd fs`fblrkg eìs `fr`lbg ld rfsudtlmg mfsflmg
fb su prgyf`tg, tfbkfbmg fb `ufbtl tgmls dls
fspf`k﬌`l`kgbfs të`bk`ls tlbtg mf dgs mkspgsktkvgs
`gb dgs quf hl jfbfrlmg g `lpturlmg sus keìjfbfs,
lså `geg dgs utkdkzlmgs plrl su prgmu``kðb.

Qlrl Fmktlr dl `gb﬌jurl`kðb mf `gdgr rfldk`f dls

skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs?

Q^Ì@]K@L? F MK]L^ DL  @GBIKJK^L@KÐB 

MF   @GDG^ MF   VBL  K ELJFB
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kðbW8.6W@@ y lnrl dl keljfb
tgrgbtg.opj
Ikjurl 8.6 N Lnrkr Loustfs mf `gdgr...
0. Fb fd `lepg Fspl`kgs mf trlnlog `lenkf l Lmgnf
@KF ^JN y fb fd `lepg Bgrels mf jfs tkðb mf
`gdgr sfdf``kgbf dls `lskddls Qrfjubtlr ld lnrkr fb dls
gp`kgbfs Mkifrfb`kls mfd pfr﬌d y Ildtlb dgs pfr﬌dfs y
hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Ikjurl 8.6 L Lr`hkvg tgrgbtg.opj

>. Ylyl ld `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Loustfs mf `gdgr

sfdf``kgbmg Fmk`kðb 2 Loustfs mf `gdgr... Ikjurl 8.6 @ @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Loustfs mf `gdgr 

=. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

 Ikjurl 8.6 M ^fsudtlmg mf Loustfs mf `gdgr 

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<<8

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB 8
<. Pgb dgs `gdgrfs pkjefbtg nìsk`gs quf utkdkzlb dls keprfsgrls.

L) Ndlb`g, rgog y vfrmf.

N) @ålb, eljfbtl y lelrkddg.
@) Lzud, vfrmf y rgog.

>. Egmg mf `gdgr quf prgmu`f keìjfbfs mf 8 nkts `gb ub eìxkeg mf >69 `gdgrfs y pufmf rfmu`kr fd tlelüg
elbtfbkfbmg dl `ldkmlm mf dl keljfb.

L) @gdgr kbmfxlmg.
N) @gdgr @E[C.
@) @gdgr ^JN.

0. Mf dls skjukfbtfs l﬌rel`kgbfs ·`uìd fs vfrmlmfrl7

L) Fb Qhgtgshgp bg sf pufmf lülmkr `gdgrfs l dls igtgjrliåls fb fs`ldls mf jrksfs.

N) Fb Qhgtgshgp sf pfrektf pkbtlr dl keljfb `geg sf rfqukfrl, pfrg fstg kbmk`l dgs egmgs mf `gdgr rf
prfsfbtlb budkmlm.
@) @gb Qhgtgshgp pufmf lülmkr `gdgr l ubl keljfb fb ndlb`g y bfjrg `gb dl lyuml mf dl hfrrlekfbtl
pkb`fd.

=. Qgr quë `ulbmg sf trlbs﬌frfb lr`hkvgs mf keljfb fbtrf mkstkbtgs mkspgsktkvgs dgs `gdgrfs pufmfb `lenklr
su lplrkfb`kl.

L) Mfnkmg l dl rfdl`kðb mf dgs egmgs mf `gdgr.

N) Mfnkmg l dgs fspl`kgs mf `gdgr.
@) Mfnkmg l dl rfdl`kðb mf dgs egmgs mf `gdgr.

6. ·@uìd mf dls skjukfbtfs l``kgbfs sf mfnf sfjukr plrl lnrkr fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg Loustfs mf `gdgr7

L) Lr`hkvg 2 Loustfs mf `gdgr.

N) Fmk`kðb 2 Loustfs mf `gdgr.
@) Keljfb 2 Loustfs mf `gdgr
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Qlbfd mf `lpls

Vb rf`ursg kbmkspfbslndf fb Qhgtgshgp fs fd usg mf `lpls. Fb fstl df``kðb, lprfbmfrì sgnrf fd plbfd mf `lpls y `ðeg
iub`kgblb fb dl fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs mkjktldfs. Fd usg mf `lpls il`kdktl dl fmk`kðb y elbkpudl`kðb mf dgs fdfefbtgs fb
 ubl `gepgsk`kðb mf keljfb mkjktld.

Gnoftkvg
Lprfbmfr y lpdk`lr dls iub`kgbfs mf `lpls, lså `geg
`gbg`fr fd plbfd mf `lpls, fb dl fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs
mkjktldfs.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg
mf Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.

• Plnfr utkdkzlr `lpls y eìs`lrls.

• Plnfr rftg`lr y iuskgblr keìjfbfs.

• Plnfr utkdkzlr dgs ﬌dtrgs.

 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <><
Dls `lpls sgb ldjg plrf`kmg l dìekbls trlbsplrfbtfs
lpkdlmls fb dls quf sf pufmf `rflr keìjfbfs skfbmg
pgskndf vfr l trlvës mf dls ìrfls trlbsplrfbtfs dls   ;.< @󰁾󰁦󰁦, 󰁢󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁾󰁦 󰁻
`lpls quf hly mfnlog, lmfeìs mf pgmfr trlnlolr mf
elbfrl kbmfpfbmkfbtf fb `lml ubl mf fddls. 󰁬󰃼󰁬󰁭󰁬 󰁠󰁧󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁢󰁫󰁭󰁧 󰁬
Lbtfs mf lprfbmfr dls mkifrfbtfs iub`kgbfs mf dls
`lpls plrl dl fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs fb Qhgtgshgp, 󰁤󰁬󰁰 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
`gbgz`l ldjubls skengdgjåls kepgrtlbtfs mf dls
`lpls, fstgs tlenkëb df lyumlb l dl fmk`kðb mf dls
keìjfbfs. Fb fd plbfd `lpls, ustfm pgmrì fb`gbtrlr tgmls dls
`lpls, jrupgs mf `lpls y fif`tgs mf `lpls `gb dgs
quf sf fb`ufbtrf trlnlolbmg, fb ëd pgmrì egstrlr y
g`udtlr dls `lpls, `rflr ubl bufvl `lpl g jrupg mf
`lpls y lskjblrdfs ub bgenrf y grmfb mftfrekblmgs.

J Qlrl ljrfjlr `gbtfbkmg l dl `lpl, lsfjÿrfsf quf dl

`lpl sgnrf dl quf mfsff trlnlolr fstì sfdf``kgblml
H y lülml dgs fdfefbtgs quf mfsff.
C  K
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^  [  ^
 ^ FBGEN^L^ @ LQLP
O

D <. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.<W@@ y lnrl dl keljfb

`lpls.opj

L N @ M F I

;.1. L Qlbfd @lpls

Ikjurl ;.< L Lr`hkvg `lpls.opj
L) Ljrfjlr fstkdgs mf `lpl l ubl `lpl fb plrtk`udlr.
>. Lnrl fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
N) Lülmkr els`lr l ubl `lpl. @lpls.
@) @rflr ubl `lpl mf rfddfbg g mf loustf.

M) @rflr ub jrupg mf `lpls.

F) @rflr ubl `lpl bufvl.

I) Fdkekblr ubl `lpl.

J) Fstlndf`fr fd jrlmg mf gpl`kmlm mf dl `lpl

Ikjurl ;.< N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls
H) Fstlndf`fr fd rfddfbg mfd gnoftg u gnoftgs mf dl `lpl.

K) Kbmk`l quf sf hl lpdk`lmg ub fstkdg l dl `lpl 0. Fb fd plbfd @lpls hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr `lpl
 bufvl.
O) Eufstrl quf sf hl lpdk`lmg ub fif`tg mf ﬌dtrg
kbtfdkjfbtf l dl `lpl.
C) Egstrlr u g`udtlr dl `lpl.

D) Egstrlr u g`udtlr fd ﬌dtrg lpdk`lmg l dl `lpl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<>>

Ikjurl ;.< @ Ngtðb @rflr ubl `lpl bufvl

=. Lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf `år`udg hl`kfbmg mgndf `dk`

sgnrf fd bgenrf mf dl `lpl.

Ikjurl ;.< I ^fbgenrlr `lpl `ulmrlmg

8. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg, trl`f ub

`ulmrlmg sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl pdlyfrl `gb @gdgr mf
rfddfbg #11119=.

Ikjurl ;.< M ^fbgenrlr `lpl `år`udg

6. @gb dl`gb
pdlyfrl hfrrlekfbtl Fdkpsf,
@gdgr mf rfddfbg
rfddfb trl`f
g #iif11`
#i ubl fdkpsf sgnrf dl
if11`
Ikjurl ;.< J ]rlzlr `ulmrlmg

;. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl fb fd

plbfd @lpls ubl vfz eìs.

<1. Lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf ]rkìbjudg.

 Ikjurl ;.< F ]rlzlr `år`udg sgnrf dl `lpl

9. Hljl `dk` bufvlefbtf fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl

`lpl fb fd plbfd @lpls.

:. Lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf @ulmrlmg.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <>0

Ikjurl ;.< H ^fbgenrlr dl `lpl trkìbjudg
<1. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Qgdåjgbg trlb`f ub
trkìbjudg sgnrf fd ìrfl mf dl pdlyfrl `gb @gdgr mf
rfddfbg #ii1111.
  ;.> E󰁶󰁦󰁹󰁬 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
󰁻 󰁠󰁾󰁦󰁦 󰁶󰁢󰁬
󰁠󰁧󰁥󰁱󰁧󰁰󰁫󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢
Fs `geÿb quf fb sus prgyf`tgs, dgs mksfülmgrfs
jfbfrfb ubl jrlb `lbtkmlm mf `lpls, pgr dg quf
fs pgskndf `rflr `gepgsk`kgbfs mf dls `lpls mf dls
keìjfbfs, lpgyìbmgsf mfd plbfd @gepgsk`kgbf
@gepgsk`kgbfss mf
`lpls `gb dl quf pgmrì `rflr, lmekbkstrlr y vksuldkzlr
eÿdtkpdfs vlrklbtfs mf elquftl`kðb fb ub sgdg
lr`hkvg.
Vbl `gepgsk`kðb mf `lpl fs ubl kbstlbtìbfl quf
rf﬎fol dl vksknkdkmlm, pgsk`kðb y lplrkfb`kl mf dl `lpl
fb dl quf sf fb`ufbtrf trlnlolbmg, ëstls `lpturlb
fd mg`uefbtg fb dl igrel fb quf fstf du`f fb ub
egefbtg mftfrekblmg.
Fb fd plbfd mf `gepgsk`kðb mf `lpls, ustfm pgmrì
fb`gbtrlr
 Yksknkdk mlm?dgs
 Yksknkdkmlm? skjukfbtfs
  Pf rf﬌frf lngtgbfs?
sk dl `lpl fstl vkskndf u
g`udtl.
Qgsk`kðb?  Pf rf﬌frf l dl pgsk`kðb quf tkfbf dl `lpl
fb fd plbfd, lrrknl g lnlog, fstlbmg fb fd mg`uefbtg
mg`u efbtg
fd `gbtfbkmg mf dls `lpl supfrkgrfs sgnrf fd mf dls
kbifrkgrfs.
Lplrkfb`kl? Pf rf﬌frf ld fstkdg mf `lpl quf sf hlyl
lpdk`lmg lså `geg ld egmg mf iuskðb.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^ VB
VBLL  @ GEQGPK@KÐB 
@GB
@G B @ LQLP

Ikjurl ;.< K ]rlzlr pgdåjgbg <. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.>W@@ y lnrl fd lr`hkvg
`gepgsk`kgb.psm
<1. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
 Ikjurl ;.> L Lr`hkvg `gepgsk`kgb.psm 
Ikjurl ;.< O ^fsudtlmg mf ljrfjlr `lpls
>. Lnrl fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<>=

Ikjurl ;.> N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls

0. Fb fd plbfd `lpls hljl `dk` fb dl pfstlül mfd jrupg

mf `lpls Fdfefbtgs.

Ikjurl ;.> M @rflr y rfbgenrlr `lpl

6. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl rf`tìbjudg trl`f ub ^f`tìbjudg

`gb `gdgr mf rfddfbg #116=l9.

Ikjurl ;.> @ Jrupg mf `lpls Fdfefbtgs

=. Lülml ubl bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb

@rflr bufvl `lpl y lskjbf fd bgenrf rf`tìbjudg <.

Ikjurl ;.> F ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg <

9. Lülml ubl bufvl `lpl `gb fd ngtðb @rflr

bufvl `lpl fb fd plbfd @lpl, lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf
rf`tìbjudg bfjrg > y `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg
trl`f ub rf`tìbjudg `gb `gdgr mf rfddfbg #111111.
#1111 11.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <>6

Ikjurl ;.> I ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg >  Ikjurl ;.> K ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg 6 

:. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mfd <1. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg, fs`rknl Fxpgsk`kðb
plbfd @lpls, lskjbf fd bgenrf ^f`tìbjudg 0 y `gb Nluhlus fb mgs dåbfls `gb ldkbfl`kðb `fbtrlml y
dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg trl`f ub rf`tìbjudg `gb uslbmg dl iufbtf Lrkld Ndl`c `gb pubtlof mf : y
`gdgr mf rfddfbg #ii1111. lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf Fxpgsk`kðb.

Ikjurl ;.> J ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg 0  Ikjurl ;.> O ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg 9 

8. Bufvlefbtf hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr <<. Pfdf``kgbf dls `lpls Fxpgsk`kðb y ^f`tìbjudg
bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls, lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf <, >, 0, = y 6 prfskgblbmg dl tf`dl Phkit y hl`kfbmg
^f`tìbjudg = y `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg `dk` sgnrf `lml ubl mf fddls.
trl`f ub rf`tìbjudg `gb `gdgr mf rfddfbg #111111.

Ikjurl ;.> H ]rlzlr rf`tìbjudg = 

 ;. Lülml ubl `lpl eìs hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb
@rflr bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls, lsåjbfdf
fd bgenrf ^f`tìbjudg 6 y `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl
^f`tìbjudg trl`f gtrg rf`tìbjudg `gb `gdgr mf
rfddfbg #iiii11.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<>9

Ikjurl ;.> C Pfdf``kgblr vlrkls `lpls l dl vfz 

<>. Lrrlstrf dls `lpls sfdf``kgblmls mfnlog mf dls

`lpls Fif`tg <, > y 0 fb fd grmfb mfd plbfd @lpls.

Ikjurl ;.> D Lrrlstrlr `lpls

<0. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

 Ikjurl ;.> E ^fsudtlmg mf `gepgsk`kðb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <>:

;.0 L󰁠󰁧󰁱󰁤󰁬󰁾 K󰁥󰁬󰁪
K󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢
󰁦󰁢   ;.= G󰁮󰁯󰁦󰁽󰁧󰁰
L`gpdlr sf rf﬌frf l dl l``kðb mf dl `genkbl`kðb mf
tgmls dls keìjfbfs pgskndfs, fb dl `lpl mf igbmg, l
K󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁤󰁫󰁪󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁰
egmg mf rfmu`kr fd tlelüg mfd lr`hkvg.
Pgb `lpls quf `gbtkfbfb mltgs mf keljfb quf
prgvkfbfb mf keìjfbfs rlstfrkzlmls g vf`tgrkldfs
Q^Ì@]K@L? L @GQDL^ VB
VBLL   KELJFB `geg pgr fofepdg lr`hkvgs mf Qhgtgshgp g
Kddustrltgr. Ld `gbsfrvlr fd `gbtfbkmg grkjkbld mf dl
keljfb, pfrektfb dl egmk﬌`l`kðb bg mfstru`tkvl mf
Qlrl l`gpdlr keljfb? dl `lpl.

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg `gepgsk`kðb tgmlvål lnkfr
mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs mfd Qlbfd @lpl y sfdf``kgbf
dl gp`kðb L`gpdlr Keljfb.
Ldjubls vfbtlols mf trlnlolr `gb gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs?
kbtfdkjfbtf s?
• ^fldkzlr egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls
• ]rlnlolr `gb mltgs vf`tgrkldfs
• Lpdk`lr ﬌dtrgs bg mfstru`tkvgs
• L`tuldkzl`kðb kbefmkltl mf dgs gnoftgs fbdlzlmgs
ld fmktlrdgs.
• Lpdk`lr eìs`lrls mf `lpl.
• Qrgnlr mkstkbtgs mksfügs mf elr`lmgr mf pgsk`kðb
fb nlol rfsgdu`kðb.

;.=.< @gbvfrtkr
@gbvfr
@gbvfrtkr
tkr ubl `lpl
fxkstfbtf fb gnoftg
kbtfdkjfbtf
]rlnlolr `gb gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs pfrektf ubl sfrkf
mf vfbtlols quf df lyumlrì l trlnlolr mf elbfrl eìs
rìpkml y grmfblml.
Vstfm pgmrì `gbvfrtkr ubl `lpl fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf
`gb dg quf pgmrì fvktlr fmk`kgbfs mfstru`tkvls sgnrf
fd `gbtfbkmg mf dl `lpl, lmfeìs mf `gbsfrvlr
dl rfsgdu`kðb
`gbtfbkmg mf dl eksel,
y trlnlolr pfrektfvf`tgrkldfs
`gb gnoftgs rffepdlzlrskb
fd
Ikjurl ;.0 L Gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls
bf`fskmlm mf rlstfrkzlrdgs.
>. ]gmls dls `lpls quf `gepgbålb dl keljfb sf hlb
`genkblmg fb ubl sgdl rfmu`kfbmg lså fd tlelüg mfd ]lenkëb pufmf jfbfrlr gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs mfsmf
lr`hkvg. grkjfb, mfsmf fd efbÿ lr`hkvg y hl`kfbmg `dk` fb dl
gp`kðb @gdg`lr Fdfefbtgs Kb`rustlmgs, g nkfb fb dl
gp`kðb Lnrkr `geg Gnoftg Kbtfdkjfbtf.

Q^Ì@]K@L? ] ^LNLOL^ @GB  VB

VBLL  @ LQL 
@ GBYF^]KML L G NOF]G K B]FDKJFB]F
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl
`lrpf tl df``kgbW;
df``kgb W;.=.
.=.<.W@@
<.W@@ y lnrl fd
 lr`hkvg mkbgslurkg.psm

Ikjurl ;.0 N Keljfb l`gpdlml

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<>8

Ikjurl ;.=.< M Lpdk`lr ﬌dtrg Mfsfbig`lr 

Ikjurl ;.=.< L Lr`hkvg mkbgslurkg.psm 
6. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg
>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2 `lenkf l ^lmkg? 0.= påxfdfs.
@lpls.

Ikjurl ;.=.< N L`tkvlr plbfd @lpls.

0. Fb fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Igbmg,

mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls y hljl `dk`
fb @gbvfrtkr fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf.

Ikjurl ;.=.< F @ulmrg mf mkldgjg Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg

9. Lpdkquf ub ﬌dtrg mf vkfbtg sfdf``kgblbmg Ikdtrg 2

Fstkdkzlr 2 Ykfbtg.
Y kfbtg.

Ikjurl ;.=.< I @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Ykfbtg


Ikjurl ;.=.< @ @gbvfrtkr `lpl fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf
=. Lpdkquf ub ﬌dtrg mf Mfsfbigquf jlussklbg
sfdf``kgblbmg Ikdtrg 2 Mfsfbig`lr 2 Mfsfbigquf
Jlussklbg...
Qhgtgshgp @@
Ikjurl ;.=.< J Lpdk`lr Loustf mf ﬌dtrg mf igtgjrliål...
8. Lülml ub loustf mf Ikdtrg mf igtgjrliål
sfdf``kgblbmg Keljfb 2 Loustfs 2 Ikdtrg mf
igtgjrliål...
Ikjurl ;.=.< H Lpdk`lr loustf mf Ikdtrg mf Igtgjrliål..
Igtgjrliål....
;. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Ikdtrg mf igtgjrliål
sfdf``kgbf fb fd `lepg Vslr Ikdtrg? Ikdtrg `ldkfbtf (86)
y `lenkf l Mfbskmlm 96% sfdf``kgblbmg dl `lskddl
@gbsfrvlr duekbgskmlm.
:. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Ykfbtg sfdf``kgbf Ykfbtg
fb fd `lepg Eëtgmg y Mfsmf dl mfrf`hl fb fd `lepg
Mkrf``kðb.
Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <>;
Ikjurl ;.=.< O G`udtlr loustfs g ﬌dtrgs.
;.=.> ^ffepdlzlr
^ffepdlzlr y
fxpgrtlr Gnoftgs
kbtfdkjfbtfs
Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf rffepdlzlr dgs mltgs mf
keljfb mf ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf, fstg df pfrektkrì
l`tuldkzlr rìpkmlefbtf dl lplrkfb`kl mf su prgyf`tg
g rffepdlzlr keìjfbfs mf elr`lmgr mf pgsk`kðb
`gb nlol rfsgdu`kðb.
Lså ekseg ustfm pgmrì fxpgrtlr fd `gbtfbkmg mf
keljfb mf ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf fb fd igreltg quf
mfsff mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus bf`fskmlmfs.
Q^Ì@]K@L? ^ FFEQDL_L^ @GB]FBKMG MF 
VBL
VB L  @ LQL  K B]FDKJFB]F
<. @gb fd lr`hkvg mkbgslurkg.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg
rffepdl`f fd gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf sfdf``kgblbmg @lpls
2 Gnoftgs Kbtfdkjfbtfs 2 ^ffepdlzlr `gbtfbkmg...
 Ikjurl ;.=.< K @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Ikdtrg mf igtgjrliål

<1. Fb fd plbfd @lpls ustfm pgmrì g`udtlr g egstrlr

dgs ﬌dtrgs y loustfs rfldkzlmgs l dl `lpl sfjÿb sus
bf`fskmlmfs hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd k`gbg `gb igrel mf
gog quf sf fb`ufbtrl oubtg ld bgenrf mfd Ikdtrg g
loustf quf mfsfl g`udtlr
g`udtlr..

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<01

Ikjurl ;.=.> L ^ffepdlzlr `gbtfbkmg

>. Fb fd fxpdgrlmgr nusquf fd lr`hkvg `gb fd quf

mfsfl rffepdlzlr fd gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf y hljl `dk` fb
`gdg`lr.
Ikjurl ;.=.> M @gbvfrtkr fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf

>. Mf `dk` mfrf`hg sgnrf fd bgenrf mf dl `lpl

Mkbgslurkg y hljl `dk` fb Fxpgrtlr `gbtfbkmg...

Ikjurl ;.=.> N Fxpdgrlmgr

0. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.=.> F Fxpgrtlr `gbtfbkmg...

0. Fb fd fxpdgrlmgr vlyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.=.>W

@@, lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf gnoftgW0.psm y mf `dk` fb
julrmlr.

Ikjurl ;.=.> @ ^fsudtlmg mf ^ffepdlzlr `gbtfbkmg

 Q^Ì@]K@L? F XQ G^]L^  @GB]FBKMG
 XQG^]L^
<. @gb fd lr`hkvg mkbgslurkg.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg
mf `dk` mfrf`hg sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Mkbgslurkg y
`gbvkërtldl fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf mfspdfjlbmg dls
gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls y sfdf``kgbf @gbvfrtkr fb
gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf.
Qhgtgshgp @@
;.=.0 @gbvfrtkr
@gbvfr
@gbvfrtkr
tkr fb
fbdlzlmg
Vstfm pgmrì `gbvfrtkr ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf
kb`rustlmg fb ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf fbdlzlmg
`gbsfrvlbmg dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfd gnoftg grkjkbld
`geg trlbsigrel`kgbfs, ﬌dtrgs, y gtrgs fif`tgs.
Qlrl `gbvfrtkr ub Gnoftg Kbtfdkjfbtf Kb`rustlmg l ub
Gnoftg Kbtfdkjfbtf Fbdlzlmg?
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ GBYF^]K^ FB  FBDL_LMG
<. @gb fd lr`hkvg mkbgslurkg.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg hljl
`dk` mfrf`hg sgnrf fd bgenrf mf dl `lpl Mkbgslurkg y
sfdf``kgbf @gbvfrtkr fb fbdlzlmg...
Ikjurl ;.=.0 L @gbvfrtkr fb fbdlzlmg...
>. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.=.0W@@, lsåjbfdf fd
bgenrf fbdlzlmg y hljl `dk` fb Julrmlr.
Ikjurl ;.=.> I Fxpdgrlmgr 
Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <0<
;.=.= Lpdk`lr
Lpdk`lr
Ikdtrgs
kbtfdkjfbtfs y eìs`lrls
mf `lpl plrl rf﬌blr su
keljfb
Pf pufmf mf﬌bkr `geg ﬌dtrg kbtfdkjfbtf `geg
`uldqukfr ﬌dtrg lpdk`lmg l ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf,
ëstgs lplrf`fb fb fd plbfd @lpls mfnlog mf dl `lpl
mf gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs. [l quf fstgs gnoftgs sf
pufmfb loustlr, fdkekblr
fdkekb lr y g`udtlr sf mfmu`f quf sgb
egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls.
Vstfm pufmf lpdk`lr Ikdtrgs Kbtfdkjfbtfs l tgmgs
dgs Ikdtrgs mf Qhgtgshgp quf dg pfrektlb, fx`fptg
Mfsfbigquf mf Dfbtf, Ddlel, Elr`g mf Igtgjrliål,
Ìrngdfs y Qubtg mf Iujl, lmfeìs mf pgmfr lpdk`lr
Pgenrls / Kduekbl`kgbfs `geg ﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs.
]lenkëb pufmf mfdkektlr ub ìrfl fspf`å﬌`l mgbmf
mfsfl lpdk`lr fd ﬌dtrg kbtfdkjfbtf, efmklbtf ubl
sfdf``kðb lprgpklml.
Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^  VB  I KD]^G 
KB]FDKJFB]F  [  VB
VBLL  ,E ÌP@L^L   MF  @ LQL
<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.=.=W@@ y lnrl fd
lr`hkvg nlkdlrkbl.psm.
Ikjurl ;.=.= L Lr`hkvg nlkdlrkbl.psm 
>. Lnrl fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.
 Ikjurl ;.=.0 N Julrmlr fbdlzlmg
Ikjurl ;.=.= N Lnrkr plbfd `lpls

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<0>
0. Fb fd plbfd @lpls
@l pls sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Ikdtrgs y :. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf rlmkld `lenkf
`gbvkërtldl plrl Ikdtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs sfdf``kgblbmg l @lbtkmlm <1 Eëtgmg? Jkrg y @ldkmlm? Nufbl.
Ikdtrg 2 @gbvfrtkr plrl Ikdtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs y hljl `dk`
fb Gc.

Ikjurl ;.=.= @ @gbvfrtkr plrl ﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs

=. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `rff ubl

sfdf``kðb sgnrf dl nlkdlrkbl fb dl `lpl ﬌dtrgs.

Ikjurl ;.=.= J @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mfsfbigquf rlmkld 

8. Ljrfjuf ubl Eìs`lrl mf `lpl sgnrf dl `lpl Ikdtrgs

hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf fd ngtðb Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl
fb fd plbfd `lpls.

Ikjurl ;.=.= M @rflr sfdf``kðb

6. Kbvkfrtl dl sfdf``kðb fb Pfdf``kðb 2 Kbvfrtkr.

Ikjurl ;.=.= F Kbvfrtkr Pfdf``kðb

9. Lpdkquf ub ﬌dtrg mf Mfsfbigquf rlmkld
sfdf``kgblbmg Ikdtrg 2 Mfsfbig`lr 2 Mfsfbigquf
^lmkld...

Ikjurl ;.=.= H Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl

;. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #111111.

#111 111.
 Ikjurl ;.=.= I Lpdk`lr Ikdtrg Mfsfbigquf rlmkld

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <00
<>. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.=.= D ^fsudtlmg mf lpdk`lr Ikdtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs y Eìs`lrl

Ikjurl ;.=.= K @lenklr `gdgr irgbtld  mf `lpl

<1. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl pkb`fd, pkbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl

supfrkgr mf dl keljfb, utkdk`f fd pkb`fd `kr`udlr mkiusg ;.=.6 Fmktf
Fmktf dl gpl`kmlm
`gb ]lelüg mf 011 px y Murfzl mf 06%.
Fd bkvfd mf gpl`kmlm jdgnld mf ubl `lpl mftfrekbl fd
jrlmg fb quf ëstl sf eufstrl u g`udtl, fbtfbmkfbmg
mf fstl elbfrl quf ubl `lpl `gb <% mf gpl`kmlm sf
pfr`knkrì mf ubl igrel prì`tk`lefbtf trlbsplrfbtf,
ekfbtrls
tgtldefbtfquf gtrl `gb ub bkvfd mf <11% dg hlrì
gpl`l.

Lmfeìs mf dl gpl`kmlm jdgnld, ustfm tlenkëb

tlenkë b pgmrì
egmk﬌`lr fd bkvfd mf gpl`kmlm mfd rfddfbg mf ubl
`lpl, dl `uld sðdg lif`tl l dgs pkxfdfs, igrels g tfxtg
mf ubl `lpl y bg dl mf sus fif`tgs.

Qlrl Fmktlr dl gpl`kmlm mf ubl `lpl.

Q^Ì@]K@L? F MK]L^ DL  GQL@KMLM 

MF   DL   @LQL

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg nlkdlrkbl.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg, `rff

ubl bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr
bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls y lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf
Gpl`kmlm.
Ikjurl ;.=.= O Pfdf``kgblr pkb`fd 

<<. Qkbtf `ukmlmgslefbtf sgnrf fd ìrfl supfrkgr mf

dl keljfb, pufmf `lenklr fd tlelüg y dl murfzl mfd
pkb`fd plrl rf﬌blr dl keljfb.
 Ikjurl ;.=.= C Qkbtlr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Qkb`fd 
Ikjurl ;.=.6 L Lülmkr y rfbgenrlr `lpl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<0=
>. Qrfskgbf `trd + `dk` sgnrf dl ekbklturl mf 9. Fb fd plbfd @lpls nlof fd bkvfd mf Gpl`kmlm l
Eìs`lrl mf fif`tgs mf Ikdtrg. 01%.

Ikjurl ;.=.6 N Pfdf`kgblr Ekbklturl mf Eìs`lrl mf fif`tgs mf

﬌dtrg

0. Kbvkfrtl dl sfdf``kðb, yfbmg l Pfdf``kðb 2

Kbvfrtkr.

Ikjurl ;.=.6 I @lenklr gpl`kmlm 

:. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
Ikjurl ;.=.6 @ Kbvfrtkr sfdf``kðb

=. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #iiiiii 

Ikjurl ;.=.6 J ^fsudtlmg mf `lenklr dl Gpl`kmlm 

 

;.6 F󰁸󰁱󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁾 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬
Ikjurl ;.=.6 M @lenklr `gdgr irgbtld 

6. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Ngtf mf pkbturl, pkbtf sgnrf Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf fxpgrtlr `lpls g jrupgs
dl sfdf``kðb. mf `lpls fb dgs igreltgs OQFJ, QBJ, JKI g PYJ,
mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus bf`fskmlmfs, y dl igrel fb quf
bf`fsktf elbkpudlr sus lr`hkvgs.

Q^Ì@]K@L? F XQ G^]L^  VB

 XQG^]L^ VBLL   @LQL
 <. @gb fdsgnrf
mfrf`hg lr`hkvg
dl nlkdlrkbl tgmlvål
`lpl Ikdtrgs lnkfrtg hljl
y sfdf``kgbf `dk`
dl gp`kðb
Fxpgrtlr `gbtfbkmg...

Ikjurl ;.=.6 F Qkbtlr sgnrf dl sfdf``kðb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <06
Nkdkbfld 

Nk`ÿnk`l

Nk`ÿnk`l eìs sulvkzlml

Nk`ÿnk`l eìs fbig`lml

Nk`ÿnk`l lutgeìtk`l
Qgr lprgxkel`kðb

@gbsfrvlr mftlddfs 

]lelüg mfd dkfbzg

Ikjurl ;.6 L Fxpgrtlr `gbtfbkmg

>. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.6W@@, lsåjbfdf fd

  ;.9 J󰁾󰁶󰁱󰁧 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
bgenrf fxpgrtlr y hljl `dk` fb Julrmlr.
Fb ub mg`uefbtg mf Qhgtgshgp, `lml keljfb
jfbfrlrì ubl `lpl pgr så eksel. Dgs jrupgs mf `lpls
df lyumlrìb l jfstkgblr tgmgs fstgs fdfefbtgs,
pufmf utkdkzlrdgs plrllbkmlr
l sus bf`fskmlmfs, grjlbkzlr dls `lpls
jrupgs mf l`ufrmg
fb gtrgs jrupgs
plrl lpdk`lr fif`tgs y eìs`lrls l vlrkls `lpls l dl
vfz.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @^FL^ VB  B VFYG J^VQG 

MF   @LQLP

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.9W@@ y lnrl fd lr`hkvg

Ikjurl ;.6 N Julrmlr `lpl fxpgrtlml fspf`tl`udlr.psm.
Pf jfbfrlrì ub rf`ursg mf keljfb pgr `lml `lpl g
jrupg mf `lpls sfdf``kgblmls.

Dls gp`kgbfs mf fxpgrtl`kðb rìpkml pgr mfif`tg

fstìb nlslmls fb fd igreltg QBJ `gb trlbsplrfb`kl.
Vstfm pgmrì egmk﬌`lr fstls gp`kgbfs sfdf``kgblbmg
sfdf``kgb lbmg
Fmk`kðb 2 Qrfifrfb`kls 2 Fxpgrtlr, sfdf``kgblbmg
fd igreltg y gtrls `lrl`tfråstk`ls fb fd `ulmrg mf
mkìdgjg mfpfbmkfbmg mf sus bf`fskmlmfs.
]lenkëb pufmf fxpgrtlr
fxpg rtlr ubl `lpl g jrupg mf `lpls,
efmklbtf fd plbfd @lpls, hl`kfbmg `dk` mfrf`hg
sgnrf dl sfdf``kðb y fdkol dl gp`kðb Fxpgrtlr `geg. Ikjurl ;.9 L Lr`hkvg fspf`tl`udlr.psm 

Fbtrf dls gp`kgbfs mfd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Fxpgrtlr >. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
`geg, ustfm fb`gbtrlrì dg skjukfbtf? @lpls.
 Igreltg

Loustf fspf`å﬌`g mfd igreltg

]lelüg

Fs`ldl
Ikjurl ;.9 N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls
^feufstrflr 

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<09
0. Mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls y
sfdf``kgbf Bufvg jrupg...

Ikjurl ;.9 @ @rflr bufvg jrupg mf `lpls

=. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf ]fxtg

y `gdgr ^gog.

Ikjurl ;.9 M @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Bufvg jrupg

6. Pfdf``kgbf dls trfs @lpls mf tfxtg prfskgblbmg Ikjurl ;.9 F Pfdf``kgblr dls @lpls mf tfxtg
`trd + `dk` sgnrf `lml ubl mf fddls.
9. Lrrlstrf dls `lpls sfdf``kgblmls hlstl dl fd Jrupg
mf `lpls ]fxtg.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <0:

Ikjurl ;.9 I Lrrlstrlr @lpls mf tfxtg ld Jrupg mf `lpls ]fxtg Ikjurl ;.9 H Pfdf``kgblr `lpls
:. @rff gtrg Jrupg mf `lpls, mfspdfjlbmg dls <1. Lrrlstrf dls `lpls sfdf``kgblmls hlstl fd Jrupg
gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb mf `lpls Lbub`kg.
Bufvg jrupg...

8. Fb fd `ulmrg fefrjfbtf lsåjbfdf fd bgenrf

Lbub`kg y `gdgr Blrlbol.
 Ikjurl ;.9 J @ulmrg m mkìdgjg Bufvg jrupg

;. Pfdf``kgbf dls `lpls ]fdfs`gpkg, Fstru`turl y

Igbmg y Igbmg > prfskgblbmg `trd + `dk` sgnrf `lml
ubl mf fddls.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<08

Ikjurl ;.: L Gp`kgbfs mfd plbfd @lpls

>. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Mupdk`lr `lpl lsåjbfdf fd

bgenrf ]fdfs`gpkg >.

Ikjurl ;.: N @ulmrg mf mkìdjg Mupdk`lr `lpl

0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Egvfr, mfspdl`f fd `gbtfbkmg

mf dl `lpl ]fdfs`gpkg > hl`kl dl kzqukfrml.

Ikjurl ;.9 K Lrrlstrlr `lpls

  ;.: M󰁶󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁾 󰁦󰁤
󰁠󰁧󰁢󰁽󰁦󰁢󰁫󰁭󰁧 󰁭󰁦 󰁶󰁢󰁬
󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬 Ikjurl ;.: @ Mfspdlzlr fd `gbtfbkmg mf dl `lpl

Qhgtgshgp df pfrektkrì mupdk`lr `lpls fb ubl =. Qrfskgbtf `trd + ] plrl pgmfr lpdk`lr ubl
eksel keljfb, fb gtrl keljfb g fb ubl keljfb trlbsigrel`kðb dknrf y rfmuz`l fd tlelüg mfd
 `gepdftlefbtf bufvl. `gbtfbkmg mf dl `lpl ]fdfs`gpkg >.

Q^Ì@]K@L? M VQDK@L^  VB

VBLL   @LQL

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg fspf`tl`udlr.psm tgmlvål hljl `dk`

mfrf`hg sgnrf dl `lpl ]fdfs`gpkg y sfdf``kgbf dl
gp`kðb Mupdk`lr `lpl.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <0;

Ikjurl ;.6 @ ^fmu`kr fd tlelüg mfd `gbtfbkmg mf dl `lpl

;.8 L󰁠󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁾 󰁻
󰁭󰁦󰁰󰁬󰁠󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁾 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
Qlrl il`kdktlr dl fmk`kðb mf dls keìjfbfs `gepufstls
pgr ub jrlb bÿefrg mf `lpls, Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf
egstrlr
quf pgmrìu vfr
g`udtlr
sðdg `lpls g jrupgs
dls plrtfs mf `lpls,
fspf`å﬌`ls `gb dg
mf dl keljfb
`gb dls quf bf`fsktf trlnlolr fb fsf egefbtg. Ikjurl ;.8 L G`udtlr `lpl

Qlrl l`tkvlr g mfsl`tkvlr ubl `lpl, skepdfefbtf hljl >. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
`dk` fb fd k`gbg quf sf fb`ufbtrl oubtg l dl `lpl
g jrupg mf `lpls quf mfsff l`tkvlr g mfsl`tkvlr.

Q^Ì@]K@L? G @VD]L^  VB

VBLL  @ LQL

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg fspf`tl`udlr.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg,

g`udtf dl `lpl Igbmg hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd k`gbg `gb
igrel mf gog quf sf fb`ufbtrl oubtg ld bgenrf mf dl

`lpl.
Ikjurl ;.8 N ^fsudtlmg mf g`udtlr `lpl

 ;.; E󰃬󰁰󰁠󰁬󰁾󰁬󰁰 󰁭󰁦
󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬
Dls eìs`lrls mf `lpl pufmfb lülmkrsf `gb dl
 ﬌bldkmlm mf g`udtlr ldjubls plrtfs mf dl `lpl,
egstrlbmg lså dls `lpls kbifrkgrfs fstg `gbstktuyf
ubl kepgrtlbtf të`bk`l mf `gepgsk`kðb plrl
`genkblr vlrkls keìjfbfs g plrl fdkekblr ldjÿb
fdfefbtg fb fddls.

Ldjubls mf dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf dls eìs`lrls mf

`lpl sgb dls skjukfbtfs?
• Pgb keìjfbfs mf elpl mf nkts quf mfpfbmfb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<=1
  mf dl rfsgdu`kðb `gb dl quf sgb fmktlmls `gb dls
hfrrlekfbtls mf pkbturl y sfdf``kðb.
• Pgb egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls yl quf
pufmfb fmktlrsf skb pfrmfr dgs pkxfdfs quf sf
g`udtlb.
Ld lülmkr ubl eìs`lrl mf `lpl ustfm pgmrì egstrlr
u g`udtlr gtgml
sfdf``kðb dl `lpl g nlslr
trlbsplrfb`kl, dl eìs`lrl
lmfeìs mf pgmfrfbpkbtlr
ubl
fb dl eìs`lrl plrl pgmfr g`udtlr `gb prf`kskðb
ldjubls plrtfs mf dl `lpl y egstrlr dls `lpls
kbifrkgrfs.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L ÜLMK^ VBL  EÌP@L^L 

MF   @LQL

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl

`lrpf tl df``kgbW;
df``kgb W;.;
.;W@@
W@@ y lnrl fd lr`hkvg
els`lrl.psm.
Ikjurl ;.; @ Gp`kgbfs mf pkb`fd 

=. Qkbtf sgnrf dl pfrsgbl plrl `rflr ubl sfdf``kðb.

Ikjurl ;.; L Lr`hkvg els`lrl.psm 

>. Lnrl fd plbfd `lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

Ikjurl ;.; M @rflr sfdf``kðb
@lpls.
6. @rff ubl eìs`lrl hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf fd ngtðb
Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl fb fd plbfd @lpls.

Ikjurl ;.; N Lnrkr plbfd `lpls

0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `lenkf dls

gp`kgbfs mfd pkb`fd l ]lelüg >8 px, Murfzl >;% y
Fspl`klmg? <%.
 Ikjurl ;.; F Ngtðb Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl

9. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <=<

Ikjurl ;.; I ^fsudtlmg mf lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl

]lenkëb pufmf lülmkr ubl eìs`lrl mf `lpl, yfbmg

ld efbÿ @lpl, sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Eìs`lrl mf
@lpl y hl`kfbmg `dk` fb dl gp`kðb Mfs`unrkr tgmg.

;.;.< @gepgsk`kðb
@gepgsk`kðb
utkdkzlbmg
utkdkz lbmg eìs`lrls
eìs`lrls mf Ikjurl ;.;.< N @lenklr tlelüg mfd pkb`fd 

0.
fb@rff ubleìs`lrl3
sfdf``kðbpufmf
sgnrf lpgylrsf
fd oujlmgrmfd
mfngtðb
hg`cfy,
`lpl dl @lpl
^fstlr mf dl sfdf``kðb plrl rf﬌blr dl sfdf``kðb.
Vstfm pgmrì `rflr `gepgsk`kgbfs lülmkfbmg
eìs`lrls mf `lpl quf df pfrektkrìb jfstkgblr y
vksuldkzlr vlrkls vfrskgbfs mf ubl `gepgsk`kðb fb ub
sgdg lr`hkvg.
Dls eìs`lrls mf `lpls sgb ub rf`ursg euy ÿtkd ld
mfslrrgddlr ub prgyf`tg `gb fd quf pgmrì mksfülr
`gepgsk`kgbfs eìs `gepdfols.
 
Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^ VB
VBL L  @ GEQGPK@KÐB 
@GB
@G B E ÌP@L^LP   MF  @ LQL

Ikjurl ;.;.< @ @rflr sfdf``kðb

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.;.<W@@ y lnrl fd
lr`hkvg elsl`lrl.p
elsl`lrl.psmsm =. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl
mfd plbfd @lpls.
 Ikjurl ;.;.< L Lr`hkvg els`lrl.psm 

>. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Pfdf``kðb rìpkml `lenkf

`lenkf fd
tlelüg mfd pkb`fd l ]lelüg? >8 px, Murfzl? >;% y
Fspl`klmg? <%.

Ikjurl ;.;.< M Ngtðb Lülmkr eìs`lrl mf `lpl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<=>
6. Pfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Igbmg, y `gbvkfrtldl plrl
﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs yfbmg l Ikdtrg 2 @gbvfrtkr plrl
﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs.

Ikjurl ;.;.< F @gbvfrtkr plrl ﬌dtrgs kbtfdkjfbtfs

9. Lnrl dl Jldfrål mf ﬌tdrgs sfdf``kgblbmg Ikdtrg 2

Jldfrål mf ﬌dtrgs...

Ikjurl ;.;.< K @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ]gbg/slturl`kðb

<1. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.;.< I Lnrkr Jldfrål mf ﬌dtrgs...

:. Fb dl Jldfrål mf ﬌dtrgs sfdf``kgbf mfspdkfjuf dl

pfstlül Mkstgr`kgblr
dls gp`kgbfs y sfdf``kgbf
l Mkstgr`kðb @rkstld
6 Pulvkzlmg `lenkf
9, ]fxturl?
@ungs, Fs`ldl <11% y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Ikjurl ;.;.< O ^fsudtlmg mf `gepgsk`kðb `gb Eìs`lrl mf `lpl

  ;.<1 E󰃬󰁰󰁠󰁬󰁾󰁬
 󰁹󰁦󰁠󰁽󰁧󰁾󰁫󰁬󰁤
Ikjurl ;.;.< J @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ﬌dtrg @rkstld  Pf pufmf mf﬌bkr `geg ub trlzlmg quf bg mfpfbmf
mf dl rfsgdu`kðb quf rf`grtl fd `gbtfbkmg mf
8. Lpdkquf ub Loustf mf `gdgr sfdf``kgblbmg ubl `lpl, skfbmg eìs prf`ksls quf dls `rflmls
Keljfb 2 Loustfs 2 ]gbg Plturl`kðb... `gb hfrrlekfbtls nlslmls fb pkxfdfs, ekfbtrls
quf dls eìs`lrls vf`tgrkldfs sgb `rflmls `gb dls
hfrrlekfbtls Igrel y Qduel.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^ VB
VBLL   EÌP@L^L 
 YF@]
 YF @]G^K
G^KLD
LD

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl df``kgbW;.<1W@@ y lnrl dl keljfb

 Ikjurl ;.;.< H Loustf mf ]gbg/slturl`k
]gbg/slturl`kðb
ðb vf`tgrkld.opj.

;. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ]gbg / Plturl`kðb

`lenkf l ]gbg? >01, Plturl`kðb? :1, Duekbgskmlm?
1 y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <=0

Ikjurl ;.<1 F @rflr trlzlmg

Ikjurl ;.<1 L Lr`hkvg vf`tgrkld 
9. Pfdf``kgbf @lpl 2 Eìs`lrl vf`tgrkld 2 ]rlzlmg
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl Hfrrlekfbtl Igrel pfrsgbldkzlml. l`tuld.

Ikjurl ;.<1 N Hfrrlekfbtl Igrel pfrsgbldkzlml

0. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl Igrel

pfrsgbldkzlml `lenkf l ]rlzlmg.

Ikjurl ;.<1 I @rflr eìs`lrl vf`tgrkld 

:. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<1 @ Pfdf``kgblr gp`kðb ]rlzlmg

=. Fb fd `lepg Igrel `lenkf l Blkpf mf `grlzgbfs.

Ikjurl ;.<1 J ^fsudtlmg mf `rflr eìs`lrl vf`tgrkld 

  ;.<< E󰁧󰁭󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦
 Ikjurl ;.<1 M @lenklr Igrel

6. ]rl`f dl igrel sgnrf fd ìrfl quf mfsfl fbels`lrlr.

 󰁩󰁶󰁰󰁫󰃰󰁢
Qlrl `gbtrgdlr dl igrel fb quf kb﬎ukrì ubl
hfrrlekfbtl mf pkbturl g mf fmk`kðb sgnrf dgs
pkxfdfs mf ubl keljfb, ustfm pgmrì lpgylrsf mf dgs
Egmgs mf iuskðb mfd plbfd @lpls. Ld vksuldkzlr dgs
Egmgs mf iuskðb, sf rf`gekfbml tfbfr fb `ufbtl dgs
skjukfbtfs lspf`tgs?

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<==
• Fd `gdgr nlsf quf fs fd `gdgr grkjkbld mf dl
keljfb.
• Fd `gdgr mf iuskðb quf fs fd `gdgr quf sf lpdk`lrì
`gb dl hfrrlekfbtl mf pkbturl g mf fmk`kðb.
• Fd `gdgr rfsudtlbtf fs fd `gdgr gntfbkmg mf dl
iuskðb.
Dgs egmgs mf iuskðb quf pgmrì fb`gbtrlr fb fd Ikjurl ;.<< N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls

Qlbfd `lpl sgb dgs skjukfbtfs? 0. Fb fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl Iuskðb y
• Bgreld `lenkf fd Egmg mf iuskðb l ]rlel.
• Mksgdvfr
• Mftrìs
• Ngrrlr
• Gs`urf`fr
• Eudtkpdk`lr
• Punfxpgbfr `gdgr
• Punfxpgsk`kðb dkbfld
• L`dlrlr
• ]rlel
• Pgnrffxpgbfr `gdgr
• Pgnrffxpgsk`kðb dkbfld (Lülmkr)
• Pupfrpgbfr
• Duz sulvf
• Duz iufrtf
• Duz kbtfbsl
• Duz dkbfld
• Duz ig`ld
• Efz`dl mf﬌bkml
• Mkifrfb`kl
• Fx`duskðb
• ^fstlr
• Mkvkmkr
• ]gbg
• Plturl`kðb Ikjurl ;.<< @ @gb﬌jurlr Egmg mf iuskðb
• ^fjudlmgrfs
• Duekbgskmlm =. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
• @gdgr eìs `dlrg
• @gdgr eìs gs`urg

Q^Ì@]K@L? E GMGP MF  IVPKGB

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl

`lrpf tl df``kgbW;
df``kgb W;..<<W@@ y lnrl fd lr`hkvg
iuskgb.psm.

Ikjurl ;.<< M ^fsudtlmg mf `lenklr Egmg mf iuskðb


Ikjurl ;.<< L Lr`hkvg iuskgb.psm 
>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.
  ;.<> ]󰁫󰁱󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
Fxkstfb mkstkbtgs tkpgs mf `lpls `gb dls quf pgmrì
trlnlolr fb Qhgtgshgp, `lml ubl mf fddls `gb
mkifrfbtfs `lrl`tfråstk`ls quf mfnfrì `gbg`fr y
lskekdlr plrl fxpdgtlr su rfbmkekfbtg mf elbfrl
ðptkel.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <=6
@lpl mf keljfb?  ]gmls dls keìjfbfs mf pkxfd >. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
quf ustfm kepgrtl l ub mg`uefbtg mf Qhgtgshgp @lpls.
sf l`gpdlb l ubl `lpl mf keljfb, `gdg`ìbmgsf
lutgeìtk`lefbtf fb dl `lpl Igbmg quf fs dl `lpl
kbifrkgr fb fd grmfb mkspufstg mfd plbfd @lpls, dl
`uld fstì skfeprf ndgquflml dg quf skjbk﬌`l quf bg
pufmf `lenklr su grmfb egmg mf iuskðb bk gpl`kmlm,
l efbgs quf ustfm dl `gbvkfrtl l ubl `lpl bgreld.
@lpl mf tfxtg?  Ld lülmkr tfxtg fb ub mg`uefbtg,
ëstf `rflrì lutgeìtk`lefbtf ubl bufvl `lpl fb Ikjurl ;.<> F Lnrkr plbfd @lpls
fd plbfd @lpls, fb dl `uld ustfm pgmrì fmktlrdg y
lpdk`lr `gelbmgs mf `lpl, skb fenlrjg ubl vfz 0. Lülml ubl @lpl mf loustf mf mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg
rfldkzlmg ub `lenkg quf rfqukfrl rlstfrkzlr dl `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf fb fd y
`lpl, Qhgtgshgp `gbvfrtkrì dgs `gbtgrbgs mfd tfxtg sfdf``kgblbmg dl gp`kðb Mfjrlmlmg...
nlslmg fb vf`tgrfs l pkxfdfs, dg quf hlrì kepgskndf
fmktlrdl `geg tkpg.

Dgs tkpgs mf `lpl sgb?

@lpls mf loustf

Ikjurl ;.<> L @lpl mf loustf

@lpls mf rfddfbg

Ikjurl ;.<> N @lpl mf rfddfbg

@lpls mf igrel
Ikjurl ;.<> I @rflr @lpl mf rfddfbg mf Mfjrlmlmg

=. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ^fddfbg Mfjrlmlmg

`lenkf fd ìbjudg l -;1±.
Ikjurl ;.<> @ @lpl mf igrel

Q^Ì@]K@L? ] ^LNLOL^ @GB  M KIF^FB]FP 

]KQGP   MF  @ LQL

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpftl

`lrpf tl df``kgbW;
df``kgb W;..<>W@@ y lnrl fd lr`hkvg
l r`hkvg
`lpls.opj
 Ikjurl ;.<> J @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg ^fddfbg mf mfjrlmlmg

6. Lnrl fd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf dl

ekbklturl mfd mfjrlmlmg.

Ikjurl ;.<> M Lr`hkvg `lpls.opj

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<=9

Ikjurl ;.<> H Lnrkr Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg

9. Fb fd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb

Mfbskmlm bfutrl.

Ikjurl ;.<> O Bkvfd mf `gdgr 

8. Hljl `dk` fb fd ekbklturl mfd `gdgr plrl `lenklr

fd `gdgr mf mftfb`kðb sfdf``kgblml.
sfdf``kgblml.

Ikjurl ;.<> K Gp`kðb Mfbskmlm bfutrl

:. Hljl `dk` sgnrf fd Bkvfd `gdgr mf dl kzqukfrml.

Ikjurl ;.<> C @lenklr `gdgr 

;. Fb fd sfdf`tgr mf `gdgr `lenkf fd vldgr l

#f8;:i6 y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
 Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <=:

Ikjurl ;.<> D @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Pfdf`tgr mf `gdgr 

<1. Lülml ubl `lpl mf Loustf mf kbtfbskmlm

hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl
mf rfddfbg g loustf y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb
Kbtfbskmlm...

Ikjurl ;.<> B Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs

<>. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l #ifi9;i y hljl `dk` fb

Gc.

Ikjurl ;.<> G Pfdf`tgr mf `gdgr

` gdgr irgbtld 

Ikjurl ;.<> E @rflr @lpl mf Loustf mf Kbtfbskmlm  <0. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg fs`rknl ¡Ëxktg! `gb dl
iufbtf Lrkld Ngdm `gb pubtlof mf 061.
<<. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs `lenkf l Kbtfbskmlm
>8 y Plturl`k
Plturl`kðb?
ðb? <1.

<=8
<=. @lenkf fd `gdgr irgbtld l # ii1111 y hljl `dk`
fb Gc.
Ikjurl ;.<> \ Pfdf`tgr mf `gdgr irgbtld 
<6. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg trl`f ubl pdf`l
mfnlog mf dl pldlnrl ËXK]G.
Ikjurl ;.<> ^ Lülmkr @lpl mf igrel
<9. Fb fd plbfd `lpls ustfm pgmrì lprf`klr quf
dl keljfb fstì `gepufstl pgr @lpls mf Keljfb,
^fddfbg, Loustf, ]fxtg y Igrel.
Ikjurl ;.<> Q Lülmkr @lpl mf ]fxtg
Qhgtgshgp @@
  ;.<0 L󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁼󰁶󰁦
󰁽󰁾󰁬󰁢󰁰󰁩󰁧󰁾󰁥󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁢󰁦󰁰
 󰁬 󰁠󰁬󰁱
󰁠 󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
󰁬󰁰
 󰁰󰁦󰁤󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰁧
󰁰󰁦󰁤󰁦󰁠󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁢󰁬󰁭󰁬󰁰
󰁢󰁬󰁭󰁬󰁰
@gb Qhgtgshgp, ustfm pgmrì lpdk`lr ubl lepdkl
jlel mf fif`tgs l dls `lpls quf sfdf``kgbf, `geg
sgenrls, rfspdlbmgrfs, nksfdfs, fbtrf gtrgs. Fstgs
fif`tgs fstìb dkjlmgs l dgs gnoftgs `gbtfbkmgs fb
dl `lpl, dg quf prgvg`lrì quf ld egvfr g fmktlr dl
`lpl, dgs fif`tgs sf lpdk`lrìb l dgs `gbtfbkmgs mf
dl eksel.
Ld lpdk`lr ubg g vlrkgs fif`tgs sgnrf ubl `lpl, ustfm
fstlrì jfbfrlbmg ub Fstkdg mf `lpl g mf jrupg
mf `lpls. Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf lpdk`lr fstkdgs prf
fstlndf`kmgs g `rflr fstkdgs bufvgs egmk﬌`lbmg dgs
vldgrfs mf dgs `ulmrgs mf mkìdgjg mf l`ufrmg l sus
bf`fskmlmfs.
Dgs fif`tgs quf ustfm pgmrì lpdk`lr l ubl `lpl
sfdf``kgblml sgb dgs skjukfbtfs?
• Pgenrl plrldfdl
• Pgenrl kbtfrkgr
• ^fspdlbmgr fxtfrkgr f kbtfrkgr
• Nksfd y rfdkfvf
• Pltkblr
• Pupfrpgsk`kðb mf `gdgrfs, mf mfjrlmlmg y
egtkvg
• ]rlzg
Qlrl lpdk`lr ubl trlbsigrel`kðb sgnrf ubl `lpl
sfdf``kgblml?
Q^Ì@]K@L? ] ^LBPIG^EL^ @LQLP
<. @gb fd lr`hkvg `lpls.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg,
sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl ËXK]G y hljl `dk` sgnrf fd ngtðb
Lülmkr ub fstkdg mf `lpl y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb
Pgenrl plrfdfdl...
 Pgenrl plrfdfdl...

Ikjurl ;.<> P ]kpgs mf `lpls utkdkzlmls

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <=;
0. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf Fstkdg mf `lpl Pgenrl plrldfdl
`lenkf dls gp`kgbfs Mkstlb`kl? >6%, Fxtfbskðb? <1%,
]lelüg? 00 px y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Ikjurl ;.<0 @ Gp`kgbfs mf Fstkdg mf `lpl Pgenrl plrldfdl

=. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Pupfrpgsk`kðb mf

mfjrlmlmg lnrl fd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg
`dk` sgnrf dl ekbklturl mfd mfjrlmlmg.

Ikjurl ;.<0 L Ngtðb Lülmkr ub fstkdg mf `lpl

>. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Fstkdg mf `lpl `lenkf dls
gp`kgbfs Mkstlb`kl? >6%, Fxtfbskðb <1% y ]lelüg?
00%, mfof fd rfstg mf dls gp`kgbfs `geg fstìb y hljl
`dk` fb Gc.
 Ikjurl ;.<0 M Fstkdg mf `lpl Pupfrpgsk`kðb mf mfjrlmlmg

6. Fb
mf dls gp`kgbfs
mfjrlmlmg lnrlmfd Fstkdg mf
fd Fmktgr mf `lpl Pupfrpgsk`kðb
mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg
`dk` sgnrf dl ekbklturl mfd mfjrlmlmg.

Ikjurl ;.<0 N Fstkdg Pgenrl plrldfdl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<61
8. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<0 F Fmktlr mfjrlmlmg

9. Fb fd Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs

mfd `lepg Loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs hl`kfbmg `dk` fb Ikjurl ;.<0 H ^fsudtlmg mf trlbsigrelr `lpl
fd k`gbg `gb igrel mf fbjrlbf quf sf fb`ufbtrl fb
dl plrtf supfrkgr kzqukfrml y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb ;.<0.< Lpdkquf
Lpdkquf fstkdgs
Pfb`kddg y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
(Nksfd) mf `lpl mf tfxtg
plrl mlrdf fif`tg
Fd fif`tg mf y Nksfd
kduekbl`kgbfs lülmf
sgenrls l ublubl `genkbl`kðb
`lpl. @geg yl sf mf
hl
efb`kgblmg lbtfrkgrefbtf, plrl lpdk`lr ub fif`tg l
ubl `lpl mf tfxtg, fs bf`fslrkg rlstfrkzlrdl, l plrtkr
mf fddg y efmklbtf dl lpdk`l`kðb mf mkvfrsgs fif`tgs,
ustfm pgmrì lpdk`lr ub fstkdg l dl `lpl mf tfxtg fb dl
quf sf fb`ufbtrf trlnlolbmg.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^  FIF@]G N KPFD

<. Ylyl l dl `lrpft

` lrpftll df``kgbW;
df``kgb W;..<0.
<0.<W@@
<W@@ y lnrl dl
Ikjurl ;.<0 I Gp`kgbfs mfd `lepg Loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs keljfb nksfd.opj.

:. Fb dls bufvls gp`kgbfs mf Loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs

sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Lelrkddg y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Ikjurl ;.<0.< L Lr`hkvg nksfd.opj

 >. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg fs`rknl Nkfbvfbkmgs
uslbmg dl iufbtf Lbkeltfm
L bkeltfm `gb pubtlof mf >01.

Ikjurl ;.<0 J Pfdf``kgblr gp`kðb Lelrkddg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <6<

Ikjurl ;.<0.< N Fs`rknkr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg

0. Fb fd plbfd @lpls, `lenkf fd ^fddfbg mf dl `lpl

Nkfbvfbkmgs l 1%.

Ikjurl ;.<0.< M Lülmkr fstkdg mf `lpl Nksfd y ^fdkfvf

6. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf Fstkdg mf `lpl Nksfd y rfdkfvf

fb fd `lepg Fstru`turl `lenkf l Fstkdg? ^fdkfvf
l`gd`hlmg, ]ë`bk`l? ^fmgbmflmg, Qrgiubmkmlm?
;;1%, Mkrf``kðb? Lnlog, ]lelüg? =9 px y Pulvkzlr? 6
px.
Ikjurl ;.<0.< @ @lenklr ^fddfbg mf `lpl
Fb fd `lepg Pgenrl `lenkf l Ìbjudg? 01±, Ldtktum?
=. Hljl `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr fstkdg mf `lpl mfd 01± y lsfjÿrfsf mf quf dl `lskddl mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb Vslr
Qlbfd `lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Nksfd y rfdkfvf... duz jdgnld fstë sfdf``kgblmg
sfdf``kgblmg,, @gbtgrbg mf rfspdlbmgr
Dkbfld,
Egmg mf Egmg rfsldtlmg?
sgenrl? Bgreld,
Duz dkbfld Gpl`kmlm?
y Gpl`klm 90% y0;%,
hljl
`dk` fb Gc.
 Ikjurl ;.<0.< F Fs`rknkr `gb dl hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg

9. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<6>
>. Pfdf``kgbf @lpl 2 Ldkbflr 2 Ngrmfs vfrtk`ldfs.

Ikjurl ;.<0.< I ^fsudtlmg mf Fstkdg mf `lpl Nksfd 

  ;.<= L󰁤󰁫󰁢󰁦󰁦 󰁻 󰁦󰁰󰁱󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁦

 󰁦󰁼󰁶󰁫󰁽
 󰁦󰁼 󰁶󰁫󰁽󰁬
󰁬󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁥󰁦󰁢
󰁽󰁫󰁹󰁬󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁦
󰁽󰁦 Ikjurl ;.<= N Ldkbflr @fbtrgs vfrtk`ldfs

0. Pfdf``kgbf @lpl 2 Ldkbflr 2 Ngrmfs hgrkzgbtldfs.

 󰁤󰁬󰁰󰁰 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
 󰁤󰁬 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
Ld mfslrrgddlr prgyf`tgs
prgyf`tgs fxtfbsgs fb Qhgtgshgp, fs
`geÿb quf sf jfbfrfb jrlbmfs `lbtkmlmfs
`lb tkmlmfs mf `lpls
g kb`dusg jrupgs mf `lpls, dg quf krì `gepdk`lbmg
su elbkpudl`kðb `gbigref rfldk`f lvlb`fs fb su
prgyf`tg. Fb Qhgtgshgp fxkstfb mkvfrsls gp`kgbfs
plrl ldkbflr y mkstrknukr `lpls mf keljfb iì`kdefbtf.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L DKBFL^ @LQLP

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg nksfd tgmlvål lnkfrtg sfdf``kgbf dls

`lpls Igbmgubl
sgnrf `lml y Nkfbvfbkmgs
mf fddls. prfskgblbmg Phkit + `dk`

Ikjurl ;.<= @ Ldkbflr @fbtrgs hgrkzgbtldfs

=. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

 Ikjurl ;.<= L Pfdf``kgblr `lpls
Ikjurl ;.<= M ^fsudtlmg mf ldkbflr `lpls

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <60
>. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs hljl `dk` sgnrf dl
ekbklturl mfd mfjrlmlmg plrl lnrkr fd Fmktgr mf

;.<6 @󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰 󰁭󰁦 󰁬󰁯󰁶󰁰󰁽󰁦 mfjrlmlmg.

Pf utkdkzlb plrl rfldkzlr loustfs mf tgbg y mf `gdgr

l ubl keljfb skb egmk﬌`lr dgs vldgrfs mf pkxfd mf
elbfrl pfrelbfbtf. Fstgs loustfs sf ldel`fblrìb
fb dl `lpl mf loustf y sf lpdk`lrìb l tgmls dls `lpls
kbifrkgrfs, dg quf df pfrektkrì `grrfjkr vlrkls `lpls
`gb ub sgdg loustf, fb vfz mf loustlr `lml `lpl.

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^ @LQL  MF  LOVP]F

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg nksfd tgmlvål lnkfrtg Lülml ubl

@lpl mf loustf mf Elpl mf mfjrlmlmg hl`kfbmg `dk`
fb fd ngtðb @rflr `lpl mf loustf mfd plbfd @lpls y
sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Elpl mf mfjrlmlmg...

Ikjurl ;.<6 N Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs

0. Mfspdkfjuf dls gp`kgbfs mf dgs Loustfs

prffstlndf`kmgs hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf fd k`gbg `gb
igrel mf fbjrlbf quf sf fb`ufbtrl fb dl plrtf
plr tf
supfrkgr mfrf`hl y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb ]gbgs
igtgjrì﬌`gs y hljl `dk` fb Gc.
 Ikjurl ;.<6 @ Lnrkr gp`kgbfs mf Loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs

Ikjurl ;.<6 L Elpl mf mfjrlmlmg =. Fb dls bufvls gp`kgbfs mf Loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs

sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Grg-Pfdfbkg < y hljl `dk` fb Gc.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<6=
<. Lnrl dl keljfb loustf.psm.

Ikjurl ;.<6.< L Lr`hkvg loustf.psm 

>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

@lpls.

Ikjurl ;.<6 M Fmktgr mf mfjrlmlmg

6. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<6.< N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls

0. Lülml ubl Eìs`lrl mf loustf

lous tf hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd
ngtðb @rflr eìs`lrl mf rfddfbg g loustf fb fd plbfd
@lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Fqukdknrkg mf `gdgr.

Ikjurl ;.<6 F ^fsudtlmg mf lülmkr @lpl mf loustf

;.<6.< @lenklr
@lenklr dgs `gdgrfs
utkdkzlbmg
utkdkz lbmg @lpls
@lpls mf loustf
L pfslr mf quf fxkstfb mkvfrsgs eëtgmgs plrl loustlr
fd `gdgr mf ubl keljfb, fd eëtgmg eìs ﬎fxkndf plrl
hl`frdg fs efmklbtf ubl @lpl mf loustf.
Ld lülmkr ubl `lpl mf loustf l ubl keljfb, ustfm
pgmrì egmk﬌`lr mkvfrsls prgpkfmlmfs mf dl eksel,
sfdf``kgblbmg
sfdf``kgblb mg dl gp`kðb Fqukdknrkg mf `gdgr fs pgskndf
 `rflr loustfs fb fd `gdgr mf dl keljfb, skb egmk﬌`lr
dgs pkxfdfs quf dl `gepgbfb, fxpfrkefbtlbmg `gb
dgs vldgrfs mf dgs `lbldfs mf `gdgr `kìb, eljfbtl
y lelrkddg, tlbtg fb dgs efmkgs tgbgs, sgenrls f
kduekbl`kgbfs.
Ikjurl ;.<6.< @ @rflr `lpl mf loustf Fqudknrkg mf `gdgr 

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKL^ @GDG^FP FB  @LQL  =. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs, lsfjÿrfsf quf dl gp`kðb

MF   LOVP]F @gbsfvrlr duekbgskmlm
duekbgskmlm fstë mfsl`tkvlml y `lenkf l
]gbg? Pgenrls, @kìb - ^gog + 6:
6:,, Eljfbtl
Eljfbt l - Yfrmf -<=
Lelrkddg - Lzud -08.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <66

Ikjurl ;.<6.< I Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs Kduekbl`kgbfs

Ikjurl ;.<6.< M Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs Pgenrls
:. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?
6. @lenkf l Efmkgs tgbgs @kìb - ^gog +98, Eljfbtl
- Yfrmf -: y Lelrkddg - Lzud -6:
- 6:..

Ikjurl ;.<6.< J ^fsudtlmg mf Loustf mf Fqukdknrkg mf `gdgr 

;.<6.> Loustf
Loustf
Lou stf mf ]gbg
]gbg y
slturl`kðb.
@gb fstf tkpg mf loustf, ustfm pgmrì `gbtrgdlr dgs
vldgrfs mf tgbg, slturl`kðb y duekbgskmlm
duekbg skmlm mf dl jlel
 mf `gdgrfs quf `gepgbfb ubl keljfb, lmfeìs mf
loustlr tgmgs dgs `gdgrfs mf ubl sgdl vfz.
Fs pgskndf rfldkzlr fstf loustf l trlvës mfd Qlbfd
`lpls, `rflbmg ubl bufvl `lpl mf loustf, lmfeìs
mf pgmfr egmk﬌`lr fd Loustf prfstlndf`kmg y
sfdf``kgblr fd `gdgr fspf`å﬌`g ld quf mfsff loustlr.
Ikjurl ;.<6.< F Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs Efmkgs tgbgs Qlrl rfldkzlr ub loustf mf ]gbg y slturl`kðb efmklbtf
ubl @lpl mf loustf?
9. @lenkf l Kduekbl`kgbfs @kìb - ^gog -99, Eljfbtl -
 Yfrmf -<>
-<> y Lelrkddg - Lzud -=;
- =;..

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<69
0. @lenkf fd vldgr mf ]gbg l 1 Plturl`kðb l -81 f
Q^Ì@]K@L? L OVP]L^  ] GBG   [   Kduekbl`kðb l +91.
PL]V^L@KÐB

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg loustf.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg, lülml

ubl `lpl mf loustf mf ]gbg/slturl`kðb hl`kfbmg `dk`
fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf
fb fd plbfd @lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb ]gbg/
slturl`kðb...

Ikjurl ;.<6.< @ Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs ]gbg/slturl`kðb Lelrkddgs

=. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<6.> L @rflr `lpl mf loustf mf ]gbg/slturl`kðb

>. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs `lenkf l dl gp`kðb

Lelrkddg.

Ikjurl ;.<6.< M ^fsudtlmg mf loustf mf ]gbg/slturl`kð

]gbg/slturl`kðb
b

;.<6.0 @lenklr
@lenklr
fd loustf l
Ndlb`g y bfjrg.
Gtrl mf dls gp`kgbfs mf @lpl mf loustf fs `lenklr
ubl keljfb l Ndlb`g y Bfjrg, gp`kðb quf lmfeìs
 mf `rflr ubl `gbvfrskðb l fs`ldl mf jrksfs pgr
mfif`tg, df pfrektkrì egmk﬌`lr dls kb﬎ufb`kls mf
`lml `lbld mf `gdgr fb dl keljfb loustlml skb pfrmfr
dl kbigrel`kðb mf `gdgr, `gb dg quf pgmrì rfjudlr fd
rfsudtlmg ﬌bld mf dl `lpl mf loustf.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ LENKL^ LOVP]F L 
NDLB@G  [  BFJ^G
Ikjurl ;.<6.> N Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs ]gbg/slturl`kðb
]gbg/slturl`kðb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <6:
<. @gb fd lr`hkvg loustf.psm tgmlvål lnkfrtg lülml
ubl @lpl mf loustf Ndlb`g y bfjrg hl`kfbmg `dk` fb
fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf fb fd
plbfd @lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Ndlb`g y bfjrg...

Ikjurl ;.<6.0 N Qlbfd prgpkfmlmfs Ndlb`g y bfjrg

0. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<6.0 L @rflr `lpl mf loustf Ndlb`g y bfjrg

>. Fb fd plbfd prgpkfmlfs sfdf``kgbf fd Loustf

prffstlndf`kmg? L efmkml, y `lenkf dgs vldgrfs
l ^gogs? -=1,
- =1, Lelrkddgs?
Lelrkddgs ? ><:,
><:, Yfrmfs? 1, @klbfs?
@klbf s? 1,
Lzudfs? 1 y Eljfbtls? 1.

Ikjurl ;.<6.0 @ ^fsudtlmg mf loustf Ndlb`g y bfjrg

;.<6.= @lpl
@lpl mf loustf sfpkl.
Ld `rflr ub loustf mf keljfb Ndlb`g y bfjrg `gb ubl
Eìs`lrl mf `lpl, ustfm tlenkëb pgmrì `lenklrdg l
 ub loustf mf tgbg Pfpkl, fstg ld `lenklr fd `gdgr mf
eltkz mf dl keljfb. Ld kjuld quf fb fd Loustf Ndlb`g
y bfjrg fs pgskndf egmk﬌`lr dls kb﬎ufb`kls mf `lml
`lbld mf `gdgr fb dl keljfb rfsudtlbtf.

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^ @ LQL MF  L OVP]F 

P FQKL

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<68
<. Lnrl dl keljfb sfpkl.opj.

Ikjurl ;.<6.= L Lr`hkvg sfpkl

>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

@lpls.

Ikjurl ;.<6.= N Lnrkr plbfd @lpls

0. @rff ubl `lpl mf loustf Ndlb`g y bfjrg hl`kfbmg

`dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl `lpl mf rfddfbg g loustf Ikjurl ;.<6.= M Qlbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs Ndlb`g y bfjrg
y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Ndlb`g y bfjrg.
6. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Ikjurl ;.<6.= F ^fsudtlmg mf `lpl mf loustf Pfpkl

  ;.<9. L󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁾
󰁦󰁩󰁦󰁠󰁽󰁧󰁰 󰁶󰁰󰁬󰁢󰁭󰁧
 󰁦󰁰󰁽󰁫󰁤󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦 󰁠󰁬󰁱󰁬󰁰
Ikjurl ;.<6.= @ @rflr `lpl mf loustf Ndlb`g y bfjrg ;.<9.< Fstkdgs
Fstkdgs mf `lpl
=. Fb fd plbfd Qrgpkfmlmfs, hljl `dk` fb dl `lskddl
mf vfrk﬌`l`kðb mf dl gp`kðb Eltkz, y egmk﬌quf
prfmftfrekblmgs
dgs vldgrfs l ^gog? -01, Lelrkddgs? <:6, Yfrmfs -91,
@klbfs? -61, Lzudfs? -61 y Eljfbtl? 1
Vstfm pgmrì lpdk`lr fstkdgs mf `lpl prfmftfrekblmgs
l trlvës mfd Qlbfd Fstkdgs, fstgs sf ljruplrìb fb

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <6;
fd plbfd Nkndkgtf`ls mfpfbmkfbmg mf su iub`kðb,
mfnkfbmg lså `lrjlr dl nkndkgtf`l kbmk`lml plrl
l``fmfr l ub mftfrekblmg fstkdg.
Qlrl lpdk`lr ub fstkdg mf `lpl prfmftfrekblmg?

Q^Ì@]K@L? L QDK@L^ FP]KDG MF  @LQL 

Q^FMF]F^EKBLMG

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg fstkdgs.opj.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< M @lenklr rfddfbg mf Igrel

Ikjurl ;.<9.< L Lr`hkvg fstkdgs.opj 6. ]rl`f fd rf`tìbjudg sgnrf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg.
>. Lnrl fd plbfd @lpls sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
@lpls.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< N Lnrkr plbfd `lpls

0. @rff ubl bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf fd ngtðb Ikjurl ;.<9.< F ]rlzlr igrel

@rflr bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls. 9. Lnrl fd plbfd Fstkdgs sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2
Fstkdgs.
 Ikjurl ;.<9.< I Lnrkr plbfd Fstkdgs

:. Fb fd plbfd Fstkdgs sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Ngtðb.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< @ Ngtðb @rflr ubl bufvl `lpl

=. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl ^f`tìbjudg y `lenkf fd

^fddfbg l Ndlb`g.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<91

Ikjurl ;.<9.< K @lenklr Igrel

<<. ]rl`f
]rl`f dl igrel
i grel sgnrf
sgn rf fd ìrfl mfd dkfbzg.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< J Qlbfd Fstkdgs

8. @rff ubl bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` sgnrf fd ngtðb
@rflr bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls.

;. Pfdf``kgbf dl hfrrlekfbtl Igrel pfrsgbldkzlml y

fb dls gp`kgbfs mf dl hfrrlekfbtl `lenkf l Igrel,
^fddfbg? Lelrkddg `dlrg. Ikjurl ;.<9.< O ]rlzlr igrel

<>. Fb fd plbfd Fstkdgs sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb

^fspdlbmgr mf lrg mgndf (ngtðb).
 Ikjurl ;.<9.< H Gp`kgbfs mf rfddfbg mf igrel

<1. Fb fd `lepg Igrel `lenkf l Idgr mf dks.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< C Qlbfd Fstkdgs

<0. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <9<
>. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Igrel pfrsgbldkzlml trl`f gtrl
﬎gr dks fb dl plrtf supfrkgr kzqukfrml.

Ikjurl ;.<9.< D ^fsudtlmg mf lpdk`lr Fstkdgs mf `lpl

Ikjurl ;.<9.> N ]rlzlr igrel

;.<9.> Julrmlr
Julrmlr
ub fstkdg mf 0. Lpdkquf ub fstkdg mf `lpl Pgenrl plrldfdl
`lpl plrl ub usg iuturg hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr ub fstkdg mf `lpl
mfd plbfd @lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Pgenrl
plrldfdl...
Ld `rflr fstkdgs mf `lpl, fs `geÿb quf rfqukfrl
utkdkzlrdgs `gb irf`ufb`kl
irf`ufb `kl plrl gtrls `lpls, pgr dg quf
Qhgtgshgp, df pfrektkrì julrmlr dls egmk﬌`l`kgbfs
quf hlyl rfldkzlmg l ub fstkdg mf `lpl, plrl lpdk`lrdg
mf elbfrl lutgeìtk`l pgstfrkgrefbtf l trlvës mfd
plbfd Fstkdgs.
Qlrl `rflr ub fstkdg prfmftfrekblmg?

Q^Ì@]K@L? @ ^FL^ FP]KDG 
Q^FMF]F^EKBLMG

<. @gb fd lr`hkvg fstkdgs.opj tgmlvål lnkfrtg `rff ubl

bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb @rflr bufvl
`lpl mfd plbfd @lpls.
 Ikjurl ;.<9.> @ Lülmkr Fstkdg mf `lpl mf Pgenrl plrldfdl

Ikjurl ;.<9.> L @rflr bufvl `lpl

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<9>
=. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf Pgenrl plrldfdl `lenkf
l Mkstlb`kl? 6px, Fxtfbskðb? >1% y ]lelüg 9px,
mfof dls mfeìs gp`kgbfs `geg fstìb y hljl `dk`
fb Gc.

Ikjurl ;.<9.> I Gp`kgbfs mf Nksfd y rfdkfvf

:. Lnrl fd plbfd Fstkdgs sfdf``kgblbmg Yfbtlbl 2

Fstkdgs.
Ikjurl ;.<9.> M Gp`kgbfs mf Pgenrl plrldfdl

6. Lpdkquf ub fstkdg mf Nksfd y rfdkfvf hl`kfbmg

`dk` fb fd ngtðb Lülmkr ub fstkdg mf `lpl mfd plbfd
@lpls.

Ikjurl ;.<9.> J Lnrkr plbfd Fstkdgs

8. Lsfjÿrfsf mf tfbfr sfdf``kgblml dl `lpl Igrel

> y hljl `dk` fb ub fspl`kg vl`åg mfd plbfd Fstkdgs.

Ikjurl ;.<9.> H @rflr ub fstkdg bufvg

;. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Fstkdg bufvg, lsåjbfdf

fd bgenrf Nksfd y sgenrl.
 Ikjurl ;.<9.> F Lülmkr fstkdg mf `lpl Nksfd y rfdkfvf

9. Fb dls gp`kgbfs mf Nksfd y rfdkfvf `lenkf dls

gp`kgbfs mfd `lepg Fstru`turl Fstkdg? Kbjdftf
kbtfrkgr, ]ë`bk`l? ^fmgbmflmg, Qrgiubmkmlm?
<<6%, Mkrf``kðb? Lnlog, ]lelüg? <0 px, Pulvkzlr Ikjurl ;.<9.> K @ulmrg mf mkìdgjg Fstkdg bufvg
<9 px.
Fb fd `lepg Pgenrl `lenkf l Ìbjudg 01±, <1. @rff ubl bufvl `lpl hl`kfbmg `dk` fb fd ngtðb
Ldtktum 01±, @gbtgrbg mf rfspdlbmgr dkbfld, Egmg @rflr bufvl `lpl mfd plbfd @lpls.
rfsldtlmg? Bgreld, Gpl`kmlm 0;%, Egmg mf
sgenrl? Duz dkbfld, Gpl`kmlm? 90% y hljl `dk` fb
Gc.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<<. @gb dl hfrrlekfbtl Igrel pfrsgbldkzlml trl`f
plr tf supfrkgr mfrf`hl. 
gtrl ﬎gr mf dks fb dl plrtf
Ikjurl ;.<9.> O ]rlzlr igrel
Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <90
;.<9.0 @gpklr
@gpklr y pfjlr
fstkdgs mf `lpl.
Efmklbtf fd Qlbfd `lpls, ustfm tlenkëb pgmrì
rfpdk`lr ub fstkdg mf `lpl `rflmg prfvklefbtf,
plrl lpdk`lrdg mf igrel lutgeìtk`l l gtrl `lpl fb
pg`gs plsgs, lmfeìs mf pgmfr rfpftkr fstf prg`fsg
rfpftkmls vf`fs.
Qlrl `gpklr ub fstkdg mf `lpl y pfjlrdg fb gtrl,
skepdfefbtf sfdf``kgbf fd fstkdg mf `lpl quf mfsff
mupdk`lr fb fd plbfd @lpls y lrrìstrfdg l dl `lpl fb
dl quf mfsfl pfjlr fd fstkdg mf `lpl.

<>. Lsfjÿrfsf mf tfbfr sfdf``kgblml dl `lpl

Igrel 0 y sfdf``kgbf fd fstkdg quf l`lnl mf `rflr
fb fd plbfd @lpls.

Ikjurl ;.<9.> C Pfdf``kgblr fstkdg

<0. Pu keljfb mfnfrì du`kr mf dl skjukfbtf elbfrl?

 Ikjurl ;.<9.> D ^fsudtlmg mf julrmlr fstkdg y lpdk`lrdg fb gtrl
igrel

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<9=

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB ;
<. Pgb l``kgbfs quf pufmf rfldkzlr fb fd plbfd `lpls.

L) G`udtlr `lpls, `rflr fif`tg mf tfxtg y fdkekblr gnoftgs.

N) Fdkekblr `lpls, lülmkr els`lrl l dls `lpls y fstlndf`fr fstkdgs fb `lpls.
@) @rflr fdfefbtgs fbdlzlmgs fb dl `lpl, G`udtlr `lpls y @rflr jrupg mf `lpls.

>. Pf rf﬌frf ld fstkdg mf `lpl quf sf hlyl lpdk`lmg, lså `geg ld egmg mf iuskðb.

L) Lplrkfb`kl.
N)  Yksknkdkmlm.
@) Qgsk`kðb.

0. Fs dl l``kðb mf `genkblr tgmls dls keìjfbfs fb dl `lpl mf igbmg.

L) @gbvfrtkr ubl `lpl fb gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf.

N) L`gpdlr keljfb.
@) @gepgsk`kðb.

=. Fs ubl vfbtlol mf trlnlolr `gb gnoftgs kbtfdkjfbtfs.

L) L`tuldkzl`kðb mf gnoftgs kb`rustlmgs ld egmk﬌`lrdgs.

N) ]rlnlolr `gb mltgs bg vf`tgrkldfs.
@) ^fldkzlr egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls.

6. Pf mf﬌bf `geg `uldqukfr ﬌dtrg lpdk`lmg l ub gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf.

L) Gnoftg kbtfdkjfbtf.
N) Ikdtrg kbtfdkjfbtf.
@) Fdfefbtg kbtfdkjfbtf.

9. ·Fb quë igreltg mf lr`hkvg sf fxpgrtlb dls `lpls7

L) JKI, ]L^JL y ]KII.

N) OQFJ, ]KII y QBJ.
@) PYJ, QBJ y OQFJ.

:. Fstl l``kðb bgs lyuml l jfstkgblr tgmgs dgs fdfefbtgs mf ubl keljfb fb ubl sgdl `lpl.

L) @rflr fdfefbtgs mf lr`hkvg.

N) @rflr jrupg mf `lpls.
@) @rflr fdfefbtgs mf `lpls.
 8. ·@uìd mf dls skjukfbtfs gp`kgbfs df pfrektf `gpklr `gbtfbkmg mf ubl `lpl7

L) Pfdf``kgblr Fmk`kðb 2 @gpklr.

N) Mupdk`lr `lpl.
@) ]gmls dls lbtfrkgrfs.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb ; 
;   Qlbfd mf `lpls <96
;. @ulbmg trlnlol `gb jrlb `lbtkmlm mf `lpls g jrupgs mf `lpls, fstl l``kðb df pumf sfr ÿtkd plrl vfr plrtfs
fspf`å﬌`ls mf dl keljfb.

L) Mupdk`lr `lpl.
N) L`tkvlr y mfsl`tkvlr `lpls.
@) @rflr jrupgs mf `lpls.

<1. Pgb egmk﬌`l`kgbfs bg mfstru`tkvls yl quf bg pufmfb fmktlrsf skb pfrmfr dgs pkxfdfs quf sf g`udtlb

L) Els`lrls mf `lpls.
N) Mupdk`lr `lpls.
@) L`tkvlr y mfsl`tkvlr `lpls.

<<. Pf pufmf mf﬌bkr `geg ub trlzlmg quf mfpfbmf mf ldjubls hfrrlekfbtls `geg Igrel y Qduel.

L) Els`lrls mf `lpls.
N) Egmgs mf iuskðb.
@) Els`lrl vf`tgrkld.

<>. Pgb ldjubgs egmgs mf iuskðb quf pufmf fb`gbtrlr fb fd plbfd `lpls.

L) Duz ig`ld, Duz irìjkd, Mkvkmkr y ]gbg.

N) ^fstlr, Plturl`kðb, Duz ig`ld y Mksgdvfr.
@) Efz`dl mf﬌bkml, ]gbg, Duz rfjudlr y Gs`urf`fr.

<0. ]kpg mf `lpl quf sf loustl `ulbmg lülmf tfxtg l dl keljfb.

L) @lpl mf loustf.
N) @lpl mf rfddfbg.
@) @lpl mf tfxtg.

<=. Pgb fif`tgs quf sf pufmfb lpdk`lr l dls `lpls.

L) Pgenrl kbtfrkgr, Pltkblr y ]rlzg.

N) ^fspdlbmgr kbtfrkgr, Pgenrl gs`url y Nksfd.
@) ^fdkfvf, ]rlzg y Pgenrl pluslml.

<6. ]kpg mf fif`tg quf lülmf ubl `genkbl`kðb mf kduekbl`kgbfs y sgenrls l ubl `lpl.

L) Nksfd.
N) ^fspdlbmgr.
@) Pltkblmg.

<9. Pf utkdkzlb plrl rfldkzlr loustfs mf tgbg y mf `gdgr l ubl keljfb.

 L) @lpl mf loustf.
N) @lpl mf rfddfbg.
@) @lpl mf tfxtg.

<:. L pfslr mf quf fxkstfb mkvfrsgs eëtgmgs plrl loustlr fd `gdgr mf ubl keljfb, ·`uìd fs fd eëtgmg eìs
﬎fxkndf plrl hl`frdg).

L) Efmklbtf ubl `lpl mf rfddfbg.

N) Efmklbtf ubl `lpl mf slturl`kðb.
@) Efmklbtf ubl `lpl mf loustf

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

]fxtg
 Fb fstl df``kðb `gbg`frì dls hfrrlekfbtls plrl kb`dukr y fmktlr tfxtg fb dgs prgyf`tgs rfldkzlmgs fb Qhgtgshgp.

Gnoftkvg
@gbg`fr, kmfbtk﬌`lr y uslr dl hfrrlekfbtl mf tfxtg fb
Qhgtgshgp.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb

• Kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs fdfefbtgs mf dl kbtfrilz mf usulrkg

mf Qhgtgshgp y slnfr utkdkzlr sus iub`kgbfs.

• Mfegstrlr su `gbg`kek
`gbg`kekfbtg
fbtg sgnrf dl tkpgjrliål

• Plnfr utkdkzlr dl tkpgjrliål.

 

Df``kðb <1 
<1   ]fxtg <9;

<1.< L󰃼󰁬󰁭󰁫󰁾   <1.> L 󰁯󰁶󰁰󰁽

󰁯󰁶󰁰󰁽󰁦󰁰
󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦
󰁽󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧 󰁠󰁧󰁢 󰁤󰁬  ]󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧
Hl`fr `dk` fbfdubl keljfb `gb ublmf
hfrrlekfbtl
dl eksel. mf
󰁨󰁦󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁬
󰁨󰁦󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁥󰁫󰁦󰁢󰁽 󰁬tfxtg
Fb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp @@, fd 󰁽󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧
sf ljrfjl
tfxtg l`tkvl egmg mf fmk`kðb
dl hfrrlekfbtl fstì fb egmg mf fmk`kðb, pufmf
Pk

mkrf`tlefbtf l ubl keljfb. Mf dl eksel elbfrl
quf `gb dls igrels, sf ljrfjl fd tfxtg fb su prgpkl
`lpl, l dl `uld sf df lskjbl ub bgenrf mfpfbmkfbmg
mf dls prkefrls pldlnrls mfd tfxtg.
Ld `rflr tfxtg, ubl bufvl `lpl mf tfxtg sf lülmf
ld plbfd @lpls. Vbl vfz `rflml ubl `lpl mf tfxtg,
pufmf egmk﬌`lr fd tfxtg y lpdk`lrdf `gelbmgs mf
`lpl.
kbtrgmu`kr y fmktlr `lrl`tfrfs, lså `geg fof`utlr
gtrgs `gelbmgs mf dgs mkstkbtgs efbÿs. Pf pufmfb
`lenklr `lrl`tfråstk`ls tfxtuldfs l trlvës mf dls
pldftls @lrì`tfr y Qìrrlig. Fstls gp`kgbfs sgb
skekdlrfs l dls fb`gbtrlmls fb eu`hgs prg`fslmgrfs
mf tfxtg y lpdk`l`
lpdk`l`kgbfs
kgbfs mf mksfüg.
Qlrl lnrkr fd plbfd `lrì`tfr, mfnf unk`lr fb dl nlrrl
mf gp`kgbfs mf tfxtg dl gp`kðb @gbeutlr plbfdfs
@lrì`tfr y Qìrrlig.

Q^Ì@]K@L? LÜLMK^ ]FX]G
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.`ge/ 
Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs quf  Ikjurl <1.> L @gbeutlr plbfd `lrì`tfr y pìrrlig
Ikjurl
utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg y pgmrì rfvkslr  
fd vkmfg tutgrkld `grrfspgbmkfbtf ld tfel rfvkslmg.
<1.0 Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 @󰁬󰁾󰃬󰁠󰁽󰁦󰁾
<. Lnrkr fd lr`hkvg ps<1-<1.<.psm

>. Vbl vfz quf fd lr`hkvg sf hl lnkfrtg, fb dl nlrrl mf
hfrrlekfbtls sfdf``kgbf dl Hfrrlekfbtl ]fxtg.
Ld sfdf``kgblr dl hfrrlekfbtl tfxtg, fb lutgeìtk`g
vl l lplrf`fr dl nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs mf tfxtg, skekdlr
l dl skjukfbtf.
 Ikjurl <1.< L Nlrrl mf gp`kgbfs mf tfxtg.
Ikjurl
Fepfzlrì l mlr igreltg ld tfxtg mf dl plrtf irgbtld
mf ub Efbÿ.
0. Fb dl plrtf kbifrkgr mfd Mg`uefbtg (mfnlog mf dls
mgs rlyls) më `dk` y fs`rknl su bgenrf `gepdftg.
Qlrl mf﬌bkr ubl gp`kðb fb fd plbfd @lrì`tfr, prkefrg
lnrl fd plbfd y sfdf``kgbf fd tfxtg quf qukfrl
`lenklr. Qlrl `lml gp`kðb fb dl pldftl, sfdf``kgbf
ub vldgr mfsmf fd efbÿ mfspdfjlndf g fs`rknl ub
vldgr. @ulbmg fs`rknl ub vldgr mf igrel mkrf`tl,
prfskgbf Kbtrg  plrl lpdk`lrdg. Dls gp`kgbfs fb fd
plbfd @lrì`tfr kb`duyfb dg skjukfbtf?
J
L
N H
@ K
M O
C 
F

Ikjurl <1.<.N Fofepdg mf mgbmf fs`rknkr su bgenrf fb fd
mg`uefbtg
=. Julrmf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl
ps<1-<1.
ps<1-<1.<< + kbk`kldfs
kbk` kldfs mf
m f su bgenrf3
b genrf3 pgr fofepdg, sk sf
ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd lr`hkvg
mfnf ddlelrsf ps1=-=.9.<OIG.
Qufmf gnsfrvlr fb fd plbfd mf `lpls quf, sf hl
ljrfjlmg ubl `lpl mf tfxtg quf l`lnl mf fs`rknkr.
Fstg g`urrf `lml vfz quf ljrfjl ub tfxtg.
<:1
Q^Ì@]K@L? E GMKIK@L^ ]FX]G
<. Lnrkr fd lr`hkvg quf julrmg fb fd fofr`k`kg lbtfrkgr.
>. Pfdf``kgbf fd tfxtg quf fs`rknkð `gb su bgenrf, g
sfdf``kgbf dl `lpl mfd tfxtg.
0. Mkråolsf ld plbfd @lrì`tfr
@lrì` tfr..
=. Fb dl gp`kðb ]lelüg mf iufbtf kbjrfsf fd vldgr <=
pt y prfskgbf Kbtrg.
Ikjurl <1.0.N @lenlr tlelüg mf iufbtf
6. Fb tkpg mf iufbtf sfdf``kgblr Ljfb`y IN.
Ikjurl <1.0 @ Pfdf``kgblr fstkdg mf iufbtf
9. Fdkol ub `gdgr mf su prfifrfb`kl plrl dl iufbtf.
I D
 Ikjurl <1.0 L Qlbfd @lrì`tfr 
L) ]kpg mf iufbtf, N) ]lelüg mf iufbtf, @) Cfrbkbj, M) Fs`ldl
vfrtk`ld, F) Fif`tgs mf tfxtg, I) Kmkgel, J) Efbÿ mfd plbfd,
H) Kbtfrdkbflmg, K) ]rl`ckbj, O) Fs`ldl hgrkzgbtld, C) @gdgr mf
tfxtg, D) Pulvkzlmg.
Lhgrl nkfb, plrl uslr fd plbfd @lrì`tfr mfnf prkefrg
sfdf``kgblr fd tfxtg l egmk﬌`lr. Lpdkqufegs dgs
skjukfbtfs plsgs plrl egmk﬌`lr fd tfxtg mf dl
keljfb lbtfrkgr.
Qhgtgshgp @@
:. Julrmf y elbtfbjl fd lr`hkvg mkspgbkndf, bg dg
`kfrrf
<1.0.< Loustfs
Loustfs mf ]rl`ckbj
]rl`ckbj fs fd prg`fsg mf `rfl`kðb mf fxplbskðb g
`geprfskðb mf ub ndgquf mf tfxtg3 pufmf `gbsudtlr
fd tfel <.0.6 plrl vfr dl mf﬌bk`kðb eìs prf`ksl mfd
tërekbg.
L `gbtkbul`kðb, prl`tk`lrì fd usg mf trl`ckbj fb
tfxtg.
Q^Ì@]K@L? V PG  MF  ]^L@CKBJ FB  ]FX]G
<. ^fjrfslegs ld lr`hkvg ps<1-<1.<.psm
ps<1-<1.<.psm..
>. Vnkquf fd tfxtg —`gekdgbl― fb fd mg`uefbtg.
0. Pfdf``kgbf fd tfxtg g dl `lpl mfd tfxtg, fb fd plbfd
@lrì`tfr unkquf dl gp`kðb ]rl`ckbj.
=. Fs`rknl fd vldgr 001.
Ikjurl <1.0.<.L @lenklr ]rl`ckbj ld tfxtg
6. @lenkf fd tlelüg mf iufbtf l 8> pt.
Ikjurl <1.0.<.N @lenklr tlelüg mf iufbtf
9. @lenkf dl iufbtf pgr Nggcelb gdm stydf.
  
Ikjurl <1.0.M Pfdf``kgblr `gdgr 

Bgtf `geg ld kr `lenklbmg `lml `lrl`tfråstk`l fd

tfxtg vl l `lenklbmg fb lutgeìtk`g.

Ikjurl <1.0.< @ Pfdf``kgblr fstkdg mf iufbtf

Ikjurl <1.0.F ]fxtg egmk﬌`lmg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb <1 
<1   ]fxtg <:<

Fd tfxtg quf hl fmktlmg mfnf du`kr skekdlr l dl

skjukfbtf keljfb.
Ikjurl <1.0.<.M ]fxtg egmk﬌`lmg
Pf pfr`ltlrì mfd `lenkg quf sf rfldkzð ld tfxtg, dls
dftrls sf fb`ufbtrlb eìs sfplrlmls mfnkmg ld vldgr
pgsktkvg mfd ]rl`ckbj. Pk fd vldgr fs bfjltkvg, dls dftrls
sf vfrìb eìs oubtls.
  <1.= Q󰁬󰁢󰁦󰁤 Q󰃬󰁾󰁾󰁬󰁩󰁧
Pf pufmfb rfldkzlr `lenkgs lmk`kgbldfs ld tfxtg
fb fd plbfd Qìrrlig. Fb `lsg mf gnoftgs mf tfxtg,
`lml dåbfl fs ub pìrrlig kbmfpfbmkfbtf. Fb `lsg
mf tfxtg mf pìrrlig, `lml pìrrlig pufmf tfbfr
vlrkls dåbfls, mfpfbmkfbmg mf dls mkefbskgbfs mfd
`ulmrg mfdkektlmgr. Qlrl l`tkvlr fd plbfd Qìrrlig fb
Qhgtgshgp,
Qhgtgshg p, sf mlrì `ufbtl mf dl unk`l`kðb l dlmg mfd
plbfd @lrì`tfr3 sf pufmf mf`kr quf lengs fstìb fb
fd ekseg jrupg mf plbfdfs.

:. Julrmf y elbtfbjl fd lr`hkvg mkspgbkndf.

<1.0.> Lous
 Loustfs
Loustfs
tfs mf Cfrbkbj
Cfrbkbj
Cfrbkbj fs fd prg`fsg mf lmk`kðb g fdkekbl`kðb mf
fspl`kg fbtrf plrfs mf `lrl`tfrfs `gepdftgs, plrl
elygr
fd tfel`gbg`kekfbtg mf pldlnrls,
<.0.9. Fb gtrls fstf tfelfs pumf rfvkslr
dl l``kðb mf
fdkekblr ldjubgs fspl`kgs plrl quf fd tfxtg duz`l
eìs fstëtk`g. Ikjurl <1.= L Qlbfd Qìrrlig
 
<. ^fjrfsf ld lr`hkvg quf fstì fmktlbmg. <1.=.< Ldkbfl`kðb
Ldkbfl`kðb
>. Pfdf``kgbf fd tfxtg —`gekdgbl―.
0. Fb plbfd `lrì`tfr unkquf dl gp`kðb Cfrbkbj. Dl ldkbfl`kðb sf rf﬌frf l dl pgsk`kðb mfd tfxtg, yl sfl
=. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb Ðptk`l. quf fd tfxtg qufmf ldkbflmg l dl mfrf`hl, kzqukfrml
g ld `fbtrg mfd `ulmrg mf tfxtg. ]lenkëb sf pufmf
 oustk﬌`lr fd tfxtg3 oustk﬌`lr skjbk﬌`l `rflr fspl`kgs
fbtrf fd tfxtg mf igrel quf fstf ld`lb`f lengs
eìrjfbfs.
<. ^fjrfsf ld mg`uefbtg quf fstì fmktlbmg.
>. Pfdf``kgbf dl `lpl mf tfxtg Feplblmls Lrjfbtkbls
y @gkxkbhls.

Ikjurl <1.0.>.L @lenklr vldgr mf Cfrbkbj

 Ikjurl <1.=.<.L Pfdf``kgblr `lpl

Ikjurl <1.0.> N ]fxtg egmk﬌`lmg
@geg pufmf gnsfrvlr fd `lenkg fb fd vldgr mf
Cfrbkbj fs eåbkeg, pfrg sf pufmf bgtlr fd fif`tg mf
fstf.
0. Mkråolsf ld plbfd pìrrlig y sfdf``kgbf @fbtrlr tfxtg.
=. ^fpktl fd plsg lbtfrkgr `gb dgs tfxtgs? Lokl`g
Plbtlifrfüg, Ldegoìnlbls @gdgenklbls, Qlrrkddl
Lrjfbtkbl y @hurrls`g Nrlskdfüg.
Nrl skdfüg.

6. Julrmf fd mg`uefbtg y elbtfbjl fd mg`uefbtg

mkspgbkndf.
Ikjurl <1.=.<N ]fxtg `fbtrlmg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<:>

6. Julrmf fd mg`uefbtg y elbtëbjldg lnkfrtg. Ld ﬌bld su mg`uefbtg mfnf du`kr skekdlr l dl skjukfbtf
keljfb.
<1.6 M󰁦󰁩󰁧󰁾󰁥󰁬󰁾 󰁽󰁦󰁸󰁽󰁧
Qufmf rfldkzlr mkifrfbtfs egmk﬌`l`kgbfs ld tfxtg
plrl `lenklr su lspf`tg, ubl gp`kðb plrl rfldkzlrdg
fs l trlvësfbmfd
fb`ufbtrl `gelbmg
dl Nlrrl ]fxtg mfigrelmg
mf gp`kgbfs mf tfxtg. quf sf

 
Ikjurl <1.6. L @gelbmg Mfigrelr tfxtg.

@ulbmg sfdf``kgbl ldjÿb tfxtg, y fdkof dl gp`kðb

mfigrelr tfxtg bgtlrl `geg su tfxtg tgelrl fif`tg
`gb `lml gp`kðb quf sf df prfsfbtl.

Q^Ì@]K@L? M FIG^EL^ ]FX]G
<. ^fjrfsf ld mg`uefbtg quf fstì fmktlbmg.

>. Pfdf``kgbf fd tfxtg —@gekdgbl―.

Ikjurl <1.6.M Keljfb ﬌bld.

Ikjurl <1.6.N Pfdf``kgblr tfxtg
 
0. @dk` fb `gelbmg Mfigrelr tfxtg.
=. Fdkol Fstkdg @lplrlzðb hl`kl lnlog.
 Ikjurl <1.6.@ Pfdf``kgblr `lplrlzðb hl`kl lnlog

6. Julrmf su mg`uefbtg.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb <1 
<1   ]fxtg <:0

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB <
 <11
<. Mf dls skjukfbtfs l﬌rel`kgbfs ·`uìd fs `grrf`tl7

L) Pf pufmf lülmkr tfxtg l ubl keljfb mfsmf gtrl lpdk`l`kðb mkstkbtl l Qhgtgshgp.
N) Ld lülmkr tfxtg fb ubl keljfb, fd tfxtg sf `gbvkfrtf fb fdfefbtg kbtfdkjfbtf.
@) Ld `rflr tfxtg fb dl keljfb, sf lülmf ubl bufvl `lpl.

>. Pgb plbfdfs plrl fmktlr tfxtg.

L) Qlbfd Hkstgrkl y `lpls.

N) Qlbfd @lrì`tfr y pìrrlig.
@) Qlbfd pìrrlig y `lpls.

0. Fs fd prg`fsg mf lmk`kðb g fdkekbl`kðb mf fspl`kg fbtrf plrfs mf `lrl`tfrfs `gepdftgs.

L) Cfrbkbj.
N) ]rl`ckbj.
@) Ldkbfl`kðb.

=. Fs fd prg`fsg mf lmk`kðb g fdkekbl`kðb mf fspl`kg fbtrf plrfs mf `lrl`tfrfs `gepdftgs

L) Cfrbkbj.
N) ]rl`ckbj.
@) Ldkbfl`kðb.

6. Pf rf﬌frf l dl pgsk`kðb mfd tfxtg mfd pìrrlig.

L) Cfrbkbj.
N) ]rl`ckbj.
@) Ldkbfl`kðb.

9. Egmk﬌`l`kgbfs quf sf pufmfb rfldkzlr fb fd plbfd @lrì`tfr.

L) ]kpg mf iufbtf y Cfrbkbj.

N) ]rl`ckbj y Ldkbfl`kðb.
@) Ldkbfl`kðb f Kbtfrdkbflmg
Qhgtgshgp @@
 

 Y
 Ykm
kmfg
fg y
lbkel`kðb.
 Fb fstl df``kðb lprfbmfrì l `gb﬌jurlr mg`uefbtgs, `gb ub pfr﬌d y `gb﬌jurl`kðb fspf`k﬌`g plrl sfr utkdkzlmgs fb
prgyf`tgs mf vkmfg g lbkel`kðb.

Gnoftkvg
Lprfbmfr l `gb﬌jurlr mg`uefbtgs `gb pfr﬌d plrl prg-
yf`tgs mf vkmfg y lbkel`kðb.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• @gbg`fr dl tfrekbgdgjål prkb`kpld ld trlnlolr `gb
keìjfbfs mkjktldfs.

• Plnfr prfplrlr keìjfbfs plrl dl Zfn, keprfskðb y

våmfg.
 

Df``kðb << 
<<   Yk
 Ykmf
mfg
g y lbk el` kðb <::

<<.< @󰁧󰁢󰁩󰁫󰁪󰁶󰁾󰁬󰁠󰁫󰃰󰁢 <<.> ]󰁫󰁱󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦

󰁭󰁦 󰁶󰁢 󰁢󰁶󰁦󰁹󰁧 󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁨󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦

󰁭󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧
󰁱󰁬󰁾󰁬 󰁹󰁫󰁭󰁦󰁧
@geg rf`grmlrì (df``kðb =.>), Qhgtgshgp pufmf
`rflr tkpgs mf mg`uefbtgs quf sfrìb mfstkblmgs
plrl su usg fb gtrgs prgyf`tgs. Qhgtgshgp df
gtgrjl loustfs prffstlndf`kmgs ld egefbtg mf
`rflr ub bufvg mg`uefbtg. Dls keìjfbfs quf sfrìb
utkdkzlmls fb vkmfg g lbkel`kgbfs mfnfb tfbfr
`kfrtls `lrl`tfråstk`ls pgrquf sf mfnfb mf loustlr l
dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dgs egbktgrfs.
<. Lnrkr Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp.
>. Pfdf``kgbfs Lr`hkvg, Bufvg Mg`uefbtg.
0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg, fdkol Qfdå`udl y Ykmfg.
=. Pfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb HMY/HM]Y :>1p.
6. @dk` fb `rflr.
`rfl r.
Hl `rflmg ub mg`uefbtg plrl `rflr keìjfbfs quf
sfrìb uslmg fb prgyf`tgs mf vkmfg.
󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁪󰁦󰁢 󰁱󰁬󰁾󰁬 󰁹󰁫󰁭󰁦󰁧
Mfspuës mf `rflr dl keljfb plrl våmfg fb Qhgtgshgp
pgmrì julrmlrdg. L `gbtkbul`kðb, sf prfsfbtlb mgs
tkpgs mf lr`hkvgs quf pufmf uslr plrl fxpgrtlr dl
keljfb quf sfrìb uslmls plrl vkmfg
v kmfg g lbkel`kðb.
<<.>.< ]KII
]KII
Fd igreltg ]KII sf utkdkzl plrl kbtfr`lenklr lr`hkvgs
fbtrf lpdk`l`kgbfs y pdltligrels mf grmfblmgr, su
igreltg ﬎fxkndf prì`tk`lefbtf dg lmektfb `lsk tgmls
dls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf pkbturl, fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs,
mksfüg mf pìjkbls y mksfüg mf vkmfgs. Fd igreltg
]KII girf`f ubl elygr `geprfskðb y `gepltknkdkmlm
plrl fd sf`tgr quf fd igreltg mf Qhgtgshgp (QPM)3
fs mf`kr su pfsg fb Ckdgnkts fs mf efbgr pfsg quf
ub lr`hkvg QPM.
Q ^Ì@]K@L? J VL^MF VB  L ^@HKYG ]KII
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel mf lprfbmkzlof
l prfbmkzlof plrl
pl rl mfs`lrjlr
mfs`l rjlr
dgs lr`hkvgs quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg
y pgmrì rfvkslr fd vkmfg tutgrkld `grrfspgbmkfbtf
`grrfspgbmkfbtf ld
tfel rfvkslmg.

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg

lr` hkvg ]KII.opj

Ikjurl <<.<. L Mg`uefbtg tkpg våmfg HM]Y :>1p.

@geg pufmf gnsfrvlr, fd vldgr prffstlndf`kmg

Qfdå`udl y våmfg fstlndf`f ub mg`uefbtg `gb juåls Ikjurl <<.>.> L Lr`hkvg ]KII.opj
bg keprkekndfs quf mfdkbflb dls ìrfls mf sfjurkmlm
 mf l``kgbfs y mf tåtudg mf dl keljfb. Fb fstf tkpg >. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg...
mf mg`uefbtgs dls juåls lyumlb l fstlndf`fr dl
zgbl mgbmf pufmf trlnlolr, yl quf, `ulbmg sf
fmktl plrl mf våmfg dl elygrål mf dgs lplrltgs mf
]Y mf `gbsueg utkdkzlb ub prg`fsg mfbgekblmg
sgnrffxpdgrl`kðb. Fstl l``kðb `gbskstf fb `grtlr
ubl plrtf mf dgs ngrmfs fxtfrkgrfs mf dl keljfb
plrl ldlrjlr fd `fbtrg mf dl eksel. Qlrl loustlrsf l
dl l``kðb mf sgnrffxpdgrl`kgb, Qhgtgshgp fstkel fd
ìrfl quf sfrì rf`grtlml y fd ìrfl l trlnlolr.

 
Ikjurl <<.>.> N Julrmlr `geg...

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<:8

0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkìdgjg, sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb .]KII ps<<-<

ps<<- <<.>.> + kbk`kldfs
kbk`kldf s mf su bgenrf3
bgen rf3 pgr fofepdg,
fofe pdg,
y hljl `dk` fb Julrmlr. sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps<<-<<.>.>.<OIG.
9. Fdkol dl unk`l`kðb mgbmf sf julrmlrì dl keljfb.
:. @dk` fb julrmlr.
8. Lplrf`frì ub `ulmrg `gb gp`kgbfs mfd igreltg
]lrjl, sfdf``kgbf dl gp`kðb >=nkts/pkxfd.

Ikjurl <<.>.>.N Gp`kgbfs ]lrjl

;. Më @dk` fb gc.
<1. Yfrk﬌quf quf su lr`hkvg sf hl julrmlmg.

<<.>.> ]L^JL
]L^JL   <<.0 D 󰁬
Fstf igreltg mf lr`hkvg prgpkftlrkg fs uslmg plrl
prgmu``kðb mf våmfg. Fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg ]L^JL
󰁫󰁥󰁱󰁧󰁾󰁽󰁬󰁢󰁠󰁫󰁬 󰁭󰁦 󰁤󰁬
sgpgrtl ekddgbfs mf `gdgrfs oubtg `gb `lbldfs ldphl.
Dl elygrål mf dls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf fmk`kðb mf våmfgs ]󰁾󰁬󰁢󰁰󰁱󰁬󰁾󰁦󰁢󰁠󰁫󰁬
rf`gbg`fb dgs `lbldfs ldphl `ulbmg mf﬌bfb ìrfls
trlbsplrfbtfs fb ubl keljfb. Vb lspf`tg kepgrtlbtf ld egefbtg mf ﬌bldkzlr
dl keljfb fs dl trlbsplrfb`kl. Dls keìjfbfs quf
Q ^Ì@]K@L? sf utkdkzlrìb fb vkmfg, fb su elygrål, mfnfb sfr
fxpgrtlmls `gb trlbsplrfb`kl pgrquf sf uslrlb
 oubtg `gb keìjfbf
keìjfbfss fb egvkekfb
egvkekfbtg
tg g supfrp
supfrpufstls
ufstls
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel mfm f lprfbmkzlof plrl
pl rl mfs`lrjlr
mfs`l rjlr pgr tlbtg, bg bf`fsktlb tfbfr igbmg l efbgs
dgs lr`hkvgs quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd quf sflb fd igbmg. Qufmf julrmlr keìjfbfs `gb
fofr`k`kg. trlbsplrfb`kl fb igreltg ]KII, QPM, QBJ pgrquf
L `gbtkbul`kðb,
`gbtkbul`kðb, vl l fxpgrtlr ubl keljfb quf sfrì fsgs igreltgs tkfbfb dl `lpl`kmlm mf egstrlr
utkdkzlml `geg `grtkbkddl fbtrf prgjrlels mf ub `lbld igbmgs trlbsplrfbtfs.
mf tfdfvkskðb.

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps<<-<<.>.>.psm

>. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg.
0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg sfdf``kgbf ]kpg.
=. Fdkol dl gp`kðb ]L^JL.
  
Ikjurl <<.>.>. L Julrmlr `geg ]L^JL.

6. Bgenrf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl?

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb << 
<<   Yk
 Ykmf
mfg
g y lbk el` kðb <:;

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB <
 <<<
<. Igreltg mf lr`hkvg ﬎fxkndf, mf elygr `geprfskðb y fs `gepltkndf `gb ubl jrlb vlrkfmlm mf lpdk`l`kgbfs
mf fmk`kðb mf vkmfg.

L) ]KII
N) ]L^JL
@) QPM

>. Igreltg mf lr`hkvg quf usl fx`duskvlefbtf plrl dl prgmu``kðb mf vkmfgs.

L) ]KII
N) ]L^JL
@) QPM

0. Igreltg quf sgpgrtl dl trlbsplrfb`kl mf dls keìjfbfs.

L) ]KII
N) ]L^JL
@) QPM
Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Julrmlmg y
fxpgrtl`kðb
mf lr`hkvgs
 Fb fstl df``kðb kmfbtk﬌`lrì dgs mkstkbtgs tkpgs mf lr`hkvgs plrl julrmlr y fxpgrtlr su mg`uefbtg. Lprfbmfrì l fdfjkr fd
tkpg mf lr`hkvg lmf`ulmg plrl dl keljfb sfjÿb fd usg ﬌bld quf sf df mlrì? wfn, keprfskðb g vkmfg.

Gnoftkvg
@gbg`fr f kmfbtk﬌`lr dgs mkifrfbtfs tkpgs mf lr`hkvg
quf pufmf julrmlr `gb Lmgnf Qhgtgshgp.

Hlnkdkmlmfs mf `frtk﬌`l`kðb
• Plnfr kepgrtlr, fxpgrtlr, grjlbkzlr y julrmlr.

• Plnfr prfplrlr keìjfbfs plrl dl Zfn, keprfskðb y

våmfg.
 

Df``kðb <> 
<>   Julrmlmg y fxpgrtl`kðb mf lr`hkvgs <80

Litfr Fiif`ts y Lmgnf JgDkvf pufmfb kepgrtlr

<>. < J󰁶󰁬󰁾󰁭󰁬󰁾 mkrf`tlefbtf lr`hkvgs QPM y `gbsfrvlr eu`hls mf dls
`lrl`tfråstk`ls mf Qhgtgshgp. Kb`dusg pufmf mf﬌bkr
ubl prfifrfb`kl plrl elxkekzlr dl `gepltknkdkmlm
󰁭󰁧󰁠󰁶󰁥󰁦󰁢󰁽󰁧 mf lr`hkvgs. Fstg julrml ubl vfrskðb `gepufstl mf
ubl keljfb `gb `lpls fb fd lr`hkvg mf egmg quf
pufml sfr dfåmg pgr gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs, kb`dukmls dls
Qhgtgshgp df pfrektf julrmlr lr`hkvgs fb ubl
vlrkfmlm mf igreltgs mf lr`hkvg quf hl`f pgskndf vfrskgbfs lbtfrkgrfs mf Qhgtgshgp.
quf usf sus keìjfbfs mf eu`hls igrels. @ðeg
julrmlr dl keljfb mfpfbmf mfd usg ﬌bld quf df mlrì
l su keljfb.   <>.0 ]󰁫󰁱󰁧󰁰 󰁭󰁦
Qrkefrg, lprfbmfrì ljulrmlr ubl keljfb fb igreltg
bltkvg mf Qhgtgshgp (QPM). 󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁨󰁫󰁹󰁧
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Lnrkr. @geg rf`grmlrl (df``kðb =.8) hly mkstkbtgs igreltgs
>. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.<.opj plrl julrmlr su keljfb, mfpfbmkfbmg mfd usg mf dl
keljfb? wfn, keprfskðb y vkmfg.
0. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg Julrmlr `geg…
=. Fb dl `lskddl bgenrf, mfskjbf fd lr`hkvg `geg ps<>-
<>.< + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg, sk sf ddlel <>.0.< Igreltgs
Igreltgs mf keljfb
Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd lr`hkvg mfnf
ddlelrs
ddle lrsf
f ps<
p s<>-
>-<>.
<>.<OIG.
<OIG. plrl wfn
6. Fb dl `lskddl tkpg, sfdf``kgbf Qhgtgshgp.
Dgs igreltgs quf sf rf`gekfbmlb plrl julrmlr
keìjfbfs quf sfrìb utkdkzlmls plrl wfn sgb? OQFJ,
JKI y QBJ. Pkb fenlrjg, `gb fd usg mf tfdëigbgs
kbtfdkjfbtfs `geg vksuldkzlmgrfs wfn tlenkëb sf
rf`gekfbml julrmlr `gb fd igreltg ZNEQ.

Dl fdf``kðb mfd igreltg plrl dl keljfb mfpfbmf mf

dl utkdkmlm mf dl keljfb yl pundk`lml fb wfn?

OQFJ? Fd igreltg (Ogkbt Qhgtgjrlphk` Fxpfrts Jrgup)

sf utkdkzl hlnktuldefbtf plrl egstrlr igtgjrliåls y
gtrls keìjfbfs mf tgbg `gbtkbug fb mg`uefbtgs
H]ED. `gbsfrvl tgml dl kbigrel`kðb mf `gdgr mf ubl
Ikjurl <>.<.L Julrmlr keljfb fb igreltg mf Qhgtgshgp
keljfb ^JN, pfrg `geprkef fd tlelüg mf lr`hkvg
9. @dk` fb Julrmlr. mfs`lrtlbmg mltgs sfdf`tkvlefbtf.
QBJ?  Fd igreltg (Qgrtlndf Bftwgrckbj Jrlphk`s)
<>.> Q󰁾󰁦󰁱󰁬󰁾󰁬󰁾 lmektf keìjfbfs mf 8 y >= nkts y prgmu`f
trlbsplrfb`kl mf igbmg skb ngrmfs krrfjudlrfs3 skb
fenlrjg, ldjubgs blvfjlmgrfs wfn bg lmektfb
󰁬󰁾󰁠󰁨󰁫󰁹󰁧󰁰 󰁱󰁬󰁾󰁬 keìjfbfs QBJ. Fd igreltg QBJ lmektf keìjfbfs
^JN, mf `gdgr kbmfxlmg, fb fs`ldl mf jrksfs y mf
󰁰󰁶 󰁶󰁰󰁧 󰁦󰁢 󰁧󰁽󰁾󰁬󰁰 egmg mf elpl mf nkts skb `lbldfs ldil.

󰁬󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁢󰁦󰁰 󰁭󰁦
󰁬󰁱󰁤󰁫󰁠󰁬󰁠󰁫󰁧󰁢󰁦󰁰
L󰁭󰁧󰁮󰁦
Fd igreltg Qhgtgshgp (QPM) fs fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg
bltkvg y fd ÿbk`g igreltg quf lmektf tgmls dls
`lrl`tfråstk`ls mf Qhgtgshgp. Mlmls dls jrlbmfs
pgsknkdkmlmfs mf kbtfjrl`kðb fbtrf dgs prgmu`tgs
Lmgnf, gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs `geg Lmgnf Kddustrltgr,
Lmgnf KbMfskjb, Lmgnf Qrfekfrf, Lmgnf
<8=
Vbl igrel sfb`kddl mf julrmlr mg`uefbtg fs mfsmf
fd `gelbmg Julrmlr `geg. L `gbtkbul`kðb, vl l
julrlmr ub lr`hkvg fb igreltg QBJ.
<. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Lnrkr.
>. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.0.<.psm
0. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg Julrmlr `geg…
=. Fb dl `lskddl bgenrf, mfskjbf fd lr`hkvg `geg ps<>-
<>.0.< + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg, sk sf
ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd lr`hkvg
mfnf ddlelrsf ps<>-<>.0.<OIG.
6. Fb dl `lskddl tkpg, Pfdf``kgblr QBJ.
Ikjurl <>.0.<. L Julrmlr keljfb fb igreltg QBJ
9. @dk` fb Julrmlr.
:. Fb fd `ulmrg fefrjfbtf bg `lenkf dls gp`kgbfs mf
`gb﬌jurl`kðb y më `dk`.
Ikjurl <>.0.<.L Gp`kgbfs QBJ
<>.0.<.< Julrmlr
Julrmlr plrl
JKI?  Fd igreltg JKI (Jrlphk`s Kbtfr`hlbjf Igrelt)
fs fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg quf sf utkdkzl hlnktuldefbtf
plrl egstrlr jrì﬌`gs f keìjfbfs mf `gdgr kbmfxlmg
fb mg`uefbtgs H]ED. Mksfülmg plrl ekbkekzlr
fd tlelüg mf lr`hkvg y fd tkfepg mf trlbsifrfb`kl
fdf`trðbk`l.
ZNQE?  Fs fd igreltg fstìbmlr plrl gptkekzlr
keìjfbfs plrl mkspgsktkvgs kbldìenrk`gs, `geg dgs
tfdëigbgs eðvkdfs. Lmektf `gdgr mf < nkt, dg quf
skjbk﬌`l quf dls keìjfbfs ZNEQ `gbtkfbfb sgdg
påxfdfs fb ndlb`g g bfjrg.
Qhgtgshgp @@
keìjfbfs quf utkdkzlrì plrl wfn y l trlvës mf fstl
l``kðb pgmrì fdfjkr fd igreltg (OQFJ, JKI, QBJ,
ZNEQ). L `gbtkbul`kðb, pgbmrì fb prì`tk`l fstl
l``kðb.
Q^Ì@]K@L? J VL^ML^ QL^L ZF
ZFNN
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.`ge/ 
Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs quf
utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg.
<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.0.<.<.psm
>. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg
Lr`hkvg 2 Fxpgrtlr 2 Julrmlr plrl wfn
(hfrfmlmg).
Ikjurl <>.0.<.<.L Pfdf``kgblr Julrmlr plrl wfn (hfrfmlmg) 
Ld lpdk`lr dl l``kðb lplrf`frì ub `ulmrg mgbmf
pufmf sfdf``kgblr ldjubg mf dgs igreltgs
rf`gefbmlmgs plrl fstf tkpg mf keìjfbfs.
Ikjurl <>.0.<.<.N Julrmlr plrl wfn
 0. Pfdf``kgbf igreltg OQFJ
wfn, egmg mf `gdgr y
rfsgdu`kðb
Fd
vflprg`fsg
nkfb fb plrl `gbsfjukr
fd efbgr tlelügquf ubl keljfb
mf lr`hkvg sf
sf ddlel
gptkekzl`kðb. Fstg fs kepgrtlbtf plrl tgmls dls
keìjfbfs quf vlb l sfr uslmls fb dl wfn. @ulbmg
prfplrl lr`hkvgs plrl wfn qukfrf keìjfbfs fb fd
egmg mf `gdgr ^JN y nlol rfsgdu`kðb (:> ppp).
Ikjurl <>.0.<.<.@ Fdfjkr igreltg
Qhgtgshgp df prgpgr`kgbl dl gp`kðb Julrmlr plrl
wfn, `gb fstl l``kðb Qhgtgshgp df loustl sus =. Më `dk` fb Julrmlr.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb <> 
<>   Julrmlmg y fxpgrtl`kðb mf lr`hkvgs <86

6. Nusquf dl mkrf``kðb fb mgbmf julrmlrl dl keljfb.
9. Bgenrf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl?
ps<>-<>.0.<.< + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg,
sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps<>-<>.0.<.<<OIG.
:. Më `dk` fb Julrmlr.
Jul rmlr.
8. ^fvksf quf su lr`hkvg sf julrmð `grrf`tlefbtf.
Dl keljfb, lhgrl, sf fb`ufbtrl `gb dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls
bf`fslrkls plrl sfr uslml g fxpufstls fb pìjkbls
wfn.
<>.0.<.> Mkefbskgbfs
Mkefbskgbfs
`geubfs y fstìbmlr mf
nlbbfrs wfn.
Fb Qhgtgshgp pufmf `rflr keìjfbfs quf sf utkdkzlb
`geg nlbbfrs wfn. Pf `gbg`f nlbbfrs wfn `geg
dgs fdfefbtgs pundk`ktlrkgs (lbub`kgs) quf lplrf`fb
fb pìjkbls wfn. Pkb fenlrjg, bg bf`fslrklefbtf
ub nlbbfr wfn fs ubl pundk`kmlm.
<>.0.>.< Keljfb
Keljfb plrl
keprfskðb
^f`ufrmf quf bg fs dg ekseg vksuldkzlr ubl keljfb
fb ub egbktgr quf vksuldkzlrdl yl keprfsl, sf mfnf
tfbfr `ukmlmg
keprkekr. ld `gb﬌jurlr
Dgs egmgs su(vfr
mf `gdgr keljfb sk sf
df``kðb 8.>)vlmfl
dls keìjfbfs mfpfbmf mf jrlb kb﬎ufb`kl l dl hgrl
mf keprkekr keìjfbfs. @ulbmg prfplrlegs lr`hkvgs
plrl keprfskðb, jfbfrldefbtf qufrfegs keìjfbfs
fb ldtl rfsgdu`kðb (011 ppp) fb fd egmg mf `gdgr
@E[C.
Qlrl julrmlr dls keìjfbfs quf sfrìb mfstkblmls plrl
keprfskðb sf rf`gekfbml julrmlrdls fb ldjubgs mf
dgs skjukfbtfs igreltgs? QPM, fd igreltg df pfrektl
prfsfrvlr tgmls dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf dl keljfb3
]KII, pgrquf su igreltg sgpgrtl dgs egmgs mf `gdgr
mf Qhgtgshgp y su igreltg fs l`fptlmg pgr ub jrlb
bÿefrg mf lpdk`l`kgbfs3 y FQP pgrquf fd igreltg
fs `lplz mf julrmlr keìjfbfs mf jrlb tlelüg fb
ckdgnkts.

Fxkstfb efmkmls (fb pkxfdfs) fstìbmlrfs plrl nlbbfrs <>.0.>.> QMI

QMI
wfn3 l `gbtkbul`kðb, sf sfüldlb `uldfs sgb?

Hgrkzgbtld Dgs lr`hkvgs Qhgtgshgp QMI sgb fxtrfelmlefbtf

vfrsìtkdfs, pufmfb `gbtfbfr mltgs mf elpls mf nkt
• Dflmfrnglrm dgbj? ;8= x <:1 g vf`tgrkldfs. Dls keìjfbfs julrmlmls fb fd igreltg
• Dflmfrnglrm efmkue? :>8 x ;1 Qhgtgshgp QMI pufmfb elbtfbfr dls `lpl`kmlmfs
• Nlbbfr `gepdftg? =98 x 91 mf fmk`kðb mf dl elygrål mf
m f dls iub`kgbfs Qhgtgshgp,
• Nlbbfr hgrkzgbtld? 0;> x :> tldfs `geg vf`tgrfs, gnoftgs, tfxtg y `lpls3 dl elygrål
• Efmkg nlbbfr hgrkzgbtld? >0= x 91 mf dgs fspl`kgs mf `gdgr sf sgpgrtlb. Dgs lr`hkvgs
• ^f`tìbjudg hgrkzgbtld? 011 x >61 Qhgtgshgp QMI tlenkëb pufmfb sfr `geplrtkmgs
• Ngtðb? <>1 x ;1 `gb gtrls lpdk`l`kgbfs jrì﬌`ls, `geg dl elygrål mf
• Efmkg ngtðb? <>1 x 91 dls vfrskgbfs eìs rf`kfbtfs mfd sgitwlrf jrì﬌`g, sgb
`lpl`fs mf kepgrtlr g elbkpudlr lr`hkvgs QMI. Dgs
Ngtðb ngtðb?
• Ek`rg rf`tlbjudlr? <81 x <61
88 x 0< lr`hkvgs Qhgtgshgp QMI pufmfb sfr lnkfrtgs pgr dgs
usulrkgs `gb fd sgitwlrf jrltuktg Lmgnf ^flmfr.
 Yfrtk`ld
 Yfrtk` ld
Q^Ì@]K@L? JVL^ML^ Q
 QMI
MI
• ^ls`l`kfdg? <91 x 911  Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
• Efmkg rls`l`kfdg? <>1 x 911 `ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl
 plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs
• Nlbbfr vfrtk`ld? <>1 x >=1 quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg.
• ^f`tlbjudg vfrtk`ld? >61 x 011
@ulmrlmg <. Lnrkr fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.0.>.>.psm

• Nlbbfr @ulmrlmg? >61 x >61
• Efmkg nlbbfr `ulmrlmg? >11 x >11
• Ngtðb `ulmrlmg? <>6 x <>6
<>.0.> Keprfsgs
Keprfsgs
 [l sfl quf keprkel ubl keljfb fb ubl keprfsg
keprfsgrl
rl mf
fs`rktgrkg g sk dl fbvål l ub sfrvk`kg mf prfkeprfskðb,
fs rf`gefbmlndf `gbg`fr ldjubgs pubtgs nìsk`gs
sgnrf dl keprfskðb plrl quf fd trlnlog mf keprfskðb
sf fof`utf skb prgndfels y dl keljfb ﬌bld bg
prfsfbtf frrgrfs kbfspfrlmgs.
<89
=. Bgenrf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl?
ps<>-<>.0.>.> + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg,
sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps<>-<>.0.>.><OIG.
6. Më @dk` fb julrmlr (sk df lplrf`f ub `ulmrg mf
mkldgjg më `dk` fb gc).
Kbefmkltlefbtf sldmrì fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg Julrmlr
Lmgnf QMI,
QMI, fb fd sf pufmf loustlr `lrl`tfråstk`ls
quf utkdkzlb dgs mg`uefbtgs QMI.
Ikjurl <>.0.>.>.N Julrmlr QMI 
9. Më `dk` fb Julrmlr QMI.
:. Nusquf fd lr`hkvg QMI quf julrmg y `geprufnf
quf fstf sf lnrkð fb Lmgnf ^flmfr.
>. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Julrmlr `geg.
0. Fb fd `ulmrg mf mkldgjg Pfdf``kgbf ]kpg 2
Qhgtgshgp QMI
QMI..
Ikjurl <>.0.>.>.L Julrmlr `geg Qhgtgshgp QMI 
Qhgtgshgp @@
Fstf tkpg mf igreltg, l mkifrfb`kl mf gtrgs, tkfbf
dl `lrl`tfråstk`l mf lmektkr mg`uefbtgs mf hlstl
011.111 påxfdfs fb `uldqukfr mkefbskðb. Pf lmektfb
tgmls dls `lrl`tfråstk`ls mf Qhgtgshgp, `geg dls
`lpls, fif`tgs y ﬌dtrgs.
Q^Ì@]K@L? J VL^ML^ FB  J^LB 
IG^EL]G
Qlrl julrmlr su keljfb mf jrlb igreltg skjl dls
skjukfbtfs kbmk`l`kgbfs?
8. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Lnrkr.
;. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg <>.0.>.0.opj
<1. @gb fd lr`hkvg vksuldkzlmg, sfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2
Julrmlr `geg
<<. Fdkol dl gp`kðb Igreltg mf mg`uefbtg jrlbmf.
Ikjurl <>.0.>.0. L Julrmlr `geg QPN
<>. Bgenrf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl?
ps<>-<>.0.>.0 + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf3 pgr fofepdg,
sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps<>-<>.0.>.><OIG.
<0. Më @dk` fb julrmlr.
julrml r.
<=. @geprufnf quf su lr`hkvg sf hl julrmlmg
`grrf`tlefbtf.
Gtrl vfbtlol mfd igreltg QPN fs quf pufmf sfr
vksuldkzlmg `gb ubl jrlb elygrål mf vksuldkzlmgrfs
mf keìjfbfs.
Lbtfs mf julrmlr su keljfb pufmf vksuldkzlrdl fb
 fd egbktgr fb fd tlelüg mf dl keljfb g pufmf
gnsfrvlrdl fb plbtlddl `gepdftl (fb`lolr plbtlddl).
Ikjurl <>.0.>.>.@ Mg`uefbtg QMI  Fs rf`gefbmlndf quf `ulbmg fstl fmktlbmg dl
keljfb dg rfldk`f `gb dl gp`kðb fb`lolr plbtlddl
<>.0.>.0 Jrlb
Jrlb igreltg y pgrquf pumf gnsfrvlr dl keljfb `gepdftl fb
dl plbtlddl y df pufmf pfrektkr trlnlolr mf efogr

prfvksuldkzl`kðb elbfrl dl fmk`kðb mf keìjfbfs. Qlrl uslr dl gp`kðb

Fd pfsg fb ckdgnkts mf dl keljfb fs mkrf`tlefbtf
prgpgr`kgbld `gb dl rfsgdu`kðb mf dl eksel3 fs
mf`kr, l elygr rfsgdu`kðb elygr fs fd pfsg mf dl
keljfb. Qlrl julrmlr keìjfbfs mf jrlb tlelüg fs
hlnktuld julrmlrdls `gb fd igreltg QPN, `gbg`kmg
`geÿbefbtf `geg igreltg mf jrlb tlelüg.
fb`lolr plbtlddl skjl dls kbmk`l`kgbfs?
<. Vnk`lr Efbÿ Ykstl
>. Fb Efbÿ Ykstl, sfdf``kgblr Fb`lolr fb plbtlddl.
Fb lutgeìtk`g Qhgtgshgp rfmu`f g ljrlbml dl
keljfb ld tlelüg mfd ìrfl mf trlnlog.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb <> 
<>   Julrmlmg y fxpgrtl`kðb mf lr`hkvgs <8:

Lhgrl nkfb, sk qukfrf vksuldkzlr dl keljfb `gb

su tlelüg rfld fb dl plbtlddl dg pgmrì rfldkzlr 0. Më `dk` fb @rflr lbkel`kðb mf `ulmrgs.
fstlndf`kfbmg dl keljfb ld <11%3 plrl rfldkzlr dl
l``kðb mfnf unk`lr fd `ulmrg mgbmf fstlndf`f fd
pgr`fbtlof mfd zgge mf dl keljfb. Qufmf unk`lrdg
fb dl fsqukbl kbifrkgr kzqukfrml mf dl plbtlddl mf
Qhgtgshgp. Ikjurl <>.0.0.<. N @rflr lbkel`kðb mf `ulmrgs

=. Fb fd efbÿ mf `lpls mfsfdf``kgbf dl vksknkdkmlm mf

dls `lpls ^f`tìbjudg 0 y rf`tìbjudg >.

 
Ikjurl <>.0.>.0. N _gge mf dl keljfb

Ld `lenklr fd pgr`fbtlof ld <11% fstì kbmk`ìbmgdf l

Qhgtgshgp quf vksuldk`f dl keljfb fb fd tlelüg mf
dls efmkmls fb quf sf fb`ufbtrl dl keljfb.

<>.0.0 Ykmfg
Ykmfg
Lubquf Qhgtgshgp fs plrl `rflr y fmktlr
fm ktlr keìjfbfs,
tlenkëb pufmf `rflr vkmfgs y lbkel`kgbfs.
Mfspuës mf `rflr `gbtfbkmg mf våmfg g lbkel`kðb
fb Qhgtgshgp, pgmrì gptkekzlrdg, rfbmfrkzlrdg y
fxpgrtlrdg iì`kdefbtf.
Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.@ Mfsfdf``kgblr vksknkdkmlm mf `lpls
<>.0.0.< Julrmlmg
Julrmlmg
y
6. Fb `ulmrg Irlef mf dåbfl mf tkfepg, unkquf dl
fxpgrtl`kðb mf vkmfg y gp`kðb Mupdk`l dgs `ulmrgs sfdf``kgblmgs y më `dk`.

lbkel`kgbfs
Qufmf julrmlr lbkel`kgbfs `geg lr`hkvgs JKI
plrl vksuldkzlrdls fb Kbtfrbft. Dgs våmfgs y dls
lbkel`kgbfs sf pufmfb julrmlr `geg pfdå`udls. Pk
bg fstì kbtfrprftlbmg su trlnlog fb våmfg, fbtgb`fs
Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.M Mupdk`lr mltgs sfdf``kgblmgs
9. ^fjrfsf ld Efbÿ mf `lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl
vksknkdkmlm mf dls `lpls @lpl < y ^f`tìbjudg >.

fd hf`hg
efogr yl mf
qufjulrmlr fd lr`hkvg
`gbsfrvl `geg yQPM
dls fmk`kgbfs rfsudtl
julrml fd
lr`hkvg fb ub igreltg lmektkmg pgr lpdk`l`kgbfs
mf våmfg mkjktld mf eu`hls lpdk`l`kgbfs mf fmk`kðb
`kbfeltgjrì﬌`l.

Q^Ì@]K@L? F XQ G^]L^   YK

 XQG^]L^  YKMF GP   [  
MFGP
LBKEL@KGBFP
  Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.`ge/ 
Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs quf

utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg.

<. Lnrkr fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.0.0.<.psm
>. @gb fd lr`hkvg vkskndf, sfdf``kgbf Yfbtlbl 2 Dåbfl
mf tkfepg
Lplrf`frì mfnlog mf dl keljfb fd `ulmrg irlef plrl Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.F Pfdf``kgblr vksknkdkmlm mf `lpls
`rflr lbkel`kgbfs.
:. ^fjrfsf ld `ulmrg Irlef mf dåbfl mf tkfepg y mf
`dk` fb Mupdk`l dgs `ulmrgs sfdf``kgblmgs.
8. ^fjrfsf ld Efbÿ mf `lpls y sfdf``kgbf dl
vksknkdkmlm mf dls `lpls @lpl < y ^f`tìbjudg 0.
Ikjurl <>.0.0.<. L @ulmrg Irlef

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<88

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.I Pfdf``kgblr vksknkdkmlm mf `lpls Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.C Julrmlr plrl wfn

Pu `ulmrg irlef mfnf du`kr sfefolbtf ld skjukfbtf <0. Pfdf``kgbf JKI `geg tkpg mf lr`hkvg, rf`ufrmf
quf sgdlefbtf `gb fd igreltg JKI sf pufmf julrmlr
dls lbkel`kgbfs.

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.J @ulmrg Irlef plrl lbkel`kðb

;. Fb `ulmrg irlef më `dk` fb dl ﬎f`hl quf sf bgenrl

Vbl vfz, fd `uld fs plrl sfdf``kgblr dls gp`kgbfs mf
rfpftk`kðb mf dl lbkel`kðb.

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.H Gp`kgbfs mf rfpftk`kðb

<1. Pfdf``kgbf kb﬌bktg

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.D Pfdf``kgblr igreltg JKI 

<=. Yfrk﬌quf quf fb dls gp`kgbfs mf rfpftk`kðb sf

fb`ufbtrf fb kb﬌bktg.

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.K Gp`kðb mf rfpftk`kðb kb﬌bktg

<<. Më `dk` fb fd ngtðb pdly quf sf fb`ufbtrl fb dl

plrtf kbifrkgr mfd `ulmrg irlef. Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.E Yfrk﬌`lr gp`kgbfs mf rfpftk`kðb

<6. Më `dk` fb julrmlr.

julrm lr.

Ikjurl <>.0.0.<.O Ngtðb pdly mf lbkel`kðb
 Yfrl quf hl `rflmg ubl lbkel`kðb,
lbkel `kðb, fb sfjukml
lprfbmfrì l julrmlr ubl lbkel`kðb.
<>. Pfdf``kgbf Lr`hkvg 2 Fxpgrtlr 2 Julrmlr plrl
wfn (hfrfmlmg)
<9. Nusquf dl unk`l`kðb mgbmf julrmlrì su
lbkel`kðb.
<:. Bgenrf fd lr`hkvg `gb dl skjukfbtf bgefb`dlturl?
ps<>-
ps< <>.0.0.< + kbk`kldfs mf su bgenrf 3 pgr fofepdg,
>-<>.0.0.<
sk sf ddlel Ofssk`l Ifrbìbmfz Gtfg fd bgenrf mfd
lr`hkvg mfnf ddlelrsf ps<>-<>.0.0.<<OIG.
<8. Më `dk` fb julrmlr.
<;. Nusquf fd lr`hkvg mgbmf dg hl julrmlmg.
>1. Lnrl su lr`hkvg `gb ub blvfjlmgr wfn.
><. Yfrk﬌quf quf fif`tkvlefbtf dl lbkel`kðb sf
eufvf.

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

Df``kðb <> 
<>   Julrmlmg y fxpgrtl`kðb mf lr`hkvgs <8;

6. Yfrk﬌quf fb fd plbfd mf `lpls quf dl `lpl mf tfxtg

  <>.= ^󰁬󰁰󰁽󰁦󰁾󰁫󰁿󰁬󰁾 hl `lenklmg `geg ub gnoftg.

@ltfjðrk`lefbtf rlstfrkzlr sf rf﬌frf ld prg`fsg mf

`gbvfrtkr ubl keljfb vf`tgrkld fb ub `gboubtg mf
pkxfdfs3 fb gtrls pldlnrls, `gbvfrtkr `uldqukfr gnoftg
fb ubl keljfb mf pkxfdfs. Ikjurl <>.=.@ @lpl rlstfrkzlml
`gbvfrtkr fd tfxtg fb ublFstf prg`fsg
keljfb3 pgrfs fofepdg,
ÿtkd plrl
rfsudtl l``fskndf plrl fvktlr egmk﬌`l`kgbfs mfd tfxtg L trlvës mf fstl l``kðb fd tfxtg sf hl `gbvfrtkmg fb
pgr plrtf mf gtrl pfrsgbl sk df ddfjlrl fbtrfjlr su ub `gboubtg mf pkxfdfs y yl bg pufmf sfr egmk﬌`lml3
lr`hkvg grkjkbld. fstl l``kðb df pufmf sfr ÿtkd fstl
fst l l``kðb plrl `ukmlr
su mksfüg.
Q^Ì@]K@L ? ^ LP]F^K_L^ @LQL
 Ylyl l su pdltligrel htp?//lmgnf.f`knfrglefrk`l.
`ge/Qhggshgp@@.hed  plrl
 plrl mfs`lrjlr dgs lr`hkvgs
quf utkdkzlrl fb dl rfldkzl`kðb mfd fofr`k`kg.

<. Lnrl fd lr`hkvg ps<>-<>.=.psm

>. @gb fd lr`hkvg vkskndf, unkquf fb fd plbfd mf `lpls,
dl `lpl ]fxtg.

Ikjurl <>.=.L Qlbfd `lpls

0. Më `dk` mfrf`hg fb dl `lpl tfxtg.

=. Pfdf``kgbf ^lstfrkzlr tfxtg.
 Ikjurl <>.=.N ^lstfrkzlr tfxtg

Qhgtgshgp @@
 

<;1

@ VFP]KGBL^KG D F@@KÐB <
 <>>
<. Fs fd igreltg mf lr`hkvg quf sf utkdkzl hlnktuldefbtf plrl egstrlr jrì﬌`gs f keìjfbfs mf `gdgr kbmfxlmg
fb mg`uefbtgs H]ED.

L) QBJ
N) JKI
@)  ZNQE

>. Pk sf `rfl ubl lbkel`kðb fb Qhgtgshgp plrl vksuldkzlrsf fb dl wfn ·quë igreltg sf rf`gekfbml plrl
julrmlr7

L) QBJ
N) JKI
@) ZNQE

0. Pf rf﬌frf ld prg`fsg mf `gbvfrtkr ubl keljfb vf`tgrkld fb ub `gboubtg mf pkxfdfs.

L) ^lstfrkzlr
N) Fxpgrtl`kðb mf keìjfbfs.
@) Lr`hkvg mf Jrlb Igreltg